http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Management (IJM)
Volume 9, Issue 5, Sep–Oct 2018, pp. 16–21, Article ID: IJM_09_05_003
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=9&IType=5
Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.1920 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510
© IAEME Publication
USING CHI-SQUARE METHOD TO THE
ACCIDENTS OF CARS IN ALBAHA CITY AND
STUDYING THE REASONS AND HOW TO
SOLVE THIS ISSUES
Dr. Elrayah Mohammed Ishag Osman
Department of MIS, College of Business Administration
Dr. Najeeb AlMater
ABSTRACT
This research study the problem of increasing traffic accidents and their
consequences on peoples’ life and properties for the periods 1434 to1438 A.H –
statistical analysis specially chi square have been used to study the factors affecting the
number of accidents in Albaha city. Data were collected from the traffic department in
the region of study. Some data errors have been treated statistically. There are some
independents factors such as mankind, vehicles, other variables
Results show that ages group of people between 18-30 years committed more
accidents and small cars cause more accidents than tracks as well as lack of attention
of drivers while steering cars on Monday, Wednesday most the accidents happen during
the day time and Saudi citizens are most frequently an accidents compared to foreigners.
Educated and married are the most among others.
Keywords: Chi-square method, Goodness of fit, Independent factors.
Cite this Article: Dr. Elrayah Mohammed Ishag Osman and Dr. Najeeb AlMater, Using
Chi-Square Method To The Accidents of Cars In Albaha City and Studying The
Reasons and How To Solve This Issues, International Journal of Management, 9 (5),
2018, pp. 16–21.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=9&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Statistics is considered as one of the tools in scientific research and statistical tools could be
used to collect and analyze the data to draw conclusion. The increased number of accidents in
Albaha Area motivate the researches to investigate the phenomena and the consequences of
these accidents on properties.
There are some research’s carried out previously on accidents and they have delt with
statistical tools to analyse the data precisely. Therefore, chi-square test is more suitable for our
analysis.
Dr. Elrayah Mohammed Ishag Osman and Dr. Najeeb AlMater
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 17 editor@iaeme.com
The main conclusion of this research support the decision makers in police departments in
Saudi Arabia.
2. METHODOLOGY
The data that were collected treated by the test of independence of goodness of fit by using chi-
square test
2.1 The hypothesis
A. There is a relationship between accidents and the age of drivers.
B. There is a relationship between accidents and the weekdays.
C. There is a relationship between accidents and vehicles.
D. There is a relationship between accidents and the nationality.
E. There is a relationship between accidents and the level of education.
F. There is a relationship between accidents and the social satiation (marriage).
2.2. Test of independence
This test used to know the significance of relationship between data that can be measured and
hence chi-square test is used.
There are two hypothesis null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, then if level of
significance is less than 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative, that means
there a relationship between the accident and the factor.
If (A, B) are independent variables and if the null hypothesis (H
0
) then
P
ij
= P(Ai
B
j
) = P(A
i
) P(B
j
) and then we expect
E
ij
= nP
ij
= n P(A
i
) P(B
j
)
where P(A
i
) =

, P(B
j
) =

where R
i
C
j
are the observations so the observed variables in the cell A
i
B
j
in case of (H
0
) is
correct then
E
ij
=
 
, = 1,2. . ∶ = 1,2, …
Then if the differences (Eij-O
ij
) are small that gives support to (H
0
).
Karl Pearson gives a function for that
Chi Square = ∑

