Chương 5: Chăn nuôi thú y & sức kh e ỏ

cộng đồng

1

ỏ

Thú y & Sức kh e Cộng đồng

Tác đ ng 2 chi u:

ề

ộ

 Môi tr

ng

ườ  s c kh e và năng su t v t nuôi

ấ ậ

ứ

ỏ

 các y u t

khí h u, môi tr

ng (không khí, n

c)

ế ố

ậ

ườ

ướ

 các y u t

ế ố ề

v qu n lý (thi ả

ế ế

t k chu ng tr i, v sinh, qu n lý d ch ệ

ạ

ả

ồ

ị

b nh)ệ

 Chăn nuôi - thú y  môi tr

ng & s c kh e con ng

ườ

ứ

ỏ

i ườ

ng: không khí, n

 ô nhi m môi tr ễ

ườ

ướ

c, đ t ấ

 lan truy n m m b nh (zoonoses)

ề

ệ

ầ

 an toàn th c ph m (ng đ c th c ph m, các ch t t n d ) ư

ấ ồ

ộ ộ

ự

ự

ẩ

ẩ

2

VPH

ỏ

Thú y & sức kh e cộng đồng­

ch t l ng s ng i qua hi u bi t & th c  Góp ph n nâng cao ầ ấ ượ ố con ng ườ ể ế ự

(FAO & WHO, The contributions to the physical, mental & social well being of humans through an understanding

and application of veterinary science).

hành thú y

i luôn g n v i s c kh e v t nuôi, thông qua:  S c kh e con ng ỏ ứ ườ ắ ớ ứ ỏ ậ

ho t đ ng chăn nuôi (ô nhi m môi tr ng, lan truy n m m b nh) • ạ ộ ễ ườ ề ệ ầ

• v n chuy n (v t nuôi & các s n ph m c a chúng) ậ ủ ể ậ ả ẩ

• th c ăn (th t, tr ng, s a) ị ứ ứ ữ

• qu n áoầ

3

• thú c ngư

VPH

ỏ

Thú y & sức kh e cộng đồng­

- Liên quan đ n s hi u bi t, phòng ng a & ki m soát: ế ự ể ế ừ ể

 an toàn th c ph m ẩ (food safety) ự

 các b nh truy n lây gi a đ ng v t & ng i ữ ộ ệ ề ậ ườ (zoonotic diseases)

c u ng - ng đ c th c ph m, n ự ộ ộ ẩ ướ ố

- ti p xúc (chăn nuôi, thú y, thú c ng) ư ế

- môi tr ng (không khí, n ườ ướ c, đ t) ấ

4

- truy n b nh qua các v t ch trung gian ề ệ ủ ậ

An toàn thực ph mẩ

- ATTP là 1 trong các v n đ quan tr ng nh t trong vi c: ề ệ ấ ấ ọ

 b o v s c kh e con ng ả ệ ứ ỏ i ườ

 nâng cao ch t l ấ ượ ng s ng ố

- “Food chain” là 1 m t xích quan tr ng trong vi c b o đ m VSATTP: ọ ệ ả ả ắ

khâu s n xu t – ch bi n - phân ph i – tiêu dùng t ừ ế ế ả ấ ố

 Đòi h i s tham gia c a m i ng i: ỏ ự ủ ọ ườ

- ng i s n xu t - kinh doanh – ch bi n - phân ph i - ườ ả ế ế ấ ố

5

- các c quan qu n lý & ng i tiêu dùng ả ơ ườ

An toàn thực ph mẩ

 Các ch t t n d

ấ ồ ư

- kháng sinh (phòng b nh, tăng tr

ng)

ệ

ưở

Các ch t/ tác nhân thay th ?

