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Lecture Ecological Anthropology: Theoretical Approaches - Dr. Annuska Derks
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Lecture Ecological Anthropology: Theoretical Approaches of Dr. Annuska Derks Cross cultural study of society and environment, Influence Environment on Society vs Influence Society on Environment.
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Nội dung Text: Lecture Ecological Anthropology: Theoretical Approaches - Dr. Annuska Derks
- Ecological Anthropology:
Theoretical Approaches
Dr. Annuska Derks
- What does Anthropology
contribute to the study of the
environment?
Crosscultural study of society and environment
Influence Environment on Society
vs
Influence Society on Environment
- Ecological Anthropology: An Overview
Early 20th century: Environmental Possibilism
1950s1960s: Cultural Ecology
1960s1980s: Ecological Anthropology:
Neofunctionalism
1990snow: Ecological Anthropology: New
Ecologies / Processual Approaches
- 3 theoretical approaches
Cultural Ecology – Julian Steward
Ecosystem Approach – Roy Rappaport
Cultural Materialism – Marvin Harris
- Cultural Ecology
Julian Steward (19021972)
Effect of environment upon culture
Ecology = „adaptation to environment“
Cultural ecology = study of adaptation to environment
by means of culture; in the larger sense, the problem is
to determine whether similar adjustments occur in
similar environments
- Method of Cultural Ecology
First, the relationship between
subsistence strategies and natural
resources must be analyzed.
Second, the behavior patterns involved in
a particular subsistence strategy must be
analyzed.
Third, it has to be determined how these
behavior patterns affect other aspects of
the society.
- Distinction
cultural core = those features of society that
are most closely related to subsistence activities
and economic arrangements
secondary features = those features that are
determined to a greater extent by purely
culturalhistorical factors and which give the
appearance of outward distinctiveness to
cultures with similar cores
- Shoshone Indians – Great Basin
Source: http://www.aaanativearts.com/Native_American_map.jpg
- Shoshone Indians
Small hunting and
gathering groups
Dry harsh environment
Low population density
Exogamy
Patrilocality
Patrilinear kinship
Source: http://artfiles.art.com/5/p/LRG/37/3726/Y8PAF00Z/skintepeesshoshoneindians18801910.jpg
- Patrilineal band
= cultural type as a result of environmental
adaptation
= crossculturally recurrent (Africa,
Australia, America)
= uniformity results from similar exploitation
of the environment
- Ecosystem Approach
Roy Rappaport (1926 1997)
Human role in ecosystems
Source: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Rappaport,_Roy_A.
Ecosystem = A community of plants and animals within
a particular physical environment that is linked by a
flow of materials through the nonliving (abiotic) as well
as the living (biotic) sections of the system.
(A Dictionary of Geography. Oxford University Press, 2009)
- Neo-functionalist approach
Ecosystems:
Selfregulating & homeostatic (keeping
balance)
Humans are one of many components within
the chain of exchange within a bounded area
Culture is subject to forces of natural selection
and adaptation like any other type of animal
behavior
- Pigs for the Ancestors (1968)
Tsembaga of New Guinea
Maring speaking group (≈200 people)
Heavily forested area
Low mountain range
Little contact outside world
Horticulturalists
(taro, sweet patato)
Pig raising
- When there are too many pigs…
Pigs = humans in taro consumption
People must work to support pigs when
their numbers grow to a certain level
Produces sanitation problems
Produces conflicts among neighbors
- Understanding the ritual cycle
Explanations based on cognized environment
(Tsembaga): ritual as sacrifice for the ancestors
to settle relations with the supernatural
Explanations based on operational environment
(anthropologist): material environment that can
be observed and measured (caloric intake,
agricultural output, labour investment, etc. in
relation to ritual and other events)
- Ritual cycle
Source: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~jkukac/Casestudies_files/image001.gif
- Rappaport’s Conclusions
Rappaport argues that pigs are an integral part of a RITUAL
CYCLE that serves important ECOLOGICAL functions.
This cycle theoretically:
1) maintains an undegraded environment
2) distributes local surpluses of pork and assures people
high quality protein when they are most in need of it
3) limits warfare to frequencies that do not endanger the
survival of the regional population but which allows
occasional redistribution of people over land and land
among people
- Cultural Materialism
Marvin Harris (19272001)
Human social life is a response to the
practical problems of earthly existence
Cultural materialism = an anthropological school of
thought (or "research strategy") that says that the
best way to understand human culture is to examine
material conditions climate, food supply,
geography, etc.
- Cultural materialism
Also called technoenvironmental or techno
economic determinism
Distinction:
Emic perspective = the point of view of natives
Etic perspective = anthropologist’s point of view
Harris regards the etic category as more important
than emic category because outside researchers are
able to see the basic foundations of social structures,
i.e. to reveal and explain the ecological rationale
underlying various aspects of culture.
- Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches (1974)
Exploring the material causes for apparently irrational
and inexplicable lifestyles.
E.g. Why do Hindus refuse to eat beef even though
they’re starving?
Source: http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/indiaphotos/#/sacredcows_6738_600x450.jpg
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