Chương 2 giao dịch điện tử

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Trong bối cảnh nền kinh tế thế giới phát triển với tốc độ nhanh chóng và sự cạnh tranh giữa các doanh nghiệp trên thế giới diễn ra ngày càng khốc liệt. Việc tìm kiếm đối tác, khách hàng, tìm kiếm thị trường mới, tổ chức kênh cung ứng linh hoạt, gọn nhẹ, nhanh chóng với chi phí giảm cũng như khả năng phản ứng nhanh hơn với các cơ hội mới trong nền kinh tế toàn cầu là những lợi thế không thể ......

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Nội dung Text: Chương 2 giao dịch điện tử

Chuang 2 GIAO DICH OIEN To. 2.1. Ho ding din tir 2.1.1. Khdi niem, rkic diim hgp clang dien tic Trong b6i canh nen kinh to the giei phat then vii tic dO nhanh chong va su canh tranh gift cac doanh nghiep ten the gioi dien ra ngay cang kh6c Viec tim kiem d6i tac, khach hang, tim kiem thi truing mai, to chuc kenh cung irng linh host, gin nhe, nhanh chong vii chi phi giam cling nhu kha nang phan ling nhanh ham vii cac ca hOi mai trong nen kinh to town cau la nhang loci the khing the thieu dii vii mOt doanh nghiep mutin tin tai va phat trien theo kip thi truing the giai. Thuang mai dien tir noi chung va hop ding dien tir noi rieng chinh la chic kh6a giup cac doanh nghiep nang cao nang l%rc earth tranh trong lieu kien hOi nhap kinh to qu6c te. 2.1.1.1. Khai niem hop clang then ter Theo quy dinh tai di'eu 388, BO lust Dan su Viet Nam (2005): "Hop cling dan su la ste thoa thuan girea cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hoac cham dtit quyen, nglira vu dan sy.". Dieu 24, Luat Thuang mai (sea d6i, 2005) ding quy dinh ye hinh thirc hap ding mua ban hang h6a. Theo do, "Hop cling mua ban hang hOa dupe the hien bang lOri noi, bang van ban hoac dirge xac lap bang hanh vi cu the. Doi vii cac logi hop ding mua ban hang hoa ma phap luat quy Binh phcii decoy lap bang van ban thi phai twin theo car quy dinh dó". V'e ca ban, hop .ding dien tir ding gi6ng hop ding truyen thing ve chirc nang, nOi dung va gia tri phap 1ST. Diem khac biet noi bat la hinh thirc the hien va phuang thirc ky ket h9p ding dien tir. Lust mAu ve Thuang mai dien tiz cua UNCITRAL (1996) quy dinh "Ye hinh thicc hop &Ong, trio khi cac ben có quy dinh khac, chao hang va chOp nhan chao hang có the &toy the hien bang thong cliep du- lieu. Khi thOng diep da. lieu Ayr su dung de 53
hinh thanh hop djng, hop &Ong do khong bi phu nhan gia tri phap 135 chi vi no dtrorc thi hien 1•44'ng thong diep di? lieu" [Dieu 11, mix 1]. Luat Giao dich dien tir caa Viet Nam ding da quy dinh: "Hop dcing dien tit la hop ding dwoc thiit lap duol dgng thong diep dit lieu theo quy dinh cua Luat nay" [Dieu 33]. "Thong diep du lieu" ding dugc quy dinh cu the la "thong tin dugc tao ra, dugc giri di va dugc luu frit bang phucmg lien dien tir", ding theo d6, "phucmg lien dien tir" dugc quy dinh la "phuong tien hoat Ong dua tren cong nghe dien, dien tir, ky thu4t so, tir tinh, truyen dAri khong day, quang hoc, dien tir ho4c cong nghe tuang tu" [Dieu 4, muc 12]. Ludt Giao dich dien tir Viet Nam va Cong uac cila Lien hop quic ve sir dung thong diep dit lieu trong giao ket . hop doing quic to deu khong phan biet hgp dung dien tir co tinh thumg mai va hgp ding dien tir khong co tinh thucmg mai. Doing thari cac nguin lua't nay ding khOng phan biet cong nghe cu the nao dirge sir dung a ky ket hop ding. Dieu nay la phii hop vi hop ding dien tir dugc dieu chinh chu yeu ve viec hinh thanh hop ding va gia tri phap 1S, dm hop ding nham giam thieu su thay doi, bi sung cac nguin lu'at lien quan khi ap dung hop ding dien Hop ding dien tir dugc ky ket co nhieu cap de tir dan gian den phirc tap. Viec ky ket hgp ding dien tir co the don gian nhu dZit mua ye may bay, mua sach hay mua met chiec dien thoai di deng qua mang Internet... va thanh town bang the tin dimg. Viec ky ket hop ding dien tir ding c6 the phirc tap han, vi du nhu viec lua chin va mua met chi& may tinh ten website ban hang to doing, ho4c Iva chin va d4't mua met chiec 8 to qua Internet. Hgp ding dien tir con co the dugc hinh thanh phirc tap han qua hinh thirc dau gia tivc tuyen gifta cac ca nhan tren website cua eBay ho4c cac nha cung cap linh kien san xuAt 0 to teen website mua sam dia cac nha san xuAt 8 to. Mire dO phirc tap nay thuong kh6ng chi do ding nghe hinh thanh hgp ding ma con do tinh pink tap dia ban than giao dich thuang mai hay quy trinh kinh doanh trong timg linh vuc cu the. Hgp ding dien tir du thucmg mai hay phi thucmg mai, du don gian hay phirc tap tnrac het Van la met hop ding, c6 cac nOi dung ca ban nhu hop ding truyen thing. Su khac biet loin nhAt la o each thirc giao ket va hinh thanh hop ding, di la giao ket thong qua cac phuang tien dien tit va hgp ding dien tir dugc truyen gixi, nhan thOng qua cac mang van thong. Chinh su khac biet nay tao nen mot s8 d4c diem rieng dm hop &Ong dien 54
