T QUA C CHAÁÁÁÁT QUA N CHUYEÅÅÅÅN CAN CAN CAN CAÙÙÙÙC CHA SSSSÖÏÖÏÖÏÖÏ VAVAVAVAÄÄÄÄN CHUYE T QUA T QUA C CHA C CHA N CHUYE N CHUYE NG TEÁÁÁÁ BABABABAØØØØOOOO MAMAMAMAØØØØNG TE NG TE NG TE

• MuMuMuMuïïïïcccc tieâutieâutieâutieâu hohohohoïïïïcccc tatatataääääpppp , protein vavavavaäääännnn keânh, protein : protein keânh 1111. . . . NeâuNeâuNeâuNeâu ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc cacacacaùùùùcccc khakhakhakhaùùùùiiii nienienienieäääämmmm: protein , protein , protein keânh keânh : protein : protein chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc. . . . , protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn thuthuthuthuïïïï ññññooooäääängngngng, protein chuye chuye chuye , protein , protein chuye chuye chuyeåååånnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng babababaèèèèngngngng 2222. . . . GiaGiaGiaGiaûûûûiiii ththththííííchchchch ssssöïöïöïöï vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye thuaàààànnnn, , , , thathathathaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu, , , , khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn ññññônônônôn thua hiehiehiehieäääännnn ttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngng khue thua thua khuekhue chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc, , , , ththththöïöïöïöïcccc trung giangiangiangian, , , , vavavavaäääännnn chuye khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn trung khue chuye chuye trung trung khuekhue babababaøøøøoooo, , , , aaaaååååmmmm babababaøøøøoooo, , , , xuaxuaxuaxuaáááátttt babababaøøøøoooo....

thoâng truyeàààànnnn & & & & tietietietieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn thoâng 3333. . . . NeâuNeâuNeâuNeâu cacacacaùùùùcccc côcôcôcô chechechecheáááá cucucucuûûûûaaaa ssssöïöïöïöï truye thoâng thoâng truye truye

tin qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo.... tin qua tin qua tin qua

TTTTööööôngôngôngông tatatataùùùùcccc gigigigiööööõaõaõaõa Tb Tb Tb Tb vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng TbTbTbTb

• TBTBTBTB⇔⇔⇔⇔ moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc TB TB TB TB laânlaânlaânlaân cacacacaäääännnn qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng

sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt.... • tin thoâng tin truyeàààànnnn thoâng traotraotraotrao ññññooooååååiiii chachachachaáááátttt + + + + nhanhanhanhaäääännnn & & & & truye tin tin thoâng thoâng truye truye ♣♣♣♣ hahahahaáááápppp thuthuthuthu cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt dinhdinhdinhdinh ddddööööôõngôõngôõngôõng (glucose, acid (glucose, acid (glucose, acid (glucose, acid

aminaminaminamin, , , , chachachachaáááátttt khoa khoaùùùùngngngng,,,,…………), ), ), ), thathathathaûûûûiiii chachachachaáááátttt cacacacaëëëënnnn baõbaõbaõbaõ, , , , chachachachaáááátttt tietietietieáááátttt khoa khoa ....

♣♣♣♣ duyduyduyduy trtrtrtrìììì nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää cacacacaùùùùcccc ion (K ion (K++++, Na, Na, Na, Na++++, , , , ClClClCl----, Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca2+2+2+2+,,,,…………) ) ) ) ion (K ion (K ññññaaaaûûûûmmmm babababaûûûûoooo hoahoahoahoaïïïïtttt ññññooooäääängngngng sosososoáááángngngng trong TB & côcôcôcô thethethetheåååå.... trong TB & TB & TB & trong trong ♣♣♣♣ gigigigiööööõõõõ thethethetheåååå ttttííííchchchch &&&&øøøø hhhhììììnhnhnhnh dadadadaïïïïngngngng khoâng khoâng ññññooooååååiiii = = = = gigigigiööööõõõõ ttttööööôngôngôngông khoâng khoâng

quanquanquanquan thathathathaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu gigigigiööööõaõaõaõa TB TB TB TB vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng....