ế

ấ

- ch t kích thích tăng tr

ng

ấ

ưở

- kim lo i n ng (th y s n)

ủ ả

ạ ặ

t côn trùng (th y s n)

- thu c di ố

ệ

ủ ả

6

An toàn thực ph mẩ

 M m b nh truy n lây gi a đ ng v t & ng ữ ộ ề ệ ầ ậ i ườ

- v t nuôi mang vi sinh v t gây b nh ệ ậ ậ

- b n thân v t nuôi mang m m b nh ệ ậ ả ầ

- v t nuôi nhi m m m b nh trong quá trình v n chuy n (ph ng ễ ể ệ ầ ậ ậ ươ

ti n v n chuy n) ệ ậ ể

- ô nhi m qu y th t: ễ ầ ị

- trong quá trình gi t mế ổ

7

- trong quá trình v n chuy n & phân ph i ố ể ậ

ủ

Vai trò c a thức ăn gia súc

Nhi m các m m b nh lan truy n gi a đ ng v t & ng

ữ

ễ

ệ

ề

ậ

ầ

ộ

i: ườ

- bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

- Salmonella, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli & các m m b nh khác

ệ

ầ

- aflatoxin

Các bi n pháp phòng ng a:

ừ

ệ

 h n ch hay c m s d ng 1 s thành ph n th c ăn gia súc

ử ụ

ứ

ế

ấ

ầ

ạ

ố

(ví d các th c ph m t

đ ng v t b nh)

ụ

ự

ẩ

ừ ộ

ậ ệ

 c i ti n khâu ch bi n (tiêu di

t m m b nh; tránh nhi m)

ế ế

ả ế

ệ

ệ

ễ

ầ

 chú ý ngu n g c th c ph m

ự

ẩ

ồ

ố

(b sung

)

ổ

8

Bệnh truyền lây giữa động vật & người (zoonoses)

Zoonoses = communicable diseases

= B t kỳ m m b nh lan truy n 1 cách t nhiên t i ệ ề ấ ầ ự ừ ộ đ ng v t sang ng ậ ườ

i > 200 b nh lan truy n gi a đ ng v t & ng ề ữ ộ ệ ậ ườ

- Truy n lây b nh gi a m i n i trên ữ đ ng v t ộ ậ & ng ề ệ i ườ x y ra hàng ngày, ả ở ọ ơ

th gi i ế ớ

- Các m m b nh ầ ệ : vi khu n, ký sinh trùng, virus, & nh ng m m b nh không ữ ệ ầ ẩ

9

truy n th ng (ví d , prion) ụ ề ố

Bệnh truyền lây giữa động vật & người (zoonoses)

R t nhi u b nh truy n lây b nh gi a gia súc & ng i: ề ệ ữ ề ệ ấ ườ

 các b nh có tính d ch đ a ph ng (endemic): ệ ị ị ươ

brucellosis, anthrax, bovine tuberculosis,

campylobacteroses, E. coli O157

parasitic diseases

rabies

 các b nh m i n i d y (emerging zoonoses): ớ ổ ậ ệ

avian influenza, Nipah/Hendra disease*

10

Hendra disease: caused by Hendra virus, transmitted from horses to human, causing an influenza-like illness, respiratory and renal failure, meningitis & death. Wild bats may be natural carriers.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

ỏ

Zoonoses & sức kh e cộng đồng

 Trong th p k qua, ~ 75% các b nh m i trên ng i có nguyên ệ ậ ớ ỷ ườ

nhân là các m m b nh có ngu n g c t đ ng v t hay s n ph m ệ ầ ố ừ ộ ả ẩ ậ ồ

đ ng v t ậ ộ

 1 s m m b nh có kh năng lan truy n ố ầ ệ ả ề ở ph m vi r ng ạ ộ hay toàn

c uầ

 Nh ng b nh đã bi t & có th ki m soát nh rabies, brucellosis, ữ ệ ế ể ể ư

11

echinococcosis v n hoành hành các n c đang phát tri n ẫ ở ướ ể

ỏ

Zoonoses & sức kh e cộng đồng

 Tác đ ng c a các b nh zoonoses: ủ ộ ệ

 nh h ả ưở ng s c kh e con ng ỏ ứ i ườ

 h n ch : ế ạ

• s s n xu t th c ph m ấ ự ả ự ẩ

• giao d ch h ị ươ ng m i toàn c u ầ ạ

 T đó nh h ừ ả ưở ng đ n toàn di n đ i s ng xã h i ộ ờ ố ế ệ

b nh zoonoses ệ

12

 Thú y đóng vai trò quan tr ng trong vi c ngăn ng a & ki m soát các ừ ể ệ ọ

Zoonoses­ đường truyền lây

c u ng

ướ ố

 Th c ăn, n ứ  Qua ti p xúc

ế

B đ ng v t mang trùng c n, cào x

c

ị ộ

ướ : rat-bite fever, rabies,

ắ ậ rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari)