* Khai niem v"J giao kit hop cljng lien ter Giao ket h9p dtmg la thuat ngcr dugc BO lust Dan str Viet Nam nAm a 2005 sir dung chi viec 14 ket h9p Sing. VI vay, giao ket h9p dong dien tir la qua trinh dam phan, thuang thao, tao lap va ky ket hap Sing thong qua viec trao d6i cac dir lieu dien tir. Cac hap d6ng dugc giao ket nhu vay se dugc luu tit mOt phAn hoac hoan toan a dang dir lieu dien tCr. Lust Giao dich dien tir n'am 2005 dm Viet Nam dinh nghia "Giao ket hap d6ng dien tir a lien hanh mOt ph&n hoac toan b0 giao la viec sir dung thong diep dir lieu dich trong qUa trinh giao ket h9p dtmg". 2.1.1.2. Dac diem clic: hop djng then ter Do hap Sing dien tir dugc hinh thanh qua cac th8ng diep dir lieu va truyen giri qua Internet va cac mang vien thong nen hop diing dien tir co nhimg dac diem chinh sau day: (i). Thj hien being thong diep dir lieu: Dac diem not bat nhat dm hop l d6ng dien tir la hinh th*c the hien. Hap Sing dien tir dugc tao lap bai cac thong diep dit lieu, de hien thi cac nOi dung oh hap Sing dien tir can có cac thiet bi dien tir vi du nhu may tinh, dien thoai di dung... Hinh thirc dm hop Sing dien tir hoan toan khac voi hinh thuc ph6 bien nhAt cua hop ding truyen th6ng tren giAy. Chinh dac diem nay cua hqp Sing tao cam giac h9p a clang. Sing dien tir la "ao", khOng "cam nAm" dugc mOt each (ii). Do cac phwong tien dien tir too ra, trulett 01 vie lwee tra.: Hop dong dien tir duce giao ket thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir nha su tien b0 cua cac cong nghe hien dai nhu: cong nghe dien tir, ding nghe s6, tir tinh, quang h9c, mpg vien thong khong day, mang Internet... Viec sir dung cac phucmg tien dien tir va mpg vien thong gill') viec giao ket h9p Sing thuan tien, chinh xac va nhanh han so vai truyen th6ng. DSc biet, c8 nhting giao dich dien to ma h9p &Ong dien tir dugc 14 ket hoan toan to dOng gifra mOt ben la Ichach hang va mOt ben la doanh nghiep dugc dai dien bai website ban hang to dOng nhu trong cac mo hinh ban le B2C. (iii). Pham vi ky kit Ong: H9p ding dien tir duce 14 ket thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir va mang vien thong, chinh cac yeu t6 nay ma rOng pham vi giao ket hap dong dien tir ra khip the giai. DSc biet la viec sir dung mang Internet trong qua trinh giao ket hap Sing, cac ben tham gia h9p dong có the 14 ket hgp ding tir m9i nai ten the gioi. 55
(iv). Pink tap v' Ity thaft: Ben canh su thu'an lien va Wet kiem chi phi e do sir dung phuong tien dien tir va mpg vien thong de ky ket hgp ding. Chinh nhimg y611 to nay lai tao ra met se khO khan ban dAu cho vice sir dung vi hop ding dien tir dei hei nguoi sir dung can c6 kiln thirc va ky nang nhAt dinh khi sir dung cac phucmg tien dien dr. (v). La@ clan chink chwa hg thimg viz chi tilt: Phap luat truyen thong chua de cap den cac vAn de nhu thong diep dir lieu, trao del dir lieu dien dr, chit k5, dien ter, chUng thuc chit 14 dien ter, phong tranh va xir IST cac hanh vi gian len, lira dao, gia mao chit k3'r dien tir... Chinh vi hop ding dien tir la met linh vx.rc mai dei vai ca cac ben tham gia va cac ca quan quan ly nen chua the c6 met h0 thong hoan chinh de giai quyet triet de nhimg van de phat sinh. 2.1.1.3. Phan loci hop clang dien tit flgp ding dien ter hinh thanh va phat trien song song voi su hinh thanh va phat trien cua thuang mai dien tir. Dua tren thuc an qua trinh phat trien va cong nghe dugc sir dung trong qua trinh ky ket harp ding dien tir, co the phan chia thanh ben loai hop ding dien tir phi bin sau: a. Hop cling truye'n thong Arc clua len web Met se harp ding truyen thong d'a dugc sir dung thutmg xuyen va chuAn nei dung, do met ben sop thao va dua len website de cac ben tham gia ky ket. Hgp ding dien tir loai nay thuamg dugc sir dung trong met se linh vuc nhu dich vu vien thong, Internet, dien thoai, du lich, van tai, bao hiem, tai chinh, ngan Cac hop ding dugc dua toan bi) nei dung len a web va phia duai thuOng c6 nut "Ding ST" hoc "Khong ding Si" cac ben tham gia lua chin va xac than su ding y vai cac dieu khoan cua hop ding. Co hai loai hgp ding dien tir phi bien: Hgp ding truyen thong dugc hinh thanh qua giao dich to ding & Hop ding co sir dung Chit kS, b. Hop clang dien tit hinh thanh qua giao dich to clang Day la hinh thirc hgp ding dien ter dugc sir dung phi bin tren cac website thuang mai dien ter ban le (B2C), dien hinh nhu: Amazon.com , Dell.com , Ford.com , Chodientu.vn , Thegioididong.com.vn ... Trong hinh thirc nay, nguad mua tien hanh cac busk dat hang tuAn to tren website cua nguad ban theo quy trinh da dugc to ding hoa. Quy trinh nay thong thuamg 56
gom cac buac tir tim kiem san pham, lira chip, dat hang, tinh gia, chin hinh thirc giao hang, thanh town, xac nhan h9p ding... Dac diem nii bat dm loci hgp ding dien tir nay la nOi dung h9p ding khong dugc sop sin ma dugc hinh thanh trong giao dich to dOng. May tinh to fling h9p nOi dung va xir ly trong qua trinh giao dich dua teen cac thong tin do nguiyi mua nhap vao. MOt so giao dich dien tir ket thitc bang hop ding, mOt so khac ket thitc bang don da't hang dien tir. Cuii qua trinh giao dich, hop ding dien tir dugc tong hgp va hien thi de nguoi mua xac nhan su dingy von cac nOi dung dm h9p ding. Sau do, nguoi ban se dugc thong bao ve hap ding va giri xac nhan dii von hgp ding den nguari mua qua nhieu hinh thirc, co the bang email hoac cac phuong thirc khac nhu dien thoai, fax... c. Hap dOng dien to hinh thanh qua Mu dien to Day la hinh thirc hap ding dien tir dugc sir dung phi bien trong cac giao dich dien tir giita cac doanh nghiep von doanh nghiep (B2B), dac bit la trong cac giao dich thuong mai dien tir quic te. Trong hinh thirc nay, cac ben sir dung thu dien tir de tien hanh cac giao dich, cac buck phi bien thuemg bao chao hang, h6i hang, dam phan ve cac dieu lchoan cita h9p ding nhu quy cach pham chat, gia Ca, so luting, dieu kien co sa giao hang... Quy trinh giao dich, dam phan, ky ket va thuc hien h9p ding tuang to quy a