Bài giảng Hoá hữu cơ: Chương 10 - TS. Lê Ngọc Hà Thu

Aldehyde and ketone represent a pivotal class of organic compounds, characterized by the ubiquitous carbonyl group (C=O). These molecules are not only fundamental building blocks in organic chemistry but also play significant roles in biological systems, natural products, and industrial applications, often contributing to distinct aromas and flavors. A comprehensive understanding of their structural characteristics, systematic nomenclature, and intrinsic reactivity is therefore indispensable for students and practitioners of chemistry. This document aims to establish a foundational knowledge base, elucidating the principles governing the naming of these compounds and exploring the key factors that dictate their chemical behavior, particularly their propensity for nucleophilic addition reactions.

Sinh viên ngành hóa học, đặc biệt là sinh viên hóa hữu cơ ở trình độ đại học hoặc cao đẳng, và các nhà nghiên cứu quan tâm đến hóa học carbonyl.

This academic manuscript provides an in-depth exploration of aldehydes and ketones, commencing with their fundamental structural definition centered on the carbonyl group. It meticulously details the established rules for both common and systematic (IUPAC) nomenclature for various aldehyde and ketone structures, including acyclic, cyclic, and complex substituted derivatives, alongside specific conventions such as the 'carbaldehyde,' 'oxo,' and 'formyl' prefixes. Beyond nomenclature, the document delves into the natural occurrence of these compounds, offering examples like vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, carvone, and camphor, and highlighting their sensory importance. A core focus is then placed on the reactivity of carbonyl compounds, systematically comparing aldehydes and ketones. It explains how electronic and steric factors contribute to aldehydes being generally more reactive towards nucleophilic attack due to less steric hindrance and greater electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon. The text further elaborates on the general mechanism of nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group, illustrating this crucial reaction pathway. Practical applications are exemplified through detailed discussions of reactions involving Grignard reagents, showcasing their versatility in synthesizing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, as well as carboxylic acids from carbon dioxide. The utility of acetylide ions in nucleophilic additions is also presented, underscoring the synthetic power of these transformations in organic synthesis. The inclusion of exercises facilitates the application and reinforcement of the learned naming conventions and reaction principles.