Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: "Sự thực ở đời" trong tiểu thuyết Số đỏ của Vũ Trọng Phụng

TRUtfNG Dfll HOC VO TRUING TOfiN

KHOA KHOA HOC CO BAN

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

CHUYEN NGANH VAN HOC

SLf THUC 6 DOT1 TRONG TIEL THUYET SO DO

CUA VU TRONG PHUNG

Giang vien hiring dan:

Sinh vien thuc hien:

HO THI XUAN QUYNH

VO THI CAM HUYEN

Dfil HOC VO TRtTdNQ TOfiN THtfVIEN

Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012

LCH CAM ON

Toi xin bay to long kinh trong va biet an sau sac tai Co giao- Thac si Ho Thi

Xuan Quynh, Truang Dai hoc Can Tha, da huang dan tan tinh va dong vien toi rat

nhieu trong suot qua trinh lam luan van.

Toi xin gui lai cam an chan thanh tai Thay, Co trong Truang Dai hoc Vo

Truang Toan, Truang Dai hoc Can Tha, nhung nguai da day do va chi bao cho toi

trong suot qua trinh hoc tap.

Cudi cung con xin gui lai biet an tai gia dinh, nai da sinh thanh, nuoi duang va

dong vien con rat nhieu trong thai gian qua.

Sinh vien thyc hien

V6 Thi Cam Huyen

LOT CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan rang luan van nay la do chinh toi thuc hien, cac so lieu thu

thap va ket qua phan tich trong de luan van la trung thuc, de tai khong trung vai bat cu

de tai nghien cuu khoa hoc nao.

Sinh vien thyc hien

V6 Thi Cam Huyen

PHIEU DANH GIA KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

(Giang vien hw&ng dan)

1. GlANG VIEN HU6NG DAN: HO THI XUAN QUYNH

2. SINH VIEN THUC HIEN: VO THI CAM HUYEN

MSSV: 0856010019

KHOA: 1

3. TENDETAl:

"SIT THUC a DOT" TRONG TIEU THUYET SO DO

CUA VU TRONG PHUNG

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HlTdNG DAN

1. Danh gia chung qua trinh lam luan van tot nghiep:

1.1. Chuyen can:

1.2. Thai do:

1.3. Khac:

2. Danh gia luan van:

2.1. Dat van de (theo 5 buac):

2.2. Noi dung chinh:

i n

2.3. Chu thich, thu muc:

2.4. Hinh thuc trinh bay:

....

2.4.1. Dung lugng (trang):

2.4.2. Khuon kh6:

2.4.3. In an:

2.4.4. Trinh bay:

2.4.5. Chinh ta, ngu phap:

3. Danh gia, xep loai:

Danh gia:

Xep loai:

., ngay

thdng

nam 2012

Giang vien hiring dan

HO THI XUAN QUYNH

DE CLTONG TONG QUAt

modAu

1. Ly do chon de tai.

2. Lich su van de.

3. Muc tieu nghien cuu.

4. Pham vi nghien cuu.

5. Phuang phap nghien cuu.

CHlTONG 1

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG

1.1. VAl NET VE TAC GlA VU TRONG PHUNG.

1.1.1. Cuoc dai.

1.1.2. Sir nghiep sang tac.

1.1.3. Quan diem sang tac cua Vu Trong Phung.

1.2. VI TRI CUA TIEU THUYET SO DO TRONG SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

CUA VU TRONG PHUNG.

1.2.1. Tom tat tac pham So do.

1.2.2. So do trong van nghiep cua Vu Trong Phung.

CHlTONG 2

TIEU THUYET SO DO- BLfC TRANH SINH D0NG VE

"SUTHlTCO DOT"

2.1. XA HOI VIET NAM TRONG TAC PHAM SO DO.

2.1.1. Xa hoi Viet Nam vao thai diem 1936- 1939.

2.1.2. Nhung khia canh hien thuc noi bat cua xa hoi Viet Nam trong tac pham So do.

2.2. CON NGLTdl TRONG SO DO.

2.2.1. Con nguai binh dan.

2.2.2. Con nguai tu san.

CHlTONG 3

HINH THiTC NGHE THUAT THE HIEN "SlT THUt O DOT" TRONG

TAC PHAM "SO DO" CUA VU TRONG PHUNG

•

3.1. CETCH NHAI.

3.2. SO SANH.

3.3. CHOI CHCT.

3.5. PHONG DAI KHOA TRl/ONG.

KET LUAN.

TAl LIEU tham khAo.

v i

3.4. CAC TO HOP NGHICH NGLT.

MUC LUC

Tran^

lcjicAmcn

Ldl CAM DOAN

PHIEU DANH GlA LUAN VAN BE CUCNG TONG QUAT

hi v

MUC LUC

vii

1. Li do chon de tai

2. Lich su van de

3. Muc dich yeu cau

4. Pham vi nghien cuu

5. Phuang phap nghien cuu

CHUONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG

1.1. Tac gia Vii Trong Phung

1.1.1. Cuocdai

1.1.2. Sir nghiep sang tac

1.1.2.1. Giai doan 1930- 1935

1.1.2.2. Giai doan cuoi 1935 va daunam 1936

1.1.2.3. Giai doan 1937- 1939

1.1.3. Quandiem sang tac cua Vu Trong Phung

2.1. Vi tri cua tieu thuyet So do trong su* nghiep sang tac

cua Vii Trong Phung

2.1.1. Tom tat tac pham So do

2.1.2. So do trong van nghiep cua Vu Trong Phung

CHlTONG 2: TIEU THUYET SO DO- BlTC TRANH SINH DONG

VE "SIT THlTC d DCtt"

2.1. Xa hoi Viet Nam trong tac pham So do

2.1.1. Xa hoi Viet Nam vao thai diem 1936- 1939

2.1.2. Nhung khia canh hien thuc noi bat cua xa hoi Viet Nam trong

tac pham£<9 do

2.1.2.1. Phong trao Au hoa

2.1.2.2. Phong trao "Vui ve tre trung"

2.1.2.3. Phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao"

2.2. Con ngiroi trong 5V5 do

mcjdAu 1

2.2.1. Con nguai binh dan

2.2.2. Con nguai tu san

CHlTONG 3: HINH THlTC NGHE THUAT THE HIEN "SlT THlTC 6> DO>I"

TRONG TIEU THUYET SO DO CUA VU TRONG PHUNG

3.1. Ciroinhai

3.1.1. Gieu nhai phong trao Au hoa

48 48

3.1.2. Gieu nhai phong trao the due the thao

3.1.3. Gieu nhai phong trao van chuang lang man

3.2. So sanh

3.2.1. So sanh tat ngang

3.2.2. So sanh da moc

3.3. Choi chir

3.4. To hop nghich ngir

3.5. Phong dai khoa truang

KET LUAN

TAl LIEU THAM KHAO

"Su thuc d doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vu Trong Phung

MOf DAU

1. Ly do chon de tai.

Doi ngu sang tac tren van dan Van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 da

dugc hinh thanh kha hung hau. O giai doan nay da xuat hien cac the he nha van, nha

tha tre co nhung dong gop dang ke cho nen van hoc. Cac the he nha van, nha tha tre

nay luon khat khao, hao hue di tim cai mai. O giai doan nay, da xuat hien nhieu tac

gia co ten tuoi da cho ra nhieu tac pham lam rang ra cho van dan van hoc Viet Nam.

Do la cac nha van, nha tha each mang nhu Ho Chi Minh, To Huu,... cac nha van,

nha tha lang man nhu Nhat Linh, Khai Hung, Hoang Bao, Thach Lam, The Lu,

Luu Trong Lu,... cac nha van hien thuc phe phan nhu Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ngo Tat

To, Nam Cao, Nguyen Hong, Vu Trong Phung. O khuynh huang van hoc hien thuc

phe phan, Vu Trong Phung la mot trong nhung cay but tieu bieu va xuat sac. Ong la

mot nha van Ian cua thai dai va dugc xem la cay but trao phung bac thay cua nen

van xuoi Viet Nam. Tren cai nen hien thuc den toi, u am cua xa hoi, Vu Trong

Phung da cho ra dai nhung tac pham ma nhung tac pham ay nhu luai dao phanh

phui, mo xe nhung ung nhot cua xa hoi. Do la mot xa hoi de hen, thoi nat va muc

ruong cua che do thuc dan nua phong kien. Vu Trong Phung da lay cai hien thuc

den toi do de lam nguon cam hung chu dao trong tac pham cua minh.

Vai tinh than sang tao miet mai, can man, Vii Trong Phung da co nhung

dong gop xung dang cho van hoc hien thuc phe phan bang nhung tac pham dac sac

nhu Chong nang len duang (1930), Giong to , Va de, Lam di, So do (1936),... Khi

de cap den nhung sang tac cua Vu Trong Phung, hau het cac nha nghien cuu da chi

ra dugc nhung dong gop cung nhu han che trong nhung sang tac cua ong. Khi nhac

thuat trong su nghiep sang tac cua ong va la mot tac pham da de lai nhieu tieng

vang nhat trong nen van hoc hien thuc phe phan. So do la mot tieu thuyet gop phan

khang dinh ten tuoi Vu Trong Phung tren van dan luc bay gia, dong thai cung la

tieu thuyet dai dien tieu bieu cho nghe thuat trao phung cua van xuoi Viet Nam.

Hau het cac nha nghien cuu khi di vao So do deu chi ra dugc tieng cuai ma nha van

the hien trong tac pham. Tuy nhien, phai thay rang tieng cuai trong So do nhu mot

phuang tien de nha van the hien hien thuc mot each sinh dong chu tieng cuai khong

phai la doi tugng de nha van mieu ta tac pham. Trong So do, doi tugng dugc nha

van mieu ta trong tac pham do chinh la cuoc song xo bo, phuc tap cua nhung con nguai a Ha Thanh dang bi cuon vao can 16c xoay Au hoa, "Vui ve tre trung". Vu Trong Phung nhu mot nha quay phim chinh hang, ong da de lai cho dai nhung cuon

GVHD: H6 Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

den Vu Trong Phung, ta khong the khong nhac den So do. So do la dinh cao nghe

"Su thuc o doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vu Trong Phung

Thanh vao nam 1936.

Khi dgc So do, ta dugc thuang thuc lien tiep tinh huong gay cuai, ma thong

qua nhung chuoi cuai Vu Trgng Phung da len an gay gat cai xa hoi doi bai, de tien

duang thai. Tieng cuai ay dong thai cung la tieng chui thang vao bon nguai hoc doi

lam quy toe, lam tu san nhung ngu don, chi biet song vi dong tien ma quen di nhan

pham. Trong tac pham cua minh, Vu Trgng Phung da the hien cai xa hoi den toi do

mot each chan thuc. Chinh vi vay, nhung nha van theo khuynh huang van lang man

nhu nhom Tu luc van doan da phan doi kich liet vai nhung tac pham mang mau sac

hien thuc u am trong nhung sang tac cua Vu Trgng Phung. Chinh vi le do, Vu

Trgng Phung da tung dong dac khang dinh vai nhom Tu luc van doan: "Toi va cac

phim tu lieu vo cung gia tri ve cugc song nho nhang, kech cam cua xa hoi Ha

nha van cung chi huang nhu toi muon tieu thuyet la su thuc a dai" [5, tr.441]. Mac

du, So do dugc rat nhieu nha ly luan, phe binh van hgc quan tarn nghien cuu danh

gia ve tac pham, nhung tim hieu ve "Su thuc a dai" trong tac pham So do thi chua

co nhieu bai viet the hien noi dung nay mot each sau sac va toan dien. Do chinh la

ly do khien toi chon de tai "Su thuc a dai" trong tac pham So do cua Vu Trong

Phung". Viec thuc hien de tai nay la ca hoi de toi co dieu kien tiep xuc, danh gia

tac pham cua nha van tren phuang dien noi dung Ian hinh thuc nghe thuat. Tu do

giup toi co cai nhin dung dan han ve van hgc hien thuc phe phan noi rieng va van

hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 noi chung.

2. Lich sir van de.

Phung, dang a Ha Noi bao ra so 40 ngay 7- 10- 1936 va dugc in thanh sach dau tien

vao nam 1938. So do la mot cuon tieu thuyet trao phung vo tien khoang hau. Moi

So do la mot trong nhung tieu thuyet thanh cong nhat cua nha van Vu Trgng

chuang la mot man kich dac sac, nghe thuat hai huac, cham biem phong phu, da

tuang nhu het sue phong tung tuy tien ma van phan anh dugc chan thuc xa hgi

duang thai, tao nen nhung dien hinh hien thuc chu nghla co the song mai vai thai

gian.

Danh gia cao cong lao cua Vu Trgng Phung, co rat nhieu nha nghien cuu

danh gia ve nhung sang tac cua ong cung nhu ve tieu thuyet So do. Tai Hoi nghi

tranh luan van nghe tai Viet Bac (9/1949) To Huu da danh cho Vu Trgng Phung

nhung lai ca nggi tran trgng: "Loi hien thuc Vii Trong Phung chua phai la hien

dang. Tac pham nem ra hang loat chan dung biem hga tai tinh, but phap phong dai

thuc xa hoi, Vu Trong Phung khong phai lam each mang nhung each mang cam an

Vu Trong Phung da vach ro cai hien thuc xdu xa cua xa hoi ay" [5, tr.416]. Do la

lai nhan dinh cua mot nha tha, nha each mang da thay dugc nhung dong gop to Ian

cua Vu Trgng Phung vao cugc each mang chung cua dan toe.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong Phung

Cung vai su nhan dinh cua To Huu, Nguyen Dinh Thi noi: "Vu TrongPhung

cung nhuBandzac, chep dung thuc tai nen cd gia tri each mang" [6, tr. 197].

Phan Khoi da tim toi, chi ra nhung dong gop cua Vu Trong Phung a mat noi

dung to cao hien thuc: "Chi cd Vu Trong Phung bde Id duac cai hien tuang dau

khd va xdu xa cua mot khodng dai dual thai Phap thudc... anh chi thong cam va to

khd cho hang nguai VietNam bi coi la can bd xa hoi" [18, tr. 13].

Luu Trgng Lu trong Dieu van doc ben md Vii Trong Phung thi khang dinh:

"Tat cd cai su nghiep cua Vii Trong Phung la phai bay, la che nhao tat cd nhung

cai ram, cai xdu, cai ban tien, cai doi bai cua mot hang nguai, mot xa hoi, mot thai

dai cua Vii Trong Phung, cung nhu Bandzac ddi vai thai dai cua Bandzac " [17,

tr.150].

Khi viet ve Vu Trgng Phung, nhom Le Quy Don neu len nhung nhan xet

kha sau sac va xac dang sau: "Trong cac nha van hien thuc cua nude ta trudc each

mang, phai cong nhan rang Vu Trong Phung la mot nguai cd dia vi khong ai tranh

gidnh duac. Ong cd mot ngdi but sac sdo rdtphu hap vai loi hien thuc phe blnh. Do

do, ong da neu len duac nhieu dien hinh cua xa hoi cu, ma dudi ngdi but cua nhung

nha van hien thuc khdc ta mai chi thay mot ddi net ma nhat" [18, tr.25].

Danh gia rieng ve So do, theo Hoang Thieu San thi: "So do la cuon truyen

bam ki tai" [9, tr.271]. Theo Do Due Hieu: "So do, theo tdi hieu la mot hien tuang

ngdn tu hit sue doe dao, danh dau thai dai" [13, tr.182]. Con Hoang Nggc Hien

trong bai Traophung cua Vu Trong Phung trong "So do " da viet: "Trong van xuoi

Viet Nam ke tu khi cd chu qudc ngu den 1945, Gidng to, So do, Va de, Cam thay

cam cd la nhung tac pham "vao loai xuat sac nhat", trong do, So do duac xem la

hoan hdo han cd"[9, tr.292].

GS. Nguyen Dang Manh noi: "Doc So do thay mdi chi tiet duang nhu chua

dung mot mdu thudn traophung nao do va dang sau nhung chi tiet ay an hien thap

thodng mot nu cuai thong minh sac sdo, vua day khinh bi va camphan cua nha van

ddi vai mot lap xa hoi nho nhang, Id bich, du dan, rung ma vua Idu cd, bip bam, da

khong biet xdu ho ma con venh vao, hi hung, phd phang thai do cua nhung ke hanh

tien, tieu nhan dac chi"[9, tr.291].

Phan Cu De trong Danh gia lai So do da viet: "Mac dau con cd nhung han

che trong the giai quan, trong lap truang phe phan xa hdi, nhung vai So do, Vu

Trong Phung da cam mot cai mdc quan trong trong nghe thuat dien hinh hda hien

thuc xa hdi chit nghia trong nghe thuat trao phung cua van xuoi Viet Nam. So do la

mot tac pham xuat sac cua Vii Trong Phung, ciia dong van hoc hien thuc phe phan

Viet Nam trudc Cdch mang thdng Tarn " [13, tr.214].

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

Hoang Cam noi: "Toi cam an Vu Trong Phung da giup toi biet cdi xdu trudc

de danh gia cdi tot ngdy nay... Khdng doc Sd do, Gidng to, Va de va mot loat tac

phdm khdc ciia Vii Trong Phung, khdng sdng vai cdi xa hdi cu, thi viec danh gia cdi

che do vinh quang cua chung ta ngdy nay nhat dinh la thieu mot phan sau sac "

[16, tr.23].

Con day la y kien cua nha van Nguyen Hong: "Nghe thuat la phai sdng tao.

Trong giai doan da phd, ta dung cung chua todt len duac cdi hien thuc. Cdi xa hdi

ciia Xuan Tdc Dd, ciia ba Phd Doan la cdi xa hdi thdi ndt, nhdy nhua lam cho

nguai ta ngdy len. Sdng tao Sd do, Vu Trong Phung da cd mot thdi do, thdi do cong

nhan cdi xa hdi ay. Neu khdng, Vu Trong Phung du cd ta nguyen si cdi xa hdi ay

chimg ta cung khdng luam " [17, tr. 149].

Sd do dong thai la mot cai cuai Ian, cai cuai nhai. Phong each nay da tao cho

Sd do co mot gia tri lau dai, nhat la ve phuang dien lich su, xa hoi va triet hgc. Julia

Kristeva va nhom Tel Quel cung da tung nhan dinh rang: "So do la mot van ban

chua dung nhieu van ban. No la tieng vang la giao diem ciia nhieu van ban mang

nhung mdi quan he ben trong vai cac van ban khdc, dong thai la mot sdng tao mai

ciia tai ndng nghe si. Vi vdy, So do la he thong ngdn tit dac sac mang tinh xa hdi va

tinh lich su cu the " [13, tr. 193].

Trong Dai hoi nha van toan quoc Ian thu 3 (9- 1983) Nguyen Khai da cong

khai danh gia Sd do la: "Mot cuon sdeh ghe gam cd the lam vinh du cho moi nen

van hoc" [18, tr.31].

Xung quanh tac pham cua Vu Trong Phung, cu the la tieu thuyet Sd do co rat

nhieu y kien danh gia khac nhau. Tren ca sa tiep thu, ke thua thanh tuu cua nhung

nguai di truac cung vai no lire cua ban than, toi hy vgng vai viec trien khai de tai

ve khia canh "Su thuc a dai" trong tieu thuyetSd do cua Vu Trong Phung" se giup

toi co dip nhin nhan lai tac pham nay mot each sau sac va toan dien han. Qua do, ta

thay dugc tai nang cung nhu nhung dong gop cua Vu Trgng Phung a tac pham Sd

1930- 1945 noi chung.

3. Muc dich nghien cihi.

Cong viec nghien cuu cua chung toi trong luan van nay vai de tai "su thuc a

do cho van hgc hien thuc phe phan noi rieng va van chuang Viet Nam giai doan

dai" trong tieu thuyet "Sd do" cua Vu Trgng Phung dat dugc nhung muc tieu cu

the sau:

- Lam ro dugc "su thuc a dai" trong tieu thuyet "So do" cua Vu Trong Phung de

thay dugc buc tranh sinh dong ve hien thuc cua con nguai va xa hoi luc bay gia.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

- Nhan dinh dung dan ve vai tro, vi tri cua Vu Trgng Phung thong qua tieu thuyet Sd

do. Dong thai co each nhin dung dan han ve Vu Trong Phung tren van dan Van hgc

hien thuc giai doan 1930- 1945.

4. Pham vi nghien cuu.

Pham vi nghien cuu tai lieu: de thuc hien de tai nay toi da thong qua mot so

cong trinh nghien cuu cua cac tac gia khac. Chang han nhu quyen Tieu thuyet Viet

Nam hien dai cua Phan Cu De do Nha xuat ban Giao due phat hanh nam 1974, Lich

su van hoc Viet Nam cua nhieu tac gia nam 1978, Nha van- tu tuang- phong each

cua Nguyen Dang Manh nam 1979, Dac sac van chuang Vu Trong Phung cua Tran

Dang Thao nam 2008, Tac phdm van hoc 1930- 1975 cua Phan Cu De nam 1991,

va tac pham chinh Sd do cua Vu Trgng Phung,...

Pham vi nghien cuu tac pham: de tai nay nghien cuu ve phuang dien "su

thuc a ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do

5. Phinmg phap nghien cuu.

De thuc hien yeu cau ciia de tai, em da su dung mot so phuang phap nghien cuu

nhu: - Dgc va phan tich tong hop tai lieu de rut ra nhung y ca ban nhat lien quan din de tai, mot so phuang phap bo ich trong qua trinh nghien cuu van hoc nhu: phuang phap thong ke, phan tich, tong hgp, khao sat va phan tich ky tac pham So do de rut

- Ngoai ra em con su dung mot so phuang phap nhu: phuang phap nghien cuu tac gia van hoc, phuang phap nghien cuu tac pham van hgc, chung minh, so sanh.

5.1. Phinmg phap thong ke, phan loai.

Chung toi su dung phuang phap thong ke, phan loai. Phuang phap nay giup nhan dien nhung lap tu, kieu cau, nhung bien phap tu tu ...de lam noi bat len thu phap nghe thuat cua tac gia va ca mot hien thuc xa hoi duang thai trong tac pham

cua ong.

5.2. Phinmg phap so sanh.

De thay ro dugc but phap trao phung dac sac cua Vu Trgng Phung trong qua trinh sang tac va ca tinh sang tao cua nha van, chung toi su dung phuang phap so sanh: so sanh ngon ngu cua chinh nha van qua cac giai doan sang tac va so sanh

ngon ngu cua ong vai cac nha van khac cung thai, trong cung khuynh huang nhu Hoang Nggc Phach, Thach Lam, Khai Hung hoac khac khuynh huang nhu Ngo T§t

To, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Nam Cao de lam bat len ngdi but cham bi§m s&c sao cua

nha van ve xa hoi duang thai.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

ra nhung y ca ban phuc vu tot cho qua trinh nghien cuu de tai.

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

5.3. Phuo*ng phap phan tich, tong hap.

Chung toi phan tich nhung dac diem ca ban trong sang tac cua nha van noi

chung va tieu thuyet Sd do noi rieng tu do tong hop di den nhung nhan xet khai

quat.

5.4. PhiroTig phap ljch sir.

Hien thuc bao gia cung mang dau an van hoa cua thai dai, khi nghien cuu ve

de tai "Su thuc a dai" trong tieu thuyet Sd do chung toi luon dat trong hoan canh xa

hoi van hoa cu the. Viec van dung phuang phap nay giup chung toi thay dugc buac

chuyen trong phong each sang tac cua Vu Trgng Phung cac tac pham cua ong va

nhung dong gop cua ong trong viec hien dai hoa ngon ngu van hgc dan tgc.

5.5. Phirong phap nghien cihi tac gia, tac pham.

Muon tim hieu dugc hien thuc cua xa hgi phai dat doi tugng nghien cuu

trong moi quan he vai cugc dai va su nghiep sang tac cung vai cac tac pham tieu

bieu cua nha van. Chung toi dac biet coi trgng va van dung triet de phuang phap

nghien cuu tac gia va tac pham trong qua trinh nghien cuu ve "su thuc a dai" trong

tac pham cua Vu Trgng Phung.

5.6. Phinmg phap he thong.

De lam ro ve khia canh "Su thuc a dai" trong tieu thuyet Sd do, toi da dung

phuang phap he thong. Vai phuang phap nay, toi da di tu noi dung cua tac pham

den hinh thuc nghe thuat theo mot he thong nhat dinh. Vi vay, cac van de cu the

dugc trien khai trong luan van deu dugc dat trong moi quan he he thong. Tu do,

giup toi co each nhin nhan, danh gia dung ve tac pham mot each toan dien han.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

CHlTONG 1

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG

1.1. TAC GIA VU TRONG PHUNG.

1.1.1. Cuoc doi.

Vu Trgng Phung que goc a Ban Yen Nhan (lang Hao), huyen My Hao, tinh

Hung Yen (nay thuoc tinh Hai Duang).

Vu Trgng Phung sinh ngay 20- 10- 1912 tai Ha Noi, ong than sinh la Vu Van

Lan lam thg dien a xuang sua chua 6 to Ch.Boillot. Ong mat khi cau Ty (Vu Trgng

Phung tuoi Ty) mai dugc 7 thang. Ba than sinh Vu Trgng Phung la Pham Thi

Khach, mot ba me rat muc hien tu. Ba que a lang Ve, phu Hoai Due, nay thuoc

thanh phd Ha Noi. Goa chong tu nam 24 tuoi, ba a vay phung duang me chong va

nuoi con an hgc bang nghe khau va thue. Gia dinh co luc a pho Hang Gai, nhung

chu yeu a pho Hang Bac.

Vu Trgng Phung tu nho da to ra co nang khieu nghe thuat: gioi ve, biet danh

dan nguyet, soan bai hat cai luang, cung thich lam tha. Hgc het cap I a truang Hang

trung tuyen, danh phai di kiem viec lam a cac sa tu- luc do ong mai 15, 16 tuoi.

Thoat dau ong lam thu ky cho nha hang Gooda, ve sau xin dugc chan danh may chu

cho nha in Vien Dong (IDEO), tat ca dugc han 2 nam. Nguai ta noi hai lan ong bi

Voi (nay la truang Nguyen Du), ong thi vao truang su pham (Sa cap) nhung khong

viec sa thai cong nhan vien chuc (dac biet la cac sa tu) cua bgn thuc dan tu ban. Tu

do Vu Trgng Phung chi chuyen tarn viet van, lam bao cho den luc mat.

Vu Trgng Phung viet cho nhieu ta bao xuat ban tu khoang 1930 din 1939: Ha Thanh Ngg bao, Nhat Tan, Hai Phong tuan bao, Tan thieu nien, Cong dan, Tieu

thuyet thu bay, Ha Noi bao, Tuang Lai, Tieu thuyet thu nam, Song Huang, Dong

mat viec deu vi "toi" ham viet truyen, danh may ban thao truyen trong gia lam viec. Nhung li do chinh co le la vi cugc khung hoang kinh te lan 1929-1933 da din din

Duang tap chi, Thai vu, Tao dan tap chi...Va viet du the loai: tieu thuyet, truyen

binh van hgc.. .Ngoai ra ong con dich mot vai tac pham cua Vichto Huygo.

Ong thuang dung hai but danh la Vu Trgng Phung va Thien Hu.

Trong dai song vat chat, Vu Trgng Phung gap nhieu chuyen khong may,

luon ludn trong tinh trang tung quan. Da the ong lai bj benh lao nang. Nhung trong

nghe van, ong noi danh rat nhanh chong. Khi Cam bay nguai (1933), Ky nghe lay

ngan, phong su, kich noi, xa luan chinh tri, thai dam, but chien, phong van, phe

Tdy (1934) ra dai, nguai ta ggi ong la "ong vua phong su dat Bac". Khi Gidng to,

Sd do (1936) xuat hien, du luan cang xon xao han. Ngdi but cua ong sac sao mot

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

each gai gdc va phuc tap nen khi dng con sdng cung nhu sau khi dng qua ddi, ngudi ta ludn ban tan, tranh luan ve dng. Ong thudc loai nha van dugc nhieu ngudi chu y,

nhung it dugc hieu ro, hieu dung.

Dau nam 1938, Vii Trgng Phung lay vg la Vu My Huang thudc mot gia dinh budn ban ngheo, ngudi xa Nhan Muc (ggi ndm la Mgc), thdn Giap Nh&t, nay thudc

xa Nhan Chinh, huyen Tu Liem, Ha Ndi.

Do ddi sdng ngheo khd, do benh lao ngay cang phat trien, lai phai lao ddng

qua sue, dng mat ngay 13- 10- 1939 tai can nha sd 73 pho Cau Mdi, Nga Tu Sd, nai

Tan Da da qua ddi). Nam ay Vu Trgng Phung mdi 27 tuoi.

dng ve d trong vai thang cudi ddi (bdn thang trudc do, d nha ben canh, so 71, thi si

Ong de lai ba, me, vg- ba ngudi dan ba gda- va mot con gai vua day nam. Trgn 27 tudi ddi vdi 9 nam tudi nghe ngan ngui, vay ma tinh tu truyen ng4n Chong nang len duang, Con nguai dieu tra,... (1930- 1931), dng da dS lai mot di san dd sd mang gia tri hien thuc va nhan ban sau sac, chung to mot kha nang sang tao ddi dao, mot su lao ddng can man: 9 truyen dai va vua, 24 truyen ngan, 6 vd kich va 2 tac pham dich, nhieu bai phe binh but chien, 7 phong su, ky sir va hang tram bai bao.

1.1.2. Su* nghiep sang tac.

Ddi van cua Vu Trgng Phung kha ngan ngui- chua day mudi nam. Trong khoang thai gian do, xa hdi Viet Nam cd nhieu sdng gid, nhidu biln ddng sau sac, tac ddng manh me den nhip do phat trien van hgc va qua trinh sang tac cua Vu Trgng Phung cung chia ra nhung thai ky nhd:

- Thai ky thu nhat: 1930- 1935.

Thdi ky nay Vu Trgng Phung cd nhung tac pham tieu bieu nhu: Chong nang len duang (1930), Khdng mot tieng vang (1931), Cudc vui it cd (1933), Cam bdy nguai (1933), Hai hop xi ga (1933), Dut tinh (1934), Ky nghe lay Tdy (1934), Dan bieu va dan hieu (1935), Su cu triet ly (1935),...

- Thdi ky thu hai: cudi 1935 va dau 1936

Cac tac pham tieu bieu: Cam thay cam cd (1936), Gidng to (1936), So do

- Thai ky thu ba: 1937 den cudi 1939, khi nha van mat.

(1936), Vdde (1936), Lam

Cac tac pham tieu bieu: Luc xi (1937), Lay nhau vi tinh (1937), Di san khi, Ngudi cd quyen, Mdu me, Lay va xdu, Mot con chd hay chim chudt, Cdi chit bi mat cua ngudi trung sd ddc dac (1937), Quy phai (dang dd dang tren Ddng Duang tap chi (1937), Mot huyen an tit (1938), Trung so ddc ddc (1938), Phan bua (1939), Tit ly thuyet den thuc hanh, Mot ddng bac, Dai la mot cudc chiin dau (1939),...

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong PhtiiMl HOC VO TRQ^NG TQfiN

1.1.2.1. Giai doan 1930- 1935.

Chong nang len duang la tac pham dau tay cub nha van dirge dang tren Ngg

bao vao khoang nam 1930. Truyen ngan nay da the hien phong each nghe thuat

rieng cua tac gia. Sau nay nhd lai, Vu Bang cd viet: "Luc ay, tdi cung bat dau viet

tren An nam tap chi ciia Tan Da, Nguyen Khac Hieu rdi. Tdi cung cd tuphu ciia tdi,

nhung mudn lam thanh thuc triet de, tdi phai ndi rang doc truyen Chong nan len

duang ciia Phung tdi thay van anh la trdi, la van tdi la vuc, va cd luc tdi da tu nhu

"sao lai cd ngudi viet truyen y nhi va me ly den the. Tdi bi Vii Trong Phung chinh

phuc ngay tu dau truyen ciia anh ". Nhung phai den khi vd kich ba hdi Khdng mot

tieng vang (1831) ra ddi thi nha van Vu Trgng Phung mdi thuc sir budc chan vao

lanh dia van hoc theo khuynh hudng ta chan. Trong vd kich nay chi vdn ven cd sau

nhan vat: anh ca Thuan, chi ca Thuan, bd anh ca Thuan, ten Thong Xa va hai canh

day xa hdi "chd deu". Vd kich da phe phan manh me va true dien tinh chat tan bao

binh nhung da phan nao tai hien hien thuc cung khd cua nhung con ngudi sdng dudi

bi cai xa hdi "chd deu" day vao tinh canh het sue bi tham: bi pha san, ban cung hda

va cudi cung la luu manh hda, Vu Trong Phung da nem vao xa hdi ddng tien van ac

cua xa hdi duang thai. Xoay quanh cau chuyen thuang tarn cua gia dinh Ca Thuan

ay ldi nguyen rua day cam phan: "...Bdy gia a? Chi cd ddng tien la Giai, la Phat,

chi cd ddng tien la ddng kinh tha vi no sai khien duac moi nguai (...) Luang tarn a?

Con thua ddng tien. Ludtphap a? Chua bang ddng tien..., Giai Phat a? Con kem

ddng tien. Chi cd ddng tien la ai ai cung phai kinh tha, chi nhung each xoay tien la

ddng cho nguai ta tung niem". Tuy la tac pham md dau cho van nghiep theo

khuynh hudng ta chan cua tac gia song mat nghe thuat cua tac pham khdng thanh cong lam. Cau chuyen cd phan go ep, ngon ngu nhan vat dai ddng. Nhidu khi, cai chu quan cua tac gia lan at ca nhan vat, bien nhan vat thanh "cai loa phat ngon" true

tiep chuyen tai can thinh no cua minh.

Chi den khi hai phong su: Cam bdy nguai (1933) va Ay nghe lay Tay (1934) dugc trinh lang thi van cua dng dugc bde Id ro ret han. Hai tac pham nay da thi hien ro kha nang quan sat sac sao, tai ky hoa mau le, linh hoat va loi hanh van bien

hda hap dan. Khdng chi dung lai d viec phan anh nhung hien tugng dan le be ngoai

tdm cua xa hdi thanh thi Viet Nam vao nhung nam 30.

ma qua hai phong sir tren, Vu Trgng Phung da phai bay nhung mat trai thdi tha, ghe

Cam bdy nguai da dua ngudi doc tham nhap vao the gidi cd bac cua nhung tay cao thu Ha Thanh thai bay gid nhu Am B, Thugng Ky, Ca Un, Tham Van, Tham Nggc, Ky Vii, Ba My Ky, Khuang Sinh Tu, My Bdi,...vdi nhung thu doan

danh nhi cap nhat, ldi hut ngc... Chinh kha nang dot nhap, quan sat tinh t£ cac to

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

tao tgn, manh ldi tinh vi, bip bgm trang trgn cua lang cd bac nhu: cac ngon bip, ldi

"Su thuc d, ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

chuc trong lang bac bip da khien cac tac pham trd nen sinh ddng cu the va cd gia tri

to cao sau sac. Dudi ngdi but cua Vu Trgng Phung, the gidi cd bac cua Ha Thanh

that dang sg. No hoanh hanh ngay trudc mat cua phat luat. No tan pha den tan gdc

luang tarn, dao due: con "thit" cha, chau "thit" chu, day biet bao con ngudi vdn

luang thien xudng hd sau tdi ldi, xudng vuc tham cua cudc ddi.

Neu Cam bdy nguai de cap den nhung manh ldi tinh xao trong lang cd bac

thi Ky nghe lay Tay lai dan dat ngudi dgc den vdi cudc sdng cua dam "me Tay"

xung quanh trai linh le duang vung Thi Cau, Bac Giang de chung kien cudc sdng

vg chong theo kieu "tien trao chao muc", "an xdi d thi" cua ho. Tap phong sir 10

chuang da lam sdng lai lich su hinh thanh va phat trien cua nghe lay Tay. Ngudi

dau tien dat nen mdng cho nghe nay la vi "to su" ba ddi Chop- ngudi "cd can dam

danh trdng cho chi em hau sinh, ddng vien khich le ho khdng phai "nam nap " lo sa

nhung dng khdng Id tdc do, mat xanh ". Sau ba ddi Chop la ba Kiem Lam, ba cai

cd. Lap "thg gia" di trudc nhu ba Kiem Lam, ba cai Budich,... cd nhiem vu cham

lo truyen nghe, dao tao nghe cho lap ke can nhu cd Duyen, cd Tich, cd Ai,... Tuy

nghe nay khdng "vat va" nhu nghe cd bac gian lan nhung cung cd luc cudi ra nude

mat. De sinh ton giua cac me ddng nghiep cung cd su tranh gianh quyet liet vdi

nhau, pha gia nhau, nang tay tren cua nhau...Vdi thien phong su nay, nha van Vu

Budich, cd Duyen, cd Tich, cd Ai. Vi vay, the gidi lang me rat phong phu, gia cd tre

nhung thang tram cua no, khdng chi dung lai d viec phe phan no ma it nhi£u con

bay to ndi xdt xa, thong cam cd pha chut hai hudc cho cudc ddi eo le, ngang trai cua

nhung ngudi phu nu lay Tay vi tien: "Chung tdi lay ho vi tien chu khdng bao gia vi

Trgng Phung khdng chi dung lai d viec tai hien cudc sdng cua dam me Tay vdi

tinh cd "

Vdi hai phong sir nay, Vu Trgng Phung dugc cac ban van tang cho danh hieu

"dng vua phong sir dat Bac".Ca ba tac pham Khdng mot tieng vang, Cam bdy

ngudi, Ky nghe lay Tay deu toat len thai do cam ghet, khinh bi cua nha van Vu

Trgng Phung ddi vdi the lire ddng tien trong xa hdi thudc dia nua phong kien thai

ay. Tuy nhien, d thai ky nay tinh than phan uat cua nha van con mang tinh tu phat.

Nhan vat cua dng thudng cd mot khat vgng tra thu manh liet, nhung la mot thai dd tra thu lieu linh, tuyet vgng theo kieu "con giun xeo lam ciing odn ". Ching han, khi Ca Thuan xach dao di tim nhung ke "khdng mudn cho minh lam an luang thien"

{Khdng mot tieng vang), khi Am B de dga "trd thu cdi bon da lam tdi hu hong"

(Cam bdy nguai) thi hg chi nghT tdi nhung ke cd tien. Do vay, viec tra thu cua cac

nhan vat nay rat ma hd. Cho nen nhan vat gay tdi ac ddi vdi nhung ngudi ngheo

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thj Cam Huyen

khd trong tac pham Vu Trgng Phung thdi ky nay ngoai cai bong ten Thong Xa thap

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

thoang trong Khdng mot tieng vang thi hau nhu la mot thu ddng tien truu tugng

dang lam dao dien cudc sdng cua nhirng ngudi luang thien.

Cd the ndi thai ky nay ndi dung hien thuc trong tac pham cua Vu Trgng

den cua no chi thu hep d khia canh cung quan cua nhung tang lap tieu tu san va dan

ngheo thanh thi do cudc khung hoang kinh te 1929- 1933 gay ra.

Tu tac pham Khdng mot tieng vang den Ky nghe lay Tay tu tudng dinh menh

Phung con bi han che d chieu rdng va chieu sau. Thuc trang xa hdi vdi nhung bong

da xuat hien thap thoang, le te trong mot sd nhan vat phu: thai dd sdng nhan nhuc,

triet ly cue doan cd he thdng nhu trong Diet tinh qua luan de triet ly "bdi khdng

duyen kiep". Tu do trd di, yeu to tu tudng nay gan nhu xuat hien thudng xuyen va

cd vai trd quan trgng trong nhung sang tac tiep theo cua nha van.

budng xuoi mac cho tao hda xoay van. Tuy nhien, no chua trd thanh mot quan niem

1.1.2.2 Giai doan cudi 1935 vd dau 1936.

Day la giai doan sung man nhat trong ddi van cua Vu Trgng Phung. Chi

trong khoang thai gian mot nam vay ma hang loat tieu thuyet cd gia tri nhu: Gidng

to, Sd do, Va de, Lam dira ddi.

Gidng to lan dau dugc dang tren Ha Ndi bao tu* sd 1 (02-1-1936) vdi ten

xau xa, deu gia, thdi nat, tan bao, bat cdng cua xa hdi thudc dia nua phong kidn Viet

Nam dang quay cudng dao dien trong can xoay ldc cua lich su.

Gidng to, den het chuang X thi bong dung lai mot tuan le vi dung cham d§n mot vi quan ldn luc bay gid. Khi tac pham dang tiep thi doi thanh "Thi Mich ". Vay la ngay tu dau tac gia da dat cho "dua con tinh than" cua minh cai ten Gidng to dung vdi tinh than cua tac pham. Gidng to dung nhu cai ten cua no, da phai bay tat ca nhung

Gidng to gdm 30 chuang vdi mot doan ket da bao quat hien thuc kha rdng

ldn tu ndng thdn den thanh thi vdi mot the gidi nhan vat ddng due (84 nhan vat) va phuc tap, vdi nhieu thanh phan xa hdi va nghe nghiep khac nhau. Tu nhirng ndng dan chan chat den bgn trieu phu gian xao, tu nhung cd gai tan thdi an chai den nhung cd thdn nu binh di, chat phac sau luy tre lang, tu xa hdi quan Tay va ta d cap huyen cap tinh den bgn cudng hao d lang xa, tu gidi tri thuc, gidi bao chi den nhung nha hoat ddng chinh tri gdm day du cac xu hudng chinh tri khac nhau: qudc gia,

qudc te, de tarn, de tu,... deu budc vao con "gidng to " cua xa hdi Viet Nam daTi thd ky XX va quay cudng, dien dao trong can gidng to do nhu mot dinh menh khdng

tranh dugc.

Cd the ndi, vdi viec ket hgp giua chat lieu cua phong su dieu tra vdi yeTi td

hu cau cua tieu thuyet, giua chat hien thuc vdi chat lang man, phan ph§t mau sac

trinh tham; Vu Trgng Phung da tao nen mot ldi viet mdi cho nghe thuat tieu thuyeT

hien dai trong Gidng td.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

Tiep theo la tieu thuyet Va de. Va de ra ddi tren bao Tuang lai tu thang 9-

thanh thi vdi du cac thanh phan trong xa hdi nhu: ndng dan, dia chu cudng hao,

quan huyen, thau khoan, Tong ddc, Cdng su, gai mdi, chinh tri pham qudc gia,

1936. Va de cung bao quat hien thuc tren mot pham vi rat rdng, tir ndng thdn den

chien si cdng san. Viet sau Gidng td khdng lau, khdng cd dugc sue manh nghe thuat

khia canh tien bd han.

nhu Gidng td song tiep tuc trien khai chu de xa hdi tich cue cua Gidng td vdi nhung

tudng nay phdi den ket cau. cdt truyen, each sap xep nhung mdi quan he giua cac

Thai ky nay, tac gia khdng chi chiu anh hudng cua tu tudng dinh menh (tu

nhan vat va sd phan cua chiing) ma con chiu anh hudng cua chu nghia tu nhien.

song tac pham Lam di bieu hien ro nhat ve sir anh hudng nay. Sd d! Vu Trgng

Phung bi rai vao chu nghia tu nhien la do nhung han che cua the gidi quan nha van.

La mot nha van tieu tu san ma hd ve chinh tri, lai chiu anh hudng nhung hgc thuyeT

tu san, chiu anh hudng cua chu nghia tu nhien qua mot sd tac pham cua E.Zola,

Trong nhung tac pham Gidng td, Va de, Sd do deu cd yeu td cua chu nghia tu nhien

chiu anh hudng cua hgc thuyet Freud. Do vay, nhan vat Huyen (Lam di), Thi Mich (Gidng td), ba Phd Doan va cau em cha (Sd do) deu dugc nha van ly giai theo hgc

nga ddi vdi tinh each nhan vat.

thuyet Freud. O day cai an uc sinh ly chi phdi nhan vat nhu mot dinh menh. Nhan vat hoan toan bat luc trudc hoan canh va hoan canh cd tac dung quyeT dinh nghiet

Thdi ky nay cung danh dau tai nang truyen ngan cua Vu Trgng Phung. Nhirng truyen ngan tieu bieu nhu: La lai, Tit an may, Bd rang vang, Ho se liu ho liu se sang di vao nhung khia canh tinh cam, dao due nhan sinh, nhan tinh the thai,

tarn ly con ngudi,... trong cai xa hdi phong kien nua thuc dan den toi, dien dao.

1.1.2.3. Giai doan 1937- 1939.

Neu nhu giai doan cudi 1935- 1936, tai nang Vu Trgng Phung thang hoa vdi

hang loat nhung tac pham cd gia tri ve mat ndi dung va nghe thuat ra ddi thi den giai doan nay con dudng sang tac cua Vu Trgng Phung nhu chung lai, tu tudng ciia

nha van chuyen bien theo chieu hudng tieu cue.

truyen ngan, phong su, kjch ndi, truyen dai song khdng con "lira" nhu nam 1936.

Cd the ly giai ao tudng chinh tri cua nha van hoan toan tan vd. Trudc day, ao tudng

ay dugc xay dung tren long tin ma hd cua nha van ddi vdi vai trd cua cac dang phai

chinh tri trong thai ky Mat tran Dan chu chong phat xit trong nude va tren the gidi.

Giai doan nay, ngdi but cua Vu Trgng Phung van viet nhieTi thd loai nhu:

trang cua Viet Nam: "O cdi nude Dai Cd Viet cd huu cua chung ta day, den chinh

Tuy nhien ao tudng do dugc xay dung theo nhan thuc ma hd cua dng nen khi tinh

nhung su da thay ddi rdi, thi du nhu bao nhieu deu cdi each, canh tan cua chinh

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Suthuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

phu chdng han ma te ra cung lai chdng thay ddi gi cd "(Phdng sir Mot huyen an tit) va d Phap: chinh phu binh dan sup do den ndi dng Blum phai rdi ghd thu tudng (6- 1937) thi ao tudng chinh tri cua Vu Trgng Phung cung hoan toan sup do, nh4t la khi

De tam, De tu mau thuan nhau, ddi dau nhau.

That vgng ddi vdi chinh phu Binh dan d Phap, maT ca ldng tin vao Dang Cdng san Lien Xd, Vu Trgng Phung hoan toan mat phuang hudng va ngay cang chim sau vao tam trang bi quan, hoai nghi chan nan. Them vao do, nhung bai bao xuyen tac, bdi nhg cua gidi tu san phuang Tay, ca bgn trootskit ddi vdi Lien Xd,

Dang Cdng san lai cang lam cho nha van ngay mot giam sut nidm tin cua nha van

ddi vdi Lien Xd, Dang cdng san.

Nam 1936, dng hang hai "nhap cudc" bao nhieu thi din thai ky nay dng lai chan nan, hd hung vdi cac van dd chinh tri bdy nhieu. Day chinh la thai ky ma gigng van va ldi van trong tac pham cua dng cd phan met mdi vdi hang loat nhung tac pham de cap den nhung van de tam ly nhu: Ldng tu di, Cdi ghen dan dng, Di san khi, Lay va xdu,... ra ddi. Thdi ky nay, dng gan nhu "gac kiem" den cac van dh chinh tri cd chang thi chi bong dua.

Quay lung vdi chinh tri, dng tiep tuc vidt vd chu de sue manh ddng tien, ve nhan tinh the dao trong xa hdi ma ddng tidn la thugng dd. Nhung tac pham nay cd y nghia xa hdi va cd gia tri td cao. Song su phe phan ddng tidn trd nen sieu hinh vi khdng nham vao mot tang lap thdng tri, vao ban chat quan he xa hdi ma nham vao tam ly "ngudi ddi" chung chung. Vi thd, nhung tac pham nay gidng nhu nhung nghien cuu tam ly, tat ca deu chung minh cho luan dd: ban chat con ngudi la ich ky. Tuy nhien, dng lai khdng phan tich dieu kien xa hdi nao lam nay nd thdi xdu ay nen nha van cd phan xa rdi chu nghia hien thuc.

Trudc day, thai dd hoai nghi va chu nghia hu vd da phang phat trong nhung tac pham cua dng, cd luc dugc phat bieu thanh mot he thdng (qua nhan vat Tu Anh). Tuy nhien, khi do, nd chua chiem vi tri chu dao trong the gidi quan cung nhu nhan sinh quan cua nha van bdi khdng khi chinh tri cung vdi noi cam uk xa hdi "chd deu" cua tac gia da khien cho tac gia khdng thd "day tay nham mieng". Nhung khi ldng tin ve trien vgng xa hdi, ve con ngudi khdng con thi dng rai vao hd sau cua su hoai nghi, chan chudng, quay lung lai vdi cudc ddi "Cudc ddi chdng cd nghia ly gi ma ngudi ta a ddi (...) chdng ai an a ra cdigi", "ngudi ta ai khdng la mot thu qudi vat"... nen "phdi mil ni che tai ma nga di".

Tom lai, Vii Trgng Phung la mot trong nhung nha van hien thuc xuat sac. Tuy d mdi thai diem, ngdi but cua dng cd sir thang tram song nhin chung vdi sd lugng va chat lugng ma Vu Trgng Phung da de lai cho ddi cd the xem nhu mot di san van hda do sd. Nhung tac pham cua dng khdng chi the hien cam quan hien thuc

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyetSd do cua Vu Trong Phung

thep cua dng ve cai xa hdi van ac va "chd deu" ay bang nhung thu phap nghe thuat

rat dat, rat ddc dao ma ngudi dgc khdng the nao quen dugc.

1.1.3. Quan diem sang tac ciia Vii Trong Phung.

Van chuang Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 dugc xem la giai doan thu hai

van chuang hien dai hda. Trong nen van chuang Viet Nam giai doan nay, ddi ngu

sang tac da trd thanh mot lire lugng hung hau va ddng dao han rat nhieu so vdi giai doan trudc do (1900- 1930). Luc lugng sang tac nay thudc ba luu phai van chuang:

sau sac, nhay ben cua dng ve xa hdi Viet Nam duang thai ma con la tieng chui danh

luu phai van hgc lang man, luu phai van hgc each mang, luu phai van hgc hien thuc phe phan. Trong nhirng luu phai nay, deu cd nhung nha van, nha tha neu len quan niem nghe thuat cua minh. Chang han, d luu phai van chuang lang man thi cd Hoang Dao, Nhat Linh, Thach Lam, The Lu, Xuan Dieu,... Luu phai van chuang each mang vd san thi cd Hd Chi Minh, Sdng Hdng thi d luu phai van chuang hien thuc phe phan cd Nguyln Cdng Hoan, Vu Trgng Phung, Nam Cao,... 6 luu phai van hgc hien thuc phe phan, ta thay Vu Trgng Phung la mot cay but tieu bieu va cd nhung ddng gdp ndi bat cho luu phai van hgc nay. Trong van hgc hien thuc phe phan, Vu Trgng Phung da thd hien kha day du quan niem nghe thuat cua minh bang nhung tac pham da cho ra ra mat ban dgc. Trong sd ban dgc do cd nhung ngudi ung hd cho luu phai van chuang lang man duang thai, chang han nhu Nh4t Chi Mai, Thai Phi. Hg da dgc rat ky nhung tac pham cua Vu Trong Phung bang con m4t xam xoi, khinh bi. Thai Phi, tren bao Tin Van so 25 (ra ngay 1- 9- 1936), vdi bai Van chuang dam ue, da ldn tieng canh cao nhieu nha cam but va ro rang la am chi Vu Trgng Phung "Cd nhdi nhet cdi dam ue vao bat cu viec gi minh viit, hodc Id vien cdi chit nghia td chan, dung tam td cdi dam ue mot each qua tao bao vd vi thi thanh ra sdng suang khd coi, cd lam rung ddng gidc quan nguai doc han la nghi din nghe thuat" [5, tr.413]. It lau sau, td Ngay nay cua Tu lire van doan, sd 51, ra ngay 14- 3- 1937, dang bai Dam hay khdng dam ky ten Nhai Chi Mai, len an dich danh Vu Trgng Phung vdi nhirng ldi le nang nd: "Mot nhd van nhin thi gian qua cap kinh den, cd mot bd de den vd mot ngudn van cung den nua" [5, tr.414]. Nhidu ngudi nhu Lan Khai, Truang Chinh, Vu Nggc Phan, Luang Due Thiep, Mdng San,... tuy ca nggi Vu Trgng Phung nhieu mat nhung cung khdng tan thanh viec dng mieu ta cai dam trong mot sd tac pham. Chinh each nhin nhan khdng may thien cam cua nhung ngudi dgc nay, cho nen Vii Trgng Phung da len tidng ben vuc dua con tinh than cua minh, ddng thai cung the hien ro quan didm nghe thuat cua dng trong viec sang tac tieu thuyet: "Cac dng mudn tieu thuyet cu la tieu thuyit. Tdi vd cac nha van ciing chi hudng nhu tdi mudn tieu thuyet la su thuc a ddi, chi ndi cdi gi thien ha thich nghe, nhat la su gia ddi. Chung tdi chi mudn cdi dung su thuc, thanh ra

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

nguy hiem, vi su thuc mat long", "Neu cac dng khdng mudn sd len gay thi thdi, bao

nhieu chuyen thanh cao, tao nha, cao thuang ciia loai nguai, xin cac dng cu cd ma

huang hoa khan khua. Tdi xin de cac phan ay cho cac dng. Rieng tdi chi thayxa hdi

nay la khdn nan; quan lai tham nhung, dan ba hu hong, dan dng dam bon, mot tui

van si dau ca xdo quyet ma cdi xa hoa chai bdi cua bon gidu thi that la nhitng cau

chui riia vao cdi xa hdi dan que, tha thuyen bi lam than, bi bdc lot. Lac quan duac, cho dai la vui, la khdng can cdi each, cho cdi xa hdi chd deu nay la hay ho tot dep,

ma ngdi ma danhphan bdi mdi hinh qua tim de di dua ngua, cha phien, khieu vii, theo y tdi the la gia ddi, la tu minh lua minh vd di hoa cho dai, neu khdng la vd si mot each thanh thuc" [5, tr.414]. Hoac la "Hdc dm, cdi Vi tdi vdn la nguai bi

quan, cam han cung cd, vi tdi cho rang cdi xa hdi nude nhd ma khdng ddng cam

han, ma lai cu "vui ve tre trung, truang gia, an mac tan thai, khieu vu..." [5, tr.420]. Trong Quan niem ciia tdi ve phdng su vd tieu thuyet Vu Trgng Phung cd viet: "Van chuang chi la mot mdn tieu khien neu nd than may khdc gid. Tdi quan

niem van chuang la motphuang tien tranh dau ciia nhirng nguai cam butmudn loai khdi xa hdi con nguai nhitng bat cdng, nhen len trong long nguai ndi xdt thuang ddi vdi ke bi chd dap len nhan phdm, ke yeu, ke bi day dog vao canh ngu tdi, ke bi bdc lot, mdi ngay kiem ra du an bua tdi de nhin sdng horn sau. Tdi se cd gang nhin vao nhitng ndi dau cua xa hdi, may ra tim duac nhung thudc khien nhung cdi ung

do cd the han mieng, len da ".

Trong khi cac nha van lang man duang thai chi chu tam vao cudc sdng cua

nhirng con ngudi thudc giai cap tu san va tang lap tri thuc tieu tu san nhung thi vi

cudc sdng do ciia hg. Trong khi do, Tu lire van doan cd nhieu cay but hang hai vdi

cdng cudc cai each xa hdi d ndng thdn, nhung ngudi chien si tien phong trong viec

chdng lai rang budc khac khe cua le giao phong kien thi cac nha van hien thuc

hien mot each chan thuc va sinh ddng hien thuc do tren nhung trang vidt cua minh.

Cd the ndi quan niem tieu thuyet la "Sir thuc d ddi" da the hien nhung

hudng tam vao hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam duang thai. Cac nha van hien thuc da tai

thuc gi? Dd chinh la nhirng bat cdng ngang trai, la nhung gian manh xao tra, la su

bdc lot trang trgn cua gidi cam quyen, la sir ngu nga ban tien, hgc ddi cua lap ngudi tu xung minh la van minh, Au hda,... la nhung thdng kho cua ngudi ndng dan trong

canh vd de,... Cung vdi cac nha van hien thuc phe phan khac nhu: Nguyen Cdng

Hoan, Nguyen Hong, Nguyen Dinh Lap, Manh Phu Tu, Nam Cao,... Vu Trgng

Phung da gdp them tieng ndi vach tran hien thuc den tdi, xau xa, ddi bai duang thai.

Nhung tac pham cua dng nhu mot mui dao phanh phui, md xe ca the thdi rua cua xa

hdi Viet Nam luc bay gid.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

khuynh hudng trong tieu thuyet cua Vu Trgng Phung. Vay "Sir thuc d ddi" do la sir

"Su thuc dddi" trong tieu thuyit So do cua Vii Trong Phung

O thdi ky dau trong sir nghiep sang tac ciia Vu Trgng Phung (1930- 1945), thdi ky nay ngdi but ciia Vu Trgng Phung theo khuynh hudng "ta chan" va td cao xa hdi. Han han cac nha van trudc, Vu Trgng Phung da tao bao, xdng xao lot mat trai da day cua xa hdi thudc dia den tdi thdi nat khi do. Phuang phap sang tac ciia Vu Trgng Phung thai ky nay khdng that thuan nhat. Doi vdi xa hdi kirn tien trudng gia thoi nat, thai do Vu Trgng Phung rat cam ghet. Ong cd y thuc phai tran nhung ung nhgt cua nd va ndi len tinh canh thdng kho ciia lap ngudi "dudi day". Dd la ca sd ciia khuynh hudng hien thuc chii nghia dugc the hien kha ro trong phan ldn sang tac thai ky nay. Mat khac nhung ydu td tu nhien cu chen lan vdi chii nghia hien thuc trong mot sd tac pham ciia dng. Ddng thai, vdi cudn tieu thuydt Dirt tinh, cd the ndi, Vu Trong Phung da bi ldi cudn bdi trao luu lang man dang thinh hanh khi do. Den nhung nam 1936- 1939, cai nhin ve hien thuc xa hdi dugc Vu Trgng Phung thi hien mot each toan dien han. Giai doan nay, Vu Trgng Phung cd cai nhin lac quan han, nhung cung ngay luc nay, tu tudng bi quan dinh menh cd huu van tda bong den trong nhung trang sach tien bd ciia dng. Ro rang, trong tieu thuyet Gidng td, nd dugc the hien d nhung ldi tien tri du bao cua nhan vat thay bdi, d ldi le cua Hai Van, d triet ly hoai nghi khinh bac cao dd dan tdi hu vd chu nghia cua Tu Anh. Cai xu the chung toat ra tu nhung so phan thang tram du ddi ciia Gidng to la cai ac, cai xau cu sung sung ldn mai len nhu mot sue manh tuyet ddi bat kha xam pham. Trong Sd do, tieng cudi trao phung vang len tu dau den cudi nen khien cho mau sac bi quan dinh menh cd nhat di, song khdng phai khdng bieu Id d dau do. Cung lai ldi thay bdi doan "triing nhu than" vd cai "so do" la lung cua ga Xuan Tdc Dd; cung lien tiep nhung bat ngd lam xoay chuyen sd phan; cung sir sung sung cua cai xau, cai xd xien, khidn cho cudc ddi la mot san khau trd he vd nghia ly. Den Va de, cudn tieu thuyet md dau bang tia hy vgng day lac quan ve thai cudc, nhung cang ve cudi, tia hy vgng do cang leo let va cudi cung nd tat lim trong chan chudng, ngao ngan.

Khac vdi nhirng cay but hien thuc phe phan duang thai, Vu Trgng Phung khdng chi bi quan ve trien vgng xa hdi do chua cd mot nhan thuc each mang khoa hgc ve tien trinh lich su, ma con rat bi quan vd pham chat tinh than con ngudi. Thdi hu tat xau trong xa hdi tu san khi do dugc dng coi la ban chat con ngudi. Ro rang, nha van thieu niem tin manh me vao nhan pham tren ca sd mot nen tang nhan dao that vung chic. DieTi do giai thich tai sao Vu Trgng Phung lai dinh liu vdi chii nghia tu nhien nang ne den thi Trong thai ky sang tac tien bd nhat nay, chii nghia tu nhien van ton tai song song vdi chu nghia hien thuc. Ngay trong nhung tac pham hien thuc dac sac thai ky nay, nhung ydu td tu nhien van cu lan quat va cd luc tran vao tac pham, pha hoai gia tri chan thuc ciia hinh tugng. Den khi Vu Trgng Phung da hoan toan tiep thu hgc thuyet Freud mot each kha dan gian thi nha van da rdi bd

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vo Thi Cam Huyen

nhung nguyen tac hien thuc chu nghia de di han vao chu nghia tu nhien. Va tieu

thuyet Lam di la mot minh chung tieu bieu cho dieu nay, Vu Trong Phung da van

dung hgc thuyet Freud de khao sat mot "ca" lam di va chung minh cho sue manh

khdng gi cudng dugc ciia "can tinh dam dang" cua con ngudi. Vu Trgng Phung da

go ep thuc te de minh hga kha dan gian cho mot luan de chii quan ma van cu tudng

dang khao sat, nghien cuu mot each khoa hgc, khach quan. Di vao phan tich tam

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

sinh ly theo quan diem ciia Freud, Vii Trgng Phung da tu bd ngdi but phan tich xa

hdi, cung tuc la tu bd chu nghia hien thuc, chu nghia nhan dao. Vdi dng, tinh yeu

cua ngudi ta chang qua chi la sir them khat nhuc due; cai ggi la tinh yeu cao thugng

chinh la thu tinh yeu ma xac thit khdng dugc thda man ma thdi. Ro rang, dng da vd

ciia cac te nan ddi bai.

Nhin chung, van chuang a bat ky thai ky nao cung khdng the thoat ra xa hdi

ciia nd, xa hdi ma tac gia da sdng d khia canh nay hoac khia canh khac. Ndi nhu the

khdng cd nghia rang ngudi viet chay theo thai dai, chay theo xa hdi, coi van chuang

chi la mot phuang tien hanh ddng. Van chuang trudc nhat phai la van chuang da,

sau do la nhung gi tac gia viet ra. Nhung gi viet ra do la phan nao suy nghi, phan

tinh bien hd cho che dd xa hdi va giai cap thdng tri thdi nat, nguyen nhan that su

dng thay phai ndi. Trong tac pham ciia Vu Trgng Phung tat ca thdi dai dng song dugc hien len mot each day dii tu mgi khia canh ciia xa hdi. Ngdi but ciia dng phai

nao ddi sdng, phan nao quan diem cua mot ngudi, ma ngudi do sdng trong mot thai dai. Chac chan Vu Trgng Phung cung khdng dat ra nhung dieu dng dinh ndi nhung

chinh la quan diem cdt loi nhat trong sang tac cua Vu Trgng Phung.

tim tdi, vach tran nhirng cai cd thuc trong xa hdi ay mot each chan thuc nh&t. Dd

2.1. VI TRI CUA TIEU THUYET SO DO TRONG SlT fl^tf^>4^TAC CUA VU TRONG PHUNG.

961 HQC VO TKUvJn

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2.1.1. Tom tat tac pham So do.

THU VIEN

Xuan (thudng ggi la Xuan Tdc Dd) nhari vat chinh"ciia tieulhuyet, vdn la mot diia tre md cdi, nam len 9 tudi di d nhd nha mot ngudi bac hg, bi xem nhu day

td. Mot lan nd bi danh va bi dudi di do nhin trdm bac gai nd tam. Tu do, nd sdng va

vat khap cac via he Ha Ndi vdi du nghe "ha luu" (treo me, treo sau, ban pha xa,

nhat trinh, chay cd rap hat, dgc quang cao cho mot dng vua thudc lau...). Nd trd nen

vd giao due va rat thao ddi.

Dang lam nghe nhat banh quan cho mot hdi quan the thao, vdi udc ma trd

thanh van ddng vien quan vat ndi tieng thi Xuan bi dudi viec vi "bi bat qua tang

nhin trdm mot cd dam luc cd thay vay". Xuan bi bat vao sd Cam va dugc ba Phd

Doan - mot me Tay dam dang bao lanh va gidi thieu Xuan den lam viec d hieu may

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

Au hda, chuyen may cac mot y phuc "phuc vu phai dep trong cdng cudc Au hda"

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

cua vg chdng Van Minh, chau ba Phd Doan. Sot sang vdi phong trao the thao, ba

Phd Doan da cho pha khu vudn hoa de xay san quan. Xuan Tdc Dd lai dugc giao

huan luyen quan vgt cho ba Phd Doan va vg Van Minh. Tu do, Xuan bat dau len ldi

nhung budc dau tien vao gidi thugng luu.