thuc trinh giao dich truyen thing, diem khac biet la phuong tien sir dung hien giao ket hgp ding la may tinh, mang Internet va email. Hinh thirc giao ket hgp ding dien tir qua email c6 uu diem nii bat la truyen tai dugc nhieu chi tiet, nhieu thong tin, tic dO giao dich nhanh, chi phi thap, pham vi giao dich rang. Tuy nhien, hinh thirc nay co mOt nhugc diem la tinh bao mat cho cac giao dich va kha nang rang buOc trach nhiem cua cac ben con thap. H9p ding nay thuong dugc thiet lap qua nhieu email trong qua trinh giao dich, tuy nhien, cac ben thuftg tap h9p thanh mOt hgp ding hoan chinh sau qua trinh giao dich de thing nhat lai cac nOi dung da nit& tri trong qua trinh dam phan. d. Hap clOng dien to co sir dung chit kj so Day la hinh thirc hop ding dien tir da dugc sir dung tren cac san giao dich dien tir tien tien nhu Alibaba.com , Asite.com , Covisint.com , Bolero.net ... Dac diem nii bat la cac ben phai c6 chit 14 s6 de kST vao cac 57
thong diep dir lieu trong qua trinh giao dick. Chinh vi c6 sir dung chit ky s6 nen loai hgp ding dien to nay c6 dO bao mat va rang buOc trach nhiem cac ben cao ham cac hinh thirc tren. Tuy nhien, de c6 the sir dung chit ky so, can co su tham gia cua cac ca quan chfmg thvc chit kj, s6 ma teen the giai cong nhu tai Viet Nam hien nay, dich vu nay con trong giai down bAt dau trien khai. Quy trinh ca ban de ky ket hop ding dien tfr c6 sir dung chit ky s6 bang cong nghe khoa ding khai PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) thuimg gom sau buac ca ban: Bit& 1. MOt ben (nguai gfri) sop thao hgp ding, sau d6 rut gin hgp ding bang phan mem. Quy trinh nay thuong dugc ggi la quy trinh rut gin hgp ding (Hash-Function). Bade 2. Ben do lien hanh tao chit ky so tir ban rut gin cua hgp ding bang each sir dung khOa bi mat cua minh. Hai buck nay thu6ng dugc ggi la qua trinh kj, so. Bade 3. He dam bao bi mat nOi dung hop ding va chit ky so, ben nay lien hanh ma hga ca hgp ding va chir ky so vira tao bang kh6a cong khai cila ben kia. Sau do gfri hgp ding va chir ky so da dugc ma He qua Internet den ben kia (nguoi nhan). Buck nay dugc ggi IA "goi phong bi so". Bade 4. NguOri nhan tien hAnh "ma phong bi sin bang each sir dung khoa bi mat cua minh de giAi ma thong diep nhan dugc. Buck nay dAm bAo chi duy nhat .nguoi than c6 the nhan dugc thOng diep va chit ky so cua nguoi gfri. Khi da ngu6i nhan se co trong tay hgp ding va chi/ ky so cua nguoi giri. Tiep theo nguoi nhan tien hanh xac thvc tinh town ven nOi dung cua hgp ding va chit ky so. Bit* 5. Nguai nhan tien hanh Kit gin hgp ding va nhan dugc ban rut gin thfr nhat; tier, do nguoi nhan tien hanh giai ma chit ky se; bang kh6a cong khai cua ngu6i gfri va nhan dugc ban rut gin thir hai. Bade 6. Nguai nhan lien hanh so sanh hai ban rut gin nay, neu giing nhau chfmg t6 sir toan yen cua hgp ding va chit ky so dfmg la cua ngu6i gfri. Neu co su khac biet chung to da c6 su thay doi nOi dung hgp ding hoac chit kj, so. Ve ca ban quy trinh ky ket Nip ding dien tfr co six dung chit ky so tuang ttx nhu quy trinh giao dich thucmg mai dien tfr B2C hoac B2B, diem 58
khac bit la trong moi buac giao dich, cac ben sir dung chit 1c5f s6 a bao mat nOi dung va xac thvc ngu6i giri hop dOng. 2.1.1.4. Loi ich cita hap along alien tit Sir dung hop dOng din tir dem lai cho doanh nghi6p b8n 19i ich co ban. Thu nhat, hop dog din tir giup cac b6n tit ki6m thoi gian, chi phi giao dich, dam phan va 1c5, Vet h9p dOng. Thu hai, sir dung hop dOng din tir giup cac doanh nghi6p giam chi phi ban hang. Thu ba, sir dung hop dOng din tir giiip qua trinh giao dich, mua ban nhanh va chinh xac han. Thu tu, sir dung hop dOng din tir giup cac doanh nghi6p nang cao nang hrc canh tranh va kha rang hoi nhap kinh to quOc te. Hop dOng din tir khong chi dem lai loci ich cho cac nha san xuAt ma con dem lai nhieu 19i ich cho cac ding ty thucmg mai. Di8n hinh la cong ty Thucmg mai va XuAt nhap khAu Li-Fung tai Wing Kong da sir dung h9p Sing din tir rat thanh cong. C6ng ty nay hoat d6ng vOi to cach la trung gian gioi thi6u cac san phAm cua Trung QuOc va HOng Kong sang thi tnrong MY va Chau Au. Li-Fung da timg buac xay dung dugc he thOng mang giao dich din tir 1c8t n6i cac nha san xuAt tai Trung QuOc, Hong Kong von cac khach hang tai My, Chau Au de" ki8m tra hang hoa, nguyen lieu r6i tin toi ky kOt hop doting. Teen ca so h6 thOng giao dich din tir nay, Li-Fung có th6 ky hqp dOng cung cAp hang h6a cho cac lchach hang My, Chau Au va qua do ciing lien hanh ky k6t hop dOng von cac nha san xuAt tai Trung QuOc, Wong Kong va h9p dOng mua nguyen lieu von cac nha cung cAp Nhat Ban, Han QuOc. Hang Ma duoc giao trkrc tip tir nha may dm cac nha san xuAt sang cac Ichach hang tai My va Chau Au. Thong qua h8 thOng giao dich din tir, Li-Fung da giam chi phi va th6i gian luu trix hang, nguyen lieu, th6i gian tir khi dat hang den luc giao hang tir 6 tun xuOng con 16 ngay, di6u nay tao ra loi th e canh tranh cua Li-Fung so von dOi l thu canh tranh khac. 2.1.2. KS, kit hpp (tang CO ter 2.1.2.1. Kf, kit hop siting dien tit B2B B2B la chit vi6t tit ciia Business-To-Business d8 chi mo hinh giao dich 59
