Ch
uyen
d~
22:
KY
NANG
xl\.Y
DVNG
vA
TO
CHUC
THVC
HIl]:N
KE
HO~CH
PHAT
TRIEN
KINH
TE
-
XA
HQI
I.
Ky
nang
xay
dl}'ng
k~
ho~ch
phat
tri~n
kinh
t~
-xii
hQi
1.
Xtic ilinh
m{lc
tieu,
nhi?m
V{l
cila
ki
hO{lch
phtit triin kinh
ti
-
xii
hpi
Ho~t
d<)ng
xac dinh m\lc tieu va cac
nhi~m
V\l,
cong
vi~c
C\l
th@
cua
kS
ho~ch
phat
tri@n
kinh
t~
-xii
h<)i
axii can
duC}c
thvc
hi~n
tren
co
sa
nh~n
thuc
dung
d~n
cua nha qmln ly
t~i
dia phuang.
f)@
co
th@
xac dinh
duC}c
m\lc tieu
va
cac
nhi~m
V\l,
cong
vi~c
C\l
th@
cua m6i
kS
ho~ch
phcit
triSn kinh
tS
-
xii
hQi,
truac
hSt can thvc
hi~n
phful
lo~i
kS
ho~ch,
til do xac dinh cac m\lc tieu cung
nhu
cac
nhi~m
V\l,
cong
vi~c
C\l
thS
cua m6i lo?i
kS
ho~ch
rna nguai thvc
hi~n
can
hom
thanh trong
mQt
khoang
thai
gian
nhAt
dinh.
a) Phdn logi
kJ
hogch
phdf
triin
kinh
tJ
-xii
hQi
Phuang
phap ph6
bi~n
nhAt
la mo ta
k~
ho~ch
theo
ph~m
vi tac
dQng,
theo
khuon kh6
thai
gian, theo tinh
C\l
thS cua m6i
lo~i
k~
ho~ch
va
theo d6i
tUQTIg.
BANG
pRAN
LO~I
KE
HO~CH
STT
Tieu
chi
phan
lo~i
Cae
lo~i
k~
ho~ch
1 Phan
lo~i
theo
ph~m
vi Ke
ho~ch
chien
luC}c
K~
ho~ch
thvc thi
2 Phful
lo~i
theo thai gian
Ke hoach dai han
.
'.
K~
ho~ch
trung
h~
K~
ho~ch
ng~n
h~
3 Phful
lo~i
theo tinh
C\l
thS Ke
ho~ch
C\l
the
K~
ho~ch
dinh
huang
4 Phful
lo~i
theo d6i tuqng
Ke
ho~ch
nhful
S\l
K~
ho~ch
tM
chinh (ngful sach)
K~
ho~ch
tac
nghi~p
K~
ho~ch
d\l an
372
-Phan
lo~i
theo
ph~m
vi:
Theo cach phan
lo~i
mly,
ke
ho~ch
du<}c
chia thanh ke
ho~ch
chien
lu<}c
va ke
ho~ch
th\lc thi (hay ke
ho~ch
ho~t
dQng).
+ Ke
ho~ch
chien
lu<}c:
la cac ke
ho~ch
ap
d\lng cho toan
bQ
ca
qUaIl,
t6
chuc,
c~p
hanh chinh, thiet
l~p
cac m\lc tieu toan
di~n
va xac dinh
vi
tri tuang
lai
cua
ca
quan, t6 chuc
ho~c
dia phuang trong b6i
ca.nh
moi truang
ho~t
dQng
C\l
thS.
+ Ke
ho~ch
th\lc thi: la cac ke
ho~ch
ghi
ro
chi tiet
vS
cach thuc
d~t
du<}c
cac m\lc tieu toan
di~n.
Ke
ho~ch
chien
lu<}c
va
ke
ho~ch
th\lc
thi
khac nhau 6 khuon kh6 thai
gian,
ph~m
vi va chung bao g6m
ho~c
khong bao g6m
mQt
t~p
hqp cac
m\lc
tieu
cua
ca
quan, t6 chuc, dia phuang xac dinh. Cac
ke
ho~ch
th\lc thi thuang
co
thai
gian ngfu
han
(VD: ke
ho~ch
ngay,
tu~n,
thang, quy). Cac ke
ho~ch
chien
lu<}c
thuang
hu611g
den
mQt
thai gian dai (thuang la 5 nam tr6len), co
ph~m
vi
rQng
han
va it giai quyet nhfrng cong
vi~c
chi tiet. Cac ke
ho~ch
chien
lu<}c
bao g6m
vi~c
xay d\lllg cac m\lc tieu, trong khi do cac ke
ho~ch
th\lc thi thira
nh~n
S\I
t6n
t~i
cac m\lc tieu va dua ra cac phuang phap
dS
d~t
m\lc tieu
do.
