D D D D KINH NGHIEM - THlTC TIEN D D<br />
KINH NGHI$M QU6c T^ V^ HUY D O N G N G U 6 N TAI CHfNH<br />
CHO GlAO DUG DAI HOC<br />
Trin Thj Minh Huong*<br />
Bdi viit trinh bdy kinh nghidm huy ddng<br />
ngudn tdi chinh cho gido dye dgi hgc ciia mgt<br />
sd nude tien nen chdu A (bao gdm Nhgt Bdn.<br />
Trung Qudc vd Hdn Qudc) vd Hoa Ky la<br />
nude cd nin gido due hi^n dgi trin thi giai.<br />
Cdc sd liiu ve tdi trg cua Chinh phu eho ede<br />
trudng dgi hgc eUng dugc thu thdp di phdn<br />
tich. Dua trin dQ li?u dugc thu thdp, tdc gid<br />
phdn tich, so sdnh di rut ra nhiing dgc diem<br />
chung vd hing trong huy ddng ngudn tdi<br />
chinh cho gido due dgi hgc cua cdc nuac, so<br />
sdnh muc do tdi tra cua cdc Chinh phu ddng<br />
thdi rut ra nhiing kinh nghiim nen hgc tap<br />
hoac nin xem xet. Trin ca so dd. bdi bdo dua<br />
ra nhiing de xudt trong viic huy dgng cdc<br />
ngudn tdi chinh cho gido due dgi hgc dp dung<br />
a Viet Nam, nhiing di xudt ndy bao gdm: tiep<br />
tue duy tri ehinh sdch tdi trg tic Chinh phit<br />
cho cdc trudng dgi hge, phdt triin mgnh han<br />
niia ehuang trinh lin dung sinh vien vd phdn<br />
biet vi mice cho vay ddi vdi sinh vien thugc<br />
cdc ngdnh hge khde nhau<br />
1. Nguon tdi chinh cho gido due d^i hpc<br />
cua m$t so nude tren the gidi<br />
Gido dye dgi hpc khdng chi ddng vai trd<br />
quan trpng trong nen gido dye eiia moi nude<br />
ma ddng thdi cd dnh hudng Idn din sy phdt<br />
triln kinh td-xd hpi. Gido dye dgi hpe cung<br />
* Trk Thj Minh Huang, Tiln sj kinh tl, Vi^n Qu^ trj<br />
Kinh doanh - Dai hpc Kinh tl Quic dSn.<br />
<br />
Q<br />
<br />
IIUAN Lt KINH li<br />
<br />
d p nguon nhdn lye quan trpng eho cdc doanh<br />
nghifp trong nen kinh te, Id nhan td thiet yeu<br />
dl phdt triln cdc ngdnh nghi, cdc llnh vuc<br />
kinh doanh. De gido dye dgi hpc phat tridn va<br />
cd chit lupng tot can cd nguon tdi chinh phu<br />
hpp, dieu ndy ludn Id moi quan tdm ciia<br />
Chinh phii cdc nude.<br />
a) Trung QuSc<br />
Trung Qudc theo dudi ehinh sdch da dang<br />
hda ngudn tai tra cho gido dye dgi hpc cdng<br />
lap ddng thdi khuyen khich md rpng gido due<br />
dgi hpc dan lap.<br />
Cde trudng dai hpc cdng Idp hoat dpng<br />
dya trdn 4 ngudn tdi chinh ca bdn:<br />
Ngudn tdi trp thudng xuydn tir ngan<br />
sdch trung uang hodc dia phuong.<br />
Nguon tdi trp bd sung khdng thudng<br />
xuydn cho mpt so trudng d§c bif t dupe lua<br />
chpn theo dy dn 211 vd dy dn 985 (Chinh phii<br />
Trung Quoc dua ra dy dn 211 vdi muc tieu<br />
xdy dyng 100 trudng dai hpc cao ddng hang<br />
diu va dy dn 985 phdt hiin 10-12 trudng dai<br />
hpc cd khd ndng cgnh tranh vdi cdc tnrdng<br />
dgi hpc tren the gidi).<br />
Hpc phi thu tir sinh vien.<br />
Mpt so khodn thu tir cdc hogt dfng<br />
