Chuang 2
GIAO DICH
OIEN To.
2.1. Ho ding din tir
2.1.1. Khdi niem, rkic diim hgp clang dien
tic
Trong b6i canh nen kinh to the giei phat then vii tic dO nhanh chong
va su canh tranh gift cac doanh nghiep ten the gioi dien ra ngay cang kh6c
Viec tim kiem d6i tac, khach hang, tim kiem thi truing mai, to chuc
kenh cung irng linh host, gin nhe, nhanh chong vii chi phi giam cling nhu
kha nang phan ling nhanh ham vii cac ca hOi mai trong nen kinh to town
cau
la nhang loci the khing the thieu dii vii mOt doanh nghiep mutin tin tai va
phat trien theo kip thi truing the giai. Thuang mai dien tir noi chung va hop
ding dien tir noi rieng chinh la chic kh6a giup cac doanh nghiep nang cao
nang l%rc earth tranh trong lieu kien hOi nhap kinh to qu6c te.
2.1.1.1. Khai niem hop clang then ter
Theo quy dinh tai di'eu 388, BO lust Dan su Viet Nam (2005):
"Hop
cling dan su la ste thoa thuan girea cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hoac
cham dtit quyen, nglira vu dan sy.".
Dieu 24, Luat Thuang mai (sea
d6i,
2005) ding quy dinh ye hinh thirc hap ding mua ban hang h6a. Theo do,
"Hop cling mua ban hang hOa dupe the hien bang lOri noi, bang van ban
hoac dirge xac lap bang hanh vi
cu
the. Doi vii cac logi hop ding mua ban
hang hoa ma phap luat quy Binh phcii decoy lap bang van ban thi phai twin
theo car quy dinh dó".
V'e ca ban, hop .ding dien tir ding gi6ng hop ding truyen thing ve
chirc nang, nOi dung va gia tri phap
1ST.
Diem khac biet noi bat la hinh thirc
the hien va phuang thirc ky ket h9p ding dien tir. Lust
mAu ve
Thuang mai
dien tiz cua UNCITRAL (1996) quy dinh
"Y e hinh thicc hop &Ong, trio khi
cac ben có quy dinh khac, chao hang va chOp nhan chao hang có the &toy
the hien bang thong cliep du- lieu. Khi thOng diep da. lieu A yr su dung de
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hinh thanh hop djng, hop &Ong do khong bi phu nhan gia tri phap 135 chi vi
no dtrorc thi hien 1•44'ng thong diep di? lieu"
[Dieu 11, mix
1].
Luat Giao dich dien tir caa Viet Nam ding da quy dinh:
"Hop dcing
dien tit la hop ding dwoc thiit lap duol dgng thong diep dit lieu theo quy
dinh cua Luat nay"
[Dieu 33]. "Thong diep du lieu" ding dugc quy dinh cu
the la "thong tin dugc
tao ra, dugc giri di va dugc luu frit bang phucmg lien
dien tir", ding theo d6, "phucmg lien dien tir" dugc quy dinh la "phuong tien
hoat Ong dua tren cong nghe dien, dien tir, ky thu4t so, tir tinh, truyen dAri
khong day, quang hoc, dien tir ho4c cong nghe tuang tu" [Dieu 4, muc 12].
Ludt Giao dich dien tir Viet Nam va Cong uac cila Lien hop quic ve sir
dung thong diep dit lieu trong giao ket
.
hop doing quic to deu khong phan
biet hgp dung dien tir co tinh thumg mai va hgp ding dien tir khong co tinh
thucmg mai. Doing thari cac nguin lua't nay ding khOng phan biet cong nghe
cu the nao dirge sir dung
a ky
ket hop ding. Dieu nay la phii hop vi hop
ding dien tir dugc dieu chinh chu yeu ve viec hinh thanh hop ding va gia tri
phap
1S
,
dm hop ding nham giam thieu su thay doi, bi sung cac nguin lu'at
lien quan khi ap dung hop ding dien
Hop ding dien tir dugc ky ket co nhieu cap de tir dan gian den phirc
tap. Viec ky ket hgp ding dien tir co the don gian nhu dZit mua ye may bay,
mua sach hay mua met chiec dien thoai di deng qua mang Internet... va
thanh town bang the tin dimg. Viec ky ket hop ding dien tir ding c6 the phirc
tap han, vi du nhu viec lua chin va mua met chi& may tinh ten website
ban hang to doing, ho4c Iva chin va d4't mua met chiec 8 to qua Internet.
Hgp ding dien tir con co the dugc hinh thanh phirc tap han qua hinh thirc
dau gia tivc tuyen gifta cac ca nhan tren website cua eBay ho4c cac nha
cung cap linh kien san xuAt 0 to teen website mua sam dia cac nha san xuAt
8 to. Mire dO phirc tap nay thuong kh6ng chi do ding nghe hinh thanh hgp
ding ma con do tinh pink tap dia ban than giao dich thuang mai hay quy
trinh kinh doanh trong timg linh vuc cu the.
