Công cuộc đổi mới ở Việt Nam: Đặc trưng và triển vọng

TRIET HOC, SO 3 (226), T H A N G 3-2010<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> «'<br /> CONG CUOC OOl MOn 0 VIET NAM:<br /> BAG TRIMG VA TRI^N VGNG<br /> <br /> Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid dd chi ra vd phdn tich nhiing ddc triing chu ye'u vd trien vgng cua<br /> cdng cudc doi mdi d Viet Nam. Theo tdc gid, nhdng dgc triing cd bdn cua cdng cugc ddi mdi d<br /> Viet Nam Id: Boi mdi dUdc tie'n hdnh theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chu nghla; ddi mdi todn dien<br /> nhiing cd trgng tdm, trgng diem, dugc tien hdnh mdt cdch tudn tU, tiing bUdc; ddi mdi kinh ti<br /> gdn lien vdi ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri; ddi mdi de phdt trien trong dn dinh; ddi mdi gdn lien<br /> vdi md cda vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Trien vgng cua cdng cugc doi mdi d Viet Nam Id tdt dep, bdi<br /> nd dugc dgt dudi sU ldnh dgo cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam, xudt phdt tU thiic tien xd hgi Viet<br /> Nam vd ludn gdn ke't thiic tien vdi khdi qudt ly lugn.<br /> <br /> I iet N a m budc vao sfl nghiep ddi mdi nghia Mac - Lenin va tfl tfldng Hd Ghi<br /> toan dien d i t nfldc va tien b a n b nhfl Minh vao tflng giai doan p h a t t r i e n cu the<br /> mgt cugc each m a n g thiic sfl cbi b i t c i a each m a n g Viet N a m . Dd la v a n de<br /> d i u tfl n a m 1986. Nhflng trfldc dd. Dang ndng nghiep, nong d a n k h i d a t nUde chuyen<br /> Cgng san va N b a nfldc Viet N a m da co giai doan nhUng t r e n thflc te lai k h d r ^ dfldc<br /> nhieu c h i trfldng, chmh sach p h a t trien coi trgng, khdng n h i n tha'y t a m chien Ifldc<br /> kinh te m a n g tinh chat ddi mdi. Nhflng doi c i a n6 trong sfl p h a t t r i e n n e n kinh te - xa<br /> mdi nay vfla dap flng ddi hoi cua thflc tien, hgi d mgt nfldc s i n xua't ndng nghiep. Sfl<br /> vfla la nhflng bflde tim tdi, thfl nghiem con keo dai c h i trfldng dd, h d n nfla lai cd sai<br /> dfldng p h a t trien cua Viet Nam. Mac dfl, l i m trong thflc hien da l a m cbo n e n kinh te<br /> ngay tfl Dai hgi Dang toan qud'c l i n thfl III Viet N a m thflc sfl rdi vao mgt cugc k h i n g<br /> (nam 1960), Dang Cgng s i n Viet N a m da hoang. Vi vay, cdng cugc ddi mdi c i a Viet<br /> chu trgng den v i n de p h a t trien kinh te va N a m CO x u i t p h a t diem trfldc b e t tfl chinh<br /> xay dflng cd sd vat chat - ky t h u a t cho c h i yeu c i u p h a t trien ngi t a i c i a d a t nfldc. No<br /> nghia xa hgi. Nhflng luc dd va ca sau nay, dfldc b i t ngudn tfl n h u c i u thflc t i i n p h a t<br /> khi ca nUdc di vao xay dflng c h i nghia xa trien dat nfldc, tfl t a m tfl, n g u y e n vgng c i a<br /> hgi thi van de p h a t trien kinh te c i a Viet n h a n d a n lao dgng, tfl k i n h nghiem sang<br /> Nam cd ngi dung cdt loi la thflc bien cdng tao cua mgt sd cd sd, dia phfldng. Tren cd sd<br /> nghiep hda xa hgi c h i nghia va tren cd sd n h a n thflc lai chu n g h i a xa hgi va con<br /> d6, xay dflng cd sd vat chat - ky t h u a t cho dUdng xay dflng c h i n g h i a xa hgi d Viet<br /> c h i nghia xa hgi. G h i trfldng nay la phfl Nam, D a n g Cgng s a n va n h a n d a n Vidt<br /> hdp vdi dieu kien cu t h e c i a Viet N a m lflc N a m da tien h a n h cdng cugc ddi mdi toan<br /> do nhflng cang ve sau, n h a t la khi c i nfldc dien d i t nUde theo dinh h u d n g xa hgi c h i<br /> di vao xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi thi nd<br /> cang bgc lg sfl yeu kem trong n h a n thflc va<br /> (*) Tien si, Pho tnidng phong Triet hpc Mac - Lenin,<br /> van dung mgt each sang tao ly luan c i a c h i<br /> Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> <br /> 36<br /> CONG C U O C DOI MCil 6 VIET N A M : DAC TRUNG VA TRIEN V O N G<br /> <br /> nghla tfl n a m 1986. chinh thflc r a khdi k h i n g hoang kinh te -<br /> Den nay, sfl nghiep ddi mdi b Viet Nam xa bgi va dat sfl p h a t trien dn dinh tren tat<br /> da tien h a n h dfldc t r e n 20 n a m . Qua mdi ca cac mat, cac h n h vflc cua ddi sd'ng kinh<br /> giai doan ddi mdi (5, 10, 15, 20 nam). Dang te - xa hgi vdi toe do t a n g trudng hen tuc<br /> Cgng s i n va n h a n dan Viet N a m ludn co sfl dat khoang 8%, ty le lam p h a t luon gifl d<br /> tdng ket ca ve m a t ly l u a n lan thflc tien mgt con so' (khoang 5 — 6%).