-
Phan-lo~i
theo khuon kh6 thai gian:
Theo khuon kh6
thai
gian, ke
ho~ch
duQ'c
phan thanh ke
ho~ch
dai
h~,
trung
h~n
va ngfu
h~n.
+ Ke
ho~ch
dai
h~n:
g6m cac m\lc tieu, chuang trinh va cac
ho~t
dQng
nh~m
t~o
ra thay d6i
ca
ban trong
cUQc
s6ng cua
cQng
d6ng, d6ng thai tim ra
nhfrng giai phap
1611
dS
th\lc
hi~n
nhfrng m\lc tieu
dS
ra. Ke
ho~ch
dai
h~
co
thS
du<}c
xac dinh tir 3 den 5 nam tu)' theo yeu
c~u
va hoan canh
C\l
thS
cua
tUng
dia phuang.
Vi
d\l:
nhfrng m\lc tieu tang truang kinh
t~,
bSn
vfrng va 6n dinh cling nhu
cai
thi~n
dai s6ng nhan dan; chuySn dich
ca
c~u
kinh te,
ca
c~u
lao
dQng
nh~m
phat triSn nang
su~t
lao
dQng,
t~o
chuySn bien
v~
giao d\lc, dao
t~o,
khoa
hQc
va
cong
ngh~;
phat huy nhan t6 con nguai,
t~o
nhiSu
vi~c
lam, xoa
doi
giam ngheo,
d~y
lui cac
t~
n~n
xa
hQi,
phat triSn ket
c~u
h~
t~ng.
-.
373
+
KS
ho~ch
trung
h~:
duQ'c
xay d\ffig
dS
ph\lc
V\l
cho
vi~c
thvc
hi~n
cac
m\lc tieu cua cac
kS
ho~ch
dai
h~.
KS
ho~ch
trung
h~n
thuang co thai gian thvc
hi~n
tiI 1 nam dSn du6i 5 nam.
+
KS
ho~ch
ng~n
h~n:
1(\
OOfrng
chuang trinh
haOO
dQng
C\l
thS,
thuang la
kS
ho~ch
thang, quy,
ho~c
6 thang (duai 1 nam).
KS
ho~ch
ng~
h~n
co
kS
ho~ch
t6ng hqp
ho~c
kS
ho~ch
d~c
thu.
Sv
phan
lo~i
kS
ho~ch
dai
h~,
trung
h~n
ho~c
ng~
h~n
thuang
g~
v6i
vi~c
xac dinh quy mo cua cac m\lc tieu
cAn
d~t
duQ'c.
KS
ho~ch
cang dai
h~
thi
vi~c
xay d\ffig cang phuc
t~p,
doi hoi
sv
nghien
CUu
va phan tich ky han cac
kS
ho~ch
ng~
h~.
-Phan
lo~i
thea
tiOO
C\l
thS:
B~ng
trvc giac,
chUng
ta khong
thS
khfulg
diOO
kS
ho~ch
nao la
C\l
thS,
hay noi cach khac
mQi
kS
ho~ch
dSu
la
kS
ho~ch
diOO
huang. Tuy nhien, khi
chung ta di sau nghien
CUu
cac
kS
ho~ch
thea
tiOO
C\l
thS, co
thS
phan cac
kS
ho~ch
thaOO
kS
ho~ch
dinh
huang
va
kS
ho~ch
C\l
thS.
+
KS
ho~ch
C\l
thS:
co cac m\lc tieu
va
bi~n
phap xac
diOO
ro rang rna
nguai thvc
hi~n
khong
cAn
gicii
thich them, khong co
sv
rna h6, khong
co
S\I
hiSu ooam.
KS
ho~ch
C\l
thS
doi hoi
phcii
ra
rang va thuang khong
cAn
phan tich
them cua
nguai
thvc
hi~n.