khde ciia trudng.<br />
Ve ngu^n tdi trp tir ngdn sdch, khdng<br />
cd mirc tdi trp thdng nhdt cho cdc trudng<br />
<br />
Stf45f1+2/201Z)<br />
<br />
H NGHliM THUC T I I N<br />
<br />
KINH NGHIEM Q U 6 C T £ ve HUY eONG NGU6N...<br />
<br />
tinh theo s6 tien cho mdt sinh vien trong<br />
mOt mdn hpe. Tren thyc tl, miic tdi trp tir<br />
ngan sach trung uang vd ngdn sdch dia<br />
phuang rat khde nhau.<br />
Chinh sdch ho trp sinh vien eiia Chinh<br />
phii dupe thue hifn trong timg vimg dya tren<br />
miic sdng eiia khu vye. Moi trudng dai hpe<br />
phdi xdc dinh miic song thap nhdt trong viing<br />
va khd ndng gia dinh sinh vidn ed thd ddp iing<br />
ydu cau chi trd hpc phi vd cdc chi phi dn d<br />
cua sinh vidn. Khdng cd ho trp cua Nhd nude<br />
eho ede trudng dgi hpc dan lgp, tuy nhidn<br />
Nhd nude khuyen khich ede trudng dan lgp<br />
ho trp nhimg sinh vien khd khdn. Cdc gia<br />
dinh Trung Qude thudng ddnh tiln tilt kidm<br />
de con em hp di hpc. Theo bdo cdo ciia td<br />
chiic Organization for Economic Cooperation<br />
and Development (2010), trung binh 65% ehi<br />
phi eho sinh vidn dupe chi tidu tir tidn tidt<br />
kif m ciia gia dinh. Tir nam 2007, nhiing hinh<br />
thiic hd trp tdi chinh cho sinh vien dupe phdt<br />
tridn da dang hda, bao gdm cdc hinh thiic ca<br />
ban: hpc bdng eiia Chinh phu, hpe bdng<br />
khuydn khich cua Chinh phu, cho sinh vien<br />
vay tidn, he thdng vira hpc vira lam. Chinh<br />
sdch eho sinh vien vay tidn chu yeu tap trung<br />
giiip da cdc sinh vien ngheo, giiip hp chi trd<br />
hpe phi vd cdc chi phi dn d trong qud trinh<br />
hpc tgp. Theo Organization for Economic<br />
Cooperation and Development (2010), hpc<br />
bdng cua Chinh phu Trung Qudc dupe edp<br />
cho 50.000 smh vien dgt kit qud xuit sdc<br />
nhdt vdi sd tidn 8.000 nhdn dan tf/ndm, hpc<br />
bdng khuyin khieh vdi miic 5.000 nhdn dan<br />
tf/ndm duac edp cho nhiing sinh vidn ngheo<br />
dat kit qua hpe tap tdt ciia ede trudng dgi hpe<br />
vd cao ddng, ehilm khoang 3% sd sinh vidn<br />
trong toan qu6e.<br />
Sinh vidn cd thd vay tidn tir cdc ngan hdng<br />
thuang mgi. Theo Organization for Economic<br />
Cooperation and Development (2010), tir<br />
ndm 2008 ddn 2010 Ngan hdng Trung Qudc<br />
da cho khodng 322.000 sinh vidn ciia 115<br />
Stf 45 (1+2/2012)<br />
<br />
Iffill<br />
<br />
trudng dai hpc vd cao dang vay vdi tong sd<br />
tidn 4,35 ty nhdn ddn td. Cde ngan hdng<br />
khdng dua ra dieu kifn ve tdi san the chap ddi<br />
vdi sinh vidn nhung thudng phdi cd ddm bdo<br />
tir phia gia dinh hp cho hTidng hpp sinh vidn<br />
khdng trd dupe np. Cdc ngan hdng thudng<br />
mudn cho cdc sinh vidn ed triln vpng nghd<br />
nghifp tdt eiia ede trudng dgi hpc ed uy tin<br />
vay np. Cdc trudng dgi hpc eiing dupe<br />