chuyeåååånnnn protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye phaân ttttöûöûöûöû protein CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân chuye chuye protein protein phaân phaân

xuyeân quaquaquaqua mamamamaøøøøngngngng Protein xuyeân • = = = = Protein xuyeân xuyeân Protein Protein ♣♣♣♣ ProteinProteinProteinProteinkeânhkeânhkeânhkeânh: : : : tatatataïïïïoooo ooooáááángngngng xuyeân keânh, , , , # con keânh xuyeân quaquaquaqua mamamamaøøøøngngngng # con keânh keânh # con # con xuyeân xuyeân chachachachaáááátttt hohohohoøøøøaaaa tan tan cocococoùùùù kkkkííííchchchch ththththööööôôôôùùùùcccc &&&&øøøø ññññieieieieäääännnn ttttííííchchchch ththththííííchchchch hôhôhôhôïïïïpppp ññññiiii tan tan thuaàààànnnn. . . . khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn ññññônônônôn thua theo côcôcôcô chechechecheáááá khue quaquaquaqua mamamamaøøøøngngngng theo thua thua khuekhue theo theo

protein PhaânPhaânPhaânPhaân ttttöûöûöûöû protein protein protein chuyeåååånnnn vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye

chuyeåååånnnn protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye phaân ttttöûöûöûöû protein CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân chuye chuye protein protein phaân phaân

♣♣♣♣ ProteinProteinProteinProteinvavavavaäääännnnchuyechuyechuyechuyeåååånnnnthuthuthuthuïïïïññññooooäääängngngng: : : : cocococoùùùù vòvòvòvò trtrtrtríííí lieânlieânlieânlieân kekekekeáááátttt ññññaaaaëëëëcccc

phaân ttttöûöûöûöû chuyeåååånnnn vavavavaøøøø ñöñöñöñöaaaa phaân phaân ttttöûöûöûöû cacacacaàààànnnn vavavavaäääännnn chuye hiehiehiehieääääuuuu vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii phaân phaân phaân chuye chuye phaân phaân khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn theo qui qui qui qui lualualualuaäääätttt khue ññññooooùùùù quaquaquaqua mamamamaøøøøngngngng theo khuekhue theo theo

chuyeåååånnnn protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye phaân ttttöûöûöûöû protein CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân chuye chuye protein protein phaân phaân

♣♣♣♣ ProteinProteinProteinProteinvavavavaäääännnnchuyechuyechuyechuyeåååånnnnttttííííchchchchccccöïöïöïöïcccc: : : : cocococoùùùù vòvòvòvò trtrtrtríííí lieânlieânlieânlieân kekekekeáááátttt ññññaaaaëëëëcccc

hiehiehiehieääääuuuu vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii phaân chuyeåååånnnn, , , , hoahoahoahoaïïïïtttt ññññooooäääängngngng nhnhnhnhöööö cacacacaùùùùiiii phaân ttttöûöûöûöû cacacacaàààànnnn vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye phaân phaân gradient nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää. . . . bômbômbômbôm ñöñöñöñöaaaa chachachachaáááátttt ññññiiii ngngngngööööôôôôïïïïcccc vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii gradient gradient gradient

(cid:1) VaVaVaVaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn ññññônônônôn chuye chuye (cid:1) VaVaVaVaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn kekekekeùùùùpppp chuye chuye

•••• ÑÑÑÑooooààààngngngng vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn chuye chuye •••• ÑÑÑÑooooááááiiii vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn chuye chuye

•

TTTTíííínhnhnhnh thathathathaáááámmmm cucucucuûûûûaaaa mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt

• MaMaMaMaøøøøngngngng cocococoùùùù ttttíííínhnhnhnh thathathathaáááámmmm chochochochoïïïïnnnn lolololoïïïïcccc thethethetheåååå hiehiehiehieäääännnn babababaèèèèngngngng:::: • ♣♣♣♣ khue khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn, , , , thathathathaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu khuekhue • ♣♣♣♣ vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc chuye chuye thuoääääcccc:::: naêng ññññiiii qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng cucucucuûûûûaaaa momomomoäääätttt chachachachaáááátttt phuphuphuphuïïïï thuo • KhaKhaKhaKhaûûûû naêng thuo thuo naêng naêng • ♣♣♣♣ kkkkííííchchchch ththththööööôôôôùùùùcccc • ♣♣♣♣ ññññieieieieäääännnn ttttííííchchchch • ♣♣♣♣ ññññooooääää hohohohoøøøøaaaa tan trong chachachachaáááátttt bebebebeùùùùoooo.... phaân ttttöûöûöûöû trong tan cucucucuûûûûaaaa cacacacaùùùùcccc phaân trong trong phaân phaân tan tan