throng mai dien tir gift doanh nghiep voi doanh nghiep. Giao dich B2B thtking dien ra tai cac san giao dich dien tir B2B (B2B emarketplace), trao d6i giao dich qua thu dien tir hoac mang truy'en tai dir lieu dien tir (EDI). Theo website nghien cfru thi truang - eMarketer (2003) va Citing ty dit lieu qu6c to - International Data Corporation (2004), tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai dien tir B2B dat 1.400 tS , USD trong nam 2003 va 2.400 ty USD trong nam 2004. Cling theo tinh toan cna hai ding ty nay, tong gia tri thucmg mai dien to B2B toL cau nam 2008 dat khoang 10.000 t'S, USD. TS, le phan tram giao dich B2B dIra tren Internet trong tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai B2B khong qua Internet tang tir 0,2% nam 1997 len 2,1% nam 2000 va khoang 10% nam 2005. TS , trong cac giao dich thuang mai dien tir B2B chiam trung binh khoang 85% tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai dien tir. Thuang mai dien tir B2B da trai qua 5 giai doan phat tri6n tinh tir nam 1995 an nay, bao g6m: - Giai doan 1 (1995-1997): Hien dien ten web, quang ba va Vic ti6n; - Giai doan 2 (1997-2000): Dat hang ft -km tuy6n B2B; - Giai doan 3 (2000-2001): San giao dich dien tir B2B, B2G; - Giai doan 4 (2001-2002): Quan tri ngu6n hrc doanh nghiep (ERP); - Giai dog' 5 (2002 - nay): Ban hang to dOng, dich vu true tuy6n, tich hop he th6ng thong tin trong va ngoai doanh nghiep, lien k6t va ph6i hop von d6i taz thOng qua N th6ng SCM va CRM. Thucmg mai dien tir B2B dang buac vao giai doan thir nam, trong giai dog' nay cac doanh nghiep tang cuamg ling dung ding -nghe thong tin d6 xay dung cac he tilting thong tin tich hop giira nha cung cap , va ngu6i mua, cai thin day chuytn cung ling, nang cao hieu qua san xuat ben trong va phan ph6i ben ngoai doanh nghiep, xay dung cac he th6ng ban hang va dich vu khach hang thong minh, tryc tuy6n. Thuang mai diO tir B2B ding dugc chia thanh b6n loaf hinh ca bL clva ten quy trinh giao dich, d6i tugng xay chpig ca so ha tang cho giao dich dien tir va s6 lugng cac ben tham gia san giao dich dien tu. Cac san giao dich nay bao g6m: - San cna nguiri ban: do ngoai ban ban thanh lap cho nhi'eu ngu&i mua. - San ciia nguiri mua: do nguiyi mua thanh lap cho nhi6'u ngoai ban. 60 .
- San cim trung gian:'cho nhieu nguai ban va nhieu nguai mua. - Cling thirong mai dign tir tick ho: do nhieu ben phi hgp nham chia se thong tin va giao dich gala doanh nghiep, co quan quan ly, cac to chirc. CO nhieu san giao dich thucmg mai dien tir dien hinh cho tat ca cac mo hinh tren nhu: Cisco - San giao dich cua nguai ban; General Electric, Boeing, Marshall - San giao dich cua nguai mua; Alibaba - San giao dich cua trung gian hay Belero.net - Cling thuong mai dien tir. Cisco dugc coi la mOt trong nhang cong ty dau tien da xay dung thanh cong san giao dich dien tir B2B tren the giOi. a. Ki kit hap djng tren san giao dich thizang mai dien to disci Cisco Systems Cisco Systems (www.cisco.com ) la nha san xuat b0 dinh tuyen (router), b0 chuyen mach (switch), day la nha cung cap dich vg lien ket mang hang dau the gi&i. Cisco da khong ngimg mo reng trong vai nam gall day va da phat trien thanh san giao dich thuong mai dien tir chuyen cung cap dich vu ban hang tivc tiep cho cac khach hang la doanh nghiep lan nhat ten the gioi. Tir nam nam 1994, Cisco dua town b0 he thOng kinh doanh cua minh len mang va dat ten la Ket not Cisco trkrc tuyen (Cisco Connection Online - CCO). Den nam 2001, website nay da don nhan khoang 1.3 trieu lugt khach hang va cac doi tac trung gian truy cap de nhan dugc su ho trg ky thu4t, dat hang va kiem tra tinh hinh thIrc hien hgp dOng, hoac tai phan mem. Dich vv nay thu but khoang 85% cac yeu eau dich vu cua khach hang va 95% phan mem cap nhat dugc thvc hien trvc tuyen. Dich vu ten website B2B cua Cisco dugc cung cap bang 14 thin tieng. MO hinh cua Ciso dugc coi la mOt mo hinh B2B thanh cong dien hinh dau tien tren the gioi. KST ket hcrp thing di?n tir B2B: Cisco xay dimg tat ca cac san pham cua minh theo don dat hang dm cac khach hang doanh nghiep, vi the có rat it san pham lam san. Truck khi có he th6ng kinh doanh twc tuyen CCO, dat hang va quan 15, cac don dat hang la mOt cong viec ton thai gian, phirc tap va hay xay ra loi, vi no dugc tien hanh bang fax hay thu truyen thong. Cisco bat dau irng dung cac cong cu thuong mai dien tir dua ten nen tang Web vao thang 7 nam 1995, va trong yang 1 nam, trung tam san pham Internet da 61
có the cho phep khach hang mua bat kS, san pham nao cila Cisco tren Web. Ngay nay, mOt ky su cua khach hang di the ng6i tai mOt chiec may vi tinh, thiet ke mOt san pham va có the phat hien ngay lap tirc neu có bat 14 mOt sai sot gi trong eau hinh do thOng qua he th6ng 111) trg thiet ke to Ong oh Cisco. Bang viec cung cap gia ca va cac cong cu cho phdp khach hang to eau hinh san pham theo nhu cau cua minh, hau het cac don hang (khoang 98% ) au dugc dat thong qua CCO, tiet kiem th6i gian va chi phi cho ca Cisco va khach hang. Nam 1996, trong yang 5 thang dau hoat Ong dat hang dien tir, Cisco da ghi nhan doanh thu ban hang trkrc tuy6n teen 100 trieu USD. Con s6 nay tang len 4 tS , nam 1998 va hcrn 8 tSr nam 2002. b. Giao dich tren cdng thwang mai dien tee Bolero.net: MO hinh san giao dich dien tir qu6c to B2B dugc thanh lap dau tien tren the gioi la Bolero.net , veri muc dich trien khai van don dien tir va tat ca cac chimg tir dien tir trong qua trinh giao dich thuong mai qu6c t6. Dac diem n6i bat oh mo hinh nay la sir dung chit 14 s6 trong tat ca cac giao dich. Tai moi buck giao dich, cac ben au sir dung chit 14 s6 de ma hoa va bao mat thong diep dir lieu tnrac khi truyen giri. Chit 14 s6 ding co the dugc sir dung tai cac san giao dich dien tir, tai do cac ben có the sir dung chit 14 s6 de 14, giri, nhan, xac thuc cac ben va nOi dung cac chit/1g tir dien dr. Toan 1)0 quy trinh giao nhan dien tir thong qua Bolero.net trong do bao ghln ca quy trinh phat hanh van don dien tir, chuyen quyen sa hitu tir ngtecri xuat khau sang nguoi nhap khau, an viec xuat trinh cho dai ly ngtr•M chuyen cha tai nuov nhap khau de nhan hang dugc minh hoa qua 14 buoc cu the nhu sau: Mt* 1: Ngu6i nhap khau clang nhap vao Bolero.net va dat hang thong qua N th6ng xir ly thong diep Trung tam (BCMP - Bolero Core Messaging Platform); Buyk 2: Nguoi xuat khau Bang nhap vao Bolero.net va nhan don dat hang cila ngu6i nhap khau; 13trac 3: Nguei nhap khau giri cho ngueri xuat khau mOt thong diep you a cau cac chimg tir can xuat trinh sau khi giao hang dugc thanh toan; Bwor 4a: Nguei xuat khau giri chap nhan cho ngold nhap khau; 62
Bwck 4b: Nguai nhap khau giri del) thong diep den ngan hang yeu eau ma L/C; Burk 5: Ngan hang ma L/C th6ng bao cho ngued xuat khau thong qua Bolero.net va Nguai xuat khau thtrc hien giao hang nhu trong truyen th6ng; Bwor 6: Nguai xuat khau giri cat yeu eau lay cat chirng tir can thiet den cac co quan nhu Chimg nhan kiem dich, Chimg nhan xuat xir, Chung nhan chat lucmg, Van don duemg bien, Bao hiem don...; Mc& 7: Cat chimg tir dien tir dugc chuyen den cho nguai xuat khau thong qua Bolero.net ; Bwor 8: Nguai xuat khau giri b0 chimg tir dien tir cho Trung tam xir15 , thanow(SURF-elmntiyforagRskndFice) thu0c Bolero.net de t6 chirc kiern tra va tien hanh thanh town; Bwor 9: SURF kiern tra cat chirng tir vai L/C va thong bac, cho nguai xuat khau va ngan hang cua nguai nhap khau; Bwoc 10: Nguai nhap khau thanh toan cho Ngan hang nhap khau, b0 chimg tir dugc chuyen cho nguai nhap khau; Bwor 11: Ngan hang nhap khau thanh town cho ngan hang dm nguai xuat khau; Bithc 12: Khi hang den cang, dai Vr cua nguai chuyen chithong bao hang da den cang cho nguai nhap khau; Bwoc 13: Nguai nhap khau xuat trinh van don dien tir de d6i lay leash giao hang; a BwOc 14: Nguai nhap khau dung leash giao hang than hang tir nguai van tai. Mac du phucmg thirc giao dich dien tir teen, dac biet la viec ky lc& hgp dting va sir citing cat chimg tir dien tir, da dugc phat trien qua hcm 20 nam nhtmg van chua thtrc str dap img dugc nhu eau giao dich dien dr. Nguyen nhan IA do trong thucmg mai qu6c to c6 rat nhieu ben tham gia vao qua trinh giao dich, van tai, giao than, thanh town, bao hiem... Tuy nhien, vai t6c dq phat trien cita ung citing cong nghe thong tin nhu hien nay, khi cat t6 chirc nay c6 du dieu kien ve cong nghe va co mot moi twang phap ly dAy du d6i vai hgp d6ng va cac chimg tir dien tir; cong tham gia mOt he th6ng cac sin giao dich dien tir B2B tieu chuan nhu Bolero hoac 63
twang to thi viec ky ket va thuc hien hop d'Ong dien to se thuc su dugc ap dung rang rai tao dieu kien thuan lgi han de phat trien va h'ei nhap kinh to qu6c Hinh 2.1. Quy trinh giao nh4n din sir thong qua Bolero.net 1. D411..T HANG 5. XACNHAN N GUtil XUAT 6. YAti cin KHAU 4-a. Chip nhin 14. 4-b. Giii • NGAN HANG d€n Ngin CUA NGTA:11 hing NHAP !CHAU BOLERO CORE MESSAGING S-b. Thong bin eho 5-a. nguiri Bin PLATFORM ... Co quip kiim dick Chung nhin x.xir D4i 1j c>Ia Chtmg nhin Ngtrei chluong 12. Thong bio Vin don throng chuyen c hing di din bihu tang #•• 04. Ter tai hii gum lo• • • • • Bio bairn don 6. Yen nig 14- . TA clang thqc r. este chin; tar nip thiet 13. Xuit trioh NGUbl 11/1. NGIrei NRAP XUAT ICHIU ► 14. Linh giao KHAU £1 urge eip blunt cie chin; tip • tin thiet 44 • S. Girt 134 thing ti dijn p.1 : 9 FAF Icinxt, , tir cho SURF 10.SURF vii Br? thing tidiest ti NGAN HANG NGAN HANG th41:1* chQ cho NG1TCR CtJA NGLA111 CIYA NGUY:1I N14ppattu Ny174131:4 ,r4i14 NHAP KHAU XUAT KHAU Sit`"2 .VIN 4 n•n107 11. Thank toin Ngudn: Nhom tow gia ttt tang kp 64
2.1.2.2. KY) kit hpp cMng dien to B2C Thucmg mai dien to B2C (Business-To-Consumer) la mo hinh giao dich thucmg mai dien ter Oita doanh nghiep vai khach hang ca nhan, dien hinh la viec doanh nghiep thong qua website ban hang tivc tier , cho ngtroti tieu dung. Mo hinh thanh ding nhat den nay va ding la met trong cac mo hinh thucmg mai dien ter dau tien ve ban le trvc tuyen la Amazon.com . Khai dau bang mo hinh cfra hang ban sach trvc tuyen, den nay da phat trien thanh dm hang trvc tuyen lam nhat the giai. Amazon.com c6 ten day du la Amazon.com Inc., ducic thanh lAp Warn 1994, c6 try so tai Seattle, Washington, Hoa Ks/. Doanh s6 ban hang dm Amazon.com nam 2007 la 14,84 tS, USD, lgi nhuAn rang la 476 trieu USD v6i tong s6 nhan vien 17.000 nguai. Mo hinh ky ket hgp dang B2C ten Amazon.com da troy thanh mo hinh chuart de cac doanh nghiep ban le trvc tuyen tham khao khi xay dung quy trinh ban le cua minh. Quy trinh dugc thvc hien gitra met ben la khach hang thvc va met ben la he thong ban hang to dOng cita Amazon.com thong qua Internet. Quy trinh ky ket hop dang dien ter B2C ten Amazon.com gem 10 buck, cu the nhu sau: Mak 1. Tim kiem san pham tren website cua Amazon.com . Cong cu tim kiem (Search Engine) gem nhieu chirc nang tim kiem firth to de khach a hang c6 the dang tim dtrgc san pham met cach nhanh chong; Buoc 2. Cho phdp khach hang xem chi tiet san pham. Tai buac nay, khach hang c6 the xem cac th6ng tin ve nha san xuat, tac gia, thong tin chung ve san pham, dac biet la xem cac binh ch9n, danh gia cua khach hang dA mua san pham; Bic* 3. Them san pham vao gia mua hang (Add to Shopping Cart): Tai buck nay, website Wong tac cua Amazon.com to dOng ggi y met se san pham, dtra ra quang cao, khuyen mai lien quan den san pham dang mua sam; Bid& 4. NhAp thong tin ngueri mua hang (buyer login): Tai buac nay, website cho phep khach hang to dang nhAp hoac dang ky th8ng tin ve minh de thuAn tien cho cac giao dich sau nay; Btror 5. NhAp vao (ha chi nhAn hang (shipping address); Moir 6. Ch9n phucmg thirc giao hang: Tai buac nay, khach hang c6 the lira ch9n cac dich vu giao hang vai thoi han khac nhau, khach hang ding c6 the dAng ky cac yeu eau rieng ve giao hang vai Amazon.com ; 65
