
causes
Right-sided heart failure
•Left-sided heart failure
•Pulmoray diseases, deformity of thorax-spine
•Cardiovascular causes:
–Mitral stenosis is a common cause
–Tricupid and aortic valvular diseases
–Congenital heart diseases (Pulmonary valve stenosis,
tetralogy of Fallot): congenital heart diseases with
reversed shunt, ruptured sinus of valsalva into right heart
chambers, left atrial myoxoma...
•Be noticed of pericardial effusions and compressive
syndromes