TTTTíííínhnhnhnh thathathathaáááámmmm cucucucuûûûûaaaa mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt

DeãDeãDeãDeã thathathathaáááámmmm = = = = khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn khue khuekhue

(cid:1) CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân phaân ttttöûöûöûöû cacacacaøøøøngngngng nhonhonhonhoûûûû & & & & phaân phaân trong lipidlipidlipidlipid tan trong hoahoahoahoaøøøø tan trong trong tan tan (cid:1) CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân khoâng phaân ttttöûöûöûöû nhonhonhonhoûûûû khoâng khoâng khoâng phaân phaân mangmangmangmang ññññieieieieäääännnn ttttííííchchchch (H(H(H(H2222O, O, O, O, khkhkhkhíííí, , , , , ethanol, ureureureure).).).). COCOCOCO2222, N, N, N, N2222, ethanol, , ethanol, , ethanol,

ion ttttííííchchchch ññññieieieieäääännnn &&&&øøøø CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc ion ion ion hydrat hohohohoùùùùaaaa caocaocaocao (H(H(H(H++++, , , , hydrat hydrat hydrat NaNaNaNa++++, K, K, K, K++++, , , , ClClClCl----, Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca2+2+2+2+))))

Khoâng Khoâng qua qua qua qua Khoâng Khoâng ↓↓↓↓ chuyeåååånnnn vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc

KhueKhueKhueKhueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn

chuyeåååånnnn VaVaVaVaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc

phaân ttttöûöûöûöû nhonhonhonhoûûûû qua qua qua qua chuyeåååånnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc phaân SSSSöïöïöïöï vavavavaäääännnn chuye phaân phaân chuye chuye mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt

chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn, , , , vavavavaäääännnn chuye • côcôcôcô chechechecheáááá: : : : khue chuye chuye khuekhue KhueKhueKhueKhueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn (cid:1) ÑÑÑÑònhònhònhònh nghnghnghnghóóóóaaaa: : : : CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt didididi chuye chuyeåååånnnn ttttöøöøöøöø nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää caocaocaocao →→→→ chuye chuye

nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää thathathathaáááápppp....

(cid:1) ÑÑÑÑaaaaëëëëcccc ññññieieieieååååmmmm:::: • •••• khoâng naêng llllööööôôôôïïïïngngngng khoâng cacacacaàààànnnn naêng naêng naêng khoâng khoâng • •••• xaxaxaxaûûûûyyyy rararara momomomoäääätttt cacacacaùùùùchchchch ngaãu nhieân, , , , ttttöïöïöïöï ññññooooäääängngngng. . . . ngaãu nhieân nhieân nhieân ngaãu ngaãu • •••• chachachachaáááátttt didididi chuye khoâng bòbòbòbò biebiebiebieáááánnnn ññññooooååååiiii hohohohoùùùùaaaa hohohohoïïïïcccc chuyeåååånnnn khoâng khoâng khoâng chuye chuye (cid:1) PhaânPhaânPhaânPhaân loaloaloaloaïïïïiiii: : : : KT KT KT KT ññññônônônôn thua trung giangiangiangian & KT trung thuaàààànnnn & KT trung trung & KT & KT thua thua

thuaàààànnnn---- CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá KhueKhueKhueKhueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn ññññônônônôn thua thua thua (cid:1) khoâng chuyeåååånnnn: : : : protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye khoâng cocococoùùùù ssssöïöïöïöï thamthamthamtham giagiagiagia cucucucuûûûûaaaa protein chuye chuye protein protein khoâng khoâng CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn lipid cocococoùùùù thethethetheåååå khue trong lipid tan trong phaân ttttöûöûöûöû nhonhonhonhoûûûû tan khuekhue lipid lipid trong trong tan tan phaân phaân vavavavaøøøøoooo & & & & rararara khokhokhokhoûûûûiiii TbTbTbTb