Nhd vdn lieng cd dugc tu cai nghe "ha luu" quang cao thudc lau trudc do va

dugc Van Minh Id ldi gidi thieu la "mot sinh vien truang thudc", rdi lai cd cdng

lam cho cu Td chet- dieu ma con chau cu da mong dgi tu lau- Xuan dugc gia dinh

Van Minh ne phuc. Nhd the, tu mot ke luu manh, Xuan nghiem nhien dugc ton

sung trd thanh "Ddc td Xuan", "nha quan ly tiem may Au hda", "nha cai each xa

hdi", "nha triet hgc", "nha thi si", "giao su quan vgt". Han gia nhap xa hdi thugng

luu, thudng xuyen giao tiep vdi gidi thugng luu: dng Phan day thep mgc sung

(ngudi da nhd Xuan he gap dng ta d dau thi hay ndi: "Thua ngai, ngai la mot ngudi

mgc sung"), Ddc td True Ngdn, nha chinh tri bao hoang Joseph Thiet, hga si thiet

Cd Tuyet- con gai cu cd Hong, em gai dng Van Minh- kinh ne va dem ldng

yeu Xuan, ru han thue phdng d khach san Bdng Lai va mong dugc haTi "lam hai ca

ddi con gai" ciia minh. Ba Phd Doan "danh gia" khat khao dugc han "lam tinh". Ba

ke mot quan ao Tip-phd-nd, gia dinh ba Phd Doan, cu cd Hong danh gia...

con mdi han lam ngudi giao due, cham sdc cau "con Gidi, con Phat" quy tu cua ba.

Hai nha canh sat Min-Da, Min-Toa tan bdc han la "Me su Xuan, giao su quan vgt,

Su Tang Phii mdi han lam cd van cho bao Go md de gdp phan chan hung dao Phat.

Xuan cang dugc mgi ngudi kinh phuc, ne sg. Duy cd vg chdng Van Minh la ngudi

biet den nggn nganh lai lich cua Xuan, nhung lai d tinh the "ha mieng mac quai",

danh nudt han thua nhan han, tham chi da cd luc phai nhun vdi han va td ve cho han

de vdt vat chiit si dien cho gia the neu nhu phai ga Tuyet - cd em gai ciia Van Minh

da mang tai tieng hu hong vdi Xuan - cho han. Van Minh budc ldng phai dua Xuan

den tong cue the thao hdi quan dang ky lam tai tu quan vol tham du giai vd djch

trong dip Vua Xiem sang tham Bac Ky. Tu day Xuan "da cd mot dia vj to tat trong

dam nhung bac thugng luu".

Cu cd Hong tuyen bd ga Tuyet cho Xuan. Vi hdn phu ciia Tuyet bidt chuyen,

ban muu tinh ke hai han de tra thu. Nhung may Xuan nghe 1dm dugc, biet trudc va

cai hy vgng cua Bac Ky"... Cu the, cang ngay ten tudi Xuan cang ndi nhu cdn va

bang muu vat, Xuan da gat dugc mgi hiem hga sang cho hai ddi thu quan vgt lgi hai

quan quan da nam trong nha giam, Xuan dudng hoang la ngudi "dai dien cho Ha

thanh, de giu cai danh du cho Td qudc trudc nha vd djch Xiem", trudc hai due vua

Xiem - Viet, ddng dao cac quan khach va hang van cdng chiing Ha Thanh. Tran dau

dang hdi gay can, Xuan dugc lenh nhudng phan thang cho nha vd djch Xiem, de

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

cua han- hai nha quan quan Hai va Thuc. Dip may hiem cd da den, trong khi hai nha

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

giu hda khi hai nude, tranh cho dan, cho nude cai tham hga nui xuang, sdng mau.

Tren duang ve, Xuan ngdi tren mui xe, hung hdn dien thuyet, giai thich cho dam

"quan chung ndng ndi" ve "ldng hy sinh cao thugng" ciia ngudi biet "xa than cuu

nude" da phai chdi tu danh vgng rieng de "gop mot phan vao viec tien bd trong trat

tu hda binh ciia Td qudc". Vdi nhirng thanh tich do, Xuan da leo len den tot dinh

vinh quang. Tu mot thang luu manh han da thanh "vi nhan", "anh hung cuu nude".

Han dugc phii toan quyen quyet djnh an thudng Bac dau Bdi tinh; dugc hdi Khai tri

tien due mdi vao Hdi; thu ngdn ngu ha luu ciia han dugc trjnh trgng ghi vao tu dien.

Xuan dugc trd thanh chdng ciia Tuyet, chang re sang gia cua gia dinh cu cd Hong

danh gia.

2.1.2. So do trong van nghiep cua Vu Trong Phung.

Sd do ra ddi d thai diem cudi 1935 dau 1936 trong sir nghiep sang tac cua Vu

Trgng Phung. Day la mot trong nhung tac pham the hien su thang hoa trong sang

tao nghe thuat ciia Vii Trgng Phung. Khdng ngau nhien ma ta nhan djnh nhu vay.

Bdi le, day la thai diem Mat tran Dan chu phat huy vai trd tich cue nhat. Nhd sir cd

vu ciia phong trao each mang, dac biet la nhd sir tac ddng manh me cua phong trao

nay. Luc lugng sang tac thai ki nay ngay cang ddng dao, cd nhung cay but tieu bieu

quan chiing rdng ldn, van hgc hien thuc phe phan da phat trien rue rd trong thai ky

nhu Nguyen Cdng Hoan, Ngd Tat Td, Tam Lang,... Vu Trgng Phung cung nhu mot

sd nha van hien thuc phe phan nay, da cd nhung ddng gdp rat to ldn cho luu phai

song vdi Sd do, Vu Trgng Phung da cho ra mat mot loat tac pham the hien dd chin

ve phong each ciia nha van nhu Gidng td, Va de, Cam thay cam cd, Lam di,...

Nhung ndi bat nhat cd le la Sd do. Tieu thuyet Sd do la mot chudi cudi dai ma trudc

van chuang hien thuc phe phan ndi rieng va van hgc Viet Nam ndi chung. Song

Tieng cudi trong Sd do hudng den hien thuc xa hdi luc bay gid vdi thai dd cham

do trong van hgc Viet Nam chua cd mot tac pham nao cd dugc tieng cudi nhu vay.

pham trudc su dung rdng rai d nhieu phuang dien thi gid day trong Sd do, dng da

nham thang vao cai xa hdi trudng gia thanh thj hgc ddi van minh rdm. Ngdi but sau

cay ciia Vu Trgng Phung da tung hoanh thoai mai, da kich tdi tap vao toan bd cai xa

biem sau cay ciia tac gia. Tieng cudi trao phung ciia Vii Trgng Phung d nhirng tac

bgm. Tu thu doan lam tien ban thiu den nhung phong trao "Au hda", "the thao",

"giai phdng nu quyen". Khac vdi nhirng cay but hien thuc phe phan duang thai,

thdng qua tieu thuyet Sd do Vu Trgng Phung da the hien sir bi quan ve trien vgng xa

hdi do chua cd nhan thuc each mang khoa hgc ve tien trinh lich sii, dng con bi quan

ve pham chat tinh than con ngudi. Nhung thdi hu tat xau trong xa hdi tu san khi do

dugc dng coi ve ban chat con ngudi. Ro rang nha van thieu nen tang nhan dao that

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

hdi nhd nhang thdi nat, tu sinh hoat dan diem truy lac den thdi huenh hoang bjp

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

vung chac. Chinh vi vay trong tac pham Sd do chii nghia tu nhien trong do con qua

nang ne. Trong giai doan sang tac nay, chii nghia tu nhien va chii nghia hien thuc

van ludn ton tai song song. Tuy Sd do chi di vao khia canh xudng cap, suy ddi dao

due sinh hoat, phong hda ddi bai cua xa hdi trudng gia thanh thj, nhung nhung khia

canh nay, nd cd y nghia thai sir va trong cai nhin ciia nha phe phan thi tinh chien

dau trong tac pham dugc the hien ro ret. Chinh vi vay, Sd do la mot trong nhung

thanh cdng bat nhat ciia dng ve phuang dien ndi dung lan gia trj nghe thuat. Va Sd

do ra ddi da tao tieng vang ldn trong sang tac ciia Vii Trgng Phung ndi rieng va

trong van hgc Viet Nam ndi chung.

Vdi mot loat tieu thuyet kha day dan deu ra ddi nam 1936, pham vi phan anh

hien thuc da md ciia kha rdng ldn. Dudng nhu nha van mudn bao quat toan the xa

hdi de dung len biic tranh toan canh ve hien thuc Viet Nam duang thai. Neu nhu

tieu thuyet Gidng td bao trum mot dja ban rat rdng, tu thdn que den thanh thj, vdi

rat nhieu mdi trudng sinh hoat khac nhau, lam nen hoat ddng cho may chuc nhan

vat thudc du cac tang lap, dja vj khac nhau, thi hien thuc trong tac pham Sd do cd

chay theo "Au hda" het sue nhd nhang ddi bai duang thai. Song cai xa hdi ay cung

kha ddng diic, phuc tap, du mat cac nhan vat tieu bieu: tu mu me Tay dT thda da

phan hep han. Tac gia chi tap trung di vao mieu ta cai xa hdi tu san thanh thj dang

dang den gai mdi lang man hu hong mot each ngay tha; tu chu tiem may "Au hda"

tha thiet "cdi each xa hdi" bang nhirng mot y phuc phu nu nhu Ngdy tha, Day thi,

ngat vg va con gai mac tan thai, tu cu Cd Hong hieu danh dan ddn vd nghia ly den

dng chii khach san Bdng Lai kiem vua thudc lau; tu ddc td do de Freud den nha

Luang lu, Hay chd motphut,.. .den nha hga si hang hai cd ddng "Au hda" song cam

chan hung Phat giao den dai dien Hdi Khai tri Tien due... Va dang chii y la tieu

thuyet Sd do da ddng den he thdng trat tu xa hdi, da kich true tiep hoac gian tiep

vao bd may thdng trj thuc dan phong kien khi do, tu nhung nhan vat chop bu- Toan

quyen, Thdng su, Due vua- cho den nhung Cdng sii, Tong ddc, mat tham, canh sat,

nha tu, Dai hdi ddng khinh te ly tai Ddng Duang... Ro rang, khdng khi ciia thai

cudc sdi ddng khi do da ua vao nhung trang viet ciia Vu Trgng Phung ma khdng khi

do dugc the hien kha ro trong tac pham Sd do.

chinh trj bao hoang; tu bgn lang bam den gidi canh sat; tu nha su hd mang cd ddng

Sd do ra ddi cd the xem nhu la dinh cao cua sir tim tdi, sang tao nghe thuat

ciia Vii Trgng Phung. Cd the ndi phuang phap sang tac hien thuc phe phan dugc the

hien ro d trong tac pham nay. Sd do da khang djnh tai nang ciia Vii Trgng Phung

phat huy cao nhat, manh me nhat. Thanh tuu ndi bat nhat ciia Vu Trgng Phung khi

viet Sd do la da xay dung mot sd dien hinh sinh ddng bat hu ve xa hdi tu san thanh

thj Viet Nam duang thai. Tu do dng the hien sir cam ghet sau cay ddi vdi xa hdi

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong Phung

kim tien trudng gia, cam quan hien thuc va nang khieu trao phiing dugc mai nhgn

ciia Vu Trgng Phung dac biet sac sao trong viec lot tran bd mat tan bao, ddi bai va

Id lang ciia xa hdi trudng gia thanh thj Viet Nam khi do. Nhirng cu Cd Hong, Xuan

Toe Dd, ba Phd Doan,... la nhirng tinh each rat sdng, dugc ca the hda cao dd va cd

gia trj dien hinh.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

do anh hudng ciia khdng khi dau tranh thai ky Mat tran Dan chii khien cho ngdi but

'Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

CHl/ONG 2

TIEU THUYET SO DO- BUt TRANH SINH DONG VE

"SlTTHlTcd DOfl"

2.1. XA HOI TRONG TAC PHAM SO DO.

2.1.1. Xa hoi Viet Nam vao thai diem 1936- 1939.

Budc qua giai doan 1936- 1939, kinh te cua nude ta vao thai diem nay dang

gap nhieu khd khan do bj anh hudng ciia cudc khiing hoang kinh te 1929- 1933.

Ben canh do, chu nghia thuc dan Phap da ket hop phuang thuc bdc lot tu ban vdi

thuc dan Phap lam cho Viet Nam trd thanh mot thudc dja cung cap ngudn nhan

cdng re mat va nguyen lieu beo bd cho chinh qudc. Chung con md nai cho vay nang lai cat cd va thu thue vd tdi va, nai mua re hang ndng pham va ban dat hang cdng nghiep, nai ddc quyen ngoai thuang cua nhung gia canh khd khan, bd tic. Nam 1936, Mat tran Dan chii d Ddng Duang hoat ddng sdi noi va cd nhidu thanh tuu

dang ke. Vi vay cudc khiing hoang kinh te cd dju di nhung nen kinh te Ddng Duong

van trong tinh trang lay lat. Nen san xuat phuc hdi mot each cham chap vi phai phu

thudc vao gidi tu san Phap. Thuc dan Phap ra sue va vet, bdc lot dan ta khien ngudi

dan lam trong mot sd nganh nhu khai thac than va quang cd cudc sdng ca cue, ban

han. San xuat ndng nghiep thi khdng nhich dugc bao nhieu vi nhung chinh sach

thue ma nang ne ciia thuc dan dua ra. Ngan hang Ddng Duong van tiep tuc ddng vai

trd chii chdt, true tiep hoac gian tiep dieu khien cac cdng ty tu ban thudc nhirng linh

phuang thuc bdc lot phong kien lac hau. Chinh sach kinh te ddc quyen va vet ciia

chinh quyen thudc dja mugn tieng cai each thue khoa da tang thue than d Bac Ky,

Trung Ky, dat them thue lgi tuc d Nam Ky va thue cu trii d cac thanh phd. Ddi sdng

ciia cac tang lap nhan dan van rat khd khan. Luang cdng nhan thai ky nay thap han nhieu so vdi thai ky trudc khiing hoang. &ndng thdn cudc sdng van tdi tam. Sd vd san d ndng thdn ngay cang ddng va hau nhu khdng cd ldi thoat. &thanh thj, dan cu ddng due len va sdng nghet thd bdi thue khoa nang ne.

Tren linh vuc chinh trj- quan sir, giai doan nay, each mang Viet Nam da sdng

vuc kinh te chii dao. De bu dap nhirng thiet hai do khiing hoang kinh te gay nen,

trong nhirng ngay khdc liet. De qudc Phap va phong kien trong nude nhirng mong

de sap len phong trao bang nhung may chem, nha tu, quan ddi le duang va ludi le

siing may. Nhung khdng, sau nhirng ngay Yen Bai, Nghe Tinh dam mau, va trai qua

bj chiing dua ra tan sat de ha cai hdn ciia chiing. Mac du, dan ta thuang tich van day

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

khdng biet bao nhieu cudc khiing bd ddc ac chua tung thay, cdng nhan va ndng dan

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

minh van dung len dau tranh va do cd the xem la mot ca hdi de nhan dan ta cd kinh

nghiem dau tranh cang vung vang han.

Hudng ling phong trao Mat tran binh dan chdng phat xit ddi tu do, cam ao va

hda binh do Dang cdng san Phap lanh dao, Dang cdng san Ddng Duong md mot

cudc van ddng rdng ldn knap hang cung ngd hem, khap thanh phd thdn que, knap

ham md, nha may, ddn dien, ddi cac quyen tu do dan chii va cai thien ddi sdng cho

cdng ndng. Tren nhieu mat tran, nhirng chien si sdng sot cua nha nguc Con ldn, San

La, Kon Turn tha ra ciing vdi lap chien si mdi, hg nhom hgp quan chiing dau tranh.

Mat tran Dan chii vach ra tung ldi td cao, tung ban an, tung yeu sach ciia

nhirng cudc dinh cdng, bai thj, bieu tinh va khau hieu neu len ciia sach bao Mat tran

luc do: Thg thuyen ngay lam 8 gid. Cdng nhan de, nghi dugc an luang. Giam thue

dinh, thue dien cho dan cay. Giam thue chg. Tu do lap nghiep doan, tu do ngdn

luan, da dao chien tranh xam luge ciia de qudc phan biet Nhat, ling hd cudc chien

dau Mat tran binh dan Tay Ban Nha, nhan dan toan the gidi doan ket chdng bgn

phat xit gay chien... Tung tieng hd, tung ddng chu tren day la nggn lua thdi them

vao phong trao. Quang dai quan chiing ddng dac danh vao mat giai cap thdng trj va

keu ggi nhung con ngudi lao khd, phai tu tay minh nam giu va djnh doat van menh

ciia minh, keu ggi tat ca nhung ai mudn that lam ngudi, that bao ve nhirng cai tot

dep va cao quy ciia con ngudi va khdng the cam chju dugc dau xdt thay con ngudi

tri tue nao that chan chinh la ciia tien bd, that mudn cd cai vinh du gdp phan vao cai

tao xa hdi, day manh cudc ddi di len, deu phai len tieng vdi minh.

Nhirng nam 1936-1939 la thai ky cd nhieu net mdi trong ddi sdng van hda tu

tudng cua dat nude. C) thai ky nay, Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong da triet de sii dung

bao chi cdng khai lam cdng cu tuyen truyen het sue sac ben. Tu nam 1937, hang

chuc td bao ciia Dang, ciia Mat tran Dan chii va cac doan the ndi tiep nhau ra ddi,

tieu bieu la cac td bao Notre voix (Tieng ndi chiing ta). Le Travail (Lao ddng), Tin

tuc (d Bac Ky), Nhanh lua, Le Peuple (Nhan dan), Dan chiing, Lao ddng, Mdi (d

Nam Ky). Cung vdi sir nd rd ciia bao chi each mang cdng khai, cac nha xuat ban

ciia Dang ta va Dang Cdng san Phap da in va phat hanh nhieu tap sach ve chu nghia

Mac, ve duy vat bien chiing va duy vat lich su, nhung tap sach gidi thieu ve Lien

Xd, ve each mang Trung Qudc, Mat tran nhan dan Phap, Mat tran nhan dan Tay

Ban Nha. Tren van dan, neu nhu thai ky trudc nam 1935, van hgc lang man chiem

uu the thi thai ky nay nhudng chd cho van hgc hien thuc phe phan. Cac tac pham

nhu Tat den, Viec lang ciia Ngd Tat Td, Bi vd ciia Nguyen Hdng, Budc dudng cung

cua Nguyen Cdng Hoan, Sd do ciia Vii Trgng Phung, Lam than cua Lan Khai... tuy

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

bj cha dap, d nhuc, thi phai len tieng vdi minh. Dac biet nhirng ngdi but nao, nhirng

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

lam than ciia xa hdi Viet Nam dudi ach thuc dan- phong kien luc bay gid.

con nhung han che nhat djnh, nhung da phan anh sinh ddng mot hien thuc dau khd,

pham So do.

Vao thai diem 1936- 1939, Mat tran Dan chii Ddng Duang ra ddi va phat

trien ram rd d knap nude ta luc bay gid. Mat tran nay ra ddi da danh dau mot budc

ngoat mdi cho phong trao each mang. Tu khi cd sir lanh dao ciia Dang cung nhu

Mat tran Dan chu Ddng Duang phat huy het vai trd cua minh thi phong trao each

2.1.2. Nhirng khia canh hien thyc noi bat cua xa hoi Viet Nam trong tac

chii truang ddi tu do, cam ao, hda binh cho nhan dan. Diing trudc siic manh ciia

mang nude ta da cd nhirng budc tien ro ret. Mat tran Ddng Duang da de ra nhieu

cung nhu chinh trj. Chiing tra lai tu do cho tat ca tu chinh trj, thanh lap liy ban dieu tra tinh hinh cac thudc dja, va thi hanh mot sd cai each xa hdi. Chiing dung nhirng

Mat tran Ddng Duang, thuc dan Phap cd phan nhan nhugng va ndi ldng ve kinh td

dan ta vao con dudng an chai, truy lac. Luc nay, diing dau thuc dan Phap la Thdng

su Saten. Ong da chii truang thanh lap nhung phong trao mang tinh chat mj dan nhu

phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre trung", phong trao "ChaTi hung Phat

giao", hdi Anh sang, hdi Hudng dao,... Be ngoai ciia nhung phong trao nay nhaTn

"cai each xa hdi", dua dan ta vao cai the gidi dugc ggi la tidn bd, la van minh,

chieu bai de mi dan dan ta, mat khac chiing dung nhung thu doan xau xa nham dua

nhung dao due truyen thdng ciia dan An Nam ta. Muc dich ciia thuc dan Phap luc

bay gid nham danh lac hudng thanh nien va day hg vao con dudng an chai truy lac.

Phong trao Au hda, "Vui ve tre trung" nhu mot nan djch lan tran, thu hut thanh nien

nhung thuc chat do chi la nhung trd lira bjp, la can ldc xoay nham cudn trdi het

hu hdng. Nhung te nan xa hdi, an chai truy lac, nhung gai diem, nha sam, sdng bac

vao cac chg phien, cac tiem nhay, cac cudc thi ao tam, cac hgp dem an chai, truy lac

1931, dan sd Ha Ndi khdng qua 10 van ma da cd han 100 nha sam va nha tho. Qua

phdng sir Thanh nien truy lac cua Nguyen Dinh Lap, ta dugc biet nam 1937, Ha Ndi

cd 6000 gai diem trong sd 18 van dan, 100 nha sam, 300 tiem hut, 7 sdng bac ldn.

cd mat khap nai trong xa hdi luc bay gid. Theo tin bao Ddng Phap ngay 1-11-

bay that dich dang de mi dan dan ta theo con dudng truy lac, an chai.

Nhirng con sd khdng Id nay da chiing minh rang thuc dan Phap da dung nhung ddn

trao chg phien. Chinh vi vay ma trong thai diem do da luu truyen cau ca:

Ben canh do, Thdng sir Saten con td chiic cac cudc thi sac dep va gay phong

"Bac Ky dng thdng Saten

Dat thi xe dap cho tien Hd Thanh" [5, tr.309]

Ong con md cac cudc thi cho cac cd gai nhu cudc thi ao tam va danh khiic

con cau. Cac chang trai luc bay gid dang yeu ddi, sdng gap thi nem giay budm tiii

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do ciia Vii Trong Phung

bui vao cac cd gai xinh dep trong cac chg phien, con cac chang trai that tinh thi cd luc da truyen tung nhau ban nhac Ngay chii nhat dm u, cac bai hat sau nao da lam cho rat nhieu cd gai d kinh do phai tu tu. Chatel con dich than di du Hdi Do San, cd thi basket, khiic con cau, thi bai, thi xe dap. Thuc dan Phap khdng mong muon gi han la day thanh nien vao con dudng truy lac. Nhung chg phien, nhung cudc thi sac dep di ddi vdi md tiem nhay, nha sam, tiem hut xuit hien khap nai tren dat Ha Thanh luc bay gid. Ngoai ra, chiing con to chiic cac hoat ddng ton giao nham ru ngii va danh lac hudng thanh nien. Ndi bat thai ki nay la phong trao chan hung Phat giao. Ban chat cua Phat giao ludn hudng den sir an dan, mgi ngudi ludn sdng trong sir an phan, cam chju trudc sd phan cua minh. NaTn b&t dugc diem ydu cua dan ta, Phap lien tiep lap hdi Phat giao d Nam Ky, Trung Ky va sau do la d Bac Ky vao nam 1934. Dieu dang ndi chinh la Phat giao d day cd to chiic, cd bao chi cung miia may phd truang cua bgn ngudi Viet theo thuc dan. Chiing mot mat ra sue co ddng phong trao Au hda, vui ve tre trung, chan hung Phat giao, mat khac chiing nem vao day nhung trd mi dan, cai luang nham ru ngu va che maT dan ta.

Song song do, trong linh vuc van hgc, do bdi canh xa hdi nen cac nen van hgc cd sir tac ddng qua lai (van hgc each mang, van hgc hien thuc phe phan, van hgc lang man,...). 6 thdi didm 1936- 1939, khuynh hudng van hgc hien thuc phe phan phat trien rue rd. Khuynh hudng van hgc nay da nay sinh ra rdt nhidu cay but ta thuc vd cung ddc dao nhu Nguyln Cdng Hoan, Ngd Tat Td,...va trong sd do la nha van Vu Trgng Phung. Vu Trgng Phung tuy chi cd tam nam trong nghe cam but nhung da de lai kha nhieu tac pham cd gia trj dac sac. Tu nhirng phdng sir cho ddn tieu thuyet da danh dau budc dudng sang tac ciia nha van. 6 khuynh hudng hien thuc phe phan, Vii Trgng Phung cho ra mat nhirng tac pham cd gia trj dac s4c ca vd ndi dung lan hinh thiic nghe thuat. Trong sd cac tieu thuydt Gidng to, Vd de, Lam di,... thi Sd do la mot tac pham cd the ndi da de lai nhidu dau an trong ldng ddc gia. Sd do da tao nen mot lan sdng du luan kha manh me, cd ngudi ling hd ca nggi nd, cd ngudi thi lai khdng ddng tinh va che bai. Nhung nha van theo khuynh hudng hien thuc phe phan thi khen nggi, con nhung nha van theo luu phai van chuang lang man thi lai che bai khdng thuang tide. Vii Trgng Phung that tai tinh khi dng quan sat mgi van ddng dien ra trong tam hdn xa hdi, dng da nam bat dugc than thai va quy luat ban chat cua van ddng ay, tudc bd di tat ca mgi lap vd nguy bien de kham pha ra nhung cai hat nhan trong ldng sir vat; vdi tat ca nhung dudng net, gdc canh

hai hudc, Id lang cua nd. Ong nhin thay tren tam vi md, ca xa hdi hien ra nhu mot san khau he rdng ldn, ma tren do mdi nhan vat tu quan ddn dan, tu thay lang, dng ddc den cac tieu thu, menh phu, den tan vua chua deu hien nguyen hinh tren san

khau xa hdi nhu nhirng con rdi, nhung vai he.

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

Dd con la mdt xa hdi nhd nhang, gia tra, day ray nhung sir lira dao va bip bgm. Mgi nhan vat deu quay cudng hdi ha bdi sir thuc bach ciia nhung muu md, toan tinh, nhung due vgng dien cudng vdi tdc do chdng mat, con lira cha, vg lira chdng, thang bien thanh dng, dng hda ra thang. Trong xa hdi ay, mgi thu ddu la ciia gia. Song tat ca deu dugc nguy trang bang mdt nude son hdt siic hao nhoang, mdt thu nhan hieu chinh pham, de che day cai ban ch&t ben trong da d vao thai ky suy

tan, muc rudng. Mdt menh phu noi danh tidt hanh nhu ba Phd Doan thuc ch&t la mdt me Tay dam dang, song lai dugc suy ton len hang chuan muc cho pham tiet va dure hanh, dugc an due vua ban "Tiet hanh khd phong". Mdt con ngudi vd tich sir, nghien hut va gan dd nhu cu cd Hdng, sudt ngay naTn bep ben ban den thuoc phien, lai dugc dac each tang thudng Long bdi tinh; ten "vua thuoc lau" lira dao nhu Victor Ban trd thanh chii khach san Bdng Lai. Nhung ke vd hgc, vd luang, ddt dac can mai nhu Lang Ty, Lang Phe cung trd thanh nhirng danh y. Sir tha hda la quy luat cua toan bd xa hdi, cai gia ddi, bjp bgm da an sau vao tung ngd ngach cua mdi gia dinh, vao tam hdn cua mdi con ngudi, tudc bd ddn tan gdc ciia mgi thien luang lam xdi mdn tat ca mgi diem sang cua dao diic truydn thdng. Ca xa hdi la mdt cudc sdng chay dua canh tranh nhau vi lai danh, dja vj, tat ca ddu quay cudng, dien dao, bj ddng tien chi phdi, bien hg thanh nhung nd Id cua thai hien dai. Chang cd thai ky nao ddng tien lai cd ma lire den thd. Nd chinh la thudc do ciia mgi gia trj, bidn den thanh trang, bien ke luu manh, bidn thang bjp bgm thanh bac thugng luu tri thuc, thanh vi nhan, ddng tien chang nhirng lam hoen d luang tam con ngudi, ma cao han nua nd con djnh doat mgi sd phan, bidn nhung bac chan tu thanh mdt loai su ho mang, pham tuc, ich ky. Tu trong xa hdi bdn bd, chdng chat nhirng bidn ddng ay, lung lung budc ra thang Xuan Tdc Dd.

Sd do gidng nhu mdt xa hdi Viet Nam thu nhd dang chay theo Au hda, van minh. Vii Trgng Phung nhu chirp lai cai xa hdi ay va dua vao tac pham ciia minh. Sd do la ban td cao danh thep che dd thuc dan, ldn an gay gat nhirng trd bjp bgm, mi dan ciia thuc dan Phap. Sd do giuang cao nggn cd chong lai nhung phong trao cai luang, ma dien hinh ba phong trao: phong trao Au hda, phong trao vui ve tre trung, phong trao chan hung Phat giao. Vu Trgng Phung da dung ngdi but ddc dao ciia minh ve len nhung phong trao nay va vach tran bd mat that ciia nhung phong trao do. Phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre trung", phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" dang nhu mdt can ldc xoay vao xa hdi va Vii Trgng Phung da diing giua can ldc ay de phan anh mdt each chan thuc nhat mdt "sir thuc d ddi" dac biet thdng qua tieu thuyet Sd do.

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

2.1.2.1. Phong trao Au hoa.

Cai true trung tam xay dung nen Sd do chinh la phong trao Au hda. Trong Sd

do, phong trao Au hda dugc Vii Trgng Phung ve len mdt each day dii ve mdt hien

tugng cd that trong xa hdi duang thai. Thuc dan Phap cd ddng phong trao Au hda

nham ldi keo dan ta sdng theo ldi phdng tung, an chai, hgc ddi theo kieu van minh

du, chan thuc. Thanh that nhung nd Id la Bac si True Ngdn, Id bjch la chinh khach

Joseph Thiet, rdm la cd Tuyet, cd Hoang Hdn, ba Phd Doan, te nhat va lgi dung thai

the la cai dam Van Minh, Typn, nha bao, su Tang Phii,... dii cac kieu. Vdi Vu

Trgng Phung, Au hda trudc het la ddi mdi do thj Ha Ndi, do la dieu cd that. Cai

khdng khi lang man trong Sd do, vdi tieng ca veo veo von von "Tdi cd hai cdi tinh",

nhung giao tranh mdi - cu, nhirng vu tu tii d Hd Guam, Hd Tay, hd True Bach ddu

rdm. Tung nhan vat sdng trong Sd do dugc Vu Trgng Phung ve len mdt each day

cd that trong cai xa hdi ay. Ben canh do, nhirng bai bao "dm tdi" xung quanh djch

xung hd cung rat la "Au hda" nhu "cu via", "moc sung", "toa, moa",... ddu cd

tu tu, phong trao ao tan thai Lemur, phong trao tha mdi. Han the nua, nhung tu ngu

tha mdi,... Song dng cam thay, nhin thay cai ben trong gia ddi, mj dan ciia ke chu

that. Khdng phai Vii Trgng Phung khdng ddng tinh vdi van minh phuang Tay, vdi

ciia nhirng "cdi each be ngoai" va "cdi each ben trong". Ao Lemur bien dang

truang va ciia nhirng ngudi "lam each mang trong vdng phap luat", cai ddng lire

thanh Ngdy Tha, Luang Lu, Hay cha mdtphut,... hdi hga trim tugng hda than thanh

"cdi theo ldn xuoi, cdi theo ldn nguac ". Cd gai lang man Hoang Hdn "nguai dan

ba due hanh! Tan tien!" chii truang ngudi dan ba "mudn ra gidng dan"thi phai giu

trinh tiet vdi hai ngudi "mon amant, monmari". Ro rang, nhirng cai ma Vu Trgng

Phung ggi la Au hda da trd thanh mdt trd cudi cho thien ha. Nhung chii truang,

nhirng chinh sach Au hda dugc Vii Trgng Phung vach tran mdt each raT tu nhien

thdng qua tieng cudi ciia minh. Qua do, nha van con da kich, cham biem sau cay cai xa hdi hgc ddi van minh rdm, tri thiic rdm, chi biet chay theo mdt each mu quang

ma khdng biet the nao la Hem si, la nhan pham.