khuyin khich qudn ly cdc sinh vidn da tdt<br />
nghifp nhung chua trd dupe np.<br />
Cd mpt thyc tl dang ton tgi trong vifc cho<br />
sinh vien vay tien tgi Trung Qudc. Doi vdi sd<br />
tidn cho vay do khdng cd sy phan bift giiia<br />
ede ngdnh nghd ITnh vye khac nhau, ndn sinh<br />
vidn theo hpc cdc ngdnh cd ehi phi cao hon se<br />
gdp khd khdn vd phdi tim kiem them tdi trp tir<br />
nhihig nguon khde.<br />
b) Nhgt Bdn<br />
Cac ngudn tdi chinh ea bdn eho cdc<br />
trudng dgi hpc Nhgt Bdn bao gom tdi trp tir<br />
Chinh phu va hpe phi thu tir sinh vidn. Theo<br />
Organization for Economic Cooperation and<br />
Development (2010), tdng chi tieu eua Chinh<br />
phu eho gido due dgi hpe chidm 0,6% GDP.<br />
Tgi Nhat Bdn, ngudn tdi trp cua Chinh phu<br />
cho gido due chu yeu dupe cung cap tinjc<br />
tiep cho cde trudng dai hpe thay vi cung edp<br />
eho sinh vien. Theo sd lieu cua Organization<br />
for Economic Cooperation and Development<br />
(2010), 81,4% chi tidu cdng cpng dupe danh<br />
cho cac trudng dgi hpe, ddy Id mdt ty Id khd<br />
eao neu so sanh vdi cdc nude khac (d<br />
Niudilan vd Uc ty If nay la 57% va 65%).<br />
Nguon tdi trp ciia Chinh phu Nhat Bdn<br />
dupe eung elp eho cd cdc trudng dgi hpc<br />
edng lap vd ddn Idp, trong do ngudn tdi trp<br />
ndy chidm 55,4% tdng cac ngudn thu cua cac<br />
trudng dgi hpc cong lap va 11,7% ngudn thu<br />
ciia cde trudng dgi hpc ddn Idp. Trong tdng<br />
ngu^n tdi trp ndy, tdi trp eho hogt dpng<br />
nghidn ciiu khpa hpc ddng m^t vai ti:d quan<br />
QUAN Lt KINH T£<br />
<br />
f j ^ ^ KINH NGHI|M THUC TIJN<br />
<br />
trpng vd dupe thyc hifn thdng qua hai<br />
chuong trinh Id Quy nghien ciiu khoa hpc vd<br />
Chuang trinh tidn tiln eiia the ky 21. Bdn<br />
cgnh dd, Bp Gido dye, vdn hod, the thao,<br />
khoa hpe vd cdng nghf Nhgt Bdn cdn dua ra<br />
mpt so tai trp khde nhu ehuang trinh ho trp<br />
gido dye hifn thdi hay h5 trp thyc t|ip.<br />
Khdng ed sy khde bift Idn vl hpe phi tgi<br />
ede trudng dgi hpe edng I§p Nhdt Bdn. Theo<br />
Organization for Economic Cooperation and<br />
Development (2010), Bp Gido dye, vdn hod,<br />
thd thao, khoa hpc vd cdng nghf Nhat Bdn<br />
quy dinh mirc hpc phi chuan hdng ndm eho<br />
mpt sinh vidn Id 535 800 yen (tuang duang<br />
khodng 4326 USD) vd cho phdp cdc hordng<br />
d§t mirc hpc phi toi da dupe vupt 20% miie<br />
hpe phi chuan. Tuy nhien, phan Idn cde<br />
trudng deu ddt miic hpc phi theo miic chuan<br />
ciia Bp.<br />
c) Hdn Quoc<br />
Tgi Hdn Qude, cdc trudng dgi hpc cdng<br />
lap cung dupe nhdn tai trp tir Chinh phu,<br />
chdng hgn nhu kinh phi cho boat dpng nghidn<br />
ciiu, phan thu cdn Igi Id tu hpe phi eua sinh<br />
vidn, ngudn thu ndy chilm 30% tdng cde<br />
khodn thu ciia cdc trudng. Ty If thu tir hpe<br />
phi cua ede trudng ddn lgp cao hon nhiiu,<br />
chilm 69% tdng thu, trong khi dd nhgn tai trp<br />
tir Chinh phii ehi chidm 4%. Hpc phi eiia cdc<br />
trudng dgi hpe d cac ngdnh khac nhau cd sy<br />
khac bift ddng kl, trong dd cao nhdt la ngdnh<br />
Dupe va thip nhdt Id ngdnh khoa hpc xa hpi<br />
vd nhan lyc. Mpt sd sinh vien dupe nhgn hpe<br />
bong giup hp trang trdi hpc phi. Tidu ehuan<br />
xet hpc bdng dua trdn hai tidu thiic ca bdn Id<br />
hpe lyc cita sinh vidn vd hodn cdnh khd khdn<br />
cua hp. Tuy nhidn, nguon tdi chinh ca bdn<br />
giiip sinh vien trang trdi hpc phi Id nguon vdn<br />
vay. Theo sd lifu cua Organization for<br />
Economic Cooperation and Development<br />
(2010), cd 22% sinh vien tgi cdc hirdng dai<br />
hpc Hdn Qudc da nhdn dupe cde khodn vay.<br />
<br />
Q<br />
<br />
QUAN Lt KINH T£'<br />
<br />
KINH NGHlf M QU6c T^ V^ HUY DONG NGU6N,.,<br />
<br />
so tiln vay trung binh Id 2,8 trifu Won, ti*ong<br />
khi dd hpc phi d cdc trudng dao dpng tir 2,3<br />
trifu din 7,8 trifu Won/ndm, nhu vgy cd the<br />
thay khodn vay ndy chi giiip trang trdi hpc phi<br />
chii chua ddp img dupe cdc khodn chi tidu dn<br />
d vd sinh hogt khde.<br />
Theo bdo Ddn Tri, thdng bdo mdi day ciia<br />
B$ Gido dye vd Cdng nghf Khoa hpc Han<br />
Quoc ndu rd, kl tir ndm 2011, tat cd nhihig<br />
sinh vidn Id con em cdc hp gia dinh'thufc<br />
difn nghdo nhdt sd dupe cap hpc bdng.<br />
Khodn tiln hpc bdng ddnh cho sinh vidn<br />
nghdo se dan din tdng, tir miic 4 trifu won<br />
(khodng 4.000 USD)/ndm trong ndm nay<br />
Dong thdi, Chinh phii Hdn Qudc cimg dy<br />
dinh md rOng chuong tiinh cho sinh vidn vay<br />
tidn. Theo dd, sinh vien nghdo s6 dupe vay<br />
tiln trang trdi hpc hdnh vd den khi di ldm miSi<br />
phdi trd khodn vay ndy. Thgm chi, hp sd<br />
khdng phdi trd khoan vay ndy neu thu nhjq)<br />
ciia hp thip hem so vdi mirc nhat dinh dupe<br />
quy dinh. Tong thong Hdn Qudc nh§n dinh<br />
rdng tucmg lai ddt nude Hdn Qu6c ndm d gi^<br />
dye, khoa hpc va cdng nghf. Hdn Quoc chi c6<br />
thd ton tgi ndu cd dupe dpi ngii nhdn luc c6<br />
gido dye vd cdng nghf tidn tiln de bii lai chi<br />
phi nguyen lifu thd ngdy cdng tdng va sy<br />
thieu hyt tdi nguydn thien nhidn. Vi viy,<br />
Chinh phil Han Qude dang tdng cudng ho trg<br />
cho nhiing sinh vidn Id eon em ede gia dinh<br />
ed thu nhgp thip.<br />
d) Hoa Kjf<br />
Nhthig nguon tdi chinh ea bdn cho cdc<br />
trudng dgi hpe edng lgp d My bao gom hpc<br />
phi, ho trp ciia Chinh phu va cua bang, nguSn<br />
thu tCr cdc djch vy phy trp nhu y tl, the<br />
thao... Trong dd, theo bdo cdo cua Kevin<br />
Doughterty (2010), gido su tiirdng dgi hpc<br />
Columbia, ngu6n ho trp cua Chinh phii chiem<br />
ty If cao nhit (36%). Hifn tgi Chinh phd M?<br />
cd mpt sd chuong trinh eho sinh vidn vay W<br />
giiip hp cd ngu^n tdi chinh de theo hpc. Theo<br />
<br />
Stf 45 (1+2/2012)<br />
<br />
KINH NGHIEM QU6C T^ V f HUY D O N G NGU6N...<br />
<br />
D. Bruce Johnstone va Pamela N. Marcueei<br />
(2010), cdc chuang trinh ndy bao gom:<br />
Chuang trinh cho vay Federal<br />
Perkins: ehuang trinh cho vay sir dung quy<br />
Perkins ciia Chinh phu. Chuang trinh ndy cho<br />
phep sinh vien vay tdi da 4000 USD/ndm vdi<br />
lai suat 5%/ndm<br />
Chuong trinh eho vay Stafford: day Id<br />
chuang trinh cho vay dupe Chinh phii hd trp<br />
eho nhOng sinh vidn chirng minh dupe nhu<br />
cau tdi chinh. Cdc khodn eho vay dupe nhan<br />
thdng qua 2 chuang trinh cua Bp Gido dye<br />
Hoa Ky la Federal Family Education Loans<br />
vd William D. Ford Federal Direct Student<br />
Loans. Khodn eho vay t6i da Id 3500 USD<br />
cho nam diu tidn, 4500 USD cho ndm thii<br />
hai, 5500 USD cho ndm thu 3 va cdc ndm sau<br />
dd. Chuang trinh nay eho vay vdi Idi suat<br />
7,22%. Thdi hgn eho vay tiiy thupc vao sd<br />
tidn vay vd dupe gidi hgn trong khodng tu 1030 ndm.<br />
2. Bai hpc kinh nghifm vd cac de xuit<br />
d6i vdi huy dong nguon tai chinh cho gido<br />
due dai hpc d" Viet Nam<br />
Nhu vdy cd thd thiy Chinh phu cdc nude<br />
ddu quan tdm den tai trp eho gido dye dgi<br />
hpc, ddc bift Id cdc trudng dgi hpc cdng Idp.<br />
Ngudn tdi ehinh ndy cd thd dupe edp thdng<br />
true tidp cho cde trudng ho^e cap cho sinh<br />
vidn dudi cdc hinh thiic nhu hpc bdng hodc<br />
cho vay. Hpc bdng thudng dupe xet dya trdn<br />
kit qud hpc tap vd hodn canh kinh te cua sinh<br />
vidn, ddc bift d Han Qudc nhihig sinh vien Id<br />
con em cdc gia dinh thudc dien ngheo nhit<br />
ddu dupe elp hpe bdng. Hinh thiie cho sinh<br />
vidn vay dd tdi trp eho qud trinh hpe tgp dupe<br />
dp dyng d tdt ca ede nude dl khuydn khieh,<br />
tao didu kien cho sinh vidn nghdo cd thd theo<br />
hpc va hp se ti:d np khi da tdt nghifp vd di<br />
ldm. Bdi hpc kinh nghifm tir Trung Qu6c eho<br />
thdy trong vin dd cho sinh vien vay tidn cdn<br />
cd sy phdn bift vl miic cho vay giiia cdc<br />
<br />
Stf 45 (1+2/2012)<br />
<br />
KINH NGHltM THUC TIIN<br />
<br />
R T H<br />
<br />
ngdnh hpc vdi cdc miic hpc phi khde nhau,<br />
dam bdo sinh vidn trong nhiing ngdnh cd hpc<br />
phi cao dupe vay nhieu ban tgo dieu kifn cho<br />
hp cd the theo hpc. Ben cgnh do cung cdn ed<br />
chinh sdch tao diiu kidn cho sinh vidn cdc<br />
vimg sau vimg xa dupe tiip can cdc khodn<br />
vay tdt ban.<br />
Trdn ca sd cdc bdi hpe kinh nghiem tren,<br />
huy dpng ngudn tai ehinh cho gido due dai<br />
hpe eua Viet Nam can chii y ban ddn nhiing<br />
van de sau:<br />
- Mdt Id, tiip tue duy tri chinh sdch tdi trg<br />
lie Chinh phu cho cde trudng dgi hgc: ddy Id<br />
nguon tdi chinh quan trpng dl duy tri hogt<br />
dpng ciia ede trudng dgi hpc ddc biet Id cdc<br />
trudng dai hpc cdng lap, trong dd cdn chii<br />
trpng quan tdm din tdi trp cho hogt ddng<br />
nghien eiiu khoa hpc.<br />
- Hai Id, phdt triin mgnh han nica chuang<br />
trinh tin dung sinh vien: day la hinh thiic hd<br />
trp tdi chinh giiip sinh vidn, ddc biet la sinh<br />
vien thudc cdc gia dinh cd thu nhdp thap cd<br />
eo hdi theo hpc. Tuy nhien dl chuang trinh<br />
ndy thue sy cd hidu qud can Idm tot vifc xdc<br />
dinh ddi tupng dupe vay vd co chd thu hdi np<br />
dl bao tdn ngudn vdn cho vay.<br />
Ba la, phdn biii vi mice cho vay ddi<br />
vdi sinh vien thugc cdc ngdnh hgc khde<br />
nhau: hien tgi d Vift Nam, miic hpc phi<br />
tran cua cdc ngdnh hpc dupe quy dinh theo<br />
tiing nhdm ngdnh, trdn ca sd do cdc trudng<br />
dgi hpe sd quy dinh miie hpe phi eu thd d<br />
trudng minh. Mdc dii, miie hpc phi giiia cde<br />
ngdnh chenh Idch khdng nhieu nhung trdn<br />
thuc tl sinh vien ciia cde ngdnh hpc ein<br />
thyc tgp nhidu vdi nhiing dung cy, thidt bi<br />
trang bi cho cd nhan nhu kidn tnic, ky<br />
thudt... sd phdi chi tieu nhiiu hem sinh vien<br />
cdc ngdnh khac. Do vdy, trong chinh sdch<br />
cho vay cdn cd sy phan bift ve ngdnh hpc<br />
ddm bdo sy cdng bdng va ho trp hpp ly eho<br />
sinh vien cdc ngdnh hpc khac nhau.<br />
<br />
QUAN Lt KINH Tl<br />
<br />
P H i f f l KINH NGHigM lH\fC TIJN<br />
<br />
TAI LlfiU THAM KHAO<br />
D. Bruce Johnstone and Pamela N.<br />
Marcueei, Worldwide trends in higher<br />
education<br />
finance:<br />
cost-sharing,<br />
student loans, and the support of<br />
academic<br />
research,<br />
<<br />
gse.buffalo.edu/.../^roject_publications.<br />
html><br />
Kevin Dougherty, Financing higher<br />
education in the United States: structure,<br />
trends<br />
and<br />
issues,<br />
'<br />
wvm'.te.Columbia, edu/cenlers/coce/pdffi<br />
les/e9.pdf><br />
Organization for Economic Cooperation<br />
and Development (2010), OECD review<br />
<br />
^<br />
<br />
OUAN Lt KINH it<br />
<br />
KINH NGHI6M QU6c T^ VE HUY D O N G NGU6N...<br />
<br />
of<br />
tertiary<br />
education-China,<br />
,http ://www.oeed. org/edu/tertiary/review<br />
Organization for Economic Cooperation<br />
and Development (2010), OECD review<br />
of<br />
tertiary<br />
education-Japan,<br />
http://v™av.oecd.org/edu/tertiary/review<br />
Organization for Economic Cooperation<br />
and Development (2010), OECD review<br />
of<br />
tertiary<br />
education-Korea,<br />
http://www.oeed.org/edu/tertiary/review<br />
Xudn Vu (2011), Hdn Qudc se edp hgc<br />
bdng cho tdt cd sinh vien ngheo, Bdo difn<br />
tir Ddn tri, <br />
<br />
Sfli 45 (1+2/21112)<br />
<br />
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