+
KS
ho~ch
dinh huang: la
OOfrng
lo~i
kS
ho~ch
chi dua ra
OOfrng
huang
gicii
quySt
v~n
dS
chung, khi
l~p
ra cho phep nguai thvc
hi~n
co
sv
linh
ho~t
OO~t
diOO
trong qua
triOO
triSn khai. Day la
lo~i
kS
ho~ch
co
dQ
ch~c
chk
khong
cao
vS
cac cach thvc
hi~n
dS
d~t
duQ'c
m\lc tieu, nguai thvc
hi~n
doi khi se
phcii
tv
dua
ra nhfrng quySt
diOO
phu hqp
vai
OOfrng
thay d6i khong luang truac.
TiOO
linh
ho~t
v6n co trong cac
kS
ho~ch
diOO
huang
doi khi la
IQ'i
thS
cho
vi~c
dua ra
cac cach
gicii
quySt
v~n
dS
mQt
cach sang
t~o
cua
OOfrng
nguai thvc thi.
-Phan
lo~i
thea
d6i
tUQ'llg:
Day la cach phan
lo~i
kS
ho~ch
dva van
v~n
dS
ho~c
d6i
tUQ'llg
rna
ho~t
dQng
I~p
kS
ho~ch
huang
tai. Theo cach phan
lo~i
nay, trong thvc tiSn co cac
lo~i
kS
ho~ch
chu )'Su sau day:
374
+
KS
ho~ch
nhan
S\l:
1a
kS
ho~ch
xac dinh nhu
c~u
nhan
S\l
tuang
1ai
cho
mQt
co quan, t6 chuc
vS
s8
1uQllg,
ch~t
1uQllg
(kiSn thuc, ky nang va thai
dQ
d8i
vOi
cong
vi~c)
va
thai diem cung
c~p
ngu6n nhan l\lc cho
vi~c
th\lc
hi~n
cac
chuang trinh h:lnh
dQng
C\l
the.
KS
ho~ch
nhan
S\l
cung xac dinh nhUng
bi~n
phap
c~
thiSt de dap ung nhu
c~u
nhan
S\l
nh&m
dam bao cho co quan, t6 chuc
hoan thanh nhUng chuc nang,
nhi~m
V\l
cua minh.
+
KS
ho~ch
tai chinh (ngan sach):
1a
kS
ho~ch
xac dinh kha nang thu va
nhu
c~u
chi ngan sach, bao g6m t6ng thu, t6ng chi va cac khoan m\lc thu, chi
trong ky ngan sach. D6ng thai, xac dinh cac
bi~n
phap de
tiSp
9~n
duQ'C
cac
ngu6n thu phu
hQ'P,
t~n
thu va su d\lng cac khoan chi ngan sach
mQt
cach co
hi~u
qua theo trinh t\l thai gian thich
hQ'P.
+
KS
ho~ch
tac
nghi~p:
1a
kS
ho~ch
xac dinh cac
ho~t
dQng
nghi~p
Y\l
c~
phai
tiSn
h:lnh, cac ngu6n
l\lC
va lich trinh th\lc
hi~n
nh&m
hoan thanh t8t
mQt
cong
vi~c
C\l
the.
+
KS
ho~ch
d\l an:
1a
kS.
ho~ch
de
l~p
va th\lc
hi~n
mQt
d\l an phat trien,
bao g6m
vi~c
xac dinh m\lc tieu, cac cong
vi~c
va
ho~t
dQng
c~n
phai
tiSn
hanh,
cach thuc th\lc
hi~n,
quan
1y
cong
vi~.c
va ngu6n l\lc
c~n
thiSt cho cac
ho~t
dQng
do
nh&m
hoan thanh m\lc tieu d\l
an.
b)
Xac atnh mljc tieu cua
ki
hog,ch
phat
triin kinh
ti
-xii
h(Ji
Cac m\lc tieu xac dinh
nhUng
kSt
qua tuang
1ai
rna nha hanh chinh mong
, mu8n (ky
vQng)
d~t
duQ'c.
Cac m\lc tieu nay co the
duQ'C
thiSt
l~p
tren co
sa
cac
kSt
qua
dii
d~t
duQ'c
trong qua khu, co the
1a
nhUng
mong mu8n'cua ilha hanh
. chinh; cung co the
1a
nhiing suc ep tir phia
xii
hQi
ho~c
nhiing biSn
dQng
cua moi
truang
d~t
ra nhUng thach thuc d8i v6i nha quan
1y
hanh chinh.