∑



with degree of freedom ( r-1) (c-1)
And then if chi-square is less than 0.05 that means is significant.
Tables explain the observed value which the real data and expected value that calculated by
the SPSS (between the brackets).
3. RESULTS
1.
Most accidents are happened from people aged between (18-30) years.
2.
Accidents takes place on Monday and Wednesday are more frequently.
3.
Most accidents cost by light vehicles.
4.
Traffic rules violations such as smoking, mobiles and high speed are the main causes at
of accidents.
5.
People who have valid licenses and light vehicles commit more accidents.
6.
Accidents between vehicles are more than other accidents.
Using Chi-Square Method To The Accidents of Cars In Albaha City and Studying The Reasons and
How To Solve This Issues
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 18 editor@iaeme.com
7.
Most accidents happened during the day time.
8.
Most accidents happened on the centre of Albaha city.
9.
80% of accidents were committed by Saudians people.
10.
69% of accidents were committed by marriage people.
11.
99% of accidents were committed by educated people.
4. RECOMMENDATION
1. exert more effort to pave and maintain the available roads.
2. set up more lights.
3. more traffic signs are required.
4. assign specific parking area for vehicles and prohibit frequents stops.
5. increase awareness among suadians and foreigners following various campaign.
6. enforcement vehicle insurance license.
7. arrange periodical meetings between police department head quarter and vehicles drivers to
identify the main traffic problems.
8. educate the traffic men and making sure that they have good attitudes towards drivers.
9. medical and physical check is one of the requirements for vehicle licenses final approval.
10. periodical and frequent check of the vehicles for safety of passengers.
Tables
The expected values between the two brackets and the observed values (real values)
Table (1) Response goodness of fit between accidents and age of drivers
Year
Age 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
Less than 17 356
(164.4)
246
(224.8)
114
(218.2)
105
(159.5)
50
(74.1) 871
18-30 1462
(1494.7)
2039
(2044.8)
2047
(1984.8)
1685
(1723.3)
688
(673.5) 7921
31-40 881
(1049.1)
1500
(1455.3)
1477
(1393.2)
1257
(1209.6)
445
(472.8) 5560
41-50 285
(332.1)
414
(454.3)
448
(441)
445
(382.9)
168
(149.6) 1760
More than 50
154
(97.7)
94
(133.7)
81
(129.8)
126
(112.7)
63
(44) 518
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 457, sig= 0.00 (which is less than 0.05)
Dr. Elrayah Mohammed Ishag Osman and Dr. Najeeb AlMater
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 19 editor@iaeme.com
Table (2) Response goodness of fit between accidents and weekdays
Year
Day 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
Saturday 470
(439.7)
639
(601.5)
532
(583.8)
437
(520.9)
166
(198.1) 2244
Sunday 428
(461)
608
(630.7)
648
(612.2)
537
(546.3)
237
(207.7) 2458
Monday 509
(408.5)
618
(657.4)
644
(638.1)
557
(569.4)
234
(217.7) 2562
Tuesday 449
(462)
657
(632)
615
(613.5)
552
(547.4)
190
(208.2) 2463
Wednesday 494
(472.1)
653
(645.5)
588
(626.9)
572
(559.4)
210
(212.7) 2517
Thursday 418
(466.3)
625
(637.9)
652
(619.2)
571
(552.2)
220
(215.1) 2486
Friday 370
(356.6)
493
(487.5)
488
(473.2)
392
(422.2)
157
(160.6) 1900
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 257.48, sig= 0.002 (which is less than 0.05)
Table (3) Response goodness of fit between accidents and kind of vehicle
Year
Vehicle 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
Small cars 1598
(1658.4)
2417
(2268.9)
2132
(2202.3)
1919
(1912.1)
723
(743.3) 8789
Jeep 507
(487.6)
554
(667.1)
662
(647.5)
587
(562.2)
274
(219.7) 2584
Hafila 41
(30.9)
37
(42.3)
42
(41.1)
33
(35.7)
11
(13.9) 164
wanait 686
(777)
1735
(1795.5)
1149
(1031.9)
509
(895.9)
345
(350.1) 4118
Nagel 131
(102.3)
1033
(1063.1)
126
(135.8)
113
(117.9)
36
(46.1) 542
Wayt 113
(43.6)
73
(59.6)
10
(57.9)
24
(50.3)
6
(19.6) 231
Others 62
(38.1)
43
(52.1)
41
(50.6)
37
(43.9)
19
(17.2) 202
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 278.9, sig= 0.00 (which is less than 0.05)
Using Chi-Square Method To The Accidents of Cars In Albaha City and Studying The Reasons and
How To Solve This Issues
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 20 editor@iaeme.com
Table (4) Response goodness of fit between accidents nationality
Year
Nationality
1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
Saudian 2387
(2519.6)
3521
(3447.1)
3388
(3345.1)
2885
(2905.1)
1172
(1135.4) 13353
Other 751
(618.4)
772
(821.1)
779
(821.1)
733
(712.9)
242
(278.6) 3277
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 52.8, sig= 0.00 (which is less than 0.05)
Table (5) Response goodness of fit between accidents and level of education
Year
level of education
1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
Educated 3032
(3095.9)
4252
(4235.4)
4144
(4111.1)
3584
(3569.5)
1395
(1395) 16407
Not educated 106
(142)
41
(57.6)
23
(55.9)
34
(48.5)
19
(19) 223
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 127.2, sig= 0.00 (which is less than 0.05)
Table (6) Response goodness of fit between accidents and social situation
Year
Social situation
1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 Total
marriage 2171
(2157.5)
3154
(2951.7)
2648
(2865)
2499
(2487.6)
962
(972.2) 11434
Other 967
(980.5)
1139
(1341.3)
1519
(1302)
1119
(1130.4)
452
(441.8) 5196
Total 3138 4293 4167 3618 1414 16630
Chi-square = 97.7, sig= 0.00 (which is less than 0.05)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is a part of a project entitled using the chi-square methods to accidents of cars in
Albaha City and studying the reasons and how to solve this issues this project was funded by
the deanship of scientific research Albaha University KSA (grant no: 1438/43) the assistance
of the deanship is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] Ageli, M. and Zaidan, A. (2013). Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia: An ADRL
Approach and Multivariate Granger Causality. International Journal of Economics and
Finance, 5(7).
[2] AL-ZAHRANI, A., JAMJOOM, M. and AL-BAR, H. (1994). Traffic Accident
Characteristics in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Engineering
Sciences, 6(1), pp.69-80.
[3] Ansari, S., Akhdar, F., Mandoorah, M. and Moutaery, K. (2000). Causes and effects of road
traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. Public Health, 114(1), pp.37-39.