Hgp ding dien tir du thucmg mai hay phi thucmg mai, du don gian hay
phirc tap tnrac het Van la met hop ding, c6 cac nOi dung ca ban nhu hop
ding truyen thing. Su khac biet loin nhAt la o each thirc giao ket va hinh
thanh hop ding, di la giao ket thong qua cac phuang tien dien tit va hgp
ding dien tir dugc truyen gixi, nhan thOng qua cac mang van thong. Chinh
su khac biet nay tao nen mot s8 d4c diem rieng dm hop &Ong dien
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* Khai niem v"J giao kit hop cljng lien ter
Giao ket h9p dtmg la thuat ngcr dugc BO lust Dan str Viet Nam nAm
2005 sir dung
a
chi viec 14 ket h9p Sing. VI vay, giao ket h9p dong dien tir
la qua trinh dam phan, thuang thao, tao lap va ky ket hap Sing thong qua
viec trao d6i cac dir lieu dien tir. Cac hap d6ng dugc giao ket nhu vay se
dugc luu tit mOt phAn hoac hoan toan a dang dir lieu dien tCr. Lust Giao
dich dien tir n'am 2005 dm Viet Nam dinh nghia "Giao ket hap d6ng dien tir
la viec sir dung thong diep dir lieu
a
lien hanh mOt ph&n hoac toan b0 giao
dich trong qUa trinh giao ket h9p dtmg".
2.1.1.2. Dac diem clic: hop djng then ter
Do hap Sing dien tir dugc hinh thanh qua cac th8ng diep dir lieu va
truyen giri qua Internet va cac mang vien thong nen hop diing dien tir co
nhimg dac diem chinh sau day:
(i).
Thj hien being thong diep dir lieu:
Dac diem not bat nh
l
at dm hop
d6ng dien tir la hinh th*c the hien. Hap Sing dien tir dugc tao lap bai cac
thong diep dit lieu, de hien thi cac nOi dung oh hap Sing dien tir can có cac
thiet bi dien tir vi du nhu may tinh, dien thoai di dung... Hinh thirc dm hop
Sing dien tir hoan toan khac voi hinh thuc ph6 bien nhAt cua hop ding
truyen th6ng tren giAy. Chinh dac diem nay cua hqp Sing tao cam giac h9p
Sing dien tir la "ao", khOng "cam nAm" dugc mOt each
a
clang.
(ii).
Do cac phwong tien dien tir too ra, trulett 01 vie lwee tra.:
Hop
dong dien tir duce giao ket thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir nha su tien b0
cua cac cong nghe hien dai nhu: cong nghe dien tir, ding nghe s6, tir tinh,
quang h9c, mpg vien thong khong day, mang Internet... Viec sir dung cac
phucmg tien dien tir va mpg vien thong gill') viec giao ket h9p Sing thuan
tien, chinh xac va nhanh han so vai truyen th6ng. DSc biet, c8 nhting giao
dich dien to ma h9p &Ong dien tir dugc 14 ket hoan toan to dOng gifra mOt
ben la Ichach hang va mOt ben la doanh nghiep dugc dai dien bai website
ban hang to dOng nhu trong cac mo hinh ban le B2C.
(iii).
Pham vi ky kit Ong:
H9p ding dien tir duce 14 ket thong qua cac
phucmg tien dien tir va mang vien thong, chinh cac yeu t6 nay ma rOng
pham vi giao ket hap dong dien tir ra khip the giai. DSc biet la viec sir dung
mang Internet trong qua trinh giao ket hap Sing, cac ben tham gia h9p dong
có the 14 ket hgp ding tir m9i nai ten the gioi.
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(iv).
Pink tap v'
e Ity thaft:
Ben canh su thu'an lien va Wet kiem chi phi
do sir dung phuong tien dien tir va
mpg vien
thong de ky ket hgp ding.
Chinh nhimg
y611 to
nay lai tao ra met se khO khan ban dAu cho vice sir dung
vi hop ding dien tir dei hei nguoi sir dung can c6 kiln thirc va ky nang nhAt
dinh khi sir dung cac phucmg tien dien dr.
(v).
La@ clan chink chwa hg thimg viz chi tilt:
Phap luat truyen thong
chua de cap den cac vAn de nhu thong diep dir lieu, trao del dir lieu dien dr,
chit k5
,
dien ter, chUng thuc chit 14 dien ter, phong tranh va xir IST cac hanh vi
gian len, lira dao, gia mao chit k3'r dien tir... Chinh vi hop ding dien tir la
met linh vx.rc mai dei vai ca cac ben tham gia va cac ca quan quan ly nen
chua the c6 met
h0
thong hoan chinh de giai quyet triet de nhimg van de
phat sinh.