Chang han, day la nha cai each xa hdi "trong vdng luat phap" Van Minh:

"Tu khi duac nhieu nguai goi la Van Minh, dng ta thay can phdi chu truang cudc

Au hda thi cdi ten mdi khdi vd nghia. Mdt cdi linh hdn khde trong mdt cdi xdc thit khde! Phat minh duac chan ly ay rdi, di ddu dng cung hang hdi cd ddng cho the

thao. Va dng trudc nhat, rdi den nguai khdc. Ong khdng the thao, the due cung

khdng, vi khdng cd thi gia! Cdi chuang trinh Au hda ciia dng ta lam cho dng ta luc

nao cung trdm tu mac tuang" [14, tr.16]. That tiic cudi thay khi mdt ngudi dugc

ggi la Van Minh ma khdng he biet gi vd "van minh". Ong dugc sang Tay du hgc,

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

dang ly ra phai dugc tiep thu nhung cai hay cai dep cua nen van hda phuang Tay,

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii TrongPhung

ngugc lai khi trd ve trong tay khdng cd manh bang ma cdn venh vao ta day that sir

la mdt tri thuc, la mdt ngudi "van minh". Han sang Tay de hgc an chai, ve nude lo

cai each y phuc nhd nhang, xung hd "moa, toa'' vdi ca bd minh. Ben canh do, mdt

sd ngudi theo Tay tudng minh la Tay chinh la nhirng con ngudi nhu Typn, Joseph

cdn d trong dang Bao hoang "khdng phdi lam viec cho trieu dinh Hue, nhung cho

Thiet, True Ngdn- dac biet la Joseph Thiet, dan An Nam vao lang Tay chua dii lai

thang vd hgc, mdt thang "ma ca bdng" cung bj xa hdi cudn theo cai chuang trinh

ddng ho Orleans ben Phap va Leon Daudet" [14, tr.92]. Trong xa hdi ay, tu mdt

Au hda va ngay cang dugc leo len dinh cao ciia vinh quang. Khdng ai khac chinh la

Xuan Tdc Dd. Va do la do d& trung thanh ciia Freud: "Xuan Tdc Dd cu dung venh

vao uan nguc ra nhan cdi chuc ddng nghiep vdi dng ddc ta (True Ngdn). Nd lai gat

Cdn day la chan dung mdt dng su "chan tu". Cung khdng ngoai Id, vj "chan tu" nay

git ma rang: "Chd anh em minh vai nhau cdn gi phdi cdn gidng gidi" [14, tr.179].

cung chay theo Au hda mdt each that trung thanh: "Ong nay cUng tan thdi Au hda

theo van minh vi dng cd ba cdi rang vang trong mom, cdi do lua Thuang Hdi

nhudm ndu, di ddi dep ldng de cao su, vd nhat la dep giai lam, trdng phong tinh

lam ". Su dng do mat dp ung (ndi vai Xuan):

- "Bam ngdi di hat cd ddu cung chi la di dudng tinh thdn, vi do la thudc kinh nhac

trong tu thu ngu kinh ciia due Khdng. Tang ni chung tdi ma cd di hat thi cung khdng bao gia pham den sac gidi vi chung tdi chi di hat chay thdi chu khdng khi nao ngu lai cd dem a nha chi em. Vd lai... denphdp luat cua chinh phu bao hd cung

benh vuc cho su di hat nua la "[14, tr. 183].

Can ldc Au hda da cudn trdi nhung thuan phong my tuc ciia ngudi dan An

Nam luc bay gid. Nhung gia trj dao diic truyen thdng ngay cang bj tha hda theo can ldc ay. Tat ca nhirng nhan vat trong Sd do deu la hien than tu nhung con ngudi cd that trong xa hdi bay gid. Tieu bieu nhat la nhan vat Typn (tdi yeu phu nu). Typn la nguyen mau ciia hga si Nguyen Cat Tudng luc bay gid. Nguyen Cat Tudng la mdt hga si ma theo Ngd Tat Td nhan djnh la ngudi dau hang thu bet trong trudng my thuat Ha Ndi duang thai. Ong la ngudi da ve ra nhidu loai trang phuc cho chj em phu nu bay gid va cung vdi cac nha van ciia nhom Tu lire van doan co ddng cho phong trao "vui ve tre trung" thai diem ay. Tu nhan vat cd that trong xa hdi ay, Vu Trgng Phung da xuat sac ve thanh mdt dng Typn. Tu nhung chide ao Lemur, Typn

da ve thanh nhirng chide ao cd ten la Ngdy tha, Luang lu, Kien trinh, Hay cha mdt phut,... Phong trao Au hda cdn la ca hdi de nhung hang ngudi dau ca thai thd phd truang thanh danh ciia minh. Ben canh Typn cdn cd Victor Ban cung la mdt hien

than ciia nhung con ngudi cd that trong xa hdi ay. Nhu ta da biet, khi thuc dan Phap

dung mgi thu doan de ru ngii dan ta, day thanh nien Viet Nam vao con dudng an

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

chai truy lac. Chinh vi vay ma xa hdi da san sinh ra rat nhieu te nan, nhung can

trang quang cao ciia cac dng "vua thudc lau" ngay cang banh trudng tren nhirng td

bao va tap chi. Dd la nhung dng nhu Hdng Khd, Tu Nggc Lien, Phuc Dinh tils,...

Va den Sd do, Vii Trgng Phung da tac nhirng dng ay thanh Victor Ban cdn ddc dao

han. Victor Ban trong Sd do kiem ludn ca ba nghe: md khach san Bdng Lai, md

tiem nhay tren dudng Cd Ngu, md hieu thudc chua benh giang mai va kiem ludn

dng chu hieu cho thud doan dam ma.

Ben canh do, hang con de ciia ddi sdng vat chat cd the thay ro d tat ca nhung

nhan vat cd mat trong tieu thuyet. Trong xa hdi nay, ddi sdng vat chat da trd thanh

djch benh xuat hien tran lan do cudc sdng sa dga mang lai. Day la ca hdi de nhirng

xa hdi ay. Chinh ddi sdng vat chat nay, tac pham da giup cho ngudi dgc hieu them

ve xa hdi dang chay theo kim tien mdt each vd thiic. Dac biet, trong xa hdi bdn be,

tap nham do, Vii Trgng Phung da khac hga thanh cdng mdt ngudi dac biet hu hdng,

dam dang do cai ldi sdng xa hoa, phe phdn tao ra. Dd chinh la ba Phd Doan. Ba la

mdt nhan vat cung la nguyen mau cua mdt loai ngudi trong xa ay. Ba Phd Doan

chinh la nguyen mau ciia cd Tu Hdng, ba Betty. Chinh cd Tu Hdng- mdt mu me

chia khoa van nang va cd the md tat ca nhung canh ciia ciia gidi thugng luu trong

Tay ndi tieng vi nhung hanh vi lang la, dam dang, da tung trd thanh cai bung xung

cho van hgc va du luan che gieu vao nhirng nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX.

Nhd "thanh tich" keo chieu cac quan Tay theo ldi ciia sau, Tu Hdng cung dugc nha

nude bao hd tang thudng bdi tinh, va cu cd than sinh ra ba ta cung nhan dac an

tudng nhieu den ba Be Ty d Hang Bac (gan nai d ciia Vii Trgng Phung). Ba nay

"Ham tu* pham" ciia trieu dinh. Ngoai ra, ba Phd Doan cdn khien ngudi ta lien

sd ben trong chua rat nhieu do dac quy gia, cay vang cay bac, chim hiem hoa la, lai

nudi hai vg chdng ngudi lun gac ciia, ai mudn vao xem thi phai njnh ba la "ba chiia"

thi ba mdi cho vao. Cd lan ba da ra sd Cam xin tha cho mdt thanh nien, chuyen do

cung gidng nhu chuyen ba Phd Doan xin tha cho Xuan Tdc Dd. Ba Phd Doan trong

tung lay mdt ngudi Phap ten la Betty, luc giau cd, ba da xay dung mdt ngdi nha dd

Sd do cung tu nguyen mau do ma ra. Ba la mdt ngudi dan ba dam dang, nudi chd

nhu nudi chdng, mieng thi luc nao cung ndi tiet hanh trung trinh ma trong bung thi

ciia minh. Cd the ndi day la mdt loai dT- dT cd huang an thd vua, bdi vi chinh ba Phd

Doan da dugc ban "Tiet hanh khdphong". Cdng cudc Au hda cdn tao ra rat nhieu

loai ngudi, chang han nhu hang hgc ddi hgm hinh. Hang nay cd the ndi den cu Cd

Hdng- bd cua Van Minh. Ong luc nao cung lam bd nhu cd con lam quan rdi ndi di

ludn nghi tdi nhung dieu xau xa, mong mudn minh bj hiep de thda man sir dam d

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

ndi lai "Biet rdi! khd lam! ndi mai" de td ra minh gia ca, la cd. Ong xung "moa,

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyit Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

toa "vdi con, ham danh hao, khi vua nghe ndi den Hdng Id tu khanh thi da vdi keu: "Bay ddu bay huang an "[14, tr.289].

Nhirng ban chat xau xa ciia tat ca nhung nhan vat nay deu la san pham cua thdi Au hda nua vdi. Nhung nhan vat nay da giup chiing ta hieu mdt phan nao xa hdi Viet Nam thai thudc Phap. Mdt xa hdi da thay doi hoan toan tren can ban do sir du nhap nen van hda phuang Tay ma cu the la ngudn van hda Phap ddng vai trd chu chdt. Chinh ban chat xa hdi Viet Nam khdng phai tien den sir thay doi do. Ma day chinh la sir du nhap mien cudng, xa hdi bj cudn theo va con ngudi bj tha hda. Chiing tao thanh mdt can ldc xoay va mgi ngudi bj cuon theo mdt each vd thuc. Tu mdt xa hdi trong thuc tai, Vu Trgng Phung da dung len thanh xa hdi trong trang vidt ciia minh mdt each hai hudc day cham biem. Phong trao Au hda, hay ndi each khac la nhung trd bjp bgm, mi dan ciia thuc dan Phap dugc Vii Trgng Phung lot tran bd mat va da kich that say cay. Bang ngdi but trao phiing dac sac cua minh, Vii Trgng Phung da tai hien lai mdt xa hdi tu san that sinh ddng vdi day du ban chAt xau xa, bjp bgm.

2.1.2.2. Phong trao "Vui ve tre trung".

Tinh hinh xa hdi Viet Nam trong nhirng nam thudc Phap cd nhidu bien doi kha ldn trong ddi sdng van hda, tinh than ciia dan ta. Thuc dan Phap da nem ra nhieu ddn bay nham danh lac hudng quan chiing va lam suy giam tinh than ciia phong trao each mang. Thuc dan Phap khdng mong mudn gi han la day thanh nien vao con dudng truy lac. Nhung chg phien, nhirng cudc thi sac dep di ddi vdi md tiem nhay, nha sam, tiem hut xuat hien khap nai tren dfa Ha Thanh luc bay gid. Diing trudc bdi canh xa hdi truy lac, sa dga luc ay cd nhidu nha van theo khuynh hudng hien thuc phe phan da cho ra mat nhirng tac pham phan anh hien thuc ay mdt each sinh ddng, nhung de phan anh mdt each sau sac va toan dien han ca thi khdng the khdng nhac den Vu Trgng Phung. Va So do la mdt trong nhirng tac pham the hien dinh cao nghe thuat ciia Vu Trgng Phung mdt each toan dien nhit. Diing trudc cai xa hdi den tdi ay, dng da dung ngdi but ciia minh nham thang vao bgn tu san thanh thj luc bay gid. Va trong dd phong trao "Vui ve tre trung" dugc nha van ldn tieng danh cho nhirng ddn that dich dang.

Phong trao "Vui ve tre trung" do thuc dan Phap khdi xudng da gay nhieu cudc tranh luan cung nhu nhung phan uat cho mdt sd nha van theo khuynh hudng hien thuc phe phan. Ngoai Vu Trgng Phung, ta cdn phai nhac ddn Nguyen Cdng Hoan, nhac ddn dng cd le tat ca chiing ta deu nhd ngay ddn tac pham Dong hao cd ma. Ngoai ra, dng cd nhirng sang tac cung khdng kern phan noi bat nhu Ngudi va le ban tdi, Hai thang khdn nan, Dao kep mdi, Tinh than the due, ... va truyen ngaTi Tinh thdn the due la mdt trong nhirng tac pham cham bidm dac sac cua nha van.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

Tinh thdn the due la mdt cau truyen khien chiing ta phai cudi khdng diit cho sir Id

bjch, hgm hinh ciia bgn thuc dan. Tac pham vach rd tinh chat bjm bgm ciia phong

trao the due the thao duang thai ma thuc dan Phap cd ddng ram rd de danh lac

hudng thanh nien. Tinh thdn the due bdc Id mau thuan giua ban chat va hien tugng,

giua ndi dung va hinh thiic ciia phong trao the thao do chinh quyen thuc dan khdi

xudng. Cau chuyen that budn cudi, de dugc long bgn thuc dan, quan tinh thuc quan

huyen, quan huyen ep huang li cac xa, bgn chiic djch nay lai hanh ha nhan dan.

Dieu nay cho ta thay rd mdt day chuyen njnh bg tu cao xudng thap ma cudi cung

chi cd nhan dan la ngudi ganh chju mgi hau qua. Tinh tiet trong truyen cang la ddi

han, tu xua den nay, ai thich gi thi xem nay, ai ddi di xem bdng da phai di diing sd

ngudi nhu quy djnh, tim ngudi di xem bdng da nhu di lung tdi pham. Ngudi di xem

thi lai lan trdn linh nhu trdn hiii, bgn huang li thi thua ca bdn rut tien ciia dan nhu

tre con ddi keo me gia dm yeu. Tat ca deu tao ra mdt man hai kjch cudi ra nude

mat. Dang sau tieng cudi do la nhirng canh ddi eo le, nhung sd phan dang thuang

khi phai sdng trong cai xa hdi nha nhap. Tinh chat bi hai ciia tac pham khien bao

ngudi khdng the nao khdng xdt thuang cho hg, vua budn cudi cho bgn deu cang

thuc dan hut mau ngudi. Tat ca da phai bay tinh chat bjp bgm mdt each tra trao ma

Cdng Hoan da kich phong trao "vui ve tre trung" luc bay gid va cho ta thay dugc

ban chat bjp bgm, xao tra ciia nhung con ngudi tu san d cai xa hdi ma thai dai Tay-

Tau Id lang dang ngu trj trong xa hdi.

Va den tac pham Sd do ciia Vii Trgng Phung, dng cung dung ngdi but cua

ngudi ta van thudng hay ggi la phong trao the thao. Qua tac pham nay, Nguyen

ngudi sdng trong cai xa hdi tu san thdi nat deu chay theo cap tien, van minh rdm,

minh de da kich sau cay cai phong trao dj hgm ay. Trong Sd do, tat ca nhung con

ma cu the la chay theo phong trao the due the thao, "giai phdng nu quyen". Van Minh la ngudi tien phong cd vii cho phong trao the due the thao: "Mdt cdi linh hdn khde trong mdt cdi xdc thit khde! Phat minh duac chdn ly ay rdi, di ddu dng cung

hang hdi cd ddng cho the thao. Va dng trudc nhat, rdi den nguai khdc. Ong khdng

the thao, the due cung khdng, vi khdng cd thi gia... " [14, tr.16]. That tire cudi dng

cd ddng cho the thao ma dng thi khdng bao gid tap the thao. Bang chiing nua la dng da khuyen khich het minh cho viec ba Phd Doan xay dung san quan: "OH Neu thi thi Van Minh tdi xin ky cd hai tay! That khdng hd di. Di thich tap the thao? Mdt

cudc dac thang ciia the thao! Mdt cudc tien bd ciia nude Viet Nam! Su cudng thinh

cua ndi gidng!" [14, tr. 15]. Hay "Biet ddu rang sau khi nhd nay cd cdi san quan thi

cudc dai ciia di lai khdng bat ddu vao mdt ki nguyen mdi? Rdi nhd nay se bien

thanh mdt nai tua nhu mdt cau lac bd, mdt chd hop mat, mdt chd hen hd ciia nhung

ke thuang luu tri thuc trong nude de lam viec cho xa hdi" [14, tr.76]. Dugc sir

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

khich Id ciia Van Minh the la san quan cua ba Phd Doan da dugc xay dung. Trong

budi khanh thanh san quan, Xuan Tdc Dd da lap bap phat bieu rang: "Tdi, tic hdm

nay ma di, la da du mdtphan vao cudc cdi each xa hdi rdi... Vay tdi phdi cham chi

va nhat la phdi hieu nhitng viec tdi lam... Chua duac Au hda may!... Mot su trd

ngai tren duang tien hda. The thao... Ndi gidng... Hanh phuc la cdi gi khdc neu

khdng la sue khde ciia va chdng? Gang sue anh em luyen tap. Khdng phdi la cdi

each be ngoai nhu ldi cd hu... giua budi canh tan nay, cdi gi hu lau ta dao thdi di!"

[14, tr.153]. Va the la tu do, Xuan Tdc Dd nghiem nhien trd thanh mdt "giao su

quan vgt" ddi vdi tat ca mgi ngudi. Phong trao the due the thao nay cdn la mdt djp

dai. Ben canh do, Sd do cdn de cap den nhung cudc thi dua xe dap d Ha Thanh.

Nhan vat tieu bieu la Min Da, Min Toa: "Me sir Min Da! Linh canh sat hang tu,

de Typn ra tay sang che ra nhirng mau quan ao the thao cho chj em phu nu rat hien

chien cdng bdi tinh, gidi nhat Ha Ndi- Ha Ddng, gidi nhi Ha Ndi- Dd San, mdt cdi

tuang lai ciia canh sat gidi". Me su Min Toa, canh binh hang nam, gidi nhat vdng

quanh Ha Ndi- Nam Dinh, cup Boy Landry, cup Melia Jaune, mdt ve vang ciia sd

Cam Ha Ndi, mdt cdi hy vgng cua Ddng Duang" [14, tr.228]. Thuc chat day hoan

toan khdng phai la mdt cudc thi nghiem tuc ma do chinh la nhirng trd chai gia tao,

bjp bgm. Sd dT hai dng Min Da, Min Toa dugc thudng chien cdng nhu vay la vi hai

dng da tung dap xe khap 16 khu phd de di tuan va tim kiem ngudi nao sai luat de

bien phat. Tat ca chi la nhung trd gia tao, bjp bgm ma thuc dan Phap de xudng ra

qua mat dan ta. Vii Trgng Phung khdng ngan ngai da kich chinh trj, dng khdng ndi

chung chung, ma danh thang vao cai chinh trj dang dien ra nhu "ngugid Bdc tuan ",

quan phai nop cho nha nude mdt each vd ly den ndi hg phai ba ai phat nay de cd

nhu cudc dau quan vgt, thi xe dap, nhu viec quy djnh nhung khoan tien ciia cac ca

thi dau quan vgt giua Xuan Tdc Do vdi tay djch thu ciia Vua Xiem. Cd ngudi cho

rang, mdt cudc chien tranh cd the nd ra ma lai dap tat dugc bang mdt tran dau quan

vgt sao? Tat nhien, dau quan vgt khdng dap tat dugc chien tranh nhung the thao cd the coi la mdt bidn phap ngoai giao thugng sach. Dd chinh la cai nhin khach quan

ve tac pham. Qua that, cai nhin ciia Vu Trgng Phung da di rat xa thdi dai luc ay, dng

cd mdt vdn hieu biet rdng ldn va sau sac la thudng.

Khdng chi rieng Sd do, d nhung tac pham nhu Gidng td, Luc xi, Ky nghe lay

tien ma nop. O cudi tac pham Sd do, Vu Trgng Phung da dung len that dac sac cudc

Tay Vu Trgng Phung cung dua ngdi but ciia minh da kich vao nhirng hoat ddng

mang tinh chat truy lac, an chai ciia thanh nien luc ay. Tu lire van doan cung cd

nhung tac pham nhu Ban khoan, Budm trang cung the hien cai xa hdi d thai diem

1936- 1939 con ngudi lao vao an chai truy lac, nhan pham va dao due bj tha hda

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

mdt each nghiem trgng. Vii Trgng Phung cung nhu cac nha van hien thuc phe phan

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

cung thai da chia thang mui dao vao xa hdi muc rudng, toi tam ay. So do tap trung tat ca nhirng thdi xau xa nhat ciia xa hdi tu san. Va Vii Trgng Phung da nhin thay nhung cai xau xa do de rdi dng dung nd len mdt each sung sung trong tac phain ciia minh. Ong xiing dang la mdt cay but bac thay theo khuynh hudng hien thuc phe phan. Tac pham ciia dng da danh dau budc dudng thanh cdng tren van dan van hgc hien thuc phe phan ndi rieng va Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 ndi chung.

2.1.2.3. Phong trao "Chdn hung Phat giao".

Xa hdi Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 da trai qua nhidu bidn ddng lich su. Day la giai doan ma thuc dan Phap ra siic dan ap da man phong trao each mang va quan chiing nhan dan. Day cdn la thdi ky dau tranh dan tdc va dau tranh giai cap didn ra het siic gay gat. Thuc dan Phap va phat xit Nhat ra nhung chinh sach dan ap ve chinh trj, bdc lot ve kinh te va cdn dau ddc dan ta bang hinh thuc van hda ddi truy, lam bang hoai truyen thdng tot dep cua dan tdc ta. Chiing dd ra nhung chinh sach mj dan, dung khuynh hudng cai luang de lam giam tinh than dau tranh ciia dan ta. Ndi bat thai ki nay la phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao". Ban chat cua Phat giao ludn hudng den sir an dan, mgi ngudi ludn sdng trong su an phan, cam chju trudc sd phan ciia minh. Nam bat dugc diem ydu ciia Phat giao, Phap lien tiep lap hdi Phat giao d Nam Ky, Trung Ky va sau do la d Bac Ky vao nam 1934. Dieu dang ndi chinh la Phat giao d day cd td chiic, cd bao chi cung miia may phd truang ciia bgn ngudi Viet theo thuc dan. Va trong tac pham So do, Vu Trgng Phung da vach ra ban td cao danh thep che do thuc dan, len an gay gat nhirng trd bjp bgm, mj dan ciia thuc dan Phap. Sd do giuang cao nggn cd chdng lai nhung phong trao cai luang, ma dien hinh la phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao". Vu Trgng Phung da dung ngdi but ddc dao cua minh ve len mdt phong trao va vach mat bd mat that ciia phong trao ky. Phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" dang nhu mdt can ldc xoay vao xa hdi va Vii Trgng Phung da diing giua can ldc ay de phan anh mdt each chan thuc nhat phong trao nay.

Trong Sd do, ngudi tieu bieu dai dien cho phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" do chinh la vj su Tang Phu. Nhung con ngudi nay lai dung sir ca tin ciia dan ta ma phat ddng phong trao mdt each ram rd bang nhung trd bjp bgm, xao tra. Dai dien cho Phat giao ma nhung con ngudi nay chang khac nao la nhung ngudi hang torn hang ca ngoai chg. Hg lgi dung Phat giao de true lai cho ban than. Va day la chan dung mdt vj su thai dai: "Ong nay cung tan thai Au hda theo van minh vi dng cd ba cdi rang vang trong mom, cdi do lua Thuang Hdi nhudm ndu, di ddi dep ldng de cao su, va nhat la dep giai lam, trdng phong tinh Idm ". Su dng do mat dp ung (ndi vdi Xuan):

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

- "Bam ngai di hat cd ddu cung chi la di duang tinh thdn, vi do Id thudc kinh nhac

trong tu thu ngu kinh ciia due Khdng. Tang ni chung tdi ma cd di hat thi cung

khdng bao gid pham den sac gidi vi chiing tdi chi di hat chay thdi chu khdng khi

nao ngu lai cd dem a nhd chi em. Vd lai... denphdp luat ciia chinhphu bao hd cung

benh vuc cho su di hat nua la "[14, tr. 183].

That tuc cudi khi mdt dng su ma cung chay theo can ldc xoay ciia cdng cudc

Au hda, di hat cd dau, nhung hanh ddng cu chi cho den ldi ndi ciia vj su nay khdng

diing tu each ciia mdt vj chan tu chan chinh. Mdt "vj su tan thai" va "ddc ldng md

dao" nhay mat vdi Xuan Tdc Dd ndi rang: "Day ngdi xem, anh chii cdi bao gi ay

dam cdng kich su di hat cd ddu ma ban tang kien tda cho phdi thua hoc mdu mom

ra day"[14, tr. 183]. Ta nghe that trai tai khi cau ndi nay lai phat ra tu mieng mdt vj

su "ddc long md dao ". Khdng nhung the dng cdn ndi rang: "Tin do nha Phat chung

tdi but chien nguyen riia nhau la ghe rudi, ghe Tau, ghe lao, hac Lao, hda hui, cut

hien bang nhung ki hieu ddi lap giua dao Phat (Tang Phii). Ta thudng thay, ngdn

ngu cua nha Phat la mdt ngdn ngu thanh thien, hda nha chiia dung tat ca ldng tu bi,

bac ai, dd lugng. Cdn trong tieu thuyet Sd do, vj "chan tu" Tang Phii thi lai cd thu

chdn cut tay, the ca" [14, tr.185]. Day la chan dung sa luge su Tang Phii dugc the

Tang Phii la loai ngdn ngu mang tinh chat chg bua, luu manh, hoan toan khdng phu

hop vdi ngdn ngu ciia mdt vj chan tu. Cai hay trong tac pham la d chd Vii Trgng

Phung da sii dung hinh thiic ddi lap nay. Trudc do, Vu Trgng Phung da khac hga

ngdn ngu hoan toan trai ngugc vdi ngdn ngu ciia mdt nha su. Ngdn ngu ciia su

Victor Ban la mdt ngudi tung phdng thanh cac thanh pho Ha Ndi ve "Cac benh di

tinh, lanh tinh, mdng tinh, thien truy, bach ddi, tim la, lau ken, lau nhiet, hodc vd

phdi, thiing da day, rdch tim, dau mat, thdi tai,... " [14, tr.125]. Cdn d trong dam

ma ciia cu Cd Td, Vu Trgng Phung da phac hga chan dung cac vj tai to, mat ldn,

nguc day huy chuang va "tren mep va cam deu dii rdu ria, hodc ddi, hodc ngan,

hodc den, hodc hung, hodc lungphun hay rdm ram, loan quan,..." [14, tr.213]. Va

den vj chan tu nay thi "Tin do nhd Phat chung tdi but chien nguyen rua nhau la ghe

rudi, ghe Tau, ghe lao, hac Lao, hda hui, cut chdn cut tay, the ca" [14, tr.185]. Day

la but phap hien thuc ddc dao, Vii Trgng Phung da dung vide chdng chat cac danh

tu, ddng tu, tinh tu, nham nhan manh, phai bay vd van sir that, xoay vao, tda ra nhu

khdng bao gid het. Ngudi dgc khi dgc tac pham thi khdng bao gid quen do la ldi

chui bat tan cua mdt vj "chan tu" dai dien cho cdng cudc "Chan hung Phat giao"

Tat ca deu la nhirng han ngudi dau ca thai the de true lgi cho ban than. Cudc tranh

duang thai. Ben canh do, cac vj "chan tu" nay chi la nhirng con ngudi dao diic gia.

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

luan mac ca giua su Tang Phii vdi Xuan Tdc Dd da the hien kha ro nhung ban chat

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

xau xa cua nhung hang ngudi nay. Qua day, Vii Trgng Phung da vach tran bd mat

den tdi ciia phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao":

"- Bam the thi xin ngdigiup cho ban tang... Neu chua cua ban tang ddng khach thi xin ngai cu hudng ba muai phdn tram dung! Chung tdi budn ban dung ddn chu khdng them gid nhung thdi canh tranh bat chinh nhu hdi Phat gido a. "

Xuan Tdc Dd nghi ngai hdi lau rdi phdn:

"- Cdi viec tu hanh ciia su dng xem ra cdn khuyet diem cdn phdi cdi each... Neu khdng thi, se khdng hap thai, ma khdng hop thai thi at bi thdi. Thdi buoi toi tan nay, Phat md khdng biet tien hda theo van minh thi cung chit nhan rang ra" [14, tr. 187]. Rdi nao la nhung tu ngu nhu "mdi viec nam muai phan tram ", "dng hudng hai muaiphdn tram", "cd ke bat mdt them hai". Thdng qua doan mac ca tren cho ta thay dugc bd mat that ciia hdi Phat giao. Chinh vj su Tang Phii lai cdng kich hdi Phat giao thi cdn nghia ly gi nua cho cai hdi nay. Phat giao thai ky nay lai cd bao chi tuyen truyen, phat ddng ram rd nhirng trd bjp bgm nham ru ngu quan chiing nhan dan. Rd rang, qua cudc budn ban mac ca nay tat ca nhung bd mat xau xa, doi bai ciia nhung ngudi chii truang phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" da bj Vu Trgng Phung vach mat mdt each trang trgn. d thai diem nay, thuc dan Phap ra siic tim mgi each de danh lac hudng thanh nien, cho nen phong trao chan hung Phat giao la mdt trong nhirng ke sach mj dan ma chiing da dat ra de me hoac ldng tin ciia con ngudi, dac biet la tang lap tieu tu san luc bay gid.

Trong Sd do, nhung ngudi diing dau hdi Phat giao da thanh lap thanh hdi Khai tri tien due. Day la mdt hdi ciia giai cap tu san dja chii tu xung la "khai hda cho qudc ddn ", cung dugc Vu Trgng Phung danh cho nhung ddn dich dang. Day la cai hdi "quy phdi xua nay" nhung ton chi "van khuynh huang ve binh ddn, ma chung cd dich xdc md bdy lau van ga td torn mdt each binh ddn y nhu bon chu sdng" [14, tr.294]. Dd cdn la mdt hdi djnh xin dua nhung "ngdn ngu binh dan" ciia Xuan Tdc Dd dai khai nhu "me kiep; nude me gi,..." vao bd Tu dien Viet Nam ma hdi duang soan. Vdi cai vide "me sirXuan ", "gido su quan vat" vao hdi "la mdt su may man vd cung cho bdc thugng luru tri thuc ciia xa hdi Viet Nam " [14, tr.295]. Dd mdi that sir la cai cudi cham biem sau cay ciia Vii Trgng Phung gui vao tac pham. Nhung chuyen tudng chung nhu vd ly thi lai dugc cdng khai chap nhan ma cdn dugc ton vinh len dinh cao ciia danh vgng. Tat ca nhung thdi xao quyet, gian manh ciia hdi Phat giao da dugc Vu Trgng Phung vach trail cung vdi nhung con ngudi ludn cd ddng cho phong trao ky. Cai hien thuc xku xa ddi bai ay dan dan dugc Vii Trgng Phung lot mat na, ma cu thd la trong tac pham dng da dung ngdi but sau cay ciia minh tan cdng tdi tap vao phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao".

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

Nhin chung, ca ba phong trao: phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre

trung", phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" dugc Vii Trgng Phung the hien kha rd ret

va sinh ddng trong tac pham. Vii Trgng Phung viet ve phong trao nao cung the hien

cai nhin sau sat ciia minh vao trong phong trao do. Thuc chat ciia ba phong trao chi

nham dua dan ta vao con dudng an chai truy lac. Muc dich cudi cung cua chiing chi

la hinh thiic mi dan cua thuc dan Phap. Chiing khdi xudng nhung phong trao nay

trong cho nen dng da tai hien vao trong tac pham minh mdt each sac net. Ca xa hdi

gia ddi chua toan nhung hang ngudi ngay ngd, ngd ngan chay theo Au hda, chay

theo cap tien rdm, van minh rdm mdt each vd thiic. Cung chinh vi sir phd truang

ram rd ciia ba phong trao nay ma dan ta ngay cang bj cudn trdi sach ban chat tdt

dep, thuan khiet san cd ciia con ngudi An Nam. Trong Sd do, tu tang lap binh dan,

tang lap tu san, cho den nhirng ngudi trong Hdi Phat giao, den ca nhirng Thdng sii,

mudn de dau cudi cd dan ta. Vii Trgng Phung da nhin ra cai gia ddi, bjp bgm ben

vua Ta, vua Xiem,... tat ca deu tao nen nhung trd he vd ly den miic ngudi dgc phai

Trgng Phung da ldn an gay gat, cham biem sau cay vao cai xa hdi tu san hgc ddi

cudi ra nude mat. Vdi vide tai hien hien thuc thdng qua ba phong trao nay, Vu

me trong sang tac ciia Vii Trgng Phung. Vi vay, trong nhung trang viet cua dng ludn

gan lien vdi hien thuc cudc sdng. Chinh vi vay, Vii Trgng Phung da trd thanh ngdi

but ta chan dac sac va cd nhung ddng gop to ldn cho nen luu phai van hgc hien thuc

phe phan ndi rieng va tren van dan van hgc Viet Nam ndi chung.

2.2. CON NGlTO»I TRONG SO DO.

2.2.1. Con ngiroi binh dan.

van minh rdm. Chinh cai xa hdi xd bd, tap nham do da tao ngudn cam hiing manh

Dudi sir quan sat cung nhu trong quan niem ciia Vu Trgng Phung thi con

hdi tu day du cac ban chat xau xa, nhech nhac va nhung hoat hanh ddng ciia hg deu

mang tinh tu phat. Cd the Vii Trgng Phung chua thay het siic manh ciia binh dan

nhu chiing ta ngay nay nhung dng da thay rd nhung sir nhech nhac tang lap binh

dan trong Sd do. Vi vay, cai nhin ciia Vii Trgng Phung cdn han hep ddi vdi giai cap

nay. Bdi le, chinh cai cudc sdng cua nha van da phan nao anh hudng den nhung

quan niem ve cudc sdng, ve giai cap binh dan trong xa hdi nay. Gan suot cudc ddi

ngudi "binh dan" trong tieu thuyet Sd do tat ca deu la nhung con ngudi vd hgc. Hg

quanh la ca mdt xa hdi an chai truy lac va bjp bgm, vdi nhung ten vua thudc lau, me

minh, Vii Trgng Phung chi sdng d can gac hep phd Hang Bac (Ha Ndi) ma xung

Tay hang sang, tiem hut, sdng bac, nha sam,... Vi vay, tuy cudc sdng ngheo kho

song nha van khdng cd dieu kien gan gui gan bd vdi nhan dan lao ddng nen it thay

dng ludn gan gui thi lai kha phiic tap. Hg thudng la nhirng con nghien, cd bac,

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

dugc pham chat tinh than lanh manh tdt dep cua hg. Cdn tang lap "binh dan" ma

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

nhirng ten ma cd, nhung gai diem, nhung con sen,... Trong nhirng chuyen thuc te,

Vii Trgng Phung da di vao nhung d bac d phd Hang Ca, hay tiem hut d gac chii

Senh, hoac la trai

linh le duang Thj Cau vdi cac me Tay hang re tien,... Nhin

chung, tat ca nhung hang ngudi xung quanh Vii Trgng Phung deu la bgn cd tien,

trang trao, "chd deu", hoac nhung ngudi ngheo thi ha luu, de tien, deu la can ba ciia

xa hdi. Chinh tu mdi trudng sinh hoat han hep va tiep xiic vdi nhirng con ngudi do

Chinh vi vay, trong Sd do, Vii Trgng Phung da khac hga thanh cdng mdt sd chan

cho nen da giup Vii Trgng Phung thay dugc cai mat trai ciia tang lop binh dan.

dung tieu bieu cho tang lop binh dan. Mac du cd nhirng han che trong cai nhin ve

pham ciia minh that tieu bieu. Chang han nhu chj hang mia, dng thay sd, ba vii, lang

Ty, lang Phe, hai ngudi thg trong tiem may Au hda va dien hinh nhat la Xuan Tdc

giai cap binh dan nhung Vu Trgng Phung da dung len mdt sd nhan vat trong tac

he, khoai chi cho ngudi dgc.

Trong Sd do, ta bat gap rat nhieu hinh anh ciia nhirng con ngudi binh dan

nhu: hai thang nhat banh, chj hang mia, Xuan Tdc Dd, dng thay sd, ba vii, hai ngudi

thg trong tiem may Au hda,... Nhirng nhan vat nay hien len vdi ve that budn cudi.

Chj hang mia thi dung nhung tu ngu that "binh dan" vdi Xuan Tdc Dd: "Cu am a

Dd. Tat ca nhung con ngudi nay hien len trong Sd do da tao ra nhung cai cudi ha

mai", "That day. Chinh chuyen thi ciing san son de tha? Nhung nay! Duyen kia ai

dai ma chd? Tinh kia ai tudng md ta tudng tinh? Hang da e bd me ra the nay nay,

mua chdng mua giup lai chi duac cdi bd em..." [14, tr.7]. Cdn dng thay sd Vu

Trgng Phung da mieu ta: "Tren he, dudi bdng cay gao, mdt dng thay sd, da cd tudi

ngdi binh tinh nhin cdi trap, nghien muc, mieng son, dng but, vdi may la sd tu vi

mdu, thinh thoang lai ngdp mdt cdi nhu mot nha triet hoc chdn chinh" [14, tr.7].

Ngoai ra, ta cdn bat len tieng cudi khi nhin thay ve cudc ddi thoai ciia ngudi thg

trong tiem may Au hda.

Mdt thanh nien mang nguai tha:

- "Con khi, tam gidc la... Id cdi theo! Md cdi theo la chu A.

Nguai tha lai cai:

- Im di, do ngu! Cdi theo ldn xuoi thi mdi la chu U, cdn cdi theo chdng nguac thi

chinh la chu A. Tha thuyen gi ma khdng hieu mdt ty my thuat nao cd! Nghe day nay

trudc nhat la anh ddng cho tdi cdi theo ldn nguac rdi den cdi theo ldn xuoi. The la

A, U tuc la Au. Rdi den cdi mieng gd vudng cd hai Id thiing la chii H, rdi den mieng

gd trdn thiing giua la O, rdi den cdi theo ldn nguac la chii A, tuc la hda, nghia la

cua hieu Au hda!" [14, tr.47]. Cdn ba vii trong nha ba Phd Doan cung tao cho ta

nhung tieng cudi that ha he. Bang chiing la trong ngay khanh thanh san quan vol:

"Tren rang ludi cua cdi san quan cdn mdi nguyen nhu mdt cd gai cdn tan, ngudi ta

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

thay mot... hai... ba... bon cdi quan, quan diii, quan ngu, quan ra phd, quan a nha

cdi nao cung bang lua, hoac tran, hoac theu dang ten, nhung cdi cd the khien

nhung dng cu gia trdng thay cung phdi lai ldng long xuan.

Dien nguai, ldn rudt len, ba Phd Doan da goi ngay ngudi vu gid ra mang cho mdt

trdn kich liet, thi vu gia cd hit va bao thu ay cu lau nhau "

- "Ai biet ddu day! Goi la san quan thi ai chd tudng de phai quan " [14, tr. 155].

Cdn hai dng lang bam lang Ty, lang Phe, trong ngay chua benh cho cu cd Td

thi lai tao ra mdt tinh hudng dac biet ddc dao. Hai ngudi cii vach mat ciia nhau ra

trudc mat mgi ngudi. Tu cau chuyen nude rudng, nude ao, rdi den chuyen chua

benh lam chet ngudi ciia hai dng, lai bat sang chuyen "benh trdn kinh cua ba Phd

Doan", "benh hdi ndch ciia cd Nga", rdi den "may ndt ghe a minh cd Tuyet". Tu

tinh hudng cau chuyen ngay cang vd ly den muc ai dgc len cung phai bat len tieng

cudi mia mai, cham biem. Thdng qua vai chi tiet ve hinh anh cua nhirng con ngudi

binh dan nay, Vii Trgng Phung da bao quat gan het nhung hang ngudi binh dan

trong cai xa hdi ay. Tat ca deu hien len vdi ve ngdc nghech, ngay ngd, nhech nhac

mdt each budn cudi. Ben canh do, trong Sd do, ngoai nhung nhan vat tieu bidu cho

tang lap binh dan trong xa hdi nay, thi cd mdt nhan vat da hien mdt each day du va

cd tinh each dien hinh nhat ve con ngudi binh dan do chinh la Xuan Tdc Dd. Xuan

Tdc Dd la nhan vat trung tam va la nhan vat dien hinh cho giai cap binh dan trong

cai xa hdi gia ddi, bjp bgm luc bay gid.

chuyen nay hai dng chuyen sang chuyen kia khdng an khdp gi vdi nhau, tao cho

xuat hien ciia Xuan Tdc Dd. Vdi ngdi but trao phiing sac sao, Vii Trgng Phung da

ve len chan dung mdt Xuan Tdc Dd that khdi hai, mdt ten "ma ca bdng" lau ca

nhung rat dien hinh. Xuan Tdc Dd trd thanh nhan vat trung tam dai dien cho tang

ldp "binh dan". Xuan Tdc Dd la loai bui ddi trong mdi trudng thanh thj. Tac gia da theo ddi tinh each nhan vat, tu be Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt diia tre m6 cdi, len 9 tudi dugc dng bac hg nudi. Nd nhin trdm bac gai tam va bj dudi. Tu do, Xuan lay dau he

xd chg lam nha, lay sau d cac phd, lay ca Hd Hoan Kiem lam cam. Tdc han do nhu

long bd vi phai nang, treo me, treo sau. Rdi han len ldi vao nhat banh san quan. Bj

Dgc tieu thuyet Sd do, thay d bat ky chuang nao, tinh tiet nao cung cd sir

giao due, lang thang kiem sdng vdi nhieu nghe phiic tap, Xuan Tdc Dd trong mdt

danh, bi dudi vi han nhin trdm mdt cd dam dang thay quan ao. Vai net biem hga kha chan that do, Xuan Tac Dd hien len rd net la mdt ten vd giao due. Tu mdi trudng vd

hoan canh dac biet, dugc nhap vao mdi trudng ciia nhung ke giau cd, nhung con

Minh, dng Tip Phd Nd (Typn).

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

ngudi dang dm ap mdng "Au hda" va cai each xa hdi nhu ba Phd Doan, dng ba Van

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

Mu Phd Doan them khat the xac ciia Xuan Tdc Dd nen da xin cho han ra tii

va tao dieu kien cho han gia nhap vao xa hdi thugng luu. Mu gidi thieu han ddn

tiem may Au hda ciia Van Minh. Han dot nat den nhung chu tren ciia hieu cung

khdng xem dugc. Trong tiem may Au hda ciia Van Minh, han chi biet hgc thudc

long nhu han da tung hgc thudc long nhung bai rao thudc trudc day: "Hd canh tay va hd cd la Day Thi", "Hd den ndch va nua vu la Ngdy Tha"[14, tr.62]. Han cung

nhd ldi ciia chii: "Tu day trd di, xa hdi van minh hay da man la trdeh nhiem a

anh"[14, tr.61]. Han da rai vao mdi trudng cua cac nhan vat toan la quai thai ciia xa hdi nhu mu Phd Doan dam dang dugc bang "Tiet hanh khd phong", nhu dng ba Van Minh, dng Typn dang chay theo phong trao "Au hda" chai bdi hudng lac bay

gid. Xuan Tdc Dd da loi dung hg de tien than.

Hdi nhap vdi xa hdi thugng luu, Xuan Tdc Dd da gap nhieu van may va vdi ban tinh lem linh, lau ca, han nhanh chdng tao cho minh mdt chd diing trong gia dinh dng baVan Minh. Tinh each luu manh bjp bgm, Xuan Tdc Dd cii banh trudng trong mdi trudng thuan lgi do. Vdi mdt sd hieu biet ve benh tat thu dugc trong nghe rao thudc dao, han chua khdi benh cho cu cd va dugc tang bdc la sinh vien trudng thudc rdi quan "ddc td". Biet Xuan Tdc Dd la "sinh vien truang thuoc " Tuydt em gai ciia Van Minh tim each lam than. Xuan Tdc Dd lai dugc phen bdc Id tinh each

luu manh, dam dang cua han. Han trd chuyen vdi Tuyet theo kieu tridt li rdm: "Thai budi nay biet lam sao duac, gid ddi het thay! Yeu cung yeu gid doi! Tam thuang cung tam thuang gid ddi! Hu lau cung hu lau gid doi!". Roi bat ngd Xuan Tdc Dd sd nguc Tuyet va ndi: "chi cd mdt minh quy nuang la khdng gid doi nhu

ddi ma thdi" [14, tr.116]. Con dudng tien than ciia Xuan Tdc Dd thuan lgi. Y biet each ludn lach, dung muu meo dd lam lgi cho minh. Tu mdt diia nhat banh quan, Xuan Tdc Dd trd thanh mdt danh thu, mdt cai hy vgng cua gidi quan vgt Bac Ky. Han cung biet chap nhan thua theo de nghj cua quan tren trudc nha vd djch quan

vgt Xiem La de dugc trd thanh "Anh hung cuu qudc" bac "vinhdn ".

Trong xa hdi ma thu doan bjp bgm, gian xao lan tran thi ban chat luu manh, bjp bgm ciia Xuan Tdc Dd khdng de nhan ra. "su ngu ddn cua nd ngudi ta cho la nhun nhan, la su khiem ton nen nd cdng duac yeu men han" [14, tr.104]. Ba Phd

Doan xem Xuan la ngudi cd hgc thiic. Ong Phan mgc sung cung xem Xuan la

ngudi diing dan. Giua luc cu ba, me Van Minh nguydn riia Xuan Tdc Dd la do xd la, do ba que, mat chd chii khdng phai mat ngudi thi cu Hong phln nd: "Con Tuyet md chua vdi thang Xuan thi that la phuc bdy muai ddi cho nha nay. Ba cam di, ba ngu lam "[160, tr.160]. Mdt chi tiet nua cung cudi ra nude mat: cu cd- dng ndi ciia

Van Minh nga benh. Ca gia dinh cau ciiu ddc td Xuan. Han dugc djp tra thu vi cu cd da nhd vao mat han khi han quan he bat chinh vdi Tuydt. Han ndi xSng: "Thua

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Suthuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

cu, qua con vd hoc, xua nay nhat banh quan, ha luu, khdng biet thudc a!" [14,

tr.203].

Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt nhan vat dugc xay dung trong qua trinh phat trien tinh each. Tinh each cua Xuan Tdc Dd dugc mieu ta trong qua trinh van ddng phat trien

cua nd. Mdt mat tinh each Xuan Tdc Dd gan nhu khdng doi. Vdn dugc giao due,

dao luyen trong nen giao due via he nen ban chat ciia Xuan van nguyen ban chat luu

manh ciia ke lang thang dau dudng xd chg. Tu ngdn ngu cho ddn cu chi, han ludn ludn vang tuc, khdng chju hgc hanh ma chi dung thu thuat bat chudc, che day, gia ddi de ddi phd trong mgi tinh hudng. Cd the ndi, tinh each luu manh xuyen suot con

ngudi Xuan Tdc Dd tu khi cdn la mdt cau be lang thang dau dudng xd chg cho ddn luc trd thanh "anh hung cuu qudc ".

Tuy nhien, tinh each Xuan cung cd nhirng thay doi nhat djnh. Y nhanh chdng thich hgp vdi hoan canh mdi va hoan canh cung lam cho y thay ddi. Khi cdn la ke ha luu, han bdc Id tinh tuy tien, yeu dudi. Nhung khi da cd vj tri trong xa hdi, Xuan bat dau xem thudng mgi ngudi: "Xuan Tdc Dd kieu ngao lam bd lam tich bao nhieu

thi duac thien ha kinh trong bdy nhieu" [14, tr.107]. Xuan Tdc Dd cd luc nhu kdt hop giua tinh each cua mdt ke ha luu pha lan vdi loi sdng thugng luu, ngdn tu ha dang lai xen vdi kieu each hgc ddi cua bgn ngudi thugng luu. Va den luc kdt thiic tac pham, tinh khinh ngudi cua Xuan Tdc Dd cang Id rd va cang trd nen l6 bjch. Han da ndi trudc quan chiing : "Hai quan chung, mi khdng hieu gi, mi odn ta, ta vdn yeu quy mi mac long mi chdng rd long ta. Thdi gidi tan di". Moi nguai hd: "Xuan Tdc Dd van tue ! Su dai bai van tue"[14, tr.285].

Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt nhan vat dugc xay dung chii yeu tren sir tdng hgp nhieu net ciia ngudi cung loai. Tac gia da xay dung Xuan Tdc Dd theo phuang phap dien hinh hda. Tac gia ket hop giua ldi mieu ta chan that va phdng dai, phdng dai dd biem hga. Nhieu tinh tiet da dugc hu cku rat hap din nhu hanh ddng cua Tuydt vdi Xuan Tdc Dd, quan he giua Phd Doan vdi Xuan hay la Xuan Tdc Dd chju thua tai

tu quan vgt Xiem La, tat ca deu la nhung tinh hudng phdng dai day tinh cham bidm, da kich. The la Xuan Tdc Dd tu mdt ten dau dudng xd chg, nhat banh quan, ban thudc lau da trd thanh sinh vien trudng thuoc, ddc td Xuan, giao su quan vgt, nha cai each xa hdi, nha cai each phat giao, co van cho bao Go Md rdi den tdt dinh vinh quang "anh hiing cuu qudc ", "bdc vi nhan ", that la "sd do". Qua nhan vat trung

tam nay, Vii Trgng Phung da da kich, cham bidm ban chat xau xa, thdi nat cua xa hdi thuc dan phong kien. Mdt xa hdi trang den khdng minh bach, that that gia gia. Con ngudi trong xa hdi ay ai ai cung deo cho minh mdt lap vd de che day cai ban chat xau xa, Id bjch ciia chinh minh. Con ngudi "binh dan" than nhien trd thanh con

ngudi tri thiic, trd thanh mdt bac "thugng luu". Nhirng ton ti trat tu xa hdi bj xao

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh 40 SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

vdi tdc quan den lay, nguai nang 70 cdn lai ket hap vai khan vanh day nhd xiu ngan

ngiin mot mdu, motdu nhat ti hon ket hap vdi mot vi da khdng Id, mot con chd be di

ky nhu con ky ldn bang hai tay" [14, tr.ll]. Pham each ciia ba cung da dugc bdc Id

mdt phan nao qua each an mac ky quai do nhung de danh gia mdt ngudi nao do cd

diing dan hay khdng thi ta khdng the chi nhin be ngoai ma danh gia dugc. De hidu

rd han ve ban chat dam dang ciia Ba Phd Doan thi chiing ta se di vao phan tich hanh

ddng va ldi ndi ciia ba.

Ba Phd Doan cd that la thuang ngudi khdng khi ma ba ra tay ciiu vdt ddi

Xuan Tdc Dd khdi canh tu tdi? Sd di ba ciiu Xuan Tdc Dd la bdi ba bidt Xuan Tdc

Dd da pham vao tdi dam d, do la cd hanh ddng nhin trdm ba dam thay vay, diing

trudc hanh ddng do Ba Phd Doan ket tdi Xuan Tdc Dd ma cdn ra siic benh vuc va

ddng tinh. Ba biet Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt ten dam d ma ba van ra tay bao lanh cho

mudn ciiu han dd han vd lam vide cho ba, gan ba va thuc hien chuyen dam d cung

han, that ra ba khdng he cd ldng thuang ngudi ma ciiu vdt Xuan Tdc Dd, ma vi ba

Dd vd nha minh thi ba cd djp hdi han vi sao han bj bat, hdi de thda sir them khat

ham mudn ciia ba. Khi Xuan Tdc ^Do ndi rang han dang bjt mdt cai Id dng chi trong

budng tam cua hdi quan thi bj bat. Cau ndi do lam Ba Phd Doan diing ngan ngudi

ra, nudt sir that vgng danh uc mdt cai. Trong tham tam ba udc gi Xuan Tdc Dd ndi

ba de ba thda man can them khat due vgng dam dang ciia minh. Khi dua Xuan Tdc

can them khat due vgng ciia ba. Ba td ra that vgng va tide nudi lai cai qua khii luc

xua ciia minh, cai qua khii bj ngudi ta hiep: "Ba nhd lai cd may cdi ten ten, cdi lam

han da nhin len ba dam thay vay thi ba se sung sudng biet may vi nd lam thda man

tu xua kia... Tu khi bi hiep, nhirng cam gidc te me hiem cd rat khd td, rat ky quai,

cu theo mai ba nhu bdng theo nguai, lau ddn, viec ay thanh mdt dm anh. Ba vdn ao

ve mat that tha ciia Xuan, ba hai budn nghi thuang cho Xuan, chac cd le bj dudi oan

udc duac - bi hiep niia md khdng bao gia cdi dip ay lai tdi hien "[14, tr.42]. Trudc

dang trong con ngudi ba. Ba bao Xuan ngdi do va ba vao phdng tam, phdng tam va

va ba trd nen cau gat, mdt y nghi thoang qua trong dau ba da thdi bung len tinh dam

nude triit ao xudng ngudi ba, thinh thoang ba lai vd vao bung vao dui bi bach,

dudng nhu de kich thich ban chat dam d trong con ngudi cua Xuan ndi len, nhung

khdng Xuan van ngdi yen chd cii cham chii vao quyen sach anh, lam ba td ra vd

cung that vgng. Ba them khat than the cua Xuan Tdc Dd de lam thda man due vgng

de hen ciia minh, nhung Xuan Tdc Dd da khdng lam thda man can them khat cua

ba. Con ngudi ba vdi ban chat dam dang la the, vay ma ba ludn tim each che day

bang ldp vd be ngoai thanh cao, dure hanh, la mdt phu nu trung trinh tiet liet, ludn

dat dao thd chdng len hang dau: "Thdi! tdi da nhat dinh ndi cd vong hdn dng Doan

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

chd Xuan ngdi each nhau chi cd khoang vai budc chan. Ba cdi quan ao, van nude,

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

va dngPhdn nha tdi chung giam cho, tdi nhat dinh thu tiet vdi hai dng" [14, tr.39].

vdi con ngudi dam d va ham mudn due vgng nhu ba. Cdn gi vd ly han mdt mu me

Tay dam d nhu mu Phd Doan ma lai dugc sac ban "Tiet hanh Khd phong Xiem La". Chi tiet nay tao nen tran cudi cham biem, da kich cho ngudi dgc.

Sdng trong mdt xa hdi nhd nhang Id bjch, vua dii nhirng hang ngudi, ba da khdng cam thay xau hd ma cdn venh mat hi hiing, tuyen bd minh la ngudi dan ba chung thiiy ca vdi hai dng chdng that la mdt con ngudi dam dang khdng bidt xau hd

lagi.

Ldi ndi ciia ba lam cho ngudi dgc phai bat ra mdt tran cudi khinh bi va kinh tdm ddi

Ben canh, ba Phd Doan vdn la ngudi dan ba dam d vdi nhung due vgng map hen. Ba cdn la mdt ngudi me da lam hu con, tinh yeu ma ba danh cho diia con ggi la "con cau con khan " cua ba la sir chieu chudng, chieu chudng den muc thai qua. Ba khdng he day dd gi con minh, khdng lam trdn trach nhiem ciia ngudi me. Vay ma

cd mdt trach nhiem lam ba vd cung hang hai va quyet tam do la "Cai each xa hdi": "Vdi con chd Tay trong canh tay, vdi hai con mat ma mang nhin len canh quat, ba Phd Doan cd ve la linh hdn nude Viet Nam tren con duang tien hda vd gidiphdng" [14, tr.80]. Tat ca chi la nhung cap tien ben ngoai de che day ban chat dam d, xa\i xa ciia minh. Ba Phd Doan chi la mdt hinh anh tieu bieu cho rat nhieu dan ba tuang tu nhu ba dang nhdn nha sdng trong cai xa hdi lam lem nha nhudc ay. Mdt nhan vat khac nua do chinh la cu Cd Hdng. Cu ia con trai cu Co to xua kia la mdt dng phan. Ong la mdt ngudi trdng rdng, vd vj chi biet ndi cd moi cau "Biet rdi! Kho Idm, ndi mai" ma thuc ra chang biet gi ca. Chiing kien cai chet ciia cha minh cu vui sudng "nham nghien mdt ma mang". Cho den luc cu dugc mac do xd gai, lu khu chdng gay, vua ho khac vua khdc mdu, dc thien ha chi trd: "Ui kia! Con trai nhan da gia den the kia kia" [14, tr.206]. Cu cd Td chet di la ca hdi de dng chiing td sir gia ca

ciia minh trudc mat mgi ngudi. Trong luc tang gia dang boi rdi, nghe ai ndi chuyen cu cung nham nghien mat lai, nhan mat khe gat bang cau ciia mieng: "Biet rdi! Kho lam, ndi mai", cho du khdng hieu dau dudi cau chuyen the nao. Cu muon thi hien sir gia nua ciia minh nhung rat kjch cam, each an mac khdng hgp vdi tuoi ciia cu va

khdng hop vdi mua, ludn td ra lam cam. Cu cho con minh sang Tay hgc va rdi khi

con hgc ve lai kinh phuc con den sg set. Cu la mdt ngudi kem hieu biet, ngudi hu

lau va het siic hoan nghenh dii mgi vide va du mgi cu chi Tay -Tau ciia con. Cu hgc

ddi chay theo van minh, chay theo cap tien xung "toa", "moa " khi ndi chuyen vdi

con. Nhung thuc ra cu cd hu den vd tam tan nhan, khi biet chuyen cua Tuydt vdi

Xuan, thi xem Tuyet nhu qua bom nd cham va toan tinh tong co Tuyet ra khdi nha.

each bat hieu, vj ki, nhan tam vdi ca nhirng ngudi than yeu ciia minh. Ong cdn la

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

Tdm lai, nhan vat cu cd Hdng dugc Vu Trgng Phung xay dung tren ndn tinh

'Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii TrongPhung

mdt ngudi trgng hinh thiic, trgng ve be ngoai. Khi xa hdi duang bj hai luong tu

tudng Tay- Ta lan ldn nen tinh each ciia cu cd Hdng cang trd nen vd bo, nhd nhang

trong xa hdi ay.

Mdt nhan vat tieu bieu cho con ngudi tu san nua chinh la Van Minh- con cu

Cd Hdng hgc d Tay phuang ve mang theo ldi sdng phuang Tay va khdng cd mdt

lgi, lanh nhat, bat hieu. Anh ta ndi vdi ba Phd Doan: "Biet ddu rang sau khi nha

manh van bang. Vu Trgng Phung mieu ta nhan vat nay hien len vdi tinh each ham

nay cd cdi san quan thi cudc dai ciia di lai khdng bat ddu vao mdt ki nguyen mdi?

Rdi nha nay se bien thanh mot nai tua nhu mot cau lac bd, mot chd hop mat, mot

chd hen hd ciia nhitng ke thuang luu tri thuc trong nude de lam viec cho xa hdi"

[14, tr. 76]. Vdi cau ndi tren ta thay mdt ke hoach that khdng kha quan, thuc te trudc

mat ba Phd Doan chang cd lgi gi ma phai ton rat nhieu tien cho sang kien ciia Van

Minh. Qua day la ldi hd hao ddi mdi Au hda khdng phu hop. Ngoai ra, Van Minh

cdn rat ham lgi, anh ta sung sudng vi di chiic cua cu cd To "di vao thai ki thuc

hanh". La mdt con ngudi ham lgi den tan nhan, tinh each ham lgi do da bien Van

Minh thanh mdt ten ndi ddi tao ca hdi cho mdt ten luu manh nhu Xuan tham nhap

vao gia dinh minh de rdi ca gia dinh phai xem Xuan nhu mdt "dai an nhan". Anh

ndi ddi vdi cu cd Hdng rang: "Xuan la mdt sinh vien trudng thuoc, ban con" [14,

tr.88]. Mac du biet Xuan chang ra gi va vi cai lgi da che md di cai li tri nen anh ta

khdng cdn biet the nao la nhan nghia, la dao li. Biet Xuan va Tuyet da sdng nhu vg

chdng, anh ta phan van tim Xuan de tra "cdi an to ". Anh ta la diia con, diia chau

dai bat hieu. Anh ta xung hd trdng rdng, thieu ton trgng, khi cu cd Hong hdi con trai

rang: "The toa den day tu bao gia the hd toa" [14, tr.83] thi diia con - Van Minh

dap bang gigng khd can, trdng khdng: "Luc nay". Gigng chang kinh ne, khdng mdt

chut ton trgng. Sir bat hieu cdn dugc the hien d chd: "Nha ra cu dau tim that ma ta

lai mdi nham mdt dng thay chuyen chua benh tim, hay cu dau da day ma ta mai

dung ngay mot dng chuyen cac benh ve da day thi chi nguy" [14, tr.86]. Van Minh

trong cudc sdng, nhung khi me anh day cua vao phdng minh ma khdng go cua anh

thay khd chju. Dieu nay minh chiing rang anh ta khdng he hgc dugc bat ky dieu gi

mang tu tudng phuang Tay dang li ra anh ta phai that thoai mai ve nhung ling xii

Ddng. Anh ta ghen tj khi vg minh mac quan dui danh vgt vdi Xuan. Anh ta khd

tu van hda phuang Tay ma cdn van giu cai ldi cd hu, bao thu ciia diia con phuang

that ra anh chang biet gi ve Au hda. Bdi le, anh chi la nhung tri thiic rdm, bang cap

rdm va dugc sdng trong mdt xa hdi rdm.

Trong tieu thuyet Sd do ngoai cac nhan vat dien hinh nhu Xuan Tdc Dd, ba

Phd Doan, dng Van Minh thi ta khdng the bd qua hai nhan vat Typn va dng Phan

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

chju va mudn quay han ve ldi bao thu. Anh hd hao cho phong trao Au hda nhung

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

thai. Nhan vat Typn dugc Vii Trgng Phung lay tu nguyen mau ciia hga si Nguyen

Cat Tudng. Nguyen Cat Tudng la mdt hga si ma theo Ngd Tat Td nhan djnh la

ngudi dau hang thu bet trong trudng my thuat Ha Ndi duang thai. Ong la ngudi da

ve ra nhieu loai trang phuc cho chj em phu nu bay gid va cung cac nha van ciia Tu

mgc sung. Day la hai nhan vat mang nhieu tinh each tieu bieu ciia xa hdi duang

lire van doan cd ddng cho phong trao "vui ve tre trung" thai diem ay. Va trong So

do, Typn cung la mdt nha my thuat theo Tay hgc. Day la con ngudi dai dien cho tu

tudng Au hda hien dai. Ong cho minh la ngudi cd nhiem vu phai cai each xa hdi

nay theo ldi sdng phuang Tay. Ong rat nhiet tinh day nhiet huyet de cai each xa hdi.

Ong da cho ra ddi nhieu kieu ao quan theo ldi tan tien phuang Tay "Hd den ndch

hao ve sang tao nghe thuat ciia minh. Ong quang cao mdt each say sua va bat Xuan

hgc thudc va nhd mai. Theo dng quan niem "Quan do la de td diem cho ve dep cua

vd hd nua vu la Ngdy tha, hd canh tay va ha cd la Day thi" [14, tr.63]. Ong rat tu

nguai phu nu chu khdngphdi dung de che day, bao gid md y phuc tien bd den cue

diem di den chd tan thien tan my thi nghia la y phuc se khdng cdn che day cdi gi

cua ngudi dan ba nua" [14, tr.55]. Mdt quan niem that thd thien, cho thay dugc

ban chat xau xa cua cai goj la tien bd la van minh, la Au hda. Ong la ngudi cd tinh

each rat trai ngugc nhau. Ben ngoai thi hd hao keu ggi mgi ngudi phai theo van

cho ba Typn nen an mac theo tan thai thi dng rat cam gian: "Tdi bat duac qua tang

minh, phai an mac quan ao ma dng sang tao ra. Nhung khi Xuan gidi thieu tu van

anh dung nhung lai van chuang bdng bdy ra me hoac va tdi ,dinh lam cho va tdi

truy lac ,dinh lam tan ndt gia dinh tdi day nhe! Anh cu lieu cdi thdn hdn!... " [14,

tr. 71]. "Mau di ve ngay! Ve cdi cdi quan trang ra ngay! Khdng cd ma khdng va,

khdng chdng gi nua ddu " [14, tr. 72].

Ong ludn cho minh la ke tien bd, la ngudi van minh ludn xem thudng ngudi

ta cdn ngu mudi "Ddn ta la mdt ddn tdc ludi bieng, khdng chiu suy xet, khdng tim

khac nhat la ngudi lao ddng binh dan: dng cho xa hdi cdn thap kem ve trinh dd, dan

hieu nhitng cdi khd hieu cua my thuat" [14, tr.48]. Ong cho nhirng sang tao nghe

thuat ciia minh cd cdng tham du vao cdng cudc Au hda va cai each xa hdi, mang lai

sir tien bd cho xa hdi... Nhung qua nhung dieu tren dng cang lam cho ngudi ta thay

rd ban chat Id bjch, kjch cam gdm ghiec ciia minh. Khdng chi la ke Id bjch, kjch

cam ma dng cdn la ke xu njnh thai qua, hen ha, khi Xuan dugc phong lam "anh

hung cuu qudc " thi dng lap tiic quy dudi chan Xuan ma cdi giay cho han.

Day cdn la ke ham danh, vu lgi chi biet nghi cho lgi ich ciia ban than. Ong

dugc xem ia ngudi dai dien cho sir xd bd cai ldi sdng tha hda va cung la nan nhan

ciia chinh sach bao hd va khai hda ciia thuc dan Phap. Mdt con ngudi tha hda ciia xa

hdi duang thai dugc Vii Trgng Phung khac hga sac sao dudi ngdi but ciia minh.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong Phung

Nhan vat nay da gdp phan lam rd them biic tranh den toi xa hdi Viet Nam thai thuc dan mia phong kien

Ngoai nhan vat Typn va mdt sd nhan vat khac ta da dk cap, ta cdn dugc lam quen vdi mdt nhan vat cung rat dac biet. Dd la dng Phan mgc sung: chi ngay cai ten thdi cung da ndi len con ngudi ciia Phan mgc sung nay theo phuang Tay, "mgc sung" cd nghia la cd vg ngoai tinh. Ddi vdi ngudi dan dng khi ma cd vg ngoai tinh thi hg rat xau hi va dau budn vd cung, nhung trai lai d dng Phan mgc sung thi didu do rat binh thudng. Ong td ra vui ve khi nghe ai do ggi minh la mgc sung, tham chi dng cdn bd ra chuc bac de thud Xuan ggi minh la ngudi chdng mgc sung. Ong cdn tu xung minh la ngudi chong mgc sung: "Kinh chdo ngdi! Thua ngai, tdi la mdt ngudi chdng mgc sung" [14, tr.144]. Ong tu venh vao vd minh, du la mgc sirng nhung van la ngudi tri thiic. Ong khdng hd bidt xau hd ma dng chi xem trgng danh vj hao d cai gia dinh nay, cai lgi ich vat chat trudc mat ma quen di dao li nhan nghia

d ddi.

Ong cdn ia ngudi chdng nhu nhugc, hen nhat. Khi bat gap vg ngoai tinh thi dng cung la d cung gian du nhung do chi la lam cho cd vay thdi "Do khon nan, do chd deu, dng Xuan, dng hay lam chung cho tdi, tdi la mdt nguai chong moc sung" [14, tr.145]. Sau do thi lang le ra di vi sg d lai thi bj ke ngoai tinh vdi vg minh lam khd de. Ong diing la mdt con ngudi tan td, bat can dao due thuan phong my tuc. Cung nhu mgi ngudi khac trong gia dinh danh gia nay, dng cung rat mong cho Cu cd td chet di de minh dugc chia phan lgi ldc. Khi cu to chdt dng bdc Id rd mdt con ngudi day gia ddi. Ong khdc mai khdng thdi, dng td ra rat dau thuang trudc cai chet cua Cu cd td de cho thien ha biet minh la dua chau hidu thao, C) nhan vat Phan mgc sung da gdp phan lam rd han ban chat ciia cudc "Au hda" luc bay gid.

Qua hai nhan vat Typn va dng "Phan mgc sung", tac gia mudn gui den chiing ta mdt tieng keu thdng thiet ve con ngudi bj tha hda do la sir tuyet vgng ciia tac gia ddi vdi ban chat cua con ngudi hg khdng cdn bidt phan biet dau la tdt xau chi biet chay theo ldi sdng sa dga ma bat can dao li. Vdi cai nhin thuc td ciia minh, Vii Trgng Phung da phan anh dugc thuc trang den tdi cua xa hdi, dng da dau xdt khi cat tieng cudi cham biem, chua chat trudc sir tha hda ciia con ngudi trong xa hdi luc bay gid. Sd do la tieng cudi vang ddi, nhay cam, Vu Trgng Phung da diing tren lap trudng nhan dao nen tieng cudi vang ddi do cdn la ldi khuyen, ldi canh tinh cho nhung con ngudi sa chan vao cai xa hdi an chai, hgc ddi van minh do. Con ngudi can cd nhung gidi han trong cudc sdng. Neu nhu nhirng chuan muc dao diic, sir budng tha, hda nhap tuy tien thi se dan den sir tha hda bidn chat trong ndi tai con ngudi. Khi con ngudi chi biet hudng thu nhirng lgi ich trudc mat, chi biet ddn sir

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

ddi tra va vu lgi thi xa hdi ay the nao cung se bj cudn trdi het nhirng thuan phong

my tuc ma dng cha da bao nam gin giu.

Bang ngdi but trao phiing ddc dao, Sd do ldn an gay gat cai xa hdi tu san

thanh thj Viet Nam dang chay theo ldi sdng van minh rdm het siic Id lang ddi bai

duang thai. Tac gia da kich cay ddc cac phong trao "Au hda", "the thao", "giai

ba Phd Doan, Typn, Xuan Tdc Do,... nhan danh "van minh", "tien bd", "cai each xa

hdi" ma thuc chat chi la an chai truy lac, lam tien, cha dap trang trgn len mgi ne nep

dao due truyen thdng. Ngdi but cham biem sac sao ciia Vu Trgng Phung khdng tru

bat ky ai dii do la nhung con ngudi ciia giai cap tu san hoac nhirng con ngudi da

tham nhap vao the gidi cua giai cap tu san. Tu "em cha" den cu td, tu tri thiic den

phdng nu quyen" dang phat trien ram rd khi ay. Nhung hang ngudi nhu Van Minh,

binh dan, tu nha su den canh sat..., ca hai ngudi thg liing tung vdi "cdi theo chdng

len" va "cdi theo chiic xudng" cung trd thanh nhan vat hai. Tdm lai, mgi ngudi deu

nhien, thdng qua mdt sd nhan vat tieu bieu d tren, ta da cd cai nhin that bao quat vd

nhung hang ngudi trong xa hdi Id lang ay, ma cu the han la nhirng hang ngudi dai

dien cho tang lap tu san. Tac gia da dung ngdi but sac sao ciia minh da kich, phe

budn cudi, khdng phan bidt gia tre, gai trai, thanh phan xa hdi, tdn giao... Qua

tien rdm, binh dan rdm va bang cap rdm.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

phan mdt loat thdi rdm tat xau cd the trd thanh phd bien d mgi chd dd xa hdi: cap

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

CHlTONG 3

HINH THUt NGHE THUAT THE HIEN "SlT THlTC (3 DO>I"

•

TRONG TAC PHAM "SO DO" CUA VU TRONG PHUNG

3.1. ClT6»I NHAI.

"Nhai" la la mdt the van cham biem dung sir bat chudc de che gieu mdt tac

phong each cd san de ngudi nhai dem ra mia mai, che gieu. Tieu thuyet So do ciia

Vu Trgng Phung, cd the ndi la mdt tac pham trao phiing dac sac vdi but phap gieu

nhai cua nha van. Nhu ta da biet, sir that trong tac pham Sd do dugc Vu Trgng

Phung the hien thdng qua cai cudi. Nhieu nha phe binh da ndi sau sac ve cai cudi

hoat ke, cai cudi ha he, cai hai hudc, cai cham biem, nhao bang, cai he, cai

bouffon,... cua Sd do. Giao su Dd Due Hieu khang djnh "Sd do la mdt cdi cudi

pham hoac ca mdt trao luu nghe thuat. Phuang tien chu yeu ciia "nhai" la bat chudc

nhai vdi mdt tdm cd lan " [9, tr.299]. Dd la mdt nhan djnh dich xac. Sd do nhai mdt

xa hdi, mdt phong trao chinh trj, mdt thai do thj hda. Nd nhai mdt trao luu van hda,

dang hinh thanh, hd ldn, tap nham, 1dm nhom, khdng an khdp, ngdn tu khap khenh,

xieu veo,... Sd do la mdt tap hop hdn loan nhirng phong each ky dj, quai gd, lan at

nhau, xen ke nhau, pha hiiy nhau, de bieu dat chinh cai xa hdi ay. Va chua may ai

thay cai cudi cua Vii Trgng Phung, d day, an giau tu tudng nhan dao day bao dung,

cai cudi nhan van chii nghia.

mdt trao luu van hgc, mdt nghe thuat trim tugng cue doan. Nd nhai mdt ngdn ngu

Sd do gieu nhai ai? Gieu nhai sir vide gi? Trong pham vi ciia mdt khoa luan

tdt nghiep, khd cd the ke ra mdt each day dii vide Sd do nhai ai, nhai sir viec gi. Tuy

nhien, mdt khia canh chinh ma tac pham the hien do chinh la sir gidu nhai ba phong

trao tu tudng van hda dang len can sot a xa hdi thj thanh luc bay gid, nhirng phong

gieu nhai ba phong trao nay.

3.1.1. Gieu nhai phong trao Au hoa.

Trudc het Sd do nhai cai trd Au hda, tiic la ca mdt cai nen chinh trj lua bjp

ciia thuc dan tuyen bd mang van minh phuang Tay cho nhung dan tdc da man

phuang Ddng. Nha van chgn giai doan am Tnhat, ram rd nhat, phong trao Mat tran

binh dan de nhai, nhai nhung dien van khoa truang nhat cua cac chinh khach thuc

dan ca ldn nhat. Nhu vay, bang cai quy md ket cau tac pham, bao trum tac pham.

Nggn dude "van minh" dugc chuyen tu thuc dan den Van Minh chdng, Van Minh

vg, ba Phd Doan, Typn,... rdi den Xuan Tdc Dd mdi la ke dii tam cd ganh trach

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

trao da trd thanh "mdt thai dai". Vii Trgng Phung that su thanh cdng thdng qua vide

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

Dd, tuc la vdi "vd gido due", "ma- cd- bong", "chay ca hieu", "thdi loa thudc

nhiem phong trao Au hda vi dai ay. Ndi each khac, Au hda ddng nhat vdi Xuan Tdc

lau ". Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt nhan vat hda than ldn, la mdt chudi hda than ky la, tu

mdt diia vd gia cu den mdt giao su, mdt thi si, mdt quan ddc td, mdt vi nhan, mdt

anh hung ciiu qudc den miic Van Minh va ba Phd Doan phai "kinh hoang cd len".

Ket cau Sd do gidng nhu ket cau truyen cd tich; cudi cung Xuan Tdc Dd len ngdi

Phd Doan). That la mdt truyen cd tich tan thai.

vua, cudi nang cdng chiia Tuyet va "mot nhdphuc ldc gdm hai" (cu cd Hdng va ba

Vdi Vii Trgng Phung, Au hda trudc het la lang man hda, do thj Ha Ndi dang

veo von von. Tdi cd hai cai tinh, nhung tranh gianh mdi cu, nhung vu tu van d Hd

Guam, Hd Tay, Hd Triic Bach, nhirng bai bao "dm tdi" xung quanh djch tu tii,

phong trao ao tan thai Lemur, phong trao Tha Mdi, nhung tu "cu via", "moc sirng",

nhung xung hd "toa, moa"... deu cd that. Ve mdt phuang dien, So do la mdt tieu

thuyet lich sii, diing han la mdt tieu thuyet phan lich su, nhai lich sii, mdt cudc but

chien vdi phong trao lang man, cudc but chien trao long va lat do. Khdng phai Vii

Trgng Phung khdng ddng tinh vdi viec giai phdng ca tinh, vdi van minh phuang

Tay, vdi tha mdi,... Song dng cam thay cai ben trong gia ddi, mj dan ciia ke chii

ddi mdi, do la dieu cd that. Cai khdng khi lang man trong Sd do vdi tieng ca veo

ciia nhung "cdi each be ngoai" va "cdi each ben trong" (quan dui, cooc xe). Ao

Lemur bien dang thanh Ngdy Tha, Luang Lu, Kien Trinh, Hay Cha Mdt Phut... Hdi

hga truu tugng hda than thanh nhung "cdi theo ldn xuoi, ldn nguac ". Cd gai lang

man Hoang Hdn, "nguai dan ba due hanh! Tdn tien!" chu truang ngudi dan ba

truang va ciia nhirng ngudi "lam each mang trong vdng phap luat", cai ddng lire

"mudn ra gidng dan bd" thi phai giu trinh tiet vdi hai ngudi. De dang nhan thay d

day, cac tu ngu tu nd xd day va danh ldn nhau. Va canh dng Phan mgc sung bat gap

cai "lich su", cai "xa giao" ciia hai ngudi dan dng tram tran nhau, thao luan "hit sue

vg va tinh nhan ciia vg trong mdt phdng khach san Bdng Lai, nhai mdt each quai dj

xau, vd Na Pha Luan cung "moc sung"... rdi trong hai ngudi cung khdng biet ai la

ngudi "moc sirng". The la hai ngudi tranh nhau mgc sung: "Bam ngai, chinh tdi

lephep" vdi nhau nhu nhung "thuang luu nhdn vdt" ve van de "moc sung" tdt hay

mdi la nguai moc sung" [14, tr.144]. "Tdi khdng biet! Tdi khdng ldi thdi! Ong

Xuan, xin dng lam chung cho tdi rang tdi la nguai chdng moc sirng" [14, tr.145].

That quai gd, hg hg tranh nhau mgc sung, mdt cau chuyen khdng ra chuyen dau

Ngd minh Sd, cung chang phai chuyen hieu lam, nd rdi tung rdi mu, nd dien bien

bat chap mgi logic. Them nua, cudc dau khau giua hai vj danh y cung la mdt phong

each gap ghenh day vap vap, day ca ra day mudng the nao, dan den chuyen "cd Nga

hdi ndch ", "cd Tuyet cd may ndt ghe a minh ", "ba phd Doan cd chua", gay mdt

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Suthuc d ddi" trongtieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

cudc hoang loan va nhung tran cudi ben giudng benh cu Co To, ddn miic cu dang me man "phdi tinh han ra nhu khdng dau dm gi cd ". Thudc cua cu lang Phe, lang

Ty that than hieu; lien theo do la ndi dai nhung tan hai kjch, nhung tran cudi vd

bung khdng ngdt trong Sd do.

3.1.2. Gieu nhai phong trao the due the thao.

The due the thao vdn rat can thiet cho cudc sdng con ngudi. Ban than hoat ddng nay khdng dang che gieu, ngugc lai rat dang nggi ca, khuyen khich, song thi due the thao mdt each "gia vd" hoac vide lgi dung the due the thao de lam nhirng

hien thuc phe phan thudng dung tieng cudi de phe phan net tieu cue nay ciia chinh

sach the due the thao cua thuc dan. Nguyen Cdng Hoan thi cd han mdt truyen ngan

ve de tai nay: truyen Tinh thdn the due. Vii Trgng Phung thi trong nhieu trang ciia

chuyen khdng lanh manh thi deu do dang cudi, dang phe phan, len an. Cac nha van

phong trao phu nu tap the thao. Linh hdn ciia phong trao nay, trudc het phai ke tdi

tieu thuyet So do da gieu nhai mdt each sau cay phong trao thd due the thao, nhat la

dng: ba Van Minh, mdt mau muc cua phong trao phu nu the due the thao. Day la ngudi phu nu that sir "tan tien", xet d phuang dien tinh than thd thao the due. 6 nhan vat nay, "tinh thdn the due" dugc the hien khdng phai bang ldi ndi sudng ma

bang hanh ddng thuc te. Vdi chide quan sooc trang rat diing mdt, rat "hap thai

Van Minh, ngudi hd hao the thao nhung khdng bao gid tap the thao. Sau ddn vg

trang", Van Minh vg say me tap danh quan vgt han bat cii ngudi phu nu nao. Thay

day khdng phai ai khac ma chinh la Xuan Tdc Do, ngudi da tung danh hdng may

qua banh trong khi hudng dan hgc trd ciia minh bdi cap dui cua cd nay. Ong "gido

su quan vat" nay da tung lam nghe nhat banh quan, nay trd thanh "gia su" cho ba

Phd Doan, ngudi dan ba ludn lo lang "de tdi cung phai tap the thao mdi duac,

khdng cd cha may luc md gid " nen da san ldng bd tien xay san quan cho phong trao

vdi ngudi dan ba na ddng dang hdi xuan the nay, the due the thao ia de dugc tre

de rdi "giangphai nhirng do lot cua phu nit..." ngay trong ngay khanh thanh. Ddi

trung mai mai va cung la de cd dieu kien "chinh phuc" trai tim chang trai Xuan Tdc

Dd "tre trung", "dai dot" han la de ren luyen siic khde cho ban than minh. Nhu vay,

luc bay gid da trd thanh cai trd cudi dudi ngdi but cua Vu Trgng Phung.

3.1.3. Gieu nhai phong trao van chuxmg lang man.

Van chuang lang man thai ky 1930- 1945, a thai diem dau cd nhieu cay but

the hien thanh cdng ve luu phai van chuang lang man. Hg dung ngdi but ciia minh

nhu mdt loa phat ngdn de ddi quyen sdng, quyen tu do giai phdng ca nhan. Song do

trong Sd do, the due the thao, mdt chinh sach ma thuc dan phong kien lam rum beng

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

bdi canh xa hdi tac ddng va quan niem lech lac ve van chuang lang man nen thai ky

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

nay van chuang lang man da xuat hien nhirng mat tieu cue. Nam bat dugc nhirng

xoay sau vao net tieu cue ay ciia phong trao van chuang lang man, trudc het la

nhirng tieu thuyet tinh lang man.

Day la nhan vat gai mdi lang man - cd Tuyet - ngudi da tung tuyen bd trudc

Xuan Tdc Dd "anh biet cho rang em lang man lam". Cung gidng nhu mdt sd nhan

vat gai mdi ciia van xuoi Tu lire van doan, Tuyet rat lang man, tham chi lang man

han che ciia van chuang lang man, bang thu phap gieu nhai, Vii Trgng Phung da

han the vi Tuydt da trd thanh "mot trang ban sir nit, nghia la demi vierge, nghia la

cdn tdn mot nua" [14, tr.132]. Ngudi phu nu "tdn tien" nay chi mudn "each menh

cdi gia dinh hu lau va khdn nan de duac tu do ", de dugc yeu theo each cua minh,

de dugc sung sudng den cai muc "mudn viet ngay mdt cudn tieu thuyet ve dai minh"

de dugc ndi nhirng ldi ndi day lang man vdi ngudi yeu Xuan Tdc Dd: "Em sung

sudng qua! Em mudn chet anh a! Em mudn tu tu... Neu cd hai ta cung nhdy xudng

lap sdng bac kia (hd True Bach) ma chet thi cd phdi cd nude se ban tdn mai ve cudc

tinh duyen ghe gdm ciia chung ta khdng!" [14, tr.232]. Trong cau ndi ciia Tuyet, ta

de dang nhan ra Vii Trgng Phung dang nhai tieu thuyet Td Tdm ciia Hoang Nggc

Phach. Khi Td Tdm ra ddi, nd cd rat nhieu y kien xung quanh tac pham, nhieu ngudi

ddng tinh va cung khdng it ngudi bac bd nd. Du d khuynh hudng nao di nua thi Td

Tdm van anh hudng kha manh ddi vdi ddc gia. Tu khi tieu thuyet ra ddi, cd rat

nhieu du luan xdn xao ve vide nhung nam thanh nu tii ra hd Triic Bach nhay xudng

tu tu do tinh duyen khdng dugc nhu y nguyen. Day hoan toan la sir that va theo Vu

Trgng Phung do chinh la cai tieu cue ciia van lang man ddi vdi nep sdng truyen

thdng ciia dan ta.

Cung vdi tieu thuyet lang man, tha lang man cung trd thanh ddi tugng gieu

nhai ciia Vu Trgng Phung. Trong Sd do, tac gia da dung len chan dung mdt thi si

lang man (vj hdn phu cua Tuydt) vdi nhung net ve rat dac trung: dang ngudi "be

nhd, mat hoc hac nhu mat nhitng nhd thi si cd ten tudi, ddi mat la da, cdi thdn the

dm o ldn trong bd Au phuc quan chdn voi" [14, tr.137]. Thi si da dgc nhung van

tha biet bao xiic cam, udt at:

"Chang duac nhu hoa vudng got ai,

Ldng ta man mac td tai thay,

Vdi vang nhat lay bdng hoa ndt

De dp cho long ndi dam say!" [14, tr. 138]

Nhirng van tha nay "cd nghia ly gi" khi dem ra so vdi tha "cam cum nhuc ddu "

ciia "thi si" Xum Tdc Dd:

"Du gia cd, du du nhi,

Suang hdn nang gid bat ky- biet ddu?

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

Sinh ra cam, sot, nhuc ddu,

Da khd, minh ndng, du sau, ire...

Dem ngdy ndi sang ndi me...

Chan tay met mdi, khd be yen vui.

Vayxin mdch bao ddi lai:

"Nhuc ddu gidi cam " lieu dai diing ngay "[14, tr. 139, 140]

Nhung van tha nay khi dgc ldn, Tuyet phai reo len "Giai ai anh la mdt bdc

ky tai! That la xuat khau thanh chuang. Md tha nhu the thi that la trao phung lam

khdng kem gi Tii Ma" [14, tr.140]. Cdn nha thi si lang man thi chi cdn mdt each la

"than phuc" va "cudi dau" kinh can chao Xuan rdi chudn mat vdi cai mat do nhung

hd then.

Van tudng rang Vii Trgng Phung chi nhai gigng didu cua mdt sd bai tha lang

man thudng dang tai tren thi dan bao chi cdng khai luc bay gid. Nhung chi can ta lat

chac chan rang Vu Trgng Phung da nhai bai tha Chieu thu cua Thai Can, dac bidt la

d khd cudi:

quyen Thi nhdn Viet Nam 1932- 1941 cua Hoai Thanh va Hoai Chan, ta se thay

"Chang duac nhu hoa vuang got nang

Cdi long man mac gid nhu suang

Ta ve nhat lay hoa thu rung

Dang giit cho long ndi nhd thuang "

(Chieu thu)

DT nhien nhirng cau tha nhai cua Vii Trgng Phung cd them chat lam li sudt

mudt cho hop vdi mdt ke si tinh ao mdng. Nhung tai sao Vii Trgng Phung lai nhai

cau chuyen? Nhu ta da biet, trong phong each hai hudc cua Vii Trgng Phung, dng td

ra thich gieu nhai va cd sd trudng gieu nhai. Cach so sanh dac bidt ciia dng cung

bai Chieu thu cua Thai Can? Dieu nay cd y nghia gi trong viec tao tinh hai hudc ciia

phuc vu cho gigng van gieu nhai do. Khi mieu ta chan dung ngudi thi si: "Mot thieu

nien be nhd, mat hoc hac nhu mat nhitng nha thi si cd ten tudi" [14, tr.137]. Va khi

ta cai phong do trong dau khd ciia chang: "Net mat vdn thdn nhien nhu nhd thi si

can dam chiu dung ndi dang cay" [14, tr.138]. Vay thi viec Vii Trgng Phung nhai

tha ciia thi si cd ten tudi (chang han nhu Thai Can) ia sd thich cd that ciia dng. Cdn

sao lai nhai bai Chieu thu ciia Thai Can? Bdi le, day la bai tha vua hay lai vua rat

tugng quen quen ve "mdt bai tha thu ddm " theo kieu Xuan Tdc Dd, thi cung rat can

tao ra cai an tugng quen quen ciia "mdt bai tha thu thiet" hay ciia thi si si tinh.

hop tinh, hgp canh, hgp ngudi trong So do. Khi Vii Trgng Phung da tao ra cai an

cho dung y hai hudc ciia Vii Trgng Phung.

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

Khoang each rat rd ret giua cai that (bai tha that) va cai gia (bai tha gia) la rat can

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

Ngoai ra, Vii Trgng Phung cdn gieu nhai each dat but danh nhd nhang nhu

TYPN (tdi yeu phu nu) gieu nhai but danh (NGYM - ngudi yeu mg) hoac

TCHUYA (tdi chua yeu ai). Tac gia cdn gieu nhai ca kinh te thj trudng sdng bang

quang cao bjp bgm thai do. Cd the ndi phong trao Au hda, phong trao the due the

Xuan Tdc Dd "ma ca bdng" trd thanh "vinhdn". Ndi each khac, Xuan Tdc Dd da phat len nhd nhung phong trao nay. &nhan vat nay tap trung dii nhung "tinh tuy" cua nhung phong trao "sdi ndi" nhat thai ay. Xuan Tdc Dd da trd thanh nha cai

each, Au hda, nha the thao, nha tha lang man, chien si binh dan... diing la nhan vat

thao, phong trao van chuang lang man la manh dat tdt de gieo hat nay mam mdt

do tao van may "Sd do " cho nhung ke dam d, vd hgc, lau ca, bjp bgm.

3.2. SO SANH.

Nhu chiing ta da biet, so sanh la mdt phuang thiic bieu dat bang ngdn tu mdt

each hinh tugng dua tren ca sd ddi chieu hai hien tugng cd nhung dau hieu tuang

ddng nham lam ndi bat len dac diem, thudc tinh cua hien tugng nay qua dac diem, thudc tinh ciia dac diem kia. Chinh vi the, so sanh thudng cd hai ve. Vd dhu la hien tugng can dugc bieu dat mdt each hinh tugng. Ve sau la hinh tugng dugc dung dd

so sanh. Hai ve nay thudng ndi lien vdi nhau bdi nhung tu so sanh. Trong van hgc

dan gian thudng lay nhirng sir vat cu the hoac nhung hinh tugng tu nhien lam chuan

cua mdt thai dai. Xuan Tdc Dd la sir gieu nhai ca mdt thai dai. Nhung phong trao

muc so sanh nham cu the hda nhirng hinh tugng trim tugng.

dugc sii dung nhu phuang tien tao hinh. Cd khi dugc su dung nhu mdt phuang tien

bieu hien, hoac ket hgp ca bieu hien lan tao hinh. Chinh vi the, chuan muc so sanh

trong van hgc hien dai rat da dang. Cd nhieu kieu so sanh hdt siic ddc dao, bat ngd. Khi ndi den sir so sanh ddc dao thi khdng ai qua Vii Trgng Phung. Bang chiing la trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia dng, tu chuang md dau den cuoi cung ta bat gap rat

nhieu hinh anh dugc so sanh mdt each ddc dao ma tu trudc den gid chua cd nha van

nao the hien mdt each nghe thuat nhu vay.

Cach so sanh cua Vii Trgng Phung khdng gidng vdi bat ki nha van nao d giai doan cung thai nhu Ngd Tat To, Nguyen Cdng Hoan, Nam Cao,.. Ong dung ldi so sanh het siic ddc dao la ddi tugng dugc so sanh het siic bat ngd. So sanh thi thudng

hai ve (cai so sanh va cai dugc so sanh) tuang ddng vdi nhau hoac cai dugc so sanh

phai phu hgp vdi cai so sanh. Nhung trong van Vii Trgng Phung thi khac, each so

sanh cua dng vd cung dac biet. Nhung tinh hudng dugc Vu Trgng Phung dem ra

Trong van hgc hien dai thi chiic nang so sanh rat da dang. Cd khi so sanh

sanh nham muc dich lot tran bd mat ciia ca hai ddi tugng cung mdt luc. Tieu bieu

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

nhat va xuyen suot trong Sd do la ldi so sanh "tat ngang " va so sanh "dd mdc'.

"Suthuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

3.2.1. So sanh tat ngang.

Ngdn ngir nhan vat la mdt trong nhung phuang tien quan trgng dugc nha van sii dung nham the hien cudc sdng va ca tinh nhan vat. Trong tac pham, nha van cd

the ca the hda ngdn ngir nhan vat bang nhieu each. Chang han nhu la each dat cau, ghep tu, ldi phat am dac biet ciia nhan vat. Ngoai ra, nha van cdn cho nhan vat lap lai nhirng tu, cau ma nhan vat thich ndi ke ca nhung tu ngoai qudc va tu dja phuang. Va trong nhirng tac pham tu sir, nha van cdn thudng true tiep mieu ta phong each ngdn ngir ciia nhan vat. Trong So do, Vu Trgng Phung ngoai each ca the hda nhan vat mdt each sac net, dng cdn cho nhan vat ciia minh the hien ngdn ngu het siic ddc dao. Toan bd he thdng nhan vat trong So do deu cd mdt ngdn ngu rieng het siic dac biet. Tu cau "Biet rdi, khd lam, ndi mai" ciia cu Cd Hong, hay "Chung tdi rat hdn hanh" ciia Xuan Tdc Dd, cho den cau ndi ma khdng biet y nghia ciia ban than nd la gi ciia cau Phudc do la "Em chd" deu thd hien dugc ngdn ngu nhan vat mdt each ddc dao. Khdng dung lai d do, Vu Trgng Phung cdn that tai tinh khi dng su dung ldi "tat ngang" cho nhan vat cua minh. Vdi thu phap nghe thuat nay, Vii Trgng Phung da giup cho mdi nhan vat trong biic tranh biem hga ay hien len mdt each khdi hai va bjp bgm. Ddng thai ban chat xau xa ciia doi tugng trao phiing dugc hien len het siic rd net. Ngoai ra, vdi each sii dung loi so sanh "tat ngang" nky thi mdt xa hdi tu san hien len mdt each chan thuc va day dii mau sic cham bidm ciia tac gia. Trong van ban Sd do, tu chuang md dau cho den cudi chuang Vii Trgng Phung deu the hien tai hoa ciia minh thdng qua cac lap ngdn ngir dac sac. Va ldi "tat ngang" la mdt trong nhung nghe thuat trao phiing dac sac ciia tac gia. Vdi ldi so sanh nay ddi tugng nham de so sanh khdng phai la mdt ma la nhieu ddi tugng, muc dich tao ra nhung net nghia ddi lap cd khi hai hudc,bdng dua, cd khi lai cham biem sau cay. Chang han, trong tac pham luc Xuan Tdc Dd dua cot vdi chj hang mia, tac

gia so sanh:

Xuan Tdc Dd dung phdng len, anh hung md ndi ddi:

- Day khdng cdn!

Chi hang mia luam ddi mot cdi, cong cdn:

- Khdng cdn thi cut vao trongay cd duac khdng?

Xuan Tdc Dd lai cuai hi hi nhu ngua rdi ngdi xudng... "[14, tr. 7]

Trong bai viet "VU Trong Phung trong rung cuai nhiet ddi" cua tac gia Van Tam, trong do cd de cap den nhieu nha nghien ciiu ve cai cudi nhu: Dao Duy Anh, Truang Chinh, Nguyen Due Dan,... Cac nha nghien ciiu yeu td hai trong van hda Viet Nam nay deu cho rang ngudi Viet Nam hay cudi. Tuy nhien, d mdi nha nghien ciiu lai phat hien net rieng ciia cai cudi Viet Nam. Diing vay, ngudi Viet Nam hay cudi, trudc den gid ta thudng nghe cai cudi ha he, cudi khoai chi, cudi ngat, cudi

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

cudi ciia con ngua. Tieng cudi cua mdt con ngudi dugc dem so sanh vdi tieng cudi

cua mdt con ngua. Day mdi thuc sir la cai cudi chain biem sau cay ma tac gia mudn

rd, cudi duyen,... nhung chua he nghe cai cudi "hi hi nhu ngua". Mdt sir khac biet rd ret trong tieng cudi ciia Xuan Tdc Dd. 6 day, tac gia chang khac nao ndi len tieng cudi ciia Xuan Tdc Dd chang mang mdt y nghia nao ca ngoai gidng nhu tieng

O cudi chuang III, doan ba Phd Doan bao lanh cho Xuan Tdc Dd ve. Ba vao

dua vao day de the hien nghe thuat trao phiing ciia minh.

phdng etam, thinh thoang vd vao bung, vao dui bi bach. Cdn Xuan Tdc Y)6 thi van

ngdi yen mdt chd cham chii vao quyen sach anh. Nguyen nhan de mdt ngudi dan ba lang la dudi cd Xuan sang tiem may Au hda la "anh khdng phdi la nguai thdng minh" [14, tr.44]. Va doan ket thiic chuang, tac gia da vidt: "Xuan Tdc Dd ra di,

vdi mdi hy vong chan chua trong long, khdng hieu rang minh da bi khinh bi nhu mdt nhd dao due chdn chinh da bi khinh bi" [14, tr.44]. Dieu dang ndi d day chinh la tac gia khdng chi khinh bi Xuan Tdc Dd, ma cai cdt ldi ia tac gia da len an gay gat nhung nha dao diic ra ve chan chinh luc bay gid. Bd ngoai hg td ra minh la mdt ngudi van minh cd dao due, het ldng het da cdng hien tai nang siic lire cho xa hdi, nhung thuc chat do chi la nhirng con ngudi gia doi, lira bjp dugc bao bgc bdi cai lap vd dao diic gia. Chi mdt cau ndi don gian ciia tac gia nhung da vach tran ca bgn ngudi Id bjch trong cai xa hdi dugc ggi la van minh, tidn bd ky.

Md dau chuang I thi ta da bat gap each so sanh ddc dao nay khi dng ndi vd

dng thay sd:

"Tren he, dudi bdng cay gao, mdt dng thay sd da cd tudi ngdi binh tinh nhin cdi trap, nghien muc, mieng son, dng but, vdi may la sd tu vi mdu, thinh thoang lai ngdp mdt cdi nhumdt nhd triet hoc chdn chinh" [14, tr.6]. Hoac khi ndi vd dng Van Minh khi ndi chuyen vdi ba Phd Doan vd vide xay dung san quan: "Ong ta ndi the mdt each lien thoang trdi chdy nhu nude sudi, sdt sang nhu nhirng nguai khdng thanh thuc chut nao cd "[14, tr. 77]. Hay "Ong ay ndi thi mdt each sot sang chdng kern nhitng ngudi gay gd dm yeu khdng he tap the thao bao gid va chi xui giuc ke khdc" [14, tr.15]. Khi ndi ve ten vien quan thi Vii Trgng Phung lai cd each so sanh mdi: "Ngdi lai mdt minh a phdng gidy, vien quan ngdp nhu mdt nhd budn gap hoi kinh te khung hoang" [14, tr.23]. Khi nhac den chdng ba Phd Doan thi nha van cd each so sanh het siic ddc dao vd cai chdt ciia dng Phd Doan: "Ong Phd Doan chet, chit trung thanh vdi nhd nude, chet chung tinh vdi va, chet nhu nhirng nguaiyeu va qua sue" [14, tr.17]. Khdng nhung thd, d chuang XX, khi Xuan Tdc Dd vira didn thuyet xong thi "tieng vd tay cua nhdn ddn ran len nhurao" [14, tr.286].