<br /> nham rut ra nhflng bai hgc va kinh nghiem - Giai doan tfl n a m 2008 den nay: Do<br /> cho nhflng giai doan p h a t trien tiep theo. a n h hfldng cua cugc k h i n g boang kinh te -<br /> CO the ndi, con dfldng ddi mdi d Viet Nam tai cbinh t h e gidi, kinh te Viet Nam gap<br /> vfla the hien sfl t r u n g t h a n h , vfla la sfl tim nhieu khd khan, td'c do t a n g trfldng giam<br /> toi va van dung mgt each sang tao ly luan xud'ng cdn khoang t r e n 6% (thang 9/2009).<br /> cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tudng Hd Tren thflc te, tien trinh thflc hien cong<br /> Chl Minh ve xay dflng c b i ngbia xa hgi. cugc doi mdi d Viet N a m luon dien ra trong<br /> Nhin lai con dfldng p h a t trien cua Viet boi canh the gidi vfla t h u a n ldi, vfla phai<br /> Nam trUdc va tfl khi ddi mdi den nay dudi doi phd vdi khong it kho k h a n do tac dgng<br /> goc do phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, c6 the chung tfl sfl sup do cua he tho'ng xa hgi chu<br /> noi, Viet Nam da t r a i qua nhiing thdi ky nghla den sfl cam van ve kinh te cua My va<br /> quan trgng nhfl sau: sau nay la hai cugc k h i n g hoang tai chinh<br /> - Giai doan 1979 - 1985 la thdi ky ma the gidi. Tuy nhien, cho den nay, sfl phat<br /> khung hoang kinh te - xa hgi ngay cang trien dn dinh ve kinh te, xa hgi da ngay<br /> tram trgng, n h i t la sau khi thflc hien chinh cang chflng to sfl nghiep doi mdi d Viet<br /> sach gia - Ifldng - tien n a m 1985 ma h a u Nam da di dung hudng va phu hdp vdi thflc<br /> qua cua n6 lam cho cugc k h u n g hoang dat t i i n xa hgi Viet Nam. Nhflng bai hgc chinh<br /> de'n diem dinh vao d i u n a m 1986. Day cua cong cugc ddi mdi b Viet Nam dUdc<br /> cur^g la thdi ky x u i t hien nhflng sang tao Dang Cgng san Viet N a m tdng ket lai la:<br /> ve phfldng thflc quan ly kinh te ca trong Kien tri chu nghia xa hgi; ket hdp chat che<br /> san xuat ndng nghiep l i n cdng nghiep b ddi mdi kinh te vdi ddi mdi chinh tri; phat<br /> mgt so' dia phfldng trong ca nfldc. trien kinh te gan lien vdi thflc hien tien bg<br /> - Giai doan 1986 - 1990: Bflde d i u giai va cdng b i n g xa hgi va thflc hien doi mdi<br /> quyet dfldc nhflng h a u qua c i a cugc khung trong nfldc vdi viec md c i a quan he vdi t i t<br /> hoang kinh te - xa hgi nhd thflc hien nhflng ca cac nUdc tren the gidi tren tinh t h i n gifl<br /> chu trfldng va chinh sach ddi mdi toan dien vflng c h i quyen, dgc lap dan tgc. Day la<br /> cua Dang va Nha nfldc Viet Nam. nhflng bai hgc cd tinh chat khai quat chung<br /> - Giai doan 1991 - 1996: Viet Nam ra cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi toan dien b Viet<br /> khdi k h i n g hoang va lien tuc p h a t trien dn Nam, cdn xet tiing linh vflc ddi mdi, nhfl doi<br /> dinh vdi td'c do t a n g trfldng GDP khoang mdi kinh te, xa hgi, van boa, chinh tri, doi<br /> tren 8%. ngoai, qud'c phdng thi deu cd nhflng bai hgc<br /> cu the ca ve budc di, td'c do p h a t trien lan<br /> - Giai doan 1997 - 1999: Do a n h hfldng<br /> trgng tam, trgng diem trong phat trien.<br /> ciia cugc k h u n g hoang tai chinh b chau A<br /> Trong dd, cai gifl vai trd dae biet quan<br /> nen tdc do t a n g trfldng GDP giam xuong<br /> trgng la nhflng bai hgc ve xay dflng mo<br /> con khoang 5%.<br /> hinh p h a t trien kinh te d Viet Nam.<br /> - Giai doan n a m 2000 - 2007: Viet Nam<br /> <br /> <br /> 37<br /> NGUYEN HUU DE<br /> <br /> 1. Ddc trUng cua sU nghiep ddi mdi s i n Viet Nam c h i trfldng la nhan thflc<br /> 6 Viet Nam dung ve ban chit c i a c h i nghia xa hgi ma<br /> Nhin lai hch s i tien trinh ddi mdi cia trfldc kia hieu chfla dung, nhan thflc lai ve<br /> Viet Nam, chung ta cd the rut ra mgt so' dae hinh thflc, bflde di cu the c i a Viet Nam<br /> trflng c h i yeu c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet trong giai doan qua do len c h i nghia xa hgi<br /> Nam b nhflng v i n de sau: de lam sao xay dflng d Viet Nam mgt xa hgi<br /> 1.1. Su nghiep dot mdi dUdc tien hdnh dan giau, nfldc manh, cdng bang, dan chi,<br /> theo dinh hUdng xd hdi chu nghla van minh. Xa hgi ma Viet Nam xay dflng<br /> Viet Nam tien hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi la phai la xa hgi do nhan dan lam chi; cd nen<br /> ddi mdi ve phfldng thflc va md hinh xay kinh te phat trien cao, dn dinh, bdn vflng;<br /> dflng c h i nghia xa hgi cho phu hdp vdi thflc cd nen van hda tien tidn, dam da ban sac<br /> tien cia xa hgi Viet Nam, chfl khdng xa rdi dan tgc; con ngfldi cd cugc sd'ng dm no, tfl<br /> muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi. Trong qua trinh do, hanh phuc, dUdc phat trien toan dien;<br /> ddi mdi. Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam luon CO Nha nfldc phap quyen xa hgi c h i nghia<br /> kien dinh muc tieu gin viec gifl vflng dgc cia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan do<br /> lap dan tgc vdi xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi Dang Cgng san lanh dao; cac dan tgc doan<br /> tren nen tang c h i nghia Mac - Lenin va tfl ket giup nhau cflng phat trien; co quan he<br /> tfldng Hd Chl Minh. Sfl nghiep ddi mdi toan hflu nghi, hdp tac vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren<br /> dien b Viet Nam ludn hfldng tdi muc tieu the gidi nhfl trong cac Nghi quyet c i a Dang<br /> xay dflng thanh cdng c h i nghia xa hgi b Cgng s i n Viet Nam dd xac dinh. Vi vay ma<br /> Viet Nam. Vi vay, ddi mdi theo dinh hfldng cdng cugc ddi mdi d Vidt Nam khdng the xa<br /> xa hgi c h i nghia d Viet Nam da dfldc the rdi muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi.<br /> hien tren ca phfldng dien muc tieu l i n Gdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam dfldc tien<br /> trong tiing giai doan cu the, trong ca ket hanh theo muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi tren<br /> qua dat dUdc lan phfldng thflc de dat ket hai phfldng dien. Ve phfldng dien ly luan la<br /> qua do. Chinh sfl dinh hfldng xa hgi c h i xac lap dUdc he thd'ng quan diem dung ve<br /> nghia nay da lam cho cdng cugc ddi mdi d c h i nghia xa hgi va con dfldng xay dflng<br /> Viet Nam the hien dUdc tinh dae thfl c i a ly c h i nghia xa hgi phu hdp vdi Viet Nam; ve<br /> luan chung ve con dfldng di len c h i nghia phfldng dien thflc tiin la lam cho c h i nghia<br /> xa hgi d Viet Nam. xa hgi tflng bflde xuat hien va hinh thanh<br /> Ngay tfl diu, khi tie'n hanh sfl nghiep mgt each vflng chac d Viet Nam. Day cung<br /> ddi mdi. Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam da xac chinh la each ma Viet Nam va Trung Qudc<br /> dinh doi mdi tfl duy ve md hinh xay dflng tien hanh ddi mdi va cai each md cia khac<br /> chu nghia xa hgi d Viet Nam la vin de gifl hoan toan vdi cdng cugc cai td c i a Lien X6<br /> vi tri quan trgng, mang tinh dot pha trong va cai each md c i a d cac nfldc Ddng Au.<br /> viec tfl bd tren thflc tiin md hinh xay dflng Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi nhflng khdng<br /> chu nghia xa hgi rap khudn theo Lien Xd. "ddi mau", cdn Trung Qud'c cii each nhflng<br /> Viec ddi mdi tU duy nay trfldc het dfldc the vdn kien tri, khdng lay chuyen ddi vdi che<br /> hien c h i yeu trong sfl nhan thflc lai cia do xa hgi c h i nghia. Chinb sfl thanh cdng<br /> Ding Cgng sin Viet Nam ve c h i nghia xa cia cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam va cai<br /> hgi va con dfldng xay dflng c h i ngbia xa bgi each md c i a d Trung Qud'c da khang dinh<br /> b Viet Nam. Ddi mdi tfl duy ma Dang Cgng tinh dung d i n c i a md hinb xay diing xa hgi<br /> <br /> <br /> 38<br /> CONG CUOC DOI M d i 6 M T NAM: D A C T R U N G V A TRIEN VONG<br /> <br /> xa hgi chu nghia ma hai nfldc da Ifla chgn. nfldc cho viec thflc hien cong cudc ddi mdi.<br /> Dae trflng nay the hien dfldc thflc chat cua Xay dflng nen kinh te thi trfldng dinh<br /> cong cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam va xuyen sudt hfldng xa hgi c h i nghia chinh la lam cho<br /> toan bg tien trinh thflc hien ddi mdi cho den quan he sin xuat phfl hdp vdi trinh do phat<br /> khi chi nghia xa hgi dfldc xay dflng thanh trien cia lflc Ifldng s i n xuat, tao ra mgt<br /> cong b Viet Nam. nen kinh te cd sflc canb tranh cao. Mgt nen<br /> 1.2. Boi mdi todn dien nhUng cd trgng kinh te nhfl the se khdi day dfldc mgi tiem<br /> tdm, trgng diem dUdc tie'n hdnh mgt cdch nang sang tao cia ngfldi lao dgng, cua cac<br /> tuan tu, tiing bUdc phu hdp vdi mdi thdi ky, doanh nghiep trong va ngoai quo'c doanh.<br /> moi giai dogn NhUng, nen kinh te ma Viet Nam xay dflng<br /> Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi mgt each nay van duy tri vai trd chu dao cia kinh te<br /> toan dien tren t i t ca cac linh vflc kinh te, nha nfldc, ke ca nhflng nam gin day, khi<br /> van hoa, chinh tri, xa hgi. Nhflng, do dae Viet Nam thflc hien cd phin boa cac doanh<br /> diem khi tien hanh ddi mdi Viet Nam dang nghiep nha nfldc. • ,i<br /> cl trinh do phat trien t h i p va nhat la dang Trong cai each kinh te, neu luc dau dfldc<br /> rdi vao mgt cugc khing boang kinh te - xa tien hanh theo hfldng giai quyet nhiing nhu<br /> hgi trim trgng, nen tien hanh doi mdi ciu thiet yeu ve ddi song cho ngfldi dan, cdn<br /> khong the lam ddng bg tat ca cac linh vflc, sfl nghiep cdng nghiep boa chi dfldc tien<br /> cac khau trong qua trinh doi mdi. Vi the. hanh tren cd