2.1.1.3. Phan loci hop clang dien tit
flgp
ding dien ter hinh
thanh va phat trien song song voi su hinh thanh
va phat
trien cua thuang mai
dien tir. Dua tren thuc an qua trinh phat trien
va cong nghe dugc sir dung trong qua trinh ky ket harp ding dien tir, co the
phan chia thanh ben loai hop ding dien tir phi bin sau:
a.
Hop cling truye'n thong Arc clua len web
Met se harp ding truyen thong d'a dugc sir dung thutmg xuyen va chuAn
nei dung, do met ben sop thao va dua len website de cac ben tham
gia ky ket. Hgp ding dien tir loai nay thuamg dugc sir dung trong met se
linh vuc nhu dich vu vien thong, Internet, dien thoai, du lich, van tai, bao
hiem, tai chinh, ngan Cac hop ding dugc dua toan
bi)
nei dung len
web va phia duai thuOng c6 nut
"Ding
ST"
hoc
"Khong ding Si"
a
cac
ben tham gia lua chin va xac than su ding
y
vai cac dieu khoan cua hop
ding. Co hai loai hgp ding dien tir phi bien: Hgp ding truyen thong dugc
hinh thanh qua giao dich to ding &
Hop ding co sir dung Chit
kS
,
b.
Hop clang dien tit hinh thanh qua giao dich to clang
Day la hinh thirc hgp ding dien ter dugc sir dung phi bin tren cac
website thuang mai dien ter ban le (B2C), dien hinh nhu: Amazon.com
,
Dell.com
, Ford.com
, Chodientu.vn
, Thegioididong.com.vn
... Trong hinh
thirc nay, nguad mua tien hanh cac busk dat hang tuAn to tren website cua
nguad ban theo quy trinh da dugc to ding hoa. Quy trinh
nay
thong thuamg
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gom
cac buac tir tim kiem san pham, lira chip, dat hang, tinh gia, chin hinh
thirc giao hang, thanh town, xac nhan h9p ding...
Dac diem nii bat dm loci hgp ding dien tir nay la nOi dung h9p ding
khong dugc sop sin ma dugc hinh thanh trong giao dich to dOng. May tinh
to fling h9p nOi dung va xir ly trong qua trinh giao dich dua teen cac thong
tin do nguiyi mua nhap vao. MOt so giao dich dien tir ket thitc bang hop
ding, mOt so khac ket thitc bang don da't hang dien tir. Cuii qua trinh giao
dich, hop ding dien tir dugc tong hgp va hien thi de nguoi mua xac nhan su
dingy von cac nOi dung dm h9p ding. Sau do, nguoi ban se dugc thong bao
ve
hap ding va giri xac nhan dii von hgp ding den nguari mua qua nhieu hinh
thirc, co the bang email hoac cac phuong thirc khac nhu dien thoai, fax...
c.
Hap dOng dien to hinh thanh qua Mu dien to
Day la hinh thirc hap ding dien tir dugc sir dung phi bien trong cac
giao dich dien tir giita cac doanh nghiep von doanh nghiep (B2B), dac bit la
trong cac giao dich thuong mai dien tir quic te. Trong hinh thirc nay, cac
ben sir dung thu dien tir de tien hanh cac giao dich, cac buck phi bien
thuemg bao chao hang, h6i hang, dam phan ve cac dieu lchoan cita h9p
ding nhu quy cach pham chat, gia Ca, so luting, dieu kien co sa giao hang...
Quy trinh giao dich, dam phan, ky ket va thuc hien h9p ding tuang to quy
trinh giao dich truyen thing, diem khac biet la phuong tien sir dung
a
thuc
hien giao ket hgp ding la may tinh, mang Internet va email.
Hinh thirc giao ket hgp ding dien tir qua email c6 uu diem nii bat la
truyen tai dugc nhieu chi tiet, nhieu thong tin, tic dO giao dich nhanh, chi
phi thap, pham vi giao dich rang. Tuy nhien, hinh thirc nay co mOt nhugc
diem la tinh bao mat cho cac giao dich va kha nang rang buOc trach nhiem
cua
cac ben con thap. H9p ding nay thuong dugc thiet lap qua nhieu email
trong qua trinh giao dich, tuy nhien, cac ben thuftg tap h9p thanh mOt hgp
ding hoan chinh sau qua trinh giao dich de thing nhat lai cac nOi dung da
nit& tri trong qua trinh dam phan.
d.
Hap clOng dien to co sir dung chit kj so
Day la hinh thirc hop ding dien tir da dugc sir dung tren cac san giao
dich dien tir tien tien nhu Alibaba.com
, Asite.com
, Covisint.com
,
Bolero.net
... Dac diem nii bat la cac ben phai c6 chit 14 s6 de kST vao cac
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