Khdng dung d day, Vii Trgng Phung cdn su dung nhung thu phap so sanh het siic ddc dao la so sanh vi von vdi chinh nd. Kidu so sanh nay ddc dao d cho la

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh 55 SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

cai so sanh va cai dugc so sanh thuc chat chi la mdt. Nghia la cai dugc dem ra so

hinh thiic, thuc chat ndi dung so sanh la con sd khdng bdi cai dugc dem ra so sanh

sanh khdng phai ddi tugng nao khac ma chinh la nd. Sir so sanh d day chi mang tinh

dudng nhu la mdt sir ddc dao, duy nhat va khdng the so sanh vdi bat ky cai gi ngoai

O chuang V, khi vg dng TYPN lai ciia hang "Au hda" va ddi co de ben vuc

nd. De rd han ve each so sanh nay, ta cung xem xet mdt sd dan chiing nhu sau:

ve van de phu nu tan thai thi Vii Trgng Phung da viet: "Ba va nha my thuat luc dy

tire gian nhu va nhirng nha my thuat" [14, tr.69]. Cung d chuang V, Vii Trgng

Dd thi: "Mat bd Phd Doan sung sia nhu mot vi qua phu thu tiet bi bac tinh " [14,

Phung cdn so sanh: "Ongphdn ddy thep dy da cam cd thao lui mot each bi mat cung nhu nhitng nguai chdng moc sirng khdc" [14, tr. 74]. (3 chuang XX, khi nghe cu cd Hdng diing len, cao gigng ma tuyen bd la da nhan ldi ga Tuydt cho Xuan Tdc

tr.291]. Rd rang, thuc nuc cudi thay khi vg nha my thuat dugc so sanh vdi vg nha

my thuat. Cdn dng chdng mgc sung thi so sanh vdi dng chdng mgc sung va ba Phd Doan lai dugc so sanh vdi chinh ba chii khdng la mdt ai khac. Nhung so sanh nay cho thay tac gia da tao ra cau triic tri tue tieng cudi dac biet ddc dao. Doi tugng trao phiing budn cudi d chd nd quai gd den muc khdng the so sanh vdi bit ki cai gi dugc. Nghia la nd la nd, mdt hien tugng duy nhat cd tren ddi.

That tai tinh khi Vii Trgng Phung da cd nhirng tinh hudng so sanh hdt siic ddc dao nhu vay. Mgi hinh thiic so sanh han, so sanh ngang, so sanh bang dugc Vii Trgng Phung the hien rat thanh cdng. Ong ludn tao cho ta hdt bat ngd nay cho ddn bat ngd khac trong xuyen suot tac pham ciia minh. Qua sir so sanh tat ngang nay, Vii Trgng Phung da the hien kha rd nhung tinh each dien hinh ciia nhirng con ngudi bjp bgm, gia ddi trong xa hdi tu san luc bay gid.

3.2.2. So sanh da moc.

Ben canh hinh thiic so sanh "tat ngang" dugc dd cap d tren, Vii Trgng Phung

cdn the hien each so sanh "dd moc" vao trong tac pham ciia minh. Va each so sanh nay dac bidt d chd, cai so sanh vdi cai dugc so sanh hoan toan khdng lien quan ddn nhau tham chi each xa nhau. Nhung cai dugc dem ra so sanh vi nhu mdt phuang tien de ngudi so sanh cd djp xam xoi, che bai, mdc meo. Thuc ra, day chinh la ngu y cua tac gia khi dung ldi so sanh nay. Bdi le, each so sanh nay dong thai tac gia da vach tran bd mat ca hai ddi tugng (cai so sanh va cai dugc sao sanh) cung mdt luc. Mdt mui ten Vii Trgng Phung da ban triing hai con nhan, do la mdt thanh cdng ldn va ia net ddc dao tieu bieu cho ngdi but bac thay cua Vii Trgng Phung.

Trai dai suot Sd do, ta bat gap rat nhieu chi tiet dugc nha van dem ra so sanh, nhung vdi ldi so sanh "dd mdc " thi sd lugng xuat hien khdng nhieu. Mat du vay, nhung nd da the hien mdt each kha day dii nhirng dac diem ciia nhung con ngudi

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

trong xa hdi tu san luc bay gid. CJ chuang I, khi dng thay sd dang ngu gat thi cd

ngudi den xem que "Ong cu tinh can ngu gat tuc khac ldi ngay cdi but long gai a

tai xudng nhanh nhen, chang kem nhitng thay canh sdt luc bien phat" [14, tr.9].

Mdt sir so sanh da mdc het siic ddc dao dugc tac gia do, cap d day. Ddi tugng so

sanh va ddi tugng dugc so sanh deu dugc lot mat na cung mdt luc. Ta cdn la gi vdi

gidi canh sat trong tac pham. Ndi la canh sat vay thdi chii toan bd chi la nhirng con

ngudi lgi dung thai ca de hudng lac ve minh. Mdt canh sat chan chinh luc nao cung

mudn xa hdi minh sdng trong an binh thjnh vugng. Dieu nay khdng he cd ddi vdi

gidi canh sat d day. Gidi canh sat nay chi mudn tim so hd ciia mgi ngudi nhu vide

tha chd chay rdng ngoai dudng hay vide nha cua khdng dugc vd sinh sach se de

than, d& the hien sir uy nghiem chan chinh ciia mdt lire lugng het ldng vi cdng

bien phat. Dugc bien phat la niem vinh du ldn cho hg, bien phat de the hien ban

tugng dugc hien len cung mdt luc de vach tran bd mat ciia nhau. Qua day la mdt thu

chiing. Vii Trgng Phung da dung ddi tugng nay de da kich doi tugng kia. Ca hai ddi

Hoac d chuang VIII, khi Xuan Tdc Dd ndi ve gidi tu hanh thi Vu Trgng

Phung da viet: "Gdm, cac nha su quang cao canh tranh nhau nhu the thi cung gan

phap nghe thuat cd mdt khdng hai trong giai doan van hgc duang thai.

bang "Vua Thudc Lau" canh tranh nhau" [14, tr.184]. Vide nha su quang cao canh

tranh nhau de true lgi la cai khdng the chap nhan dugc ddi vdi mdt nha su chan

chinh. Nhung dieu nay ta cdn la gi d Sd do. Nha su d day gidng nhu mdt nha "kinh

doanh" khdng han khdng kem. Thien tai han nua la tac gia da so sanh vdi "vua

nhung chiing lai dua dam, bd sung va nhat la vach tran bd mat ciia nhau. Chi dung

mdt mui ten ma tac gia da ha ca hai con nhan cung mdt luc. Han nua, khi dng su

thudc lau". Cung gidng nhu d tren, ca hai ddi tugng hien len hoan toan xa rdi nhau

chua Ba Banh tu quang cao: "... chung tdi budn ban dung dan chu khdng them gid nhitng thdi canh tranh bat chinh nhu hdi Phat gido a "[14, tr. 187]. d day, lai them mdt sir so sanh dd mdc het siic ddc dao. That tiic cudi khi dng su chua Ba Banh tu

cho minh la budn ban chan chinh cdn Hdi Phat giao thi gid thdi canh tranh bat chinh. Ai chan chinh, ai bat chinh thi tat ca mgi ngudi deu rd didu nay. Vii Trgng

Phung that tai tinh khi dua ca hai ddi tugng hien len cung mdt luc vdi day dii ban

chat xau xa, true lgi. Cd the ndi day la bien phap thanh cdng va hieu qua nhat la d

chd cung mdt luc nd lot mat na ca hai ddi tugng. Nd khdng chi dung lai d mdt vai

ddi tugng ma ca xa hdi hien len vdi day dii bd dang ngay ngd, Id bjch. Khi ta dgc So

sao, vua khinh bi va day cam phan ddi vdi mdt lap xa hdi nhd nhang, bjp bgm, Id

bjch. Tat ca nhirng han ngudi ay khdng biet xau hd ma cdn venh vao, phd phang

thai dd ciia nhung ke hanh tien. Cd the ndi bien phap nghe thuat nay da giup ta cd

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

do, dang sau mdi chi tiet ay, an hien thap thoang nu cudi vua thdng minh, vua sac

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

hien len mdt each trgn ven thdng qua nhirng con ngudi va hanh ddng ciia hg. Vii

Trgng Phung that sir thanh cdng vdi ngdi but trao phiing de tao ra tidng cudi ha he

nhu the nay. Rd rang, ta de dang nhan ra ngdn tu ciia Vii Trgng Phung cd budc khai pha hoan toan mdi me han so vdi cac nha van hien thuc phe phan cung thai. Ong xiing dang ia dinh cao ciia nghe thuat sang tac van hgc phe phan hien thuc giai doan

1930-1945.

3.3. CHOI CHIT.

Nhu chiing ta da biet, chai chu la mdt bien phap tu tu cd dac diem ngudi

cai nhin toan dien han ve xa hdi tu san Id lang nay. Tat ca "sir thuc d ddi" dugc

sang tac nhung chd gidng nhau ve ngir am, ngu nghia, van tu, van canh de tao ra sir bat ngd thu vj trong each hieu, trong ddng lien tudng cua ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Cach chai chu trong ca dao, dan ca, trong ldi an tieng ndi hang ngay rat phd bien. Vdi bien phap chai chtr da gdp phan lam tang them gia trj nghe thuat ciia tac pham. Trong van hgc giai doan 1930- 1945, cd rat nhidu tac gia da sii dung rat thanh cdng nghe thuat nay vao tac pham ciia minh. Nhung that thanh cdng va ddc dao han nhat do chinh la Vu Trgng Phung- mdt nha van hien thuc xuit sac thai ky nay. Cac tac pham cd gia trj nhu Luc xi, Gidng td, Cam thay cam cd, Ky nghe lay Tdy,... ddu dugc nha van su dung hang loat tu ngu ddc dao the hien qua nghe thuat chai chu. Va thanh cdng va ndi trdi hon nhat chinh la tac pham Sd do. Sd do la mdt tieu thuyet trao phiing cd mdt khdng hai trong van hgc thai ky nay. Ndi chung nghe thuat trao phiing cho phep nha van phat huy thoai mai tri tudng tugng va but phap chai chu. Tuy nhien cho den nay, trong van hgc Viet Nam cd le chua cd ai khai thac mdt each triet de va sau sac nghe thuat trao phiing nhu trong tac pham So do. Tir dau den cudi truyen toan la nhirng tinh hudng bja dat ddn phi ly, toan nhung chan dung dugc ve nguech ngoac vdi nhung net hdt siic ky quae. Mdt thang luu manh trd thanh thi si, bac si, triet gia, anh hung ciiu qudc,... Mdt mu me Tay dam d dugc sic ban "Tiet hanh khd phong". Mdt dng Phan thud tidn de dugc ggi la "dng chong moc sirng". Mdt cu cd chang biet cai gi nhung hd md mieng ra la "biet rdi, kho Idm, ndi mai". Tat ca deu nay va cdn hon the nua dugc Vii Trgng Phung the hien rat thanh cdng thdng qua each chai chu ciia minh. Nhung tu ngu ddng am khac nghia, ddng nghia khac am dugc nha van the hien vd cung ddc dao qua but phap trao phiing dai tai ciia minh.

Ndi ve gia trj nghe thuat Sd do vdi nhung thu phap trao phiing, thuc ra khdng the nao ke cho het dugc. Cd the ndi nghe thuat gay cudi nam d mgi chi tidt, tir each dung tir, each dat cau, each vi von so sanh... Ngay d nhung cai ten nhan vat trong Sd do cung dugc Vii Trgng the hien qua each chai chu. Nhan vat didn hinh vdi cai

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

ten la Xuan Tdc Dd bdi vi trudc gid nd khdng ddi mu nen tdc nd mdi do. Cdn nhan

vat Van Minh thi cai ten dugc ghep bdi Van+ Minh= Van Minh. Ggi la Van Minh

nhung do chi la hinh thiic ben ngoai, thuc ra Van Minh khdng he "van minh" chut

nao. Tat ca chi la sir gia ddi, bjp bgm, van minh rdm chay theo cap tien de che day

ban chat xau xa ciia minh. Cdn cai mu me Tay Phd Doan thi khdng he doan chinh

Typn- tdi yeu phu nu- that la mdt trd he trong cai xa hdi toan la nhirng con rdi bj

chut nao nhung lai td ra minh la mdt ngudi trung trinh tiet liet trudc mat mgi ngudi.

cung dugc nha van the hien mdt each ddc dao vdi each chai chu tai tinh ciia minh.

Ba Phd Doan da tung thdt len trudc mat mgi ngudi rang: "Thdi! Tdi da nhat dinh...

giat day. Khdng chi the, thdng qua nhung cau ndi ciia cac nhan vat trong tac pham

ndi cd vong hdn dng Doan vdi dng Phdn nhd tdi chung giam cho, tdi nhat dinh thu

minh phai thu tiet vdi hai ddi chdng mdt each vd tu nhu vay. Chi cd Vu Trgng

tiet vdi hai dng" [14, tr.49]. Tiic cudi thay, ai ddi mdt ngudi phu nu dam ndi rang

mdt vj khach nu rang: "Quan do de td diem, de lam tang sac dep, chu khdngphdi

Phung mdi cd the dung tir ddc dao nhu vay. Hoac d chuang IV, Typn da ndi vdi

de che day. Bao gia... bao gia may phuc tien bd den cue diem, di den chd tan thien

tdn my, thi nghia lay phuc phdi khdng cdn... che day cdi gi ciia ngudi dan ba nua"

[14, tr.55] va "chung tdi phdi che them cd nhitng kieu mdi va nhitng thu quan do

lot minh a ben trong chu khdng phdi chi cdi each be ngoai" [14, tr.56]. Cdn trong

ldi ndi ciia Van Minh thi: "Moa cd mdt thang ban hien da ma phdng khdm benh do

hai nam nay. Sd nguai chet vi han cung khd nhieu. That la mdt dng lang bam cd

danh vong" [14, tr.85]. Trong cau ndi cua dng su chua Ba Banh thi: "Day ngai

xem, anh chii cdi bdo gi dy ddm cdng kich su di hdt cd ddu md ban tang kien tda

cho phdi thua hoc mdu mom ra day" [14, tr.183]. Hay doan nghe dng ddc td True

Ngdn dien thuyet thi ba Phd Doan rat yen tam vi te ra "ba da ldng la nghe dung

nghia ly sach vd cua thanh hien, nghia la da trot hu hdng mot each cd tinh khoa

hoc" [14, tr.276]. Mdt dieu dang budn cudi han la Vu Trgng Phung cdn sii dung ldi

san quan vgt ciia ba Phd Doan. Khi quan khach da ket thiic tide sam banh di tham

ndi ngugc, chai chu (ddng am khac nghia). Chang han nhu trong djp le khanh thanh

san quan mdi dugc xay dung thi "tren rang ludi ciia cdi san quan cdn mai nguyen

nhu mdt cd gai cdn tdn, nguai ta thay mdt... hai... ba... bdn cdi quan, quan dui,

quan ngu, quan ra phd, quan a nha cdi nao cung bdng lua, hodc tran, hodc theu

ddng ten, nhung cdi cd the khien nhung dng cu gia trdng thay cung phdi lai ldng

long xuan.

Dien nguai, ldn rudt len, ba Phd Doan da goi ngay nguai vu gia ra mang cho mdt

trdn kich liet, thi vu gid cd hu vd bdo thu dy cu lau nhau "

- "Ai biet ddu day! Goi la san quan thi ai chd tuang de phai quan " [14, tr. 155]

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

Vii Trgng Phung cdn su dung each chai chu khi chdng ciia cd Hoang Hdn-

dng Phan "moc sirng". Ong nay cd lan thud Xuan Tdc Dd, he gap dng ta d dau thi

hay ggi: "Thua ngai, ngai la mot chdng moc sirng". Liic ay, Xuan Tdc Do da sd

vao dau ciia dng Phan de xem cai sung cua dng ta dau. Qua day la mdt each chai

chu ddc dao ma Vii Trgng Phung tao ra nham da kich, cham biem nhirng con ngudi

ngay ngd, chay theo cap tien rdm. Qua that, each chai chu nay cua Vii Trgng Phung

cd mdt khdng hai tren ddi. Tir ldi ke chuyen cho den ngdn ngu ciia tung nhan vat

deu chiia dung cai cudi sau cay den chay nude mat. Thdng qua nghe thuat nay, tinh

each cung nhu nhan pham ciia tung nhan vat hien len rat rd ret. Tuy chi la nhirng ldi

ndi vi von nhung nd lai chiia siic manh phe phan gay gat tang lap tu san bay gid. Ca

mdt xa hdi hien len vdi nhung con ngudi bj tha hda ve nhan pham, dao diic.

Ngoai ra, each chai chu cua Vii Trgng Phung cdn trai dai vdi nhieu khia

canh khac nhau. Mdt ten dugc ggi la "ma cd bdng" thi lai la mdt anh hung ciiu

qudc, mdt vi nhan, mdt nha cai each giao due. Mdt ten lam nghe nhat banh thi dugc

hd hao ggi la "gido su quan vat". Khi dau quan vgt bj thua vdi vua Xiem do la dieu

nhuc cho ban than cho nude nha thi lai dugc coi do la niem vinh quang. La mdt

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

ngudi tung lam nghe ban thudc lau thi lai trd thanh mdt "sinh vien truang thuoc",

mdt "ddc ta". Hay mdt ten vd giao due thi lai dugc ggi la nha cai each Phat giao:

"Thai budi tdi tdn nay Phat md khdng biet tien gido hda theo van minh thi cung

chet nhdn rang" [14, tr.187]. Dd la chiing ta dang ndi ve Xuan Tdc Dd. Cdn nhan

vat ba Phd Doan thi la mdt ngudi dan ba dam d hai ddi chdng thi lai dugc phong la

"Tiet hanh Khd phong". Ba la ngudi thich hu hdng nhung lai dugc tac gia ggi la

"hu hdng mdt each cd khoa hoc ". Cdn cu Cd Hdng thi ai ddi ngudi ta deu thich

minh khde minh tre nhung dng ta thi lai thich minh gia, thich minh gay yeu. Mdt

nghjch ly ay nhung lai rat cd ly va diing vdi ban chat ciia tung nhan vat. Mdi nhan

dam tang thi Vii Trgng Phung ggi la "hanh phuc". Tat ca nhung dieu tudng chung

mdt chieu bai cua Vii Trgng Phung nham vach tran bd mat xau xa cua mdi nhan vat

trong tac pham. Tat ca la nhirng cai cudi cham biem sau cay cho cai xa hdi tu san

gia ddi ay. Cai xa hdi chi biet sdng de hudng thu va chay theo cap tien rdm. Va Vii

Trgng Phung that sir thanh cdng vdi but phap trao phiing ddc dao ciia minh. Dd la

mdt dac sac nghe thuat ma khdng phai mdt nha van nao cung the hien mdt each ddc

dao va chan thuc den nhu vay.

3.4. CAC TO HOP NGHICH NGU".

The loai tu sir vdn cd mdt qua trinh van ddng va phat trien lau dai. CJ thai ky

trung dai, van xuoi chii yeu sii dung ddc thoai, mang tinh udc Id. Den thai hien dai,

vat hien len vdi bd dang ngay ngd, ngd ngan, bjp bgm. Cach chai chii nay cdn la

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

van xuoi phat trien theo chieu hudng da tinh, da am, da gigng dieu. CJ day, gigng

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

viec lien ket cac gigng dieu ciia mdt cudc hdi thoai mang tinh xa hdi rdng ldn. Vu

Trgng Phung la mdt trong sd khdng nhieu nha van da tao ra dugc nhung tac pham

nhu the. Sd do cd the coi la mdt vi du tieu bieu. Dgc tac pham nay, ta deu bat gap

trong mdi cau, mdi doan, mdi trang, mdi chuang va trong toan bd tac pham ludn am

ap tieng cudi ldn nhd. Tieng cudi ay dugc det nen bdi nhung gigng dieu trao phiing

phong phii, da dang. De thanh cdng trong tieng cudi trao phiing ciia minh, Vii

Trgng Phung da ket hop rat nhieu thu phap de tao tieng cudi trong tac pham. Mdt

trong nhung yeu td trao phiing lam nen nhirng tran cudi ha he do, chinh la thu phap

nghe thuat dung nhung td hop nghjch ngu. Vdi thu phap nay, tac gia da bdc tran ban

chat xau xa cua ddi tugng trao phiing. Han the nua, tac gia da vach tran ca mdt xa

hdi tu san nhd nhang, bjp bgm, mdt xa hdi ma chiia toan nhung con rdi bj giat day

tren mdt san khau he cua cudc ddi.

Ngdn tir ciia Vii Trgng Phung tung hoanh day hiing thu va hieu biet cai do

thj gia ddi nay. Vii Trgng Phung la nha van do thj, thuan tuy do thj, bieu dat trung

thanh tinh than cua do thj. Trong Sd do nhung canh nghjch bgm, phi ly, ddi nghjch,

that va gia, njnh bg nhau ddng vien nhau, cdng kenh nhau tdn sung nhau, dat diu

nhau... tat ca dugc bieu dat bang nhung ngdn tu day nghjch li. Trong toan bd tac

pham, mdt loat nghjch du vdi nhirng tu ddi nghjch. Chang han, d chuang dau khi

ndi ve dng Thay sd, nha van da so sanh dng thay sd ngap dai "nhu mdt nha triet hoc

dieu tac gia khdng cdn giu vai trd ddc tdn ma da trd thanh yeu td quan trgng trong

chdn chinh". Doan Xuan Tdc Dd ngdi "tri ki" vdi cd hang mia thi dugc Vii Trgng

Phung ggi la cudc "tinh duyen Binh ddn". Khi ndi ve Xuan Tdc Dd, nha van da sii

dung rat nhieu nhirng tir ngu nghjch ly de cham biem sau sac: "Nd di lung thiing,

hai tay dut tiii quan nhu mdt nhd triet hoc" hoac "nd dap ddng hao vdn xudng them

xi mang "rdt oanh liet" ". Ben canh do, trong tac pham cai binh dan thi dugc dua

len cao hoac cai thugng luu dugc bj ha xudng thap. Dieu nay hoan toan mdi me

trong tac pham. Khi mieu ta ve ba Phd Doan, Vu Trgng Phung da that tai tinh khi

khac hga len hinh tugng mdt nhan vat cd mdt khdng hai day mau thuan: "trac ngoai

tu tuan vdi y phuc trai la han ciia cac thieu nu, mat bu ra nhitng son va phdn, tdc

den lay lay nhung md quan, ca ngudi ndng it ra bdy muai cdn, nhung cdi khan vdnh

gidy dung mdt hit sue thi lai nhd xiu va ngan ngun cd mdt mdu, mdt dii nhat ti hon

ket hap vdi mdt vi da khdng Id, mdt con chd be trdng ky di nhu con ky ldn" [14,

tr. 11]. Dieu dang ndi d day nua la hinh anh ba Phd Doan lai dugc dat ben canh anh

chang "cao ngang, gay det, Id hau, hai mat nhu dc nhdi" [14, tr.ll], do chinh la

Van Minh. Tat ca la nhung tir ngu nghjch dj nhung lai dua dam, dat diu nhau.

Khdng dung d do, khi ndi ve cau Phudc, tac gia cung the hien that thanh cdng mdt

"cau be to tudng", mdt "cau be khdng Id"; khi gid trdi cau hat hai "nhitng bon cdi"

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

~61

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Suthuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

va dem thi cau "ddi ddm cd mdt ban". That nuc cudi thay khi nhirng tu ngu nay lai

dugc bat len mdt each tu nhien nhung the hien thai do khinh bi. Cac tir ngir doi da

nhau de tao nen nhirng cai cudi day cham biem.

Ngay ca cai ten "Xuan Tdc Dd" cung mang y nghia trai ngugc. "Tdc Dd" la

cai tudng, cai hau qua tai hai ciia cai kiep ma ca bdng khdn kho. Xuan Tdc Dd da

tung thdt len: "Me kiep, chu xua nay cd mua mu bao gid md tdc chd do" [14,

tr.13]. Dieu nay ai cung biet la do Xuan Tdc Dd da trai qua nhung thang ngay trdi

ndi de tir kiem sdng nen tdc nd mdi do do khdng cd mu. Song, vdi mdt thanh nien

va mdt thieu nu d khach san Bdng Lai thi tdc do lai la rat mdt, rat hop thai "Bam,

tdc ngai nhudm dep lam, that la hap thdi trang" [14, tr.126]. Nha van ludn sii dung

nhirng ddi nghjch nhu vay de dien dat tinh nhieu mat ciia nhan vat.

O chuang "Hanh phuc ciia mdt tang gia ", ngay d cai ten thdi la ta da thay

phuc". Cai dam tang bat hu cu Cd Td cong la ban tdm tat ngan ggn Sd do bang

nd cd sir ddi lap hoan toan. Da ndi den cai dam tang ma tac gia lai dung tu "hanh

nhieu phong each Tay, Ta, Tau cd hu, hien dai, va ket hgp can ba cua nhieu nen van

hda. Ben canh "tieng ken Xuan Nu ai odn" la "ai ciing vui ve, sung sudng, venh

nhung tu ngu nhdn nhao, nhung cau triic ngdn tir nghjch ly, tuang phan, pha trdn

vao". Ben canh "ngdn ngu bd mat nghiem chinh " la "ngudi ta chiem nhau, cuai

tinh vdi nhau, binh phdm nhau, che bai nhau, ghen tudng nhau, mia mai nhau" [14,

tr.216]. Sir ddi nghjch cdn dugc the hien qua cau: "Bdy con chdu chi hieu chi ndng

rudt dem chdn cho chdng cdi xdc chet ciia cu td" [14, tr.208]. Ta thay, cd con chau

mdi mat. Chi cd nhung diia con, diia chau bat hieu nhu nhung nhan vat trong tac

pham mdi cd hanh ddng nhu vay. Vu Trgng Phung cdn tai tinh khi mieu ta ve mdt

dam ma: "That la mdt dam ma to tdc cd the lam cho ngudi chet nam trong quan tai

chi hieu nao lai cd y nghi mudn dem chdn cho khuat di ngudi cha, ngudi dng vua

cung phdi mim cuai sung suang, neu khdng gat gu cdi ddu" [14, tr.214]. That nuc

ngu ddi nghjch het siic ddc dao ma chi cd duy nhat Vii Trgng Phung mdi the hien

cudi, mdt ngudi chet ma cdn mim cudi, cdn gat gu cai dau. Tat ca deu la nhung tu

canh dam tang thdng thudng: "Ddm cu di", rdi "Ddm cu di", nd "di" ram rd lam

dugc nhu vay. Khdng nhung the, tac gia cdn dung hang loat tu ngu ddi nghjch vdi

"huyen nao" ca mdt do thanh vdi kieu, lgn quay, ken "bu dich" vdi "trai thanh gai

lich ". Day cdn la ca hdi de nhung bd do tang rat mdt ciia Typn, ma cai dinh cao la

Tuyet ban bd ao Ngay tha. Nhirng tu "vui ve" va "tre dep" lan at han nhung tieng

ai oan. Va nhirng am thanh ky cue "ldc bdc sodng" va "Hut., hut", rdi van "Hut...

hut... hut" cd le cdn vang vgng mai trong lich sii.

Ben canh do, trong Sd do Vii Trgng Phung cdn su dung hang loat nhung td

hop nghjch ngu dac sac khac. Chang han, tac gia ndi ve ba Phd Doan liic cdn tre bj

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do ciia Vu Trong Phung

hiep, thi do lai la "cudc hiep trdiphep", sau do lai trd thanh "cudc hiep dung luat". Hay d chuang md dau, khi tac gia ndi ve Van Minh: "Ong dy ndi thi mot cdch sot sang chang kem nhung nguai thay gay gd 6m yiu khdng he tap thi thao bao gid vd chi xui giuc ke khdc" [14, tr.15]. Ta thay rd rang, Van Minh "ndi mdt cdch sot sang" ma lai nhu "ngudi thay gay gd dm yiu ". Nhung tir ngu nay hoan toan ddi lap nhau, chinh vi vay, nd da tao ra cai cudi mia mai, cham bidm cho ddc gia. Hay khi Vu Trgng Phung ndi ve doan Tuydt nhd Xuan Tdc Dd lam hai mdt ddi minh. Liic ay, Xuan Tdc Y)6 da ndi: "Xin lay danh du ra ma lam hai mot dai em "[14, tr.118]. Xuan Tdc Dd da dam lay "danh du" ma lai di "lam hai" ddi Tuydt. Nhirng tii ngu that mau thuan nhung lai cd hieu qua rat cao trong vide the hien but phap trao phiing ciia tac gia. 6 chuang cudi, khi Xuan Tdc Dd chju thua trong tran dau quan vgt vdi mdt tay vgt ciia vua Xiem, Vu Trgng Phung da ndi Xuan Tdc Dd "thua mdt cdch dac thang". Rd rang, nhung tir ngu hoan toan ddi lap nhau da tao nen tieng cudi cham biem sau sac ve nhung con ngudi sdng trong xa hdi ay.

Khdng phai ngau nhien ma nhu co y Vii Trgng Phung da dua nhung to hop tir nay diing canh nhau. Ong da dung nhung td hop tu that ddc dao vua the hien dugc tinh than cua tac pham vira la cai cudi mia mai chua chat. Tir moi hanh ddng cho den ngdn ngu cua tung nhan vat deu dugc nha van khai thac mdt each triet de. Sir that ciia xa hdi, cua lich su dugc tai hien thdng qua cai cudi do. Cai cudi da dang, mudn ve cua van ban la sir that. Nd bdng dua, nhe nhang, hai hudc, cham biem, cai chuyen dau Ngd minh Sd, cai hidu lain, cai ngugc ddi, nghjch ly,... tat ca da the hien mdt each xuat sac trong toan bd tac pham. Rd rang, So do la mdt van ban chiia dung nhieu van ban mang nhung moi quan he ben trong vdi cac van ban khac. Ddng thai, nd la mdt sang tao mdi cua tai nang nghe si. Chinh vi vay, ta cd the khang djnh Sd do la mdt he thong ngdn tu dac sac mang tinh xa hdi va tinh lich

su cu the.

3.5. PHONG DAI KHOA TRl/ONG.

Khdng phai d linh vuc nao ngdi but ciia Vii Trgng Phung cung sac sao, nhung cd the ndi nha van da phu djnh hau hdt cac mat xa hdi thuc dan phong kidn: tir chinh trj, luat phap den tdn giao, dao diic, tir van hgc nghe thuat den y phuc, le nghi, sinh hoat... Nha van da phe phan xa hdi tir mdt gdc dd, tir mdt phia va cai phia tieu cue do da dugc cudng dieu, phdng dai theo but phap biem hga.

Xuan Tdc Dd ia mdt dien hinh dugc xay dung theo nghe thuat phdng dai. Trong Tieu thuyet Sd do cd nhung net that phi ly khien ta thay tac pham khd ma diing vung. Ay the ma liic dgc chiing ta dudng nhu bj ldi cudn hoan toan, khdng may ai ngung lai de dat mdt cau hdi: cho nay cd ly hay khdng? Dd la tac gia da nam vung dugc thuc chat ciia xa hdi tu san nen liic phdng dai len ta thay tac pham trung

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

thanh vdi sir sdng. Dd cung la do nha van da nam dugc nhirng dac trung ciia nghe thuat phdng dai. O nhan vat phdng dai cua nghe thuat biem hga, moi quan he binh

thudng vdi hien thuc bj pha vd, cho nen yeu cau trudc tien la phai dam bao tinh

nhat quan triet de trong hanh ddng cua nhan vat. Phdng dai nhung phai dam bao

tinh hoan thien ve mat logic. Phai tdn trgng sir sdng rieng biet ciia nhan vat, giu cho

nhan vat cd mdt sir phat trien hop logic ndi tai. Dd la yeu cau rat quan trgng cua

mgi tinh each dien hinh hien thuc chii nghia.