sd cho phep va phuc vu cho<br /> Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da xac dinh tren muc tieu noi tren thi sau nay, cdng nghiep<br /> cd scl doi mdi toan dien dat nfldc phai liy hoa, hien dai hda lai dfldc coi trgng hdn<br /> doi mdi kinh te la trgng tam, xay dflng tren cd sd nhflng thanh tiiu kinh te da dat<br /> Dang la then chot, lay sfl dn dinh chinh tri dUdc. Dang Cgng san Viet Nam xac dinh<br /> lam cd sd cho ddi mdi kinh te va cac linh den nam 2020, Viet Nam phai hoan thanh<br /> vflc khac. Trong qua trinh ddi mdi. Dang ve cd ban sfl nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien<br /> Cong san va nhan dan Viet Nam da tap dai hoa dit nfldc. Vi the, trong nhflng nam<br /> trung toan bg sflc lflc, cua cai va tri tue cbo gin day, Viet Nam da tap trung nhieu sflc<br /> viec xay dflng mgt nen kinh te phat trien lflc cho sfl nghiep nay. Vi chi co hoan thanh<br /> nham trfldc bet nang cao ddi sd'ng cia dfldc sfl nghiep nay thi nen kinh te Viet<br /> ngfldi dan lao dgng. Dd'i mdi phai mang lai Nam mdi phat trien dfldc va mdi co vi tri<br /> trfldc het nhflng ldi ich thiet thflc cho ngfldi cao tren trfldng qud'c te. Dae biet, den Dai<br /> dan, dae biet la ndng dan vd'n van chiem da hgi X (nam 2006), Dang Cgng san Viet Nam<br /> sd trong dan so'Viet Nam (luc tien hanh ddi lai dfla them c h i trfldng phat trien nen<br /> mdi chiem khoang 80% dan sd'ca nfldc). Chi kinh te tri thflc de tranh thu tdi da nhflng<br /> khi lam dfldc dieu dd thi Dang Cgng san tien bg khoa hgc, cdng nghe tien tien tren<br /> Viet Nam mdi tao ra dUdc mgt dgng lflc the gidi nhim dUa nen kinh te nUdc ta hgi<br /> manh me cho viec tien hanh ddi mdi toan nhap dUdc vdi nen kinh te the gidi.<br /> dien dit nfldc. Trong ddi mdi kinh te thi<br /> Nhu vay, nhin vao tien trinh doi m6i cua<br /> viec xay dflng mo hinh phat trien kinh te<br /> Viet Nam, cd the thay, b mdi giai doan.<br /> thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi c h i nghia<br /> Dang Cgng sin Viet Nam deu xac dinh ro<br /> phai nhim vao trgng diem la giai phong sflc<br /> nhflng nhiem vu trgng tam, trgng diem va<br /> san xuit, giai phong mgi tiem nang cia dit<br /> quyet tam hoan thanh nhiem vu do. Mac<br /> <br /> <br /> 39<br /> NGUYEN HUU DE<br /> <br /> du trong dfldng Idi xay dflng c h i nghia xa ve ddng liic c i a sfl phat trien, ve vai trd cua<br /> hgi trfldc kia va trong thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang Nha nfldc va kinh te tfl nhan,... de tfl dd, co<br /> Cgng san Viet Nam ludn coi cdng nghiep nhflng c h i trfldng, dfldng ldi chi dao dung<br /> hoa la nhiem vu trgng tam, nhflng mdi thdi dan sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Viet Nam<br /> ky, giai doan nd lai dfldc tien hanh theo theo xu hfldng cua cdng cugc ddi mdi toan<br /> nhflng phfldng thflc khac nhau va sfl diu tfl dien d i t nUdc. Gd the thay, tfl khi tien<br /> cho phat trien cflng khac nhau. Hdn nfla, hanh cdng cugc ddi mdi den nay, Dang<br /> nd cdn dfldc bd sung them nhflng yeu ciu Cgng san Viet Nam da khdng ngiing ddi<br /> mdi cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh phat trien mdi ca ve quan niem cflng nhfl phfldng thflc<br /> mdi ca trong nfldc va thdi dai. lanh dao sfl nghiep xay dflng c h i nghia xa<br /> 1.3. Boi mdi kinh tegdn liin vdi ddi mdi hgi d Viet Nam va de dam nhiem dfldc vai<br /> he thdng chinh tri trd lanh dao c i a minh. Dang da ludn tfl ddi<br /> Trong sfl nghiep ddi mdi dat nfldc. Dang mdi ca ve cd ciu, td chflc ciing nhfl khdng<br /> Cgng sin Viet Nam ludn coi trgng ddi mdi ngflng nang cao chat Ifldng dang vien trong<br /> he tho'ng chinh tri cho tUdng flng vdi sfl Dang cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi. De ddi<br /> phat trien c i a kinh te, tflc la tfly theo mdi he thd'ng chinh tri, Viet Nam cdn tflng<br /> thanh qua va yeu ciu ddi mdi kinh te ma budc tien hanh xay dflng Nha nfldc phap<br /> tflng bflde cd sfl ddi mdi ve chinh tri va he quyen xa hgi c h i nghia c i a dan, do dan, vi<br /> thd'ng chinh tri. Ndi mgt each chinh xac hdn dan va thflc hien md rgng dan c h i trong<br /> thi dd la qua trinh ddi mdi ve the che chinh nhan dan de ngfldi dan phat huy dfldc<br /> tri trong sfl tfldng thich vdi ddi mdi the che quyen lam c h i c i a minh thong qua viec<br /> kinh te. Ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri d Viet nang cao va phat huy vai trd cia cac td<br /> Nam da dfldc Dang Cgng sin Viet Nam xac chflc trong Mat tran To qud'c Viet Nam.