(cid:1) cocococoùùùù ssssöïöïöïöï thamthamthamtham giagiagiagia cucucucuûûûûaaaa protein : protein chuyeåååånnnn: protein protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye : protein : protein chuye chuye protein protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye keânh chochochocho cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt chuyeåååånnnn tatatataïïïïoooo nhnhnhnhöööö momomomoäääätttt keânh keânh keânh chuye chuye gradient nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää. . . . theo gradient chuyeân biebiebiebieäääätttt ññññiiii qua qua qua qua theo chuyeân gradient gradient theo theo chuyeân chuyeân

• →→→→ vavavavaäääännnn totototoáááácccc rarararaáááátttt caocaocaocao so so so so trung giangiangiangian.... • vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii k k k k tatatataùùùùnnnn trung trung trung

thuaàààànnnn---- CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá KhueKhueKhueKhueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn ññññônônônôn thua thua thua

2 2 2 2 loaloaloaloaïïïïiiii protein keânh:::: protein keânh keânh keânh protein protein • •••• Protein keânh mômômômôûûûû lieânlieânlieânlieân tutututuïïïïcccc Protein keânh keânh keânh Protein Protein • •••• Protein khoâng lieânlieânlieânlieân tutututuïïïïcccc: : : : cocococoùùùù côcôcôcô chechechecheáááá keânh mômômômôûûûû khoâng Protein keânh khoâng khoâng keânh keânh Protein Protein keânh tatatataïïïïmmmm thôthôthôthôøøøøiiii nhônhônhônhôøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc ttttíííínnnn hiehiehiehieääääuuuu lalalalaøøøø ññññooooùùùùngngngng, , , , mômômômôûûûû keânh keânh keânh cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt gagagagaéééénnnn seõseõseõseõ kekekekeáááátttt hôhôhôhôïïïïpppp vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii protein keânh ôôôôûûûû vòvòvòvò protein keânh protein keânh keânh protein trtrtrtríííí ññññaaaaëëëëcccc hiehiehiehieääääuuuu, , , , →→→→ keânh phaân ttttöûöûöûöû chachachachaáááátttt hohohohoøøøøaaaa keânh mômômômôûûûû rararara & & & & phaân phaân phaân keânh keânh tan lolololoïïïïtttt vavavavaøøøøoooo ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc. . . . tan tan tan

trung giangiangiangian KhueKhueKhueKhueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn trung trung trung

♣♣♣♣ PhaânPhaânPhaânPhaân ttttöûöûöûöû didididi chuye protein vavavavaäääännnn chuyeåååånnnn qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng nhônhônhônhôøøøø protein protein protein chuye chuye

chuyeåååånnnn. . . . chuye chuye chuye ♣ Protein Protein cocococoùùùù vòvòvòvò trtrtrtríííí gagagagaéééénnnn ññññaaaaëëëëcccc hiehiehiehieääääuuuu vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii côcôcôcô chachachachaáááátttt Protein Protein ♣♣♣♣ CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá:::: •••• Protein thay ññññooooååååiiii hhhhììììnhnhnhnh thethethetheåååå ññññeeeeåååå tietietietieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn chuyeåååånnnn thay Protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye thay thay chuye chuye Protein Protein côcôcôcô chachachachaáááátttt rorororoààààiiii ñöñöñöñöaaaa qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng.... •••• Protein (180oooo) ) ) ) trong trong mamamamaøøøøngngngng hay hay hay hay lalalalaøøøø xoay (180 chuyeåååånnnn xoay Protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye trong trong (180(180 xoay xoay chuye chuye Protein Protein con thoi ñöñöñöñöaaaa côcôcôcô chachachachaáááátttt qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng.... con thoi thoi thoi con con protein mamamamaøøøøngngngng→→→→cacacacaùùùùccccchachachachaááááttttkhoângkhoângkhoângkhoângxuyeânxuyeânxuyeânxuyeân KhoângKhoângKhoângKhoângcocococoùùùùprotein protein protein qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngnghoahoahoahoaëëëëcccckhuekhuekhuekhueááááchchchchtatatataùùùùnnnnrarararaááááttttchachachachaäääämmmmso so so so vôvôvôvôùùùùiiiitotototoááááccccññññooooääää mamamamaøøøønonononoùùùùñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïccccssssöûöûöûöûdudududuïïïïngngngngchochochochoteteteteáááábabababaøøøøoooo

thay ññññooooååååiiii hhhhììììnhnhnhnh dadadadaïïïïngngngng chuyeåååånnnn thay Protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye Protein thay thay chuye chuye Protein Protein

glucose qua teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo gangangangan khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn glucose qua • SSSSöïöïöïöï khue glucose qua glucose qua khuekhue

♣♣♣♣ NoNoNoNoààààngngngng ññññooooääää glucose glucose beânbeânbeânbeân ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii TB TB TB TB gangangangan >>>>moâimoâimoâimoâi glucose glucose : glucose →→→→ trong TB TB TB TB gangangangan: glucose trong ((((trong trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng beânbeânbeânbeân trong : glucose : glucose trong trong trong trong glycogen) ⇒⇒⇒⇒ glucose khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn lieânlieânlieânlieân tutututuïïïïcccc ttttöøöøöøöø glucose khue glycogen) khuekhue glucose glucose glycogen) glycogen) moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii vavavavaøøøøoooo TB TB TB TB gangangangan ====khuekhuekhuekhueááááchchchchtatatataùùùùnnnncocococoùùùù protein keânhkeânhkeânhkeânh ssssöïöïöïöïthamthamthamthamgiagiagiagiacucucucuûûûûaaaaprotein protein protein

♣♣♣♣ KhiKhiKhiKhi côcôcôcô thethethetheåååå cacacacaàààànnnn glucose, glucose, glucose, glucose, glucose, ⇒⇒⇒⇒ glucose glycogen →→→→glucose, trong TB TB TB TB gangangangan > > > > glucose trong glycogen trong trong glucose glucose glucose, glucose, glycogen glycogen moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii, glucose khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn rararara , glucose seõseõseõseõ khue khuekhue , glucose , glucose ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii....

ThaThaThaThaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu

xuyeân qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng khueááááchchchch tatatataùùùùnnnn nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc xuyeân • ThaThaThaThaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu: : : : khue xuyeân xuyeân khuekhue

sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt

trong tan trong • NoNoNoNoààààngngngng ññññooooääää thathathathaååååmmmm thathathathaááááuuuu:::: nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää chachachachaáááátttt tan trong trong tan tan

dung dung dòchdòchdòchdòch.... dung dung trong momomomoäääätttt tan trong thuoääääcccc totototoåååångngngng cacacacaùùùùcccc phaphaphaphaàààànnnn ttttöûöûöûöû hohohohoøøøøaaaa tan • phuphuphuphuïïïï thuo trong trong tan tan thuo thuo ññññônônônôn vòvòvòvò thethethetheåååå ttttííííchchchch....

• NNNNööööôôôôùùùùccccseõseõseõseõdidididichuyechuyechuyechuyeåååånnnnqua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngngbabababaùùùùnnnnthathathathaáááámmmmttttöøöøöøöøchoãchoãchoãchoã cocococoùùùùnonononoààààngngngngññññooooääääthathathathaååååmmmmthathathathaááááuuuuthathathathaááááppppññññeeeeáááánnnnchoãchoãchoãchoãcocococoùùùùnonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääääthathathathaååååmmmmthathathathaááááuuuucaocaocaocaohônhônhônhôn

• •••• DD DD DD DD ññññaaaaúúúúngngngng trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông: : : : nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää chachachachaáááátttt tan tan] TB tan dddddddd= [= [= [= [chachachachaáááátttt tan] TB tan] TB tan] TB tan tan • •••• DD DD DD DD ööööuuuu truông tan] TB tan dddddddd> [> [> [> [chachachachaáááátttt tan] TB truông:::: nonononoààààngngngng dodododoääää chachachachaáááátttt tan tan] TB tan] TB tan tan truông truông • •••• DDnhDDnhDDnhDDnhööööôôôôïïïïcccc trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông:::: nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää chachachachaáááátttt tan tan] TB tan dddddddd< [< [< [< [chachachachaáááátttt tan] TB tan] TB tan] TB tan tan •

xuyeân qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng ttttöøöøöøöø nhnhnhnhööööôôôôïïïïcccc →→→→ ööööuuuu trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông NNNNööööôôôôùùùùcccc xuyeân xuyeân xuyeân

DD DD DD DD nhnhnhnhööööôôôôïïïïcccc trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông

DD DD DD DD ööööuuuu trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông

•

ChaChaChaChaáááátttt tantantantan

MaMaMaMaøøøøngngngng babababaùùùùnnnn thathathathaáááámmmm

•••• TB TB TB TB ññññooooäääängngngng vavavavaäääätttt: : : : hohohohoààààngngngng cacacacaààààuuuu ♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD ññññaaaaúúúúngngngng trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông →→→→ thethethetheåååå ttttííííchchchch

TB TB TB TB duyduyduyduy trtrtrtrìììì cocococoáááá ññññònhònhònhònh

♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD nhnhnhnhööööôôôôïïïïcccc trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông →→→→ TB TB TB TB caêng caêng caêng caêng

rararara & & & & cocococoùùùù thethethetheåååå vôõvôõvôõvôõ. . . .

♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD ööööuuuu trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông→→→→ TB TB TB TB mamamamaáááátttt nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc, , , ,

co co co co lalalalaïïïïiiii & & & & cocococoùùùù thethethetheåååå chechechecheáááátttt

•••• TTTTB B B B ththththöïöïöïöïcccc vavavavaäääätttt ♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD ññññaaaaúúúúngngngng trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông →→→→ caâycaâycaâycaây memememeààààmmmm

yeyeyeyeááááuuuu &&&&øøøø caâycaâycaâycaây heheheheùùùùoooo ruõruõruõruõ

♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD nhnhnhnhööööôôôôïïïïcccc trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông→→→→ caâycaâycaâycaây mamamamaïïïïnhnhnhnh

khokhokhokhoûûûûeeee

♣♣♣♣ hiehiehiehieäääännnn ttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngng phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn nguyeân sinhsinhsinhsinh.... co co co co nguyeân nguyeân nguyeân

♦♦♦♦ DD DD DD DD ööööuuuu trtrtrtrööööôngôngôngông→→→→ co co co co nguyeân nguyeân nguyeân nguyeân

sinhsinhsinhsinh→→→→ chechechecheáááátttt TB TB TB TB

chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc VaVaVaVaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye

♣♣♣♣ VaVaVaVaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt cocococoùùùù chuyeåååånnnn ttttííííchchchch ccccöïöïöïöïcccc:::: vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye chuye chuye gradient nonononoààààngngngng ññññooooääää chochochochoïïïïnnnn lolololoïïïïcccc & & & & ññññiiii ngngngngööööôôôôïïïïcccc gradient gradient gradient

♣♣♣♣ ththththöïöïöïöïcccc hiehiehiehieäääännnn nhônhônhônhôøøøø:::: • ♦♦♦♦ protein chuyeåååånnnn protein vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuye chuye protein protein • ♦♦♦♦ ññññooooøøøøiiii hohohohoûûûûiiii TB TB TB TB tieâutieâutieâutieâu thuthuthuthuïïïï naêng naêng llllööööôôôôïïïïngngngng ---- ATPATPATPATP naêng naêng ♣ moãimoãimoãimoãi loaloaloaloaïïïïiiii TBTBTBTB: : : : cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc vavavavaäääännnn chuye chuyeåååånnnn qua qua qua qua chuye chuye

DÒCH NGOAÏÏÏÏI BAI BAI BAI BAØØØØOOOO DÒCH NGOA DÒCH NGOA DÒCH NGOA

ChaChaChaChaáááátttt tantantantan

O CHAÁÁÁÁTTTT TETETETEÁÁÁÁ BABABABAØØØØO CHA O CHA O CHA

theo momomomoäääätttt hhhhööööôôôôùùùùngngngng nhanhanhanhaáááátttt ññññònhònhònhònh mamamamaøøøøngngngng theo theo theo

BômBômBômBôm NaNaNaNa++++/ K/ K/ K/ K++++

phaân ttttöûöûöûöû vavavavaøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc chuyeåååånnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân SSSSöïöïöïöï vavavavaäääännnn chuye phaân phaân chuye chuye vavavavaäääätttt thethethetheåååå cocococoùùùù kkkkííííchchchch ththththööööôôôôùùùùcccc hiehiehiehieåååånnnn vivivivi

HieHieHieHieäääännnn ttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngng nhanhanhanhaääääpppp babababaøøøøoooo phaân ttttöûöûöûöû hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc cacacacaùùùùcccc phaphaphaphaàààànnnn khakhakhakhaùùùùcccc = = = = • TB TB TB TB lalalalaááááyyyy vavavavaøøøøoooo cacacacaùùùùcccc ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân phaân phaân hhhhììììnhnhnhnh thathathathaøøøønhnhnhnh cacacacaùùùùcccc tutututuùùùùiiii baobaobaobao cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt tatatataùùùùchchchch biebiebiebieäääätttt vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt....

ThThThThöïöïöïöïcccc babababaøøøøoooo

♦♦♦♦ ThThThThöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên lalalalaøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc vavavavaäääätttt thethethetheåååå lôlôlôlôùùùùnnnn cocococoùùùù kkkkííííchchchch ththththööööôôôôùùùùcccc hiehiehiehieåååånnnn vi & vi & vi & vi & , vi cocococoùùùù hhhhììììnhnhnhnh dadadadaïïïïngngngng nhanhanhanhaáááátttt ññññònhònhònhònh: : : : cacacacaùùùùcccc hahahahaïïïïtttt ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên rarararaéééénnnn, vi , vi , vi khuaåååånnnn, , , , cacacacaùùùùcccc teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo nhonhonhonhoûûûû.... khua khua khua

♦♦♦♦ VVVVíííí dudududuïïïï con chaân giagiagiagiaûûûû baobaobaobao lalalalaááááyyyy ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên; ; ; ; cacacacaùùùùcccc con amibamibamibamib momomomoïïïïcccc chaân chaân chaân con con trong mamamamaùùùùuuuu baobaobaobao cacacacaùùùùcccc vavavavaäääätttt thethethetheåååå nhonhonhonhoûûûû &&&&øøøø nhaân trong babababaïïïïchchchch cacacacaààààuuuu ññññaaaa nhaân trong trong nhaân nhaân tieâutieâutieâutieâu hohohohoùùùùaaaa; ; ; ; ññññaaaaïïïïiiii ththththöïöïöïöïcccc babababaøøøøoooo tieâutieâutieâutieâu huhuhuhuûûûûyyyy cacacacaùùùùcccc teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo giagiagiagiaøøøø, , , , teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo bòbòbòbò hhhhöööö hahahahaïïïïiiii....

♦♦♦♦ CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá:::: • MaMaMaMaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt →→→→ phaphaphaphaàààànnnn lolololoààààiiii = = = = chaân chaân giagiagiagiaûûûû hhhhööööôôôôùùùùngngngng veveveveàààà chaân chaân

phphphphííííaaaa hahahahaïïïïtttt ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên. . . .

trong TB TB TB TB →→→→ tutututuùùùùiiii ththththöïöïöïöïcccc babababaøøøøoooo • baobaobaobao lalalalaááááyyyy ““““momomomoààààiiii”””” kekekekeùùùùoooo vavavavaøøøøoooo beânbeânbeânbeân trong trong trong

+ + + + tieâutieâutieâutieâu thethethetheåååå sôsôsôsô cacacacaáááápppp→→→→tieâutieâutieâutieâu thethethetheåååå ththththöùöùöùöù cacacacaáááápppp: : : : tieâutieâutieâutieâu hohohohoùùùùaaaa ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên

• • •

HieHieHieHieäääännnnttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngngththththöïöïöïöïccccbabababaøøøøooooôôôôûûûûamibamibamibamib • ♦♦♦♦ cacacacaàààànnnn tieâutieâutieâutieâu totototoáááánnnn naêng naêng llllööööôôôôïïïïngngngng cucucucuûûûûaaaa TB TB TB TB naêng naêng naêng nhanhanhanhaäääännnn • nhnhnhnhööööõngõngõngõng thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå treântreântreântreân bebebebeàààà mamamamaëëëëtttt TB TB TB TB cocococoùùùù khakhakhakhaûûûû naêng naêng naêng

biebiebiebieáááátttt cacacacaùùùùcccc loaloaloaloaïïïïiiii vavavavaäääätttt thethethetheåååå ≠≠≠≠

♦♦♦♦ ÑÑÑÑaaaaïïïïiiii ththththöïöïöïöïcccc babababaøøøøoooo nhanhanhanhaäääännnn biebiebiebieáááátttt cacacacaùùùùcccc vi vi vi vi khua khuaåååånnnn hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc TB TB TB TB giagiagiagiaøøøø, , , , khua khua

hhhhöööö cacacacaàààànnnn tieâutieâutieâutieâu huhuhuhuûûûûyyyy....

♦♦♦♦ ThuThuThuThuïïïï thethethetheåååå treântreântreântreân mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt cucucucuûûûûaaaa ññññaaaaïïïïiiii ththththöïöïöïöïcccc babababaøøøøoooo hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc

naêng nhanhanhanhaäääännnn biebiebiebieáááátttt cacacacaùùùùcccc nhaân cocococoùùùù khakhakhakhaûûûû naêng babababaïïïïchchchch cacacacaààààuuuu ññññaaaa nhaân naêng naêng nhaân nhaân khakhakhakhaùùùùngngngng thethethetheåååå....

AAAAÅÅÅÅmmmm babababaøøøøoooo

• khikhikhikhi ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên lalalalaøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt lolololoûûûûngngngng hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc hahahahaïïïïtttt nhonhonhonhoûûûû: : : : ññññooooääääcccc totototoáááá , cholesterol, protein,………… khuaåååånnnn, cholesterol, protein, cucucucuûûûûaaaa vi vi vi vi khua , cholesterol, protein, , cholesterol, protein, khua khua ♣♣♣♣ CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá: : : : CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc giogiogiogioïïïïtttt lolololoûûûûngngngng ttttöøöøöøöø moâimoâimoâimoâi trtrtrtrööööôôôôøøøøngngngng babababaùùùùmmmm vavavavaøøøøoooo mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt→→→→ mamamamaøøøøngngngng loõmloõmloõmloõm dadadadaàààànnnn vavavavaøøøøoooo beânbeânbeânbeân trong trong Tb Tb Tb Tb trong trong cucucucuøøøøngngngng vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii hahahahaïïïïtttt chachachachaáááátttt lolololoûûûûngngngng →→→→tutututuùùùùiiii aaaaååååmmmm babababaøøøøoooo + + + + tieâutieâutieâutieâu thethethetheåååå sôsôsôsô cacacacaáááápppp →→→→tieâutieâutieâutieâu thethethetheåååå ththththöùöùöùöù cacacacaáááápppp: : : : tieâutieâutieâutieâu hohohohoùùùùaaaa cacacacaùùùùcccc ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân phaân ttttöûöûöûöû.... phaân phaân

♦♦♦♦ tieâutieâutieâutieâu totototoáááánnnn naêng naêng llllööööôôôôïïïïngngngng TBTBTBTB naêng naêng chuyeân biebiebiebieäääätttt→→→→ cocococoùùùù thethethetheåååå lalalalaááááyyyy babababaáááátttt kykykykyøøøø &&&&øøøø tatatataáááátttt cacacacaûûûû cacacacaùùùùcccc ♦♦♦♦ khoâng khoâng chuyeân chuyeân khoâng chuyeân khoâng trong nhnhnhnhööööõngõngõngõng giogiogiogioïïïïtttt nhonhonhonhoûûûû. . . . tan trong chachachachaáááátttt hohohohoøøøøaaaa tan trong trong tan tan •••• NhNhNhNhööööngngngng mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt cocococoùùùù khakhakhakhaûûûû naêng naêng nhanhanhanhaäääännnn biebiebiebieáááátttt cacacacaùùùùcccc naêng naêng ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân phaân ttttöûöûöûöû hoahoahoahoaëëëëcccc cacacacaùùùùcccc giogiogiogioïïïïtttt ththththöùöùöùöùcccc aênaênaênaên cacacacaàààànnnn ñöñöñöñöaaaa vavavavaøøøøoooo teteteteáááá phaân phaân babababaøøøøoooo nhônhônhônhôøøøø chachachachaáááátttt nhanhanhanhaäääännnn treântreântