Bài giảng Kỹ thuật phản ứng sinh học: Chương 2 - Động học phản ứng enzyme

Enzyme kinetics forms a cornerstone in understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing biological processes and their extensive applications in bioprocess engineering. Enzymes, as highly efficient biological catalysts, orchestrate nearly all biochemical reactions within living systems, playing a pivotal role in metabolism, disease, and industrial production. This chapter provides an introduction to the essential concepts of enzyme catalysis, exploring the unique characteristics that define their function and efficiency. By delving into the basics of enzyme action and reaction kinetics, including the renowned Michaelis-Menten equation, we aim to lay a critical foundation for students and researchers alike to comprehend and manipulate enzyme-driven systems effectively.

Sinh viên và nhà nghiên cứu trong lĩnh vực kỹ thuật sinh học, hóa sinh, công nghệ sinh học và các ngành khoa học sự sống khác.

This academic overview thoroughly explores enzyme reaction kinetics, beginning with fundamental concepts of biological catalysis. It establishes enzymes as highly specific protein molecules essential for accelerating biochemical reactions under mild conditions by significantly lowering the activation energy without being consumed. The document elucidates the critical components of enzyme activity, including the active site where substrate binding occurs to form an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, and the roles of non-protein groups like cofactors, coenzymes, and vitamins in enhancing catalytic function. Distinction is made between holoenzymes, apoenzymes, and isozymes, providing a comprehensive understanding of enzyme diversity. Furthermore, the content covers enzyme nomenclature, highlighting the systematic naming convention. A central focus is placed on enzyme kinetics, introducing models such as the Michaelis-Menten equation, alongside assumptions like rapid equilibrium and quasi-steady-state, which are vital for quantifying reaction rates. The unique characteristics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions—their unparalleled specificity, remarkable speed, and inherent sensitivity compared to conventional chemical reactions—are emphasized. This knowledge is crucial for applications in bioprocess engineering, enabling the design of efficient and environmentally friendly processes for producing new products, developing energy resources, and ensuring food and water safety.