N c b t (li m):

rat-bite fever, Ebola, pasteurellosis

ướ ọ

ế

 Môi tr

ngườ

Đ tấ : toxoplasmosis, tetanus

Không khí: ebola, SARS-CoV, influenza, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)

 V t ch trung gian (côn trùng):

ủ

ậ

- Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii); dogs, wild rodents, rabbits - tick

- Sleeping sickness (Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus - birds, poultry, horses - mosquitoes

13

ẩ Bệnh qua thực ph m & nước uống   (foodborne & waterborne diseases)

- M i năm, vài tri u ng

i m c b nh truy n lây t

đ ng v t qua th c ăn (WHO)

ệ

ỗ

ườ

ệ

ề

ắ

ừ ộ

ứ

ậ

- Có > 250 b nh ng đ c th c ph m, h u h t là do vi sinh v t (CDC) ẩ

ộ ộ

ự

ế

ệ

ậ

ầ

- 1 s m m b nh gây ng đ c th c ph m ph bi n: ộ ộ

ố ầ

ổ ế

ự

ệ

ẩ

Salmonella; Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7,

Calicivirus, or Norwalk-like virus

- 1 s m m b nh gây ng đ c th c ph m & b nh qua n ộ ộ

ố ầ

ự

ệ

ệ

ẩ

c ướ

Shigella

Viêm gan siêu vi A (hepatitis A)

Giardia lamblia & Cryptosporidium

- 1 s vi khu n gây ng đ c th c ph m qua đ c t ộ ộ

ộ ố

ự

ẩ

ẩ

ố

Staphylococcus aureus

14

Clostridium botulinum

Giardia lamblia

Hosts:

Humans, cats, dogs, cows, beavers, deer, sheep & birds

Giardia infection occur through ingestion of dormant cysts

in contaminated water, food, or

by the fecal-oral route (through poor hygiene practices).

The Giardia cyst

can survive for weeks to months in cold water,

can be present in contaminated wells & water systems, &

even clean-looking mountain streams.

They may also occur in city reservoirs & persist after water treatment,

-- as Giardia cysts are resistant to conventional water treatment methods such as

chlorination & ozonolysis

15

Cryptosporidium

Hosts: mammals, including human

C.muris oocysts found in

Exposure risks:

human feces.

- People who swim regularly

- Parents of infected children

- People who take care of other people with cryptosporidiosis

- Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unfiltered, untreated water

- People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources

- People who handle infected cattle

- People exposed to human feces through sexual contact

-certain strains of Cryptosporidium are chlorine-resistant

16

1 số bệnh “zoonoses”– vi khu nẩ

- Các b nh gây s t, tiêu ch y, đau b ng, choáng váng, nôn m a: ử ụ ệ ả ố

salmonellosis; campylobacteriosis, E. coli, shigellosis

- Hay các b nh khác nh : ư ệ

anthrax, leptospirosis, brucellosis,

Primary vectors: ticks, deer flies, arthropods

Reservoir host: rabbits, prairie dogs, hares & rodents

Also waterborne

- very rapidly onset, with headache, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pains, loss of appetite & nausea;

face & eyes redden and become inflamed;

inflammation spreads to the lymph nodes, which enlarge & may suppurate;

high fever; death may result

17

tularaemia (= rabbit fever, caused by Franciasella tularensis)

Rat bite fever

- Streptobacillus moniliformis & Spirillum minus

-Đ ng v t mang trùng: ậ ộ

thú g m nh m ấ ậ

chó, mèo ??