Mr& 7. Ch9n phuong thirc thanh toan: Khach hang c6 the Iva ch9n nhieu hinh thirc thanh toan khac nhau, bao g6m thanh toan bang the tin dung, bang lenh chuyen tien, giao hang tra tien; Buck 8. Nhap vao dia chi nguesi thanh toan; &Air 9. Kiem tra toan b0 don hang: Tai bulk cu6i cling, khach hang kiem tra lai toan b0 nOi dung don hang do he thtmg ban hang dm ngueri ban to tong h9p va sau do co the xac nhan don hang; Bu* 10. He thtmg ban hang giri email xac nhan don at hang den dia chi email cim ngueri mua. NOi dung h9p &Ong dien tir B2C nay thuemg g6m cac not dung co ban nhu: Ten hang, s6 lucmg, don gia, tong gia tri, phuong thirc thanh toan, dia chi thanh toan, dia chi giao hang, phuong thirc giao hang va mOt s6 not dung khac nhu Bich vv kem theo, bao Ve co ban, hop d6ng dien tir B2C duoc hinh thanh giita mOt ben la khach hang ca nhan va mOt ben la he th6ng thong tin to &Ong cua doanh nghiep ban le. Tuy nhien, tren thirc t6 hop d6ng dien tir c6 the doge hinh thanh mOt phan bang giao dich dien tir nhu ten va mOt phan bang giao dich truyen thtmg. Trong MUM buac giao dich tren day, khach hang c6 the thvc hien cac biz& tir 1 den 6 thong qua he th6ng giao dich dien tir to dOng teen website sau d6 viec thanh toan co the thvc hien bang chuyen khoan, viec xac nh4n h9p d6ng co the thvc hien qua fax, dien thoai hoac email. 2.1.2.3. Kfl kit hcrp citing (lien ter C2C MO hinh giao dich dien tir giita ca than vai nhau thuong g9i la C2C (Consumer-To-Consumer) cho phep cac Ca nhan co the ter chao ban cac san a lira ch9n nguori tra gia cao phAm, thong qua qua trinh dAu gia trvc tuyen nhat. Website thanh ding dien hinh cita mo hinh nay la EBay.com , khac voi cac cira hang ban le hay sieu thi dien tir, EBay la mOt website cho phep ngueri mua va ngueri ban g'a'p nhau de tien hanh cac giao dich dAu gia tr%rc tuyen. EBay.com cling khac vai Alibaba.com a ch.!) d6i tuong tham gia EBay chit yeti cac cac ca than trong khi Alibaba.com thu but d6i tuong tham gia la cac doanh nghiep. Quy trinh khach hang giao dich va ky ket hop ding dien tir tren website cua EBay.com g6m cac bulk co ban nhu sau: Birec 1. Dan ky thanh vien; 66
Bwoc 2. Tim kiem san pham; Bwerc 3. Lua chgn cach thirc mua hang: DL gia, dat hang qua EBay hoac mua hang truc tier, tir EBay; Bwor 4. Lua ch9n phucmg thirc thanh toan; Bufic 5. Sir dung My EBay; Bwor 6. Lien N vai cac thanh vien. EBay.com An dugc coi la mo hinh dau gia Ulm tuyen C2C thanh cong nhat hien nay. Ten My du la eBay Inc., cong ty nay dugc thanh lap na'm 1995, cal tru soy tai San Jose, California, Hoa KSI. M6 hinh ban ciL la san dau gia truc tuyen, sau nay dugc mar rang sang thanh toan dien fir - PayPal; thong tin truc tuyen - Skype; cua hang truc tuyen - Shopping.com ; thue xe truc tuyen - Rent.com ; Quang cao true tuyen - Ban ye dien tir - Stubhub.com ; Mang xa hOi - StumbleUpon.com . Doanh thu cua eBay narn 2007 dat 7,67 ty USD. T6ng s6 nhan vien la 11.600 nguad. Tren eBay, m9i nguoi tham gia c6 the dau gia hAu nhu moi thir, eBay thu met khoan phi dang tin Au gia va tri gia giao dich (1,25% den 7,25% tri gia giao dich). Quy trinh dau gia dugc bat dau khi nguad ban dien vao mau thong tin ve hang h6a. Nguad ban ding phai dat mirc gia tai thieu va thad gian hieu luc cua chao ban. Trong thoi gian nay, nguad mua c6 the tra gia tuy y. Phien dau gia ket thfic khi het thoi gian do nguad ban quy dinh. Sau do, nguad ban va nguari mua c6 the thuang lucmg hinh thirc thanh toan, giao hang, cac dieu khoan bao hanh, dich vu khac. Tren san giao dich nay, eBay dong vai tra trung gian qua dO nguai mua va nguad ban c6 the yen tam ham khi giao dich. 2.1.3. Quy trinh that hien kip clang din tur 2.1.3.1. Thtec hien hop cVing dien tic B2B Viec thuc hien hgp &Zing dien tir B2B dugc trien khai theo hai cap dO. Cap d6 thir What, cac ben lien hanh thanh toan, giao hang va cung cap dich vu nhu truyen th6ng vori su ket hgp dia met s6 (mg dung ding nghe thong tin nhu email, website de trao d6i thOng tin va cung cap dich vu. Cap d6 thu hai, cac ben sir dung nhimg san giao dich dien tir lam trung tam de qua dO tin hanh cac giao dich, thanh toan, phan ph6i, dac biet la xir Vr Chung tir dien dr. Tai cap d6 nay, cac san giao dich dien to cho phep cac d6i tac tham 67