Cd ngudi cho rang Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt con rdi, hoan toan bj tac gia giat

day, nhan vat nay khdng cd siic sdng ndi tai. Dd la mdt ket luan vdi vang. Chiing ta

hay theo ddi qua trinh "nen ngudi" ciia han thi rd. Xuan Tdc Y)o chinh thiic budc

vao xa hdi thugng luu liic han dugc Van Minh gidi thieu ia sinh vien trudng thudc

va nhat la han chua khdi benh cho cu cd. Ngudi dau tien phuc va me han la cd

thanh minh vdi Xuan la "cu lang vu oan, chu tdi... tdi... tdi khdi may ndt ghe da tir

Tuyet. Chang the ma cd Tuyet tinh nguyen true dem vdi "quan ddc td" Xuan de

lau rdi" [14, tr.103]. Nhung ngoai cd Tuyet ra cdn nhieu ngudi phuc nd. Sir tinh cd

da day Xuan Tdc Dd, trong hai tuan Id, vao cai gia dinh trudng gia ciia Van Minh

va thanh the cua nd cii mdi ngay mdt ldn. "Su ngu ddn ciia nd duac nguai ta cho la

nhun nhdn, la su khiem tdn nen nd cdng duac yeu men han" [14, tr.104]. Ong thay

sd cd ddng cho nd la cd "mdt tuang lai rue ra lung lay tieng tdm cd phen" [14,

tr.105]. Ba Phd Doan lai cd ddng cho Xuan la ngudi "cd hoc thuc", vdi dng Phan

"moc sirng" dng nay lai khen nd trudc mat cu Hdng la "mot nguai dung dan mac

long hay cdn tre trung" [14, tr.105]. Cu cd Hdng lai "cdng kenh" nd la sinh vien

sir that, nhung da trot ndi ddi, sg ha mieng mat quai, va lai lat tay nd thi lay ai ban d

hieu Au hda cho. The la hoac tu minh lira ddi minh, hoac bj vd sd ke khac lira ddi,

ai cung d canh bd budc, khdng sg hai hoac khdng kinh trgng Xuan thi khdng dugc.

The la nd cii "nghiem nhien toa hudng ky thanh", nd cii len mai. Nd da nam dugc

cai quy luat cua xa hdi bjp bgm ay. "Nd biet rd dieu dy lam. Nd chi cha so phdn ldi

trudng thudc trudc mat cu ba va cu cd Td. Chi cd cap vg chdng Van Minh la bidt rd

nd len cao chdt vdt" [14, tr.104]. Den liic nao do, Xuan Tdc Dd bat dau cd mdt sir

sdng rieng biet. Tac gia viet: "Lau lau, sdng mai trong bdu khdng khi hdn loan

nhitng su kinh trong, sa set, man trdn ciia ke chung quanh, Xuan Tdc Dd dam ra

khinh nguai. Vi le theo thdi thuang nhirng ke nhun nhdn hay bi coi khinh, nen Xuan

Tdc Dd cang keu ngao, cdng lam bd lam tich bao nhieu, lai duac thien ha cdng kinh

trong" [14, tr.107]. Cd the ndi bat dau tu day, Xuan Tdc Dd da cd mdt sir bien chat,

mdt sir sdng rieng ndi tai ciia nd, nd da thanh xuang thanh thjt, Xuan Tdc Dd da dan

tdn trgng sir sdng rieng ciia nd, phai phuc tung sir phat trien logic ndi tai ciia nd. Cd

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

dan trd thanh mdt con ngudi sdng lirng lung trong tac pham. Vii Trgng Phung phai

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

the ndi hinh nhu tac gia cung khdng biet nd trd thanh "vi nhdn ", "anh hiing cuu qudc "tir liic nao nua. Chi biet rang liic tan hai kjch sap ha man, nd da dam nhay len mui xe hai ciia ba Phd Doan de "vdi cdi gigng trich thuang ciia mdt vi nhdn" [14, tr.284] ma dien thuyet trudc quan chiing. Nd dam ggi quan chiing ia "mi" va suy tdn minh la ngudi "xd thdn cuu nude ", la ngudi biet "chdi tir danh vong rieng" de "gdp mdt phdn vao su tien bd trong trdt tu vd hda binh cua td quoc" [14, tr.285]. Day la doan Xuan Tdc Dd dien thuyet sau tran tranh giai danh quail vgt vdi nha vd

djch Xuan La:

- "Hai quan chung! Mi khdng hieu gi, mi oan ta! Ta vdn yeu quy mi, mac long mi chang rd long ta... Thdi gidi tdn di vd cu viec an cu lac nghiep trong hda binh va trdt tu. Ta khdng ddm tuphu la bdc anh hiing cuu qudc, nhung ta da tranh cho mi nan chien tranh rdi! Hda binh van tui! Hdi Quoc Lien van tue!... [14, tr.285]. Xuan Tdc Dd vua dien thuyet xong, tieng vd tay ciia nhdn dan vang len nhu mua

rao!...

- Xuan Tdc Do van tue! Su dai bai van tue!

Nhu mdt bdc vi nhdn nhiin nhdn, nd gia qua dam chdo loai nguai, nhdy xuong dat, len xe hai... md may de lai cdi dam ddng cdng chung bui ngui vd cam ddng" [14, tr.286].

Ndi ve tai sii dung nghe thuat phdng dai cua Vii Trgng Phung, mdt thanh cdng ndi bat cua Sd do, nha nghien ciiu Phan Cu De cho rang: "Su phdng dai ciia Vii Trong Phung qua la qua sue tudng tuang. Nhung khdng ai cam thay vd ly. Xuan

Tdc Dd khdng chi la mdt bdc "vi nhdn " cd the han cdn len cao nita. Xuan Tdc Dd la mdt dien hinh thanh cdng, sinh ddng, cd su phat trien hap logic ndi tai, mdt nhdn vdt duac phdng dai nhung vdn hoan toan chdn that" [13, tr.211]. Cudc ddi Xuan Tdc Do sinh ddng vi nhieu cai bat ngd lam, nhirng sir bi mat cii dan dan dugc kham pha, ddc gia khdng the nao doan trudc dugc. Nhung toan bd cai bat ngd do lai tuan theo logic ndi tai ciia nhan vat, tuan theo nhung quy luat ciia cudc sdng nen vail hoan toan hgp ly. Chang han liic Xuan ndi ve benh hen suyen va dau da day trudc mat cu cd Hdng cho ba Phd Doan va vg chdng Van Minh "deu kinh hoang cd len, khdng cdn hieu nguyen cd vi ddu. That la ky quai khdng the tudng tuangduac nita " [14, tr.88]. Hay la liic cu lang Ty va cu lang Phe cai nhau lam Id ra nhirng didu bi mat nhu benh tran kinh ciia ba Phd Doan, benh hdi nach cua cd Nga va "mdy not ghe rudi" tren minh cd Tuyet lam cho ba ngudi do mat h6 then, ldi nhau cam co chay mat. Hay la cudc gap gd bat ngd giua Victor Ban vdi ngudi lam cdng cii cua han- bay gid la ddc td Xuan- ban giai cua cd gai lit cu Hdng- tai khach san Bdng Lai that la thu vj. Hai ngudi cii ngd ngang, nga ngac "lam let nhin trdm nhau". Ong Victor Ban kinh hai ciii dau rat thap bat tay Xuan Tdc Dd xong thi diing ngay mat

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

ra nhu ngudi bang gd. That vay, chinh sir nghiep ciia dng, ddi dng cung la ky la, tu

ddc td thi that khdng the tudng tugng dugc. Mdt ten dai bjp cd Victor Ban ma phai

kinh hoang len trudc sir thay ddi qua ky la ciia mdt cudc ddi mdt ten dai bjp khac la Xuan Tdc Dd hudng gi la chiing ta. Ay the nhung cai pha "anh hung tuang ngd" nay van cii hop ly vi cai xa hdi gia ddi, Id lang den nhu the thi khach quan se de ra

nhung con ngudi nhu the va cudc ddi ciia chiing vinh hien den bat ngd nhu vay van

la tat yeu.

Dac diem ciia cac hinh tugng cham biem la tac gia tap trung phu djnh mdt

mat cd tinh chat chu dao cua nhan vat, ca the hda nhan vat bang each cudng dieu,

phdng dai cai net chii dao ay. Vii Trgng Phung trong nhieu trudng hop da day sir

phdng dai len den dd cao nhung du sao nd cung chi cd tinh chat tuang ddi khdng

the nao dat den miic tuyet ddi. Nhung nhan vat phdng dai, nhung tranh ve hoat ke

cd the vi pham sir diing dan ve ngoai hinh, cd the pha vd mdi quan he binh thudng

vdi hien thuc. Nhung cung phai giu lai nhirng chi tiet chan that tdi thieu neu khdng

chi la nhung hinh tugng, nhung biic trang quai dj. Doan Xuan Tdc Dd dgc tha ling

khau vdi anh chang thi si lang man dang leo deo theo sau cd Tuyet dugc Vii Trgng

Phung phdng dai len rat nhieu.

khi dng lam Vua thudc lau va chu tiem Bdng Lai... Vay ma ngudi ay bay gid lai la

"Du gid cd, dii du nhi,

Suang hdn nang gid bat ky- biet ddu?

Sinh ra cam, sdt, nhuc ddu,

Da khd, minh ndng, du sau, ii e...

Dem ngdy ndi sdng ndi me...

Chdn tay met mdi, khd be yen vui.

Vay xin mdeh bdo ddi lai:

"Nhuc ddu gidi cam " lieu dai dung ngay!" [14, tr. 139, 140].

Ta thay hoan canh liic nay day hoan toan cd tinh chat udc Id. Nhung Xuan

Tdc Dd cung chi cd the thudc nhung bai tha "thudc cam, nhiic dau" the nay chii

khdng the dgc dugc nhirng bai tha lang man. Dd la cai chi tiet chan that ma tac gia

cdn giu lai mac dau nhan vat dugc phdng dai, ngudi ta van cd the nhan ra han la

Xuan Tdc Dd chii khdng phai la mdt ngudi nao khac.

Qua doan tha tren, ta thay Vii Trgng Phung cdn su dung nghe thuat cudng

dieu ciia van hgc dan gian, nghe thuat ma nhan dan ta dung de xay dung truyen cudi

va nhung vai he cheo. Ben canh do, phong each dan gian ndi bat d tai mieu ta qua

Xuan Tdc Dd. Day, Xuan Tdc Dd, thanh nien lam nghe nhat banh d san quan dang

dua nghjch vdi cac cd hang mia, cd the la ldi keo, cau veo nhau:

- Bd ra nao! Cu am a mai!

GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh

66

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

- Xin mdt ti! Mdt ti ti ti ti thdi!

- Khi 1dm nua!

- Ldng la thi cung chdng mdn...

- That day. Chinh chuyen cung chang san son de tha! Nhung nay, Duyen kia ai dai ma cha! Tinh kia ai tudng md ta tuang tinh. Hang da i bd me ra thi nay nay, mua chang mua giup, lai chi duac cdi bd em...

Xuan Tdc Dd dungphdng len, anh hung md ndi ddi:

- Ddy khdng cdn! [14, tr. 7].

Nhung dieu phan tich tren chiing td Vii Trgng Phung da giai quydt mdt each thu vj sir ket hop hai hda giua cai ngau nhien va cai tat ydu. Nha van da thuydt minh van de chii yeu bang logic hien thuc. La nhan vat dien hinh phan dien ciia van hgc

hien thuc 1930- 1945, Xuan Tdc Dd dich thuc la con de ciia xa hdi thuc dan tu san thai Au hda. Trong Sd do, Vii Trgng Phung cdn su dung phdng dai trong viec xay dung nhung nhan vat trao phiing khac nhu ba Phd Doan, Cu Co Hdng, Min Da, Min Toa,... va dng deu td ra rat thanh cdng bdi nhung nhan vat nay, nha van ludn giu lai dugc cai hat nhan hien thuc, cai cot ldi ciia chan ly phd bidn. Cd cai gdc do rdi thi mgi phdng dai, du phdng tiing den dau van chi la sir td dam ban chat hien thuc ma thdi. Chinh vi vay ma nhung Xuan Tdc Dd, ba Phd Doan, Van Minh, TYPN, Cd Hong, Min Da, Min Toa,... da trd thanh nhirng dien hinh cua chii nghia hien thuc.Va ndi ddn tai nghe su dung thu phap phdng dai, dac biet la ldi phdng dai nhan vat trao phiing, Giao su Nguyen Dang Manh nhan xet: "Tir dau din cudi tdc phdm, toan nhirng chuyen phdng dai den vd ly, toan nhirng dieu bia dat din ky quae vay md khdng cd hinh anh nao, chi tiet nao khdng cd hat nhdn khach quan ciia nd. Bdi vay nhieu nhdn vdt trong Sd do da dat tdi gid tri nhitng diin hinh hien thuc chu nghia xuat sac, nhat la ve tang lap tu san con budn hanh tiin, xd xien, bip bam, ddm dang, nhang nhdo"[11, tr.214].

GVHD: Hd Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

KET LUAN•

Tren van dan van hgc Viet Nam, Vii Trgng Phung la mdt trong it nha van tre

da de lai dau an khd phai trong ddi sdng van hgc Viet Nam trudc Cach mang. Tuy

cudc ddi va hoat ddng van hgc ciia dng kha ngan ngiii song dng da de lai nhieu

thanh cdng rue rd cho nen van xudi Viet Nam. Ong la mdt nha van cd tu tudng va

sang tac chiia day mau thuan, nhung cung la nha van cd ngdi but td cao manh me va

gay gat nhat cai hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam liic bay gid. Bang mdt tai nang ldn ddc

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

dao, mdt but lire manh me, Vu Trgng Phung da dung len mdt biic tranh rdng ldn,

Trong cai xa hdi ay, ndi bat len nhirng bd mat gian ac, ghe tdm ciia tang ldp trudng

chan thuc, sinh ddng ve xa hdi Viet Nam thuc dan phong kien den tdi duang thai.

gia thanh thj chi biet chay theo ddng tien va khoai lac. Nhieu tac pham ciia dng la

hgc hien thuc phe phan, ke den nhung tac pham ciia Vii Trgng Phung nhu Gidng td,

ldi nguyen riia cay ddc nem vao mat cai trat tu bat cdng vd nghia ly. CJ trao luu van

Va de, Sd do,... thi day la nhung kiet tac ciia nen van xudi duang thai va la nhirng

tac pham cd nhirng ddng gdp ndi bat cho sir phat trien rue rd ciia luu phai van chuang hien thuc phe phan. Trong sd do, tieu thuyet Sd do la tac pham dk lai tidng vang va mang gia trj sau sac ciia nen van xudi hien dai Viet Nam.

Trong Sd do, dang sau cai xa hdi tu san bjp bgm, Id lang, gia tao chinh la cai

cudi sau cay ciia Vii Trgng Phung. Con ngudi trong xa hdi Sd do toan la nhung con

rdi dang bj giat day tren mdt san khau hai ciia cudc ddi. Tii tang ldp binh dan nhu

chj hang mia, dng thay sd, ba vii, ngudi thg vdi "cdi theo chdng len " va "cdi theo

chuc xudng" va dien hinh nhat chinh ia Xuan Tdc Dd cho den nhung con ngudi dai

dien cho tang ldp tu san nhu cu cd Hdng, ba Phd Doan, Van Minh, Typn, dng

"Phan mgc sung",...tat ca deu la nhung trd he ciia cai xa hdi vd nghia ly ay. Vao thai diem Sd do ra ddi cudi nam 1936, day la thai diem thuc dan Phap ra siic dung

nhung trd mj dan de me hoac ldng tin ciia dan ta vdi muc dich ldi keo thanh nien di

vao con dudng truy lac. Ndi bat nhat liic bay gid la sir phd truang ram rd ciia nhung

trong tac pham ciia minh mdt each dac sac va sinh ddng. Sd do nhu mdt ban thu nhd

ciia xa hdi thanh thj Viet Nam thai Phap thudc. Tat ca nhung dieu xau xa, doi bai ciia xa hdi liic ay dugc ngdi but ciia Vii Trgng Phung khai thac mdt each triet dk. Quan niem "Van chuang la su thuc a dai" cua Vii Trgng Phung hoan toan chinh

phong trao do thuc dan Phap khdi xudng nhu: phong trao Au hda, "Vui ve tre trung", "Chan hung Phat giao", hdi Anh sang, hdi Hudng dao,... Vii Trgng Phung that tai tinh khi nhin thay su gia ddi ciia cai xa hdi duang thai de rdi dng dua vao

GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

xac. Tieu thuyet Sd do chinh la cai "sir thuc d ddi" cua xa hdi thuc dan phong kidn

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu TrongPhung

liic bay gid. Vdi cai nhin tinh te va sau sac ciia Vii Trgng Phung, tieu thuydt So do

cd gia trj td cao, vach tran ban chat xau xa, ddi bai ciia xa hdi duang thai. Hinh thiic

td cao trong Sd do, da gdp them tieng ndi manh me vao luu phai van hgc hien thuc

phe phan.

De tai hien hien thuc do mdt each sinh ddng va sau sac, Vii Trgng Phung da dung ngdi but dac biet sac sao ciia mdt tai nang ldn, mdt ban linh nghe thuat gia dan, dng da cd nhirng ddng gdp quan trgng vao vide day manh sir phat trien ciia van xudi Viet Nam hien dai. Tieu thuyet So do, Vu Trgng Phung da van dung kha nhidu nghe thuat dac sac vao diia con tinh than ciia minh. Vdi but phap trao phiing ddc dao, Vii Trgng Phung da lam giau them ngdn ngu thdng qua cac nghe thuat nhu dung ldi chai chu, phdng dai khoa truang, dung cac to hop nghjch ngu cd mdt khdng hai vao trong tac pham ciia minh. Ben canh do, de gdp phan thanh cdng cho tac pham, Vii Trgng Phung cdn sii dung nghe thuat gieu nhai cai cd that trong xa hdi bay gid. Tat ca cac nghe thuat ddc dao dugc Vu Trgng Phung van dung nham tao ra nhung tieng cudi ha he cho ddc gia. Qua nhirng cai cudi do, dang sau lai chiia dung nhung niem cam ghet sau cay ddi vdi xa hdi trudng gia chay theo vat chat ma quen di dao diic lam ngudi. Tuy nhien, ngdi but ciia Vu Trgng Phung cdn cd nhung han che nhat djnh, nhu vide dng cdn qua nang nd vd chii nghia tir nhien cho nen trong nhung trang viet ciia dng cdn thieu nidm tin manh liet vao nhan pham con ngudi va thieu ldng tin vao quan chiing nhan dan. Mac du vay, nhirng han chd do nhu mdt mang suang mong khdng the nao che lap dugc tai nang ndi bat ciia Vu Trgng Phung dugc the hien trong tac pham nay. So do nhu mdt ban tuyen ngdn vung chac de da kich, cham biem sau cay nhung thdi dao diic gia ciia ldi sdng xa hoa, phu phiem cua xa hdi liic bay gid. Thdng qua cac tac pham ciia Vii Trgng Phung ndi chung va tac pham So do ndi rieng, cho ta thay dugc dng la mdt tai nang bac thay vdi ngdi but sang tao tuyet vdi. Ong xiing dang la mdt ngdi but tieu bieu ciia luu phai van chuang hien thuc phe phan. Tai nang ciia dng cdn gdp phan lam giau them cho nen van hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1930- 1945 va la cai ndn vung chac de cac nha tieu thuyet d cac the he sau kd thua va phat huy.

Vi thai gian cd han va dac biet la ndi dung xoay quanh So do mang dau an ciia ca mdt giai doan lich su, cho nen trong vide nghien ciiu dh tai "Sir thuc d ddi" trong tac pham Sd do cdn han chd vd nhidu mat. Vdi dh tai "Su thuc a ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung, ve ndi dung tdi chi tap trung xoay sau vao khia canh xa hdi ciia tac pham gan lien vdi hien thuc xa hdi duang thai ma cu thd la d thai diem 1936- 1939. 6 thai didm nay, xa hdi Viet Nam dang bj cudn trong can ldc xoay rat du ddi ciia chinh quyen thuc dan. Chiing hd hao, co ddng rat nhidu nhung phong trao lam me hoac dan ta va dac biet la nhung tang ldp tieu tu san liic

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

bay gid. Dd la nhirng phong trao nhu: phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre trung", phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao", phong trao phuc co, hdi Anh sang, hdi Hudng dao,... nhung trong luan van nay tdi chi tap trung vao ba phong trao ndi bat nhu: phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre trung", phong trao "Chan hung Phat

giao". Cdn ve khia canh con ngudi trong tac pham So do, trong luan van tdi da di sau nghien ciiu hai ldp ngudi do la con ngudi binh dan va con ngudi tu san, nhung d day, tdi chi thien vd ndi dung nhung con ngudi trong xa hdi nay dang chay theo nhung phong trao gia ddi, mi dan nhu nhung phong trao Au hda, phong trao "Vui ve tre trung", phong trao "Chan hung Phat giao" chii chua di sau vao nghien ciiu vd nhirng mdi quan he ndi tai giua nhung con ngudi nay. Cdn vd hinh thiic nghe thuat, de lam rd "Sir thuc d ddi" trong So do, tdi da di sau vao kha nhieu bidn phap nghe thuat dac sac ma Vu Trgng Phung da dua vao de lam bat "Sir thuc d ddi" trong cai xa hdi tu san gia ddi ay. Dd la nhung bien phap nghe thuat nhu: cudi nhai, so sanh, chai chu, td hop nghjch ngu va phdng dai khoa truang. Tuy nhien, do tinh chat ciia de tai chi nghieng ve khia canh "Sir thuc d ddi" nen trong hinh thiic nghe thuat tdi khdng di vao khia canh nghe thuat xay dung nhan vat didn hinh trong xa hdi dien hinh. Chinh vi vay, tdi xin dua ra mdt vai y kien, dd xuat nhu sau: Neu nhu trong tuang lai, cd bai luan van ve mdt khia canh nao do trong tieu thuydt So do ciia Vu Trgng Phung, thi tdi xin de xuat ngudi nghien ciiu can di sau lam rd han vd nhung mdi quan he ciia con ngudi trong tac pham. Chang han, di sau vao ndi dung ciia nhirng mdi quan he: cha- con, vg- chdng, anh- em, chii- td, bang huu,... ciia nhung con ngudi sdng trong xa hdi tu san Id lang, bjp bgm ay. Ddng thai, ngudi nghien ciiu can di sau phan tich nghe thuat xay dung nhan vat didn hinh trong hoan canh dien hinh ciia Vii Trgng Phung. Vdi y kidn chu quan ciia ban than, tdi hy vgng rang trong tuang lai se cd nhieu bai nghien ciiu vd tac gia Vii Trgng Phung cung nhu tidu thuyet Sd do cua dng. Tu do, ta cd each nhin nhan diing dan va toan dien han ve tieu thuyet Sd do vk danh gia diing han ve sir ddng gdp to ldn ciia Vii Trgng Phung cho luu phai van hgc hien thuc phd phan ndi rieng va tren van dan van hgc Viet Nam ndi chung.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thi Cam Huyen

'Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

•

1. Lai Nguyen An (1997), Vii Trong Phung- Tdi nang va su that, Nxb Van hgc,

Ha Ndi.

2. Diic Diing (1992), Ky bdo chi, Nxb Van hda thdng tin, Ha Ndi.

3. Phan Cu De (7/1989), Ddnh gid lai So do, Bao Giao vien Nhan dan, sd dac

biet (27, 28, 29, 30, 31).

4. Phan Cu De (1991), Tdc phdm van hoc 1930- 1975, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi,

Ha Ndi.

due, Ha Ndi.

6. Phan Cu Dd (2003), Tieu thuyet Viet Nam hien dai, Tap 1, 2, Nxb Giao due,

Ha Ndi.

7. Hoang Nggc Hien (1992), Nam bdi gidng ve thi loai, Trudng vidt van

Nguyen Du.

8. Dd Diic Hieu (1990), Nhitng lap sdng ngdn tir trong So do cua Vii Trong

5. Phan Cu De (chu bien) (1998), Van hoc Viet Nam 1900- 1945, Nxb Giao

Phung, Tap chi ngdn ngu sd 4.

9. Mai Huong (chii bien) (2000), Vu Trong Phung- Mdt tdi nang ddc dao, Nxb

Van hda thdng tin, Ha Ndi.

10. Nguyen Dang Manh (1978), Lich sir van hoc Viet Nam (tap V, phan I), Nxb

Giao due, Ha Ndi.

11. Nguyen Dang Manh (1979), Nhd van- Tu tudng- Phong cdch, Nxb Tac pham

mdi- Hdi nha van Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.

12.Tdn Thao Mien (2004), Vu Trong Phung Toan tap 1,2, Nxb Van hgc, Ha

Ndi.

13. Nhieu tac gia (2008), So do- tdc phdm vd duludn, Nxb Van hgc,Ha Ndi. 14. Vu Trgng Phung (2006), So do, Nxb Hdi Nha Van, Ha Ndi. 15. Vii Tien Quynh (1997), Nguyin Cdng Hoan- Vii Trong Phung, Nxb Van

nghe, Thanh Phd Hd Chi Minh.

16. Tran Dinh Sii (1993), Mdt so vdn de thi phap hoc hien dai. Bd giao due va

dao tao vu giao vien, Nxb Ha Ndi.

17.Tran Huu Ta (1992), Vu Trong Phung- Horn qua vd horn nay, Nxb Thanh

Phd Ho Chi Minh.

18. Tran Dang Thao (2008), Ddc sdc vdn chuang Vu Trong Phung, Nxb Thanh

Nien, Ha Ndi.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh 71 SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia VU Trong Phung

19. Nguyen Nggc Thien, Ha Cdng Tai (2003), VU Trong Phung- Ve tdc gid vd

tdc phdm, Nxb Giao due, Thanh Phd Hd Chi Minh.

20.Nguyen Quang Trung (2006), Tieng cudi VU Trong Phung, Nxb Dai hgc

Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi.

GVHD: Hd Thj Xuan Quynh

SVTH: Vd Thj Cam Huyen

Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: "Sự thực ở đời" trong tiểu thuyết Số đỏ của Vũ Trọng Phụng

Chủ đề:

Khoá luận sư phạm văn

Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012

(Giang vien hw&ng dan)

thdng

nam 2012

"Su thuc d doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vu Trong Phung

"Su thuc o doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vu Trong Phung

nha van cung chi huang nhu toi muon tieu thuyet la su thuc a dai" [5, tr.441]. Mac

Phung". Viec thuc hien de tai nay la ca hoi de toi co dieu kien tiep xuc, danh gia

thuc xa hoi, Vu Trong Phung khong phai lam each mang nhung each mang cam an

Vu Trong Phung da vach ro cai hien thuc xdu xa cua xa hoi ay" [5, tr.416]. Do la

"Su thuc d doi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong Phung

cung nhuBandzac, chep dung thuc tai nen cd gia tri each mang" [6, tr. 197].

khd va xdu xa cua mot khodng dai dual thai Phap thudc... anh chi thong cam va to

khd cho hang nguai VietNam bi coi la can bd xa hoi" [18, tr. 13].

"Tat cd cai su nghiep cua Vii Trong Phung la phai bay, la che nhao tat cd nhung

cai ram, cai xdu, cai ban tien, cai doi bai cua mot hang nguai, mot xa hoi, mot thai

dai cua Vii Trong Phung, cung nhu Bandzac ddi vai thai dai cua Bandzac " [17,

tr.150].

mang, phai cong nhan rang Vu Trong Phung la mot nguai cd dia vi khong ai tranh

gidnh duac. Ong cd mot ngdi but sac sdo rdtphu hap vai loi hien thuc phe blnh. Do

nha van hien thuc khdc ta mai chi thay mot ddi net ma nhat" [18, tr.25].

ngdn tu hit sue doe dao, danh dau thai dai" [13, tr.182]. Con Hoang Nggc Hien

cam cd la nhung tac pham "vao loai xuat sac nhat", trong do, So do duac xem la

hoan hdo han cd"[9, tr.292].

tien, tieu nhan dac chi"[9, tr.291].

che trong the giai quan, trong lap truang phe phan xa hdi, nhung vai So do, Vu

Trong Phung da cam mot cai mdc quan trong trong nghe thuat dien hinh hda hien

thuc xa hdi chit nghia trong nghe thuat trao phung cua van xuoi Viet Nam. So do la

mot tac pham xuat sac cua Vii Trong Phung, ciia dong van hoc hien thuc phe phan

Viet Nam trudc Cdch mang thdng Tarn " [13, tr.214].

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vii Trong Phung

de danh gia cdi tot ngdy nay... Khdng doc Sd do, Gidng to, Va de va mot loat tac

phdm khdc ciia Vii Trong Phung, khdng sdng vai cdi xa hdi cu, thi viec danh gia cdi

che do vinh quang cua chung ta ngdy nay nhat dinh la thieu mot phan sau sac "

[16, tr.23].

Trong giai doan da phd, ta dung cung chua todt len duac cdi hien thuc. Cdi xa hdi

ciia Xuan Tdc Dd, ciia ba Phd Doan la cdi xa hdi thdi ndt, nhdy nhua lam cho

nguai ta ngdy len. Sdng tao Sd do, Vu Trong Phung da cd mot thdi do, thdi do cong

nhan cdi xa hdi ay. Neu khdng, Vu Trong Phung du cd ta nguyen si cdi xa hdi ay

chimg ta cung khdng luam " [17, tr. 149].

Sd do dong thai la mot cai cuai Ian, cai cuai nhai. Phong each nay da tao cho

Sd do co mot gia tri lau dai, nhat la ve phuang dien lich su, xa hoi va triet hgc. Julia

nhung mdi quan he ben trong vai cac van ban khdc, dong thai la mot sdng tao mai

ciia tai ndng nghe si. Vi vdy, So do la he thong ngdn tit dac sac mang tinh xa hdi va

tinh lich su cu the " [13, tr. 193].

van hoc" [18, tr.31].

dai" trong tieu thuyet "Sd do" cua Vu Trgng Phung dat dugc nhung muc tieu cu

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

do. Dong thai co each nhin dung dan han ve Vu Trong Phung tren van dan Van hgc

Nam hien dai cua Phan Cu De do Nha xuat ban Giao due phat hanh nam 1974, Lich

su van hoc Viet Nam cua nhieu tac gia nam 1978, Nha van- tu tuang- phong each

thuc a ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do cua Vu Trong Phung

Tdy (1934) ra dai, nguai ta ggi ong la "ong vua phong su dat Bac". Khi Gidng to,

Sd do (1936) xuat hien, du luan cang xon xao han. Ngdi but cua ong sac sao mot

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vii Trong Phung

Thdi ky nay Vu Trgng Phung cd nhung tac pham tieu bieu nhu: Chong nang len duang (1930), Khdng mot tieng vang (1931), Cudc vui it cd (1933), Cam bdy nguai (1933), Hai hop xi ga (1933), Dut tinh (1934), Ky nghe lay Tdy (1934), Dan bieu va dan hieu (1935), Su cu triet ly (1935),...

"Su thuc d ddi" trong tieu thuyet So do cua Vii Trong PhtiiMl HOC VO TRQ^NG TQfiN

Chong nang len duang la tac pham dau tay cub nha van dirge dang tren Ngg

tren An nam tap chi ciia Tan Da, Nguyen Khac Hieu rdi. Tdi cung cd tuphu ciia tdi,

nhung mudn lam thanh thuc triet de, tdi phai ndi rang doc truyen Chong nan len

duang ciia Phung tdi thay van anh la trdi, la van tdi la vuc, va cd luc tdi da tu nhu

"sao lai cd ngudi viet truyen y nhi va me ly den the. Tdi bi Vii Trong Phung chinh

phuc ngay tu dau truyen ciia anh ". Nhung phai den khi vd kich ba hdi Khdng mot

tieng vang (1831) ra ddi thi nha van Vu Trgng Phung mdi thuc sir budc chan vao

chi cd ddng tien la ddng kinh tha vi no sai khien duac moi nguai (...) Luang tarn a?

Con thua ddng tien. Ludtphap a? Chua bang ddng tien..., Giai Phat a? Con kem

ddng tien. Chi cd ddng tien la ai ai cung phai kinh tha, chi nhung each xoay tien la

ddng cho nguai ta tung niem". Tuy la tac pham md dau cho van nghiep theo

Cam bdy nguai da dua ngudi doc tham nhap vao the gidi cd bac cua nhung tay cao thu Ha Thanh thai bay gid nhu Am B, Thugng Ky, Ca Un, Tham Van, Tham Nggc, Ky Vii, Ba My Ky, Khuang Sinh Tu, My Bdi,...vdi nhung thu doan

"Su thuc d, ddi" trong tieu thuyet Sd do ciia Vu Trong Phung

nhung dng khdng Id tdc do, mat xanh ". Sau ba ddi Chop la ba Kiem Lam, ba cai

tinh cd "

ngudi, Ky nghe lay Tay deu toat len thai do cam ghet, khinh bi cua nha van Vu

{Khdng mot tieng vang), khi Am B de dga "trd thu cdi bon da lam tdi hu hong"

(Cam bdy nguai) thi hg chi nghT tdi nhung ke cd tien. Do vay, viec tra thu cua cac