- Vi khu n ti t ra n c ti u, d ch ti t màng nh y, n c b t ẩ ế ướ ể ị ế ầ ướ ọ

- Ng ườ i nhi m do: ễ

- thú mang trùng c n hay cào x c ắ ướ

c u ng b nhi m khu n; - ăn th c ăn, n ứ ướ ố ễ ẩ ị

18

- n c b t? - ti p xúc ế ướ ọ

Rat bite fever

2 d ng b nh do

S. moniliformis

ệ

ạ

- Haverhill fever (HF): b nh khi ng

ệ

ườ

i ăn hay u ng nh ng món b nh m khu n ẩ

ữ

ễ

ố

ị

- Rat bite fever: b nh do ng

i b c n hay cào x

c

ệ

ườ ị ắ

ướ

 fever, chills, pharyngitis, vomiting, skin rashes & polyarthralgia

 Later: monoarthritis, polyarthritis, anaemia, endocarditis, pericarditis,

pneumonia, meningitis, diarrhoea & abscess formation in organs including the

brain, liver, spleen & skin

 Other complications: parotitis, amnionitis, tenosynovitis, prostatitis &

pancreatitis

- Parotid gland: One of the largest pairs of salivary glands that lie at the side of the face just below and in front of the external ear along the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible.

19

- Tenosynovitis: inflammation of a tendon and its fluid-filled sheath. It is painful, and may temporarily disable the affected part.

Rat bite wounds on the finger of a 5- year-old male 12 hours after the bite appear non- inflammatory. Because of fever, chills, headache, & rash 5 days later, blood cultures were obtained which grew Streptobacillus moniliformis.

Rat-Bite Fever. Close-up view of the rash of an infant who was bitten on the right cheek by a rat.

20

Red Book Online Visual Library, 2006. Image 108_01. Available at: http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/visual. Accessed December 3, 2007

Rat bite fever

Maculopapular rash on the hand of a patient with confirmed S. moniliformis rat bite fever. Courtesy of Dr. S.H.A. Peters (Flevostad Ziekenhuis, Lelystad, The Netherlands).

21

1 số bệnh “zoonoses” – virus

- Rabies: trên th gi

i m i năm có kho ng 55 000 ng

ế ớ

ả

ỗ

ườ

i (ch y u là tr em) ch t do ẻ

ủ ế

ế

b nh d i (WHO) ạ ệ

- Avian influenza

- Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (tick-borne viral disease)

- Ebola (transmitted by direct contact or airborne transmission)

- Rift valley fever (caused by the RVF virus);

animals – human; spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes

fever, headache, myalgia and liver abnormalities

hemorrhagic fever syndrome, meningoencephalitis

- Norwalk-like virus (Norovirus)

- Viêm gan siêu vi A (hepatitis A)

22

Myalgia; Muscular pain or tenderness

Viêm gan siêu vi A (hepatitis A)

- self-limited & fulminant disease

- low mortality, high morbidity & socio-economic losses

- # 40% of all acute viral hepatitis is caused by HAV

What is the cause?

- Hepatitis A virus (HAV):

genus of Hepatovirus, family of Picornaviridae

nonenveloped, +ve stranded RNA

How is HAV spread?

- typically by the faecal-oral route

Ingestion of fecal matter, even in microscopic amounts,

from close person-to-person contact, or

23

ingestion of contaminated food or drinks.

Viêm gan siêu vi A (hepatitis A)

- HAV is abundantly excreted in faeces:

- can survive in the environment for prolonged periods of time

- resistant to detergent, acid (pH 1), drying, & temp. up to 60oC.

- can survive for months in fresh and salt water

- Food-borne outbreaks are not uncommon

ingestion of shellfish cultivated in polluted water - high risk

- Hepatitis A has been caused by orange juice, salads, bakery goods & lettuce

- HAV can be inactivated by:

chlorine treatment (drinking water), formalin (0.35%, 37oC, 72 hrs),

peracetic acid (2%, 4 hrs), beta-propiolactone (0.25%, 1 hr), &

UV radiation (2 μW/cm2/min).