gia nhu nguoi mua, ngu6i ban, ngu6i chuyen cher, cac ngan hang c6 the tham gia va tien hanh cac giao dich dien Met s6 cong ty to xay dung cac he thong thuong mai dien tit va thik lap cac m8 hinh thuc hien hgp deng dien tir phii hgp voi nganh hang kinh doanh cua minh nhu Dell trong nganh may tinh, VW va General Motor trong nganh o to, Boeing trong nganh san xuat may bay, Walmart trong mua sarn B2B de phuc vu he thong ban le... Dell Computer la met trong s6 it cac cong ty dau tien t6 chirc ky kk hgp deng dien tir B2B thanh ding. Dell ding la ding ty dau tien trien khai thuc hien hgp deng dien tit thanh cong thong qua viec img dung thucmg mai dien to de ket not cac nha cung cAp, lap rap va phan phoi san pharn may tinh tren khap the giai. Dell Computer Corp dugc Michael Dell thanh lap nam 1985 la ding ty dau tien cung cap PC qua thu dat hang. Dell to thiet ke cac may tinh Ca nhan va cho 010 khach hang to cau hinh va lira chon he thong tiny 5/ thong qua mo hinh Build-to-Order va chinh mo hinh nay da tao nen thanh ding cila Dell Computer. Nam 1993, Dell bat dau trien khai he thong dat hang trkrc tuy6n (Online-order-taking) va m6 cac chi nhanh tai Chau Au va chau A. Dell bat dau chao ban cac san pham cua minh qua website Dell.com . Chinh hoat dOng nay tao the mph cho Dell trong cuec canh tranh vai cac hang may tinh 16.n khac nhu IBM, HP va Compag. Den nam 2000, Dell tra thanh cong ty cung cAp PC hang du the gioi. Vao thoi diem do doanh thu ciia Dell qua mang dat 50 trieu USD/ngay va trac tinh khoang 18 tS, USD/nam. Hien nay, doanh se kinh doanh qua mang cua Dell.com dat khoang 50 tS, USD/nam. * Thttc hien hop cleing dien to to Dell Computer Dell cung cap cho hcm 100.000 khach hang doanh nghiep dich vu ho trg khach hang dac biet voi.ten g9i la Premier Dell Service. Khach hang dien hinh la British Airways (BA) sir dung Dell nhu doi tac chitin lugc de cung cAp he thong thong tin. Dell cung cap khoang 25.000 may tinh xach a tay va ban cho nhan vien ciia BA. Dell cling cung cap hai he thong mua sam truc tuyen cho BA, qua do cho pile') BA theo doi, mua va kiem tra cac dam hang qua website da dugc Dell customize phit hgp voi BA. Tai website 68
cita Dell, Britich Airway cif) the lua ch9n va to xay dung cau hinh may tinh sao cho phit Nip von tong bq ph4n kinh doanh cua minh. Nhan vien cita BA thing qua he thing Intranet dugc ket not von he thing dm Dell ding dugc phep lua chon va at mua may tinh phit hgp von nhu cAu sir dung cua minh. De thuc hien cac hgp ding, cac don &at hang dien tir hieu qua, Dell a ' phii hgp von cac d4Si tac thing qua ket not he thing thing tin dm minh den cac nha cung cap thiet 1)1, linh kien ten kkap the giai. D'ing that de phan phi san pham, Dell sir dung dich vu dm FedEx va UPS de nh4n, luu kho va van chuyen linh kien, thiet bi tir cac nha cung cap khac nhau. Dell sir dung 19i the cita cong nghe thing tin va web de chia se thing tin gitta cac dii tat nharn giam thieu hang hia luu kho va th6i gian thuc hien cac don at hang. Cac no luc tich hgp N thing thing tin von cac ci6i tic (B2Bi — Business to Business Integration) cita Dell bat dau tir nam 2000, khi do Dell sir dung PowerEdge Servers dua tren kien trim cita Intel va he thing giai phap phAn mem webMethods B2B integration de ket nii cac he thing quan tri nguin luc doanh nghiep (ERP-enterprise resource planning) dm khach hang, he thing mua hang true tuyen cilia Dell voi cac dii tac san xuat va thuong mai. Dell da xay dung dugc he thing thing tin von 15.000 nha cung cap tren the giai. Ben earth phan phii san pham, Dell cling di dau trong irng dung cong nghe th6ng tin de cung cap dich vu khach hang tivc tuyen (e-Customer Service). De trien khai t6t nhat hoat ding quart tri quan he khach hang (CRM- customer relationship management), Dell cung cap dich vu ho trg true tuyen qua mpg 24/7 cling nhu dich vu quay so ttIrc tiep cho cac chuyen gia ho trg ky thu4t. Cac dich vu ho trg da clang tir xir 1S , su co, huong an six dung, Wang cap, downloads, tin tire, ding nghe FAQs, thing tin tinh tang thuc hien don hang, "my account", din dan de trao dii thing tin, cong nghe va kinh nghiem, ban tin va cac hoat ding tuong tac gift khach hang va khach hang khac. Sir dung cac phan mem xir 1S, dir lieu (data mining tools), Dell co the phan tich va tim hieu dugc nhieu van de lien quan den nhu eau va hanh vi cita khach hang tir do co ke hoach va giai phap phpc vu t6t hon. De c6 kha nang phii hgp t6t von cac nha cung cap va phan phii, dieu kien tien quyet la tang cuing he thing thing tin not bq doanh.nghiep. Tir do Dell da co the thuc hien cac don at hang von so lugng 16n trong thed gian ngan nhat. D4c biet la de nang cao kha nang san xuat theo don hang (Build- 69
To-Order), nang cao dO chinh xac cita du doan nhu cau va hieu qua trong du tit de san xuat, giam tiled gian tir khi dat hang den khi giao hang (Order-To- Delivery) va nang cao dich vu khach hang Dell hgp tac voi Accenture de xay dung he thOng quan tri chuOi cung cap (SCM- Supply Chain Management). Hien nay he thOng nay dugc sir dung tai tat ca cac nha may ciia Dell ten khap the gibi cho phep Dell c6 the thich nghi voi moi trutmg kinh doanh va cong nghe bien d6i nhanh dtmg then duy tri dugc Ilieu qua hoat dOng cao nhat. Dell ding da to dung h6a viec lap Ice hoach san xuat, du down nhu cau, quan tri kho qua sir dung cong nghe thong tin va mo hinh e-supply chain. Dell d'a tra thanh mgt trong 5 ding ty dugc tap chi Fortune danh gia cao tir nam 1999. Dell TA xay dung han 100 website cho timg thi twang qu6c gia khac nhau va duy tri 19i nhuan o mirc khoang 3 ty USD/nam. 2.1.3.2. Thyv hien hop &Mg dien tif B2C Quy trinh thuc hien cac h9p dtmg dien tir B2C dugc bat dau tir khi ngued ban nhan dugc dcm dat hang qua website thuang mai dien tir, ve ca ban qua trinh nay g6m cac buoy nhu sau: Buck 1. Kam tra thanh loan: Tay phucmg thirc thanh town giira cac ben ma quy trinh tra va nhan thanh town khac nhau. Trong giao dich dien tir