-M\lc tieu kinh
tS
-xii
hQi:
1a
nhUng m8c dich
co
ban
c~
d~t
duQ'c
tren
cac
1inh
V\lC
kinh
tS
-xii
hQi
trong thai gian t6i. No mang tinh
ch~t
dinh tinh
chu
chua
duQ'c
dinh
1uQllg
C\l
the nhu cac chi tieu kinh
tS
-
xii
hQi.
Vi d\l: Kim hiim
bOt
S\l
gia tang dan
s6;
Giam thieu
t5'
1~
th~t
nghi~p;
Thanh toan
b~nh
~i;
D&y
lui
t~
n~
xii
hQi;
KhuySn
khich
m~
me
cae ngu6n
l\lc,
...
375
-Yeu
cftu
d&i
vui
vi~c
xac
diOO
mvc tieu
ca
bim
cua
kS
ho~ch
phat
triSn
kiOO
tS
-
xff
hQi:
Trong
l~p
kS
ho~ch,
vi~c
xac dinh mvc tieu la
mQt
nQi
dung
hSt
suc quan
trQng
vi
chi
khi nao
xac
dinh mvc tieu
dUng
d~n
thi
mui
co
thS
th\lc
hi~n
th~ng
lQ'i
cac mvc tieu
do.
Vi~c
xac
diOO
mvc
tieu cua
mQt
kS
ho~ch
phat
triSn
kiOO
tS
-
xff
hQi
cftn
phai dam bao cac
yeu
cftu
ca
ban,
do
la:
tinh
cv
thS,
tinh
do
luang
duQ'c,
tiOO
kha thi,
tiOO
th\lc
tS
va khung thai gian
dS
hoan thanh
mvc tieu.
+
TiOO
cv
thS:
Mvc tieu
cftn
phai
duQ'C
xay d\lllg
mQt
cach
ro
rang
OO&m
t~o
ra
cO'
hQi
hoan thanh cho qua
triOO
th\lC
hi~n.
Nhu
v~y,
tinh
cv
thS
cua
mvc
tieu
duQ'c
hiSu
nhu la
S\l
mo
ta
ky
luang
viSn
canh trong tuang lai cua
kS
ho~ch.
US
thiSt
l~p
mvc tieu cv
thS,
chung ta phai tra lai 6 cau hoi
sau
day:
• Ai: Nhiing
ai
se
tham gia vao cac qua trinh cua
kS
ho~ch
(xay
d\lllg,
phe
duy~t,
t6
chuc th\lc
hi~n,
giam sat,
diSu
chinh,
daOO
gia,
...
)?
• Cai
gi:
KS
ho~ch
cftn
phai
d~t
dUQc
diSu
gi? Chung ta mu6n
hofm
thanh cai gi?
•
(j
dan: Xac
diOO
ro
rang vi tri t6 chuc th\lc
hi~n
kS
ho~ch?
• Khi
nilO:
ThiSt
l~p
khuon kh6 thai gian?
• Cai nao: Xac dinh nhiing yeu
cftu
va
nhiing
h~n
chS?
•
T~i
sao: Nhiing
ly
do
cv
thS,
mvc dich
ho~c
lQ'i
ich cua
vi~c
hoan
thaOO
mvc
tieu?
+
TiOO
do
luang
duQ'c:
ThiSt
l~p
h~
th6ng tieu chi chinh xac
dS
do
luang
S\l
tiSn
triSn
huang tui
d~t
duQ'c
tUng
mvc tieu
cv
thS
dff
dinh. Khi
do
luang
S\l
tiSn
triSn,
cftn
duy
tri
dUng
huang,
d~t
tui
mvc tieu hang ngay, va
cftn
co
nhiing khen
thuOng
cho
nhiing thanh tich
dff
d~t
duQ'c
nh&m
khich
l~
chung ta
tiSp
tvc nhiing
nc3
l~c
cftn
thiSt
nh&m
d~t
mvc tieu.
US
xac dinh mvc tieu
co
thS
do
luang duqc,
cftn
d~t
ra nhiing cau
hoi:
• Bao nhieu?
376