<br /> dinh trong Nghi quyet Trung Udng 6 khda Cbinh nhd cd sfl ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri<br /> VI (nam 1989) chinh la ddi mdi td chflc va mgt cdch thfldng xuyen ma nhflng ddi mdi<br /> phfldng thflc boat dgng c i a he thd'ng chinh trong kinh te, van hda, xa hgi d Viet Nam<br /> tri theo hfldng tang cfldng vai trd lanh dao ludn di dung hUdng, khdng chech khdi muc<br /> cua Dang Cgng sin, hieu lflc quan ly cua tieu c h i nghia xa hgi c i a cdng cugc ddi mdi.<br /> Nha nudc, phat huy quyen lam c h i cia 1.4. Bdi mdi dephdt trien trong dn dinh<br /> nhan dan. Vi vay, ddi mdi trong linh vflc Nhfl da phan tich d tren, Viet Nam tien<br /> chinh tri trfldc bet la lam trong sach Dang, hanh ddi mdi la mgt cugc each mang ve mo<br /> xay dflng Dang viing manh hdn de Dang hinh xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi. Vi vay,<br /> lam td't vai trd lanh dao c i a minh chfl cdng cugc ddi mdi dfldc tien hanh tao ra sfl<br /> khdng phai thflc hien da nguyen, da dang. phat trien toan dien dat nfldc, tao ra sfl<br /> Khi xa hgi Viet Nam xay dflng mgt nen tang trfldng manh ve kinh te. Nhflng, trong<br /> kinh te phat trien theo cd che thi trfldng thi qua trinh phat trien, Viet Nam ludn dam<br /> de lanh dao dfldc xa hgi dd, ddi hoi Dang bao sfl dn dinh ve chinh tri, xa hgi ciing<br /> Cgng sin Viet Nam cang phii ddi mdi nhfl tranh sfl tang trfldng ndng trong kinh<br /> khdng ngflng phfldng thflc lanh dao cia te. Duy tri sfl dn dinh trong phat trien la<br /> minh, gifl vflng sfl lanh dao duy nhat cia dae trflng quan trgng c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi<br /> Dang. Sfl ddi mdi nay dfldc the hien ro nhat b Viet Nam. Nd vfla dam bao sfl tang<br /> trong nhflng thay ddi nhan thflc c i a Dang trfldng ve kinh te lai vfla dam bao cuoc<br /> <br /> <br /> 40<br /> CONG C U O C DOI M6I 6 VIET N A M : DAC TRUKG VA TRIEN V O N G<br /> <br /> sdng on dinh c i a da so' ngfldi dan lao ddng. trien cua con ngUdi, lam cho con ngUdi Viet<br /> Vi the, trong qua t r i n h ddi mdi. Dang Cgng Nam trd t b a n b dgng lUc m a n h me cua cong<br /> san Viet Nam ludn giai quyet tdt mdi quan cugc ddi mdi dat nfldc. Vi vay, Viet Nam<br /> he gifla chinb sach p h a t trien kinh te vdi ludn gan p h a t trien kinh te - xa hgi vdi giao<br /> chinh sach xa hgi, gifla p h a t trien kinh te due va dao tao con ngfldi n h a m bao dam<br /> v6i viec thflc hien tien bg va cdng b i n g xa ngudn lflc p h a t trien dn dinh va ben vflng<br /> hgi. Nghia la, nguyen t i c tien bg va cdng cho dat nfldc. Giao due va dao tao con ngUdi<br /> bang luon dUdc thflc hien trong tflng bflde dap flng dfldc yeu c i u cua d i t nUdc chinb la<br /> phat trien va ca trong sud't tien trinh thflc tao r a sfl on dinh trong p h a t trien.<br /> hien ddi mdi. Kbi p h a t trien kinh te theo cd Viet N a m ddi mdi de p h a t trien, phat<br /> che thi trfldng thi sfl p h a n hda giau ngheo trien de dam bao sfl dn dinh dat nfldc va<br /> ta't yeu se xay ra. Neu khdng giai quyet td't tren cd sd dn dinh, ngay cang ddi mdi va<br /> v i n de nay se dan den nhflng sfl bat cdng p h a t trien hdn nfla. Do chinh la moi quan<br /> qua dang trong xa hgi. Trong xa hgi, neu co he gifla on dinb va p h a t trien dUdc Dang<br /> khoang each qua ldn gifla ngfldi giau va Cgng san Viet N a m giai quyet tot trong<br /> ngflSi ngheo, hdn nfla ngfldi ngheo lai thflc t i i n ddi mdi d i t nfldc tren con dfldng<br /> chiem da so', thi xa hgi do dau cdn dam bao tien len chu nghia xa hgi. Tuy nhien. Dang<br /> dfldc sfl tien bg nfla. ^^ v^y, co the thay, Cgng s i n Viet N a m luon lay dn dinh ve<br /> thanh tich ndi bat c i a cong cugc ddi mdi b chmh tri la cd ban va tien de cua ddi mdi va<br /> Viet Nam la trong luc kinh te c6 sfl t a n g phat trien kinh te.<br /> trfldng khong ngflng thi ddi sd'ng cua da so' 1.5. Bdi mdi ddt nUdc gdn lien md eita<br /> ngfldi dan deu dfldc cai thien va nang cao. vdi the gidi bin ngodi<br /> Khoang each gifla ngfldi giau va ngUdi Ngay tfl khi bflde vao cong cugc ddi mdi.