B2C, phuang thirc thanh toan ph6 bien nhat la bang the tin dung va dugc thuc hien qua website cua ngueri ban hang trong qua trinh dat hang. Ben canh do c6 nhieu phucmg thirc thanh town khac nhu: giao hang tra lien, sir dung tien dien tir, chuyen lchoan trip tiep vao tai khoan cua nguoi Bwor 2. Kilm tra tinh Wong hang trong kho: Ngued ban kiem tra hang hoa c6 san de phan phOi hay khong. TuST tang tnxemg hcp co the hang da san sang de giao hoac phai mua sam nguyen lieu, tien hanh san xuat, hoac lien he voi ngueli cung cap a b6 sung them hang; Bwor 3. T6 char vin tab San pham co the phan chia thanh hai loaf, hang hoa so hoa va hang h6a khong s6 hoa dugc. Doi vOi hang s6 hoa dugc, mat hang nay thutmg lam san sang do ban chat dac tha dm hang so h6a, tuy nhien viec giao ngay hay khong giao ngay con phu thuOc mOt s6 y'eu to khac nhu: ban quyen, tOc dO dung truyen... DOi v6i hang hoa hftu hinh, viec phan ph& co the do ngueri ban to to chirc thuc hien hoac thue dich vu cua cac cong ty chuyen ve phan ph6i, giao nhan hang hoa; 70
Buyk 4. Mua bao Nam: Trong met so truamg hop, hang hoa can dugc mua bao hiem. Thong tin de mua bao hiem can dugc trao d6i vai ding ty bao hiem va khach hang; Btroc 5. San xuat hang: Sau khi nhan dugc don dal hang, hang hoa co the dugc san xuAt, lap rap hoac mua tir nha san xuAt. Viec san xuAt co the dugc tien hanh trong doanh nghiep hoac ky hgp d6ng thue ben ngoai san xuAt; Buyk 6. Dich vu: Ben canh viec t6 chirc thu mua hay san xuk, can t6 chirc cung cap cac dich vu kern theo nhu huang dAn sir dung, bao hanh, nang cap; Btror 7. Mua sam va kho yips: Neu nguai kinh doanh thuong mai dien tir la nguai ban le nhu trtftg hgp cua www.amazon.com hay www.walmart.com , hay vinabook.com.vn tai Viet Nam viec t6 chirc mua lai hang hod tir nhung nha san xuAt la can thiet. Met so ma' hinh c6 the dugc ap dung, hoac la hang hoa dugc km trong kho cua chinh nguai kinh doanh, vi du nhu each Amazon.com luu kho nhung cuOn sach ban chay nhAt. Tuy nhien, dOi v6i nhung guy& sach chi co met so don hang thi tit nhien viec phan phidugc thix hien tir kho cua trung gian hay nha xuAt ban; Buyk 8. Lien he voi khdch hang: Tap hgp thOng tin khach hang de sir dung trong nhfing lan giao dich sau va chao ban cac san phArn khach hang yeu cAu; Buyk 9. Xir Ifi hang tra lgi: Trong met so trutmg h9p, khach hang muOn d6i hay tra 10 hang, nguai ban can c6 he dieing de nhan va xir ly hang tra lai hieu qua. Theo so lieu thong ke cila Bayles, a My ti le cac hang hoa mua tren mang c6 lien quan den tra lai nguOi ban tucmg doi cao. Cling tir day phat sinh met hoat Ong ho tro thvc hien cac hgp &Ong dien tir B2C goi la "reverse logistics" hay giao nhan va van tai hang tra lai. 2.1.4. So stinh hpp clang dien tir y& hpp &mg truydn thong Hqp (fang truyen thong la nhung hgp d6ng dugc ky ket theo nhfing phucmg thuc truyen thOng nhu cac ben trkrc tiep gap go '., dam phan va giao ket hgp dling trvc tiep bang lad n6i, bang van ban, tham chi bang hanh vi cu the hoac giao ket hgp ding thong qua trao dOi thu tir, tai lieu giao dich bang duang buu dien. Con hgp ding dien tir la hgp d6ng giao kat bang phucmg tien dien 71
* Su giong nhau: Thing mai dien tir khong lam thay doi khai niem thuong mai truyen thing. Thucmg mai dien tir la mot hinh thirc kinh doanh mai, kinh doanh qua mot each thirc mai tren co sa ap dung cac cling nghe hien dai. Vi vay hop ding dien tir va hop ding truyen thing co nhieu diem giing nhau co ban: - Chimg deu la hgp ding, ma hgp ding dugc hieu "la sir thoa thuan gifta cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hooc cham dirt quyen va nghia vu vOi nhau" - Dieu 308 BO luat dan sir Viet Nam da khang dinh. - Ca hgp ding truyen thing va hop ding dien tir khi giao ket va thud hien chimg deu phai dua tren nhftng co sa phap 1S, nhat dinh va tuan thu nhftng quy dinh lien quan den hinh thirc cua hgp ding, chill the dm hap ding, dieu kien hieu lire dia hap ding, quy trinh giao ket hap ding, elle di trach nhiem do vi pham hgp ding va giai quy& tranh chip phat sinh neu co. * Su khac nhau: • Ben canh nhQng diem giing nhau co ban neu tren, hap ding dien tir va hgp ding truyen thing ding co nhieu diem khac nhau. Nhftng diem khac biet do la: - Ve cac chit the tham gia vao viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir: Trong giao dich dien tit, ngoai cac chit the tham gia vao giao ket nhu doi von thuong mai truyen thing (nguai ban, nguai mua,...) &A' xuat hien cac ben thin ba co lien quan chat the den hgp ding dien tir. D6 la cac nha cung cap cac dich vu mang va cac co quan chimg thud chit 1c5r dien tir. Nhftng ben thin ba nay co nhiem vu chuyen di, litu gift cac thong tin glib cac ben tham gia giao dich thuong mai dien tir, ding thai h9 ding c6 the dung vai tro trong viec xac nhan di tin clay cua cac thing tin trong giao dich thuong mai dien tir. Vai dac thu dugc giao ket clued dang phi giAy ttc, viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir se gap rui ro neu khong co cac nha cung cap dich vu mang va cac co quan chimg thud chit 1c5, dien tir. Cac nha cung cap dich vu mang co trach nhiem duy tri he thing Mang (mang not be• cua doanh nghiep ding nhu mang quid gia) luon a trong tinh trang hoat ding tot von co the 24/24 gi&. He thing mpg true trac lap tirc se anh huang den viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir. Co quan chimg thud chit 14 dien tir se ding vai tra quan trong trong 72