24

CDC; WHO; FAO

Worldwide endemicity of HAV infection

HAV endemicity

Regions by epidemiological pattern

Most likely mode of transmission

Average age of patients (years)

Very high

under 5

Africa, parts of South America, the Middle East and of south- east Asia

- person-to-person - contaminated food & water

High

5-14

Brazil's Amazon basin, China and Latin America

- person-to-person - outbreaks/ contaminated food or water

Intermediate Southern and Eastern Europe,

5-24

some regions of the Middle East

- person-to-person - outbreaks/ contaminated food or water

Low

Australia, USA, Western Europe

5-40

- common source outbreaks

Northern Europe and Japan

over 20

Very low

- exposure during travel to high endemicity areas, uncommon source

25

(WHO)

Avian influenza = fowl plague = Bird flu

26

Avian influenza - overview

- projections of haemagglutinin & neuraminidase cover the surface of the particle - The influenza A & B virus genomes consist of 8 separate segments

1. Polymerase B2 protein (PB2) 2. Polymerase B1 protein (PB1) 3. Polymerase A protein (PA) 4. Haemagglutinin (HA or H) 5. Nucleocapsid protein (NP) 6. Neuraminidase (NA or N) 7. Matrix protein (M) 8. Non-structural protein (NS); the function of NS2 is hypothetical

Antigenic drift - mutations in the antigenic sites - the seasonal influenza epidemics Antigenic shift = genome reassortment: the HA is exchanged in a virus, for example H1 replaced by H5 resulting in the formation of a mosaic virus. may happen when a cell is infected by 2 different influenza viruses & their genome segments are exchanged during replication.

27

Antigenic shift

28

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift

29

Previous Influenza Pandemics

3 influenza pandemics (worldwide epidemics) have occurred, all by influenza A

viruses. A pandemic can occur when:

- a significant change in at least 1 of the influenza A virus surface proteins

haemagglutinin & neuraminidase occurs spontaneously - nobody has immunity to

this entirely new virus.

- the virus also achieves efficient human-to-human transmission & has the ability to

replicate in humans causing serious illness.

This happened in

-1918 (the "Spanish flu", caused by a H1N1 subtype), 20-100 millions dead

- 1957 (the "Asian flu" caused by a H2N2 subtype), 69,800 dead in the US

- 1968 (the "Hong Kong flu", caused by a H3N2 subtype), 50 m infected & 34 000

deaths in the U.S.

30

"All influenza A pandemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], & indeed

almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from

avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by

descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and

reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes

from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza

genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed

the "mother" of all pandemics”.

(Taubenberger & Morens (2006). 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics. Imerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 15-22)

31

The virus is believed to be transmitted to humans via contact with an infected animal host (Gorillas, fruit bats)

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola#Transmission

Isolated male patient diagnosed with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean-Congo_haemorrhagic_fever)

33

1 số bệnh “zoonoses” – ký sinh trùng

Cysticercosis/Taeniasis: heo – ng iườ

đ ng kinh (epilepsy), ộ

nh c đ u (headache) & nh ng tri u ch ng khác ứ ầ ữ ứ ệ

Các b nh ký sinh trùng khác: ệ

echinococcosis/ hydatidosis,

toxoplasmosis (caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii)

34

trematodosis

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

- Ingestion of contaminated cat faeces

- Ingestion of

- Hand-to-mouth contact following cleaning a cat's litter box

raw/partly

cooked

meats

- Drinking water contaminated with Toxoplasma

transplacental transmission

CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid

35

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis

1 số bệnh “zoonoses” – các tác nhân không truyền thống

• Unconventional agents

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is thought to be the cause of variant

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (vCJD) which is a neurological disease

36

different from CJD, leading to death in humans.

7 neglected endemic zoonoses

37

1. Anthrax

http://www.pighealth.com/diseases/anthrax.htm

-

primarily a disease of herbivores

although all warm-blooded species are susceptible

-

caused by the spore–forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis

- The ‘reservoir’ of the disease: soil contaminated by spores

- Humans acquire anthrax either by direct or indirect contact with

- infected animals,

- through occupational exposure to contaminated animal products.

- Of 60 countries reporting anthrax in 2004, nearly 60% were developing

38

countries.

Anthrax

- In animals,

http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/anthr ax.htm

the disease is almost always rapidly fatal.