<br /> ngheo trong xa hgi tuy chfla giai quyet dfldc Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam da xac dinh con<br /> theo yeu cau c i a dinh hUdng xa hgi c h i dudng ddi mdi c i a Viet N a m phai ket hdp<br /> nghia, nhflng cung khong de qua ldn. Tren dUdc sflc m a n h trong nfldc vdi sflc manh<br /> tinh than la xay dflng mgt xa hgi dan giau, thdi dai. Vi the, tai Dai hgi toan quo'c l i n<br /> nfldc manh, nen da so' ngfldi dan lao dgng thfl VI, Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da de ra<br /> Viet Nam deu dUdc hfldng Idi tfl nhflng nhiem vu ddi ngoai la: "Ra sflc ket hdp sflc<br /> thanh tflu cua. cong cugc ddi mdi. O Viet m a n h cua dan tgc vdi sflc m a n h cua thdi<br /> Nam, doi mdi la de dap flng nhflng yeu ciu, dai"(l). Sud't qua trinh tfl khi ddi mdi den<br /> nguyen vgng chinh dang c i a ngUdi dan. nay. Dang Cgng s i n Viet N a m da luon chu<br /> Muo'n CO phat trien thi mgi c h i trUdng, trgng giai quyet td't nhiem vu nay. Neu nhU<br /> chinh sach ddi mdi deu phai dfla vao dan, thdi ky d i u c i a cdng cugc ddi mdi, Viet<br /> xuat phat tfl dan va phuc vu cho dan. N a m chl mdi chu trgng den viec md c i a va<br /> Chinh dieu dd tao ra khdng chi dgng lflc quan he vdi cac nfldc trong khu vUc va chu<br /> manh me cho cdng cugc ddi mdi, ma cdn la yeu la Lien Xd va cac nfldc trong he thoiig<br /> va can ban la lam cho long dan dfldc yen va xa hgi c h i nghia thi nay. Dang Cgng san<br /> tuyet doi tin tfldng vao sfl lanh dao c i a Viet N a m da c h i trfldng md rgng quan he<br /> Dang Cgng s i n , tin vao sfl dung d i n c i a<br /> con dfldng ddi mdi da dfldc Ifla chgn. Muc (1) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi<br /> dich cua ddi mdi b Viet N a m la vi sfl p h a t bieu todn qudc ldn thii VI. Nxb Sii that. Ha Npi,<br /> 1987, tr.99.<br /> <br /> <br /> 41<br /> NGUYEN HUU DE<br /> <br /> vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi tren nang cao hieu qua hdp tac qud'c te, bao dam<br /> nguyen t i c gifl vflng ddc lap va tfl cfldng dgc lap tfl chu va dinh hfldng xa hgi chu<br /> dan tgc. Cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam nghia, bao ve ldi ich dan tgc, an ninh qud'c<br /> khdng the dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu nhfl gia, gifl gin ban sic van hda dan tgc, bao ve<br /> ngay nay neu khdng cd sfl md rgng quan he mdi trfldng"(2). Gd the thiy, day ciing la<br /> hdp tac qud'c te, khdng cd hgi nhap kinh te muc dich, yeu ciu va ngi dung cua viec md<br /> qudc te. Nhd chinh sach md c i a ma Viet c i a hgi nhap kinh te qud'c te c i a Viet Nam<br /> Nam da tranh t h i dfldc sfl giflp dd tfl ben va tinh t h i n nay ciing dUde tiep tuc nhan<br /> ngoai, dae biet la trong viec tbu hut va s i manh d Dai hgi l i n thfl X cua Dang Cgng<br /> dung ngudn vd'n diu tfl tfl cac nfldc phat san Viet Nam va gifl vflng de'n nay.<br /> trien. Trfldc khi he thd'ng xa hgi c h i nghia 2. Trien vpng cda sU nghiep doi mdi<br /> sup dd, Viet Nam ludn nhan dfldc sfl vien d Viet Nam<br /> trd toan dien va to ldn c i a Lien Xd va cac Den nay, cdng cugc ddi mdi c i a Viet<br /> nfldc khac trong he tho'ng xa hgi c h i nghia. Nam da dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu vo cung<br /> Sau khi he thd'ng nay sup dd, Viet Nam to Idn va vflng chic. Dung nhfl danh gia ghi<br /> khong con ngudn vien trd do nfla, nhflng trong Bao cao chinh tri c i a Ban Chap hanh<br /> nhd sfl ddi mdi trong chinh sach ddi ngoai, Trung Udng Dang khda IX tai Dai hgi dai<br /> Viet Nam da thu hut dfldc nhieu ngudn bieu toan qud'c l i n thfl X c i a Dang: "Dit<br /> vo'n, nhfl ngudn ODA (hd trd phat trien nfldc da ra khdi k h i n g hoang kinh te - xa<br /> chinh thflc) cia cac nfldc phat trien, ngudn hgi, cd sfl thay ddi cd ban vd toan dien.<br /> vd'n diu tU trflc tiep nfldc ngoai (FDI). Kinh te tang trfldng kha nhanh, sfl nghiep<br /> Chinh sfl hdp tac nay ludn dfldc duy tri va cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, phat trien<br /> md rgng da giflp cho nen kinh te Viet Nam kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi chu<br /> ngay cang phat trien manh me, giflp cho nghia dfldc day manh. Ddi sd'ng nhan dan<br /> cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd nhieu cd hgi dfldc cai thien ro ret. He tho'ng chmh tri va<br /> va tren thflc te, da vfldn ra thi trfldng the khdi dai doan ket toan dan tgc dfldc cing cd<br /> gidi. Qua trinh ddi mdi d Viet Nam ludn lay va tang cfldng. Cbinh tri - xa hgi dn dinh.<br /> doi mdi trong nfldc la cd sd de phat trien Qud'c phdng vd an ninh dfldc gifl viing. Vi<br /> quan he vdi ben ngoai, phat huy sflc manh the nfldc ta tren trfldng qud'c te khdng ngflng<br /> trong nfldc la chinh trong sfl tiep thu va s i nang cao. Sflc manh tdng hdp cia qud'c gia<br /> dung sflc manh cia thdi dai. Day cung cd da tang Ien rat nhieu, tao ra the va Iflc mdi<br /> the coi la tinh t i t yeu trong sfl nghiep ddi cho dit nfldc tiep tuc di Ien vdi trien vgng tdt<br /> mdi cia Viet Nam. Sfl thanh cdng cia sfl dep"(3). Nhfl vay, cd the khang dinh trien<br /> nghiep ddi mdi b Viet Nam khdng chi la ve vgng cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam nhat<br /> mat phat trien kinh te, gifl vflng dgc lap dinh se tien trien td't dep, nhat dinh se<br /> c h i quyen dan tgc, ma cdn la sfl thanh cdng thanh cdng vi nhiing Iy do sau day:<br /> trong linh vflc quan he ddi ngoai cia Ding<br /> Cgng san Viet Nam. Dfla tren nhiing thanh<br /> cong dd, den Dai hgi IX (nam 2006), Ding (2) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Bgi hpi dgi<br /> bieu todn qud'c ldn thi2 IX. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia,<br /> Cgng sin Viet Nam da n h i n manh viec<br /> Ha Npi, 2001, t r . l 2 0 .<br /> "chd ddng hdi nhgp kinh ti'qudc te vd khu (3) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi<br /> vUc theo tinh t h i n phat huy tdi da ngi Iflc, bieu todn qudc ldn thii X. Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia,<br /> Ha Npi, 2006, tr.67-68.<br /> <br /> <br /> 42<br /> CONG CUOC DOI M 6 I 6 VIET NAM: D A C T R U N G V A TRIEN VONG<br /> <br /> 2.1. Su nghiep ddi mdi dUdc ddt dUdi sU mo hinh xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi d Viet<br /> lanh dtgo tdi tinh cua mgt ddng duy nhdt: Nam khdng the sao chep bat cfl ndi nao<br /> Bdng Cgng sdn Viet Nam tren the gidi. Con dfldng hinh thanh sfl<br /> Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam tfl khi tien nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam trfldc bet xuat<br /> hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi den nay luon gifl phat tfl thflc tien cia Viet Nam, tfl nhiing<br /> vflng ban chit each mang c i a giai cip cong sang kien trong phong trao thflc tiin cia<br /> nhan, Iiy chi nghia Mac — Lenin, tfl tfldng nhan dan lao ddng. Tren cd sd thflc tiin do.<br /> Hd Chi Minh la nen tang tfl tfldng, la kim Dang Cgng sin Viet Nam mdi rut ra, due<br /> chi nam cho hanh dgng cua minh. Sfl ket thanh ly luan xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi<br /> nghidp ddi mdi b Viet Nam chinh la the b Viet Nam thdng qua con dfldng ddi mdi dat<br /> hien sfl van dung mgt each sang tao ly luan nfldc. Nhiing thanh tflu dat dfldc cia sfl<br /> cua chi nghia Mac - Lenin ve c h i nghia xa nghiep ddi mdi da chflng minh rang, con<br /> hgi va xay dflng c h i ngbia xa hgi vao hoan dfldng ddi mdi da di dflng hfldng va phan<br /> canh cu the cia Viet Nam. Trong dfldng Idi anh dung quy luat phat trien khach quan<br /> lanh dao cung nhfl thflc hien doi mdi. Dang cia Viet Nam va vi the, no la t i t yeu, khdng<br /> Cgng san Viet Nam luon xuit phat tfl thflc the dao ngflde va luon tien ve phia trUdc.<br /> tiin cua xa hgi Viet Nam. Ca khi trfldc ddi 2.3. ThUc tien ddi mdi d Viet Nam luon<br /> m6i va trong ddi mdi. Dang cung c6 nhiing dUdc tien hdnh tdng ket, khdi qudt thdnh ly<br /> sai lim trong nhan thflc ciing nhfl chi dao ludn chung vi xdy dUng chu nghla xd hgi d<br /> each mang, nhflng Dang luon chu trfldng Viet Nam<br /> nhin thang vao sfl that, dam nhan nhflng Sfl nghiep ddi mdi cua Viet Nam khong<br /> sai lim de s i a chfla nham nang cao nang phai ngay tfl diu da hinh thanh mgt he<br /> lflc lanh dao cua Dang. Vi the, cung vdi tho'ng quan diem tUdng ddi ro va diy d i<br /> nhflng thanh cong cia ddi mdi thi uy tin nhfl bay gid, ma nd phai trai qua qua trinh<br /> cua Dang cung ngay cang dfldc nang cao. due ket kinh nghiem ca nhflng cai lam dfldc<br /> Dieu chu yeu dam bao sfl thanh cong trong va chfla lam dfldc trong suo't ca tien trinh<br /> lanh dao cong cugc doi mdi cia Dang chinh va qua mdi mgt giai doan cu the mdi hinh<br /> la b cho, Dang da c6 bflde phat trien ve tfl thanh nen. Mo hinh xay dflng chi nghia xa<br /> duy, nhit la tfl duy ve c h i nghia xa hgi va hgi b Viet Nam (d Trung Quo'c la theo mo<br /> con dfldng xay dflng chu nghia xa hgi b Viet hinh cia Trung Qud'c va dUdc bat diu trUdc<br /> Nam va nhd do, da de ra va lanh dao thflc Viet Nam) dang dfldc tien hanh la chfla co<br /> hien dfldng loi doi mdi mgt each dung din, tien le trong lich s i . Vi the, con dfldng dan<br /> phu hdp vdi thflc tiin Viet Nam qua mdi giai den thanh cong va dn dinh lau dai chinh la<br /> doan va thdi ky cu the. Vi the, nhiing chu vfla lam, vfla bd sung ve mat ly luan de co<br /> trfldng, chinh sach cia Dang da phan anh sfl hoan chinh ve dfldng loi cung nhfl cac<br /> dung yeu ciu phat trien cia dat nfldc, hdp bflde phat trien tiep theo cia cdng cugc doi<br /> vdi long dan nen chung ludn di vao cugc mdi. C) Viet Nam, qua mdi ky Dai hgi Dang<br /> sdng va khong ngiing phat huy tac dung. deu cd sfl nhin nhan, danh gia lai tien trinh<br /> 2.2. Su nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam xudt ddi mdi theo cac mo'c thdi gian 5 nam, 10<br /> phdt tic thUc te'cua chinh xd hgi Viet Nam nam, 15 nam, 20 nam va tren cd sd do, hinh<br /> Viet Nam di len c h i nghia xa hgi tfl mgt thanh Iy luan chung ve con dUdng ddi mdi<br /> nfldc nong nghiep kem phat trien va co cua Viet Nam. Cbinb sfl bd sung ngay cang<br /> truyen thoiig van hda, lich sfl rieng. Vi the. diy du va hoan chinh ve mat ly luan se dam<br /> <br /> <br /> 43<br /> NGUYEN HUU DE<br /> <br /> bao cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi cia Viet Nam. kinh te v i n tang trfldng. Neu cudi nam 2008<br /> ngay cang di dflng theo tie'n trinh phat trien va diu nam 2009, kinh te Viet Nam cung rdi<br /> ta't yeu khach quan cia xa hgi Viet Nam. vao suy thoai do tac dgng c i a k h i n g hoang<br /> Dd'i mdi cia Viet Nam da va dang phat trien tai cbinh toan ciu thi nhd nhiing bien phap<br /> td't dep thi tfldng lai va trien vgng cia nd tich cflc nham cho'ng suy giam kinh te' do<br /> cung khdng the khac dUdc. Cbinb p h i Viet Nam dUa ra, den nay, Viet<br /> Nhiing dieu trinh bay tren la ndi ve trien Nam da cbinh thflc ngan chan dfldc sfl suy<br /> vgng chung cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet thoai nay va nen kinh te dang tren dfldng<br /> Nam. Tren thflc te, con dfldng dd khdng dien phuc bdi va phat trien. Viec Chinh p h i Viet<br /> ra mgt each sudn se, khdng gap nhiing trd Nam dfla ra Nghi quye't sd 30/2008/NQ-GP<br /> ngai, khd khan. Tfl khi tien hanh cdng cugc ve nhiJng giai phap cip bach ngan chan suy<br /> ddi mdi den nay, Viet Nam da gap nhieu khd giam kinh te, duy tri tang trUdng va dam<br /> khan ca ve khach quan lan c h i quan lam bao an sinh xa hdi (trgng tam c i a Nghi<br /> cham tien trinh ddi mdi. Dd la nhiing nhan quyet nay Id 3 hnh vUc: Thflc day san xuat<br /> thflc sai lim trong chi dao thflc hien, sfl bao kinh doanh va x u i t khau; kich ciu diu tfl<br /> t h i cia cd che cu, nhiing thien tai lu lut, va tieu dung; dieu hanh linh boat chinh<br /> nhiing bien dgng cia the gidi theo chieu sach tien te) da chflng td kha nang nhay ben<br /> hfldng bat ldi cho cong cugc ddi mdi cia Viet cia Dang va Nha nfldc Viet Nam trong van<br /> Nam. Viet Nam da gap phai khd khan, nhU de khac pbuc khd khan trong ddi mdi cung<br /> sfl cim van cua My, sfl sup dd cia be thd'ng nhfl khang dinh tfldng lai sang sua cia con<br /> xa hgi chu nghia, quan he cang thang vdi dUdng ddi mdi cua Viet Nam. Vi the, trien<br /> Trung Qudc,... trong nhflng nam diu tien vgng gin cia sfl ngbiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam,<br /> hanh dd'i mdi. NhUng, tflng bflde mgt, Viet theo nhieu chuyen gia dfl bao, se la phuc hdi<br /> Nam da vfldt qua nhiing khd khan dd bang nen kinh te trong nam 2010 va tiep tuc duy<br /> chinh ngi lflc phat trien cia minh. Dae biet, tri mflc tang trfldng nhfl cu bat diu tfl nam<br /> c6 hai sfl kien c6 anh hfldng ldn den tien 2011. De'n lflc dd, cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet<br /> trinh ddi mdi cia Viet Nam la sfl khing Nam se lam tiep nhiing viec hi gian doan do<br /> hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997 va cugc khing hoang tai chinh toan ciu dem lai,<br /> khung hoang kinh te, tai chinh the gidi nam nhu day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai<br /> 2008. Neu cugc khung hoang tai chinh nam hda de hoan thanh vao nam 2020 nhfl da de<br /> 1997 cdn tac dgng it den sfl phat trien kinh ra; hoan thien the che kinh te thi trfldng,<br /> te cua Viet Nam do Viet Nam chfla hgi nhap dae biet la thflc hien td't chinh sach phat<br /> sau vao nen kinh te the gidi, thi cugc khing trien ndng nghiep, nong thdn, lam cho ddi<br /> hoang kinh te, tai chinh nam 2008 da thflc sd'ng ngfldi ndng dan dfldc nang cao,... Nhin<br /> sfl la mgt thfl thach ddi vdi trien vgng cia sfl vao trien vgng va tfldng lai cia sfl nghiep<br /> nghiep ddi mdi cia Viet Nam. Gd the thay, ddi mdi, mdi ngfldi dan Viet Nam deu lac<br /> neu Viet Nam khdng vUdt qua dfldc sfl suy quan va tin tfldng vao sfl tien trien td't dep<br /> thoai kinh te do cugc khing hoang nay gay cia nd. Vi muc tieu c i a nd la xay dflng mgt<br /> ra thi thanh tiiu cia bao nhieu nam tien xa hgi Viet Nam dan giau, nUde manh, xa<br /> hanh ddi mdi se trd ve con so' khdng, ndi gi hgi cdng bang, dan chi, van minh, la lam<br /> den trien vgng cia nd nfla. The nhflng, den cho mgi ngfldi dan Viet Nam deu dfldc<br /> nay, tat ca deu dien ra mgt each td't dep. Ghe hfldng mgt cugc sd'ng diy d i ca ve vat chit<br /> do chinh tri - xa hgi Viet Nam vin dn dinh. lan tinh thin. Q<br /> <br /> <br /> 44<br />