- In people, the disease takes 3 forms:

(i) inhalation anthrax, acquired by breathing in spores;

(ii) gastro-intestinal anthrax, acquired from eating infected meat

(iii) cutaneous form,

accounting for > 95% of reported cases in developing countries,

39

acquired through skin lesions.

2. Bovine tuberculosis

- In humans, tuberculosis (TB) are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

- However, TB can be caused by a number of other bacteria, of which

Mycobacterium bovis, causing so-called ‘bovine tuberculosis’:

- is one of the more prevalent

- has the widest host range of all TB bacteria.

- Bovine TB often occupies sites other than the lungs (extra-pulmonary)

However, clinically indistinguishable from M. tuberculosis infection

- Patients with M. bovis

often do not respond to the drugs commonly used to treat TB

sometimes resulting in a fatal outcome.

other, far more expensive drugs are often needed

- Sporadic reports of cases from many African & Asian countries

- Bovine TB is increasing at a similar rate to the total number of cases of TB.

40

3. Brucellosis

One of the world’s most widespread zoonoses.

 caused by various bacteria in the genus Brucella

affecting cattle, sheep, goats, pigs & some other animals

leading to abortion, later permanently reduced fertility &

chronically lowered milk yields

 can be passed to people

via direct contact with livestock or

through drinking unpasteurized milk from an infected animal.

In people,

 the main symptom: recurrent bouts of high temperature,

to be misdiagnosed as drug-resistant malaria in tropical countries.

 a chronic disease, it can cause a variety of other symptoms:

41

joint pain, fatigue & depression.

4. Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis (NCC)

- emerging as a serious public health & agricultural problem

in many poorer countries of Africa, Asia & Latin America.

(i) Humans

eating raw/undercooked pork meat contaminated with Taenia solium larvae

larvae adult tapeworms (in the intestine of humans) shedding eggs in faeces

(ii) The same or other humans as well as pigs ingest the eggs

- by direct contact with tapeworm carriers or

- by indirect contamination of water or food

-- larvae migrate to different parts of the body -- forming cysts

- A principle site of migration in humans is the central nervous system.

Human neurocysticercosis (NCC) occurs when the cysts develop in the brain.

- WHO estimates that cysticercosis affects some 50 million people worldwide & in

endemic areas, causes some 50 000 deaths.

42

5. Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease

Echinococcus life cycle

tapeworm

Sheep, cattles, human

43

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatidosis

6. Rabies

-

probably the best known zoonotic illness

-

caused by a virus, which usually enters the body through a bite or skin lesion

and makes its way to the brain.

-

inevitably fatal outcome in untreated patients after a cruelly unpleasant

7. Zoonotic sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis

(HAT)

-

limited to the continent of Africa where its insect vector, the tsetse fly, is

found

- The causal agent, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, infects humans, wild

animals and domestic livestock

-

the disease is maintained by transmission between the insect vector and

humans

-

the animal reservoir is important

44

Zo o no s e s

ng trình ngăn ng a/ h n ch

- C n có bi n pháp/ch ệ

ầ

ươ

ế nguy cơ (risk) lan truy n ề

ừ

ạ

b nhệ

chính sách/lu t lậ ệ

các bi n pháp phòng ng a, h n ch lây lan

ừ

ế

ệ

ạ

các bi n pháp ki m soát lây lan

ể

ệ

tuyên truy n giáo d c ụ ề

- Trong các chính sách/ bi n pháp, c n quan tâm t

i các khía c nh

ệ

ầ

ớ

ạ

sinh thái (ecology)

văn hóa (culture)

xã h i (social aspects)

ộ

đ o đ c (ethical aspects)

ạ ứ

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Vet public health ­ VPH

The core domains of VPH include the following:

 diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention,

elimination of zoonoses;

 food protection;

 management of health aspects, laboratory animal facilities &

diagnostic laboratories;

 biomedical research;

 health education and extension;

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 production & control of biological products & medical devices.

Vet public health ­ VPH

Other VPH core domains may include

 management of domestic & wild animal populations,

 protection of drinking-water & the environment,

 management of public health emergencies.

Veterinary public health is an essential part of public health &

includes various types of cooperation between the disciplines

that link the health triad, people-animals-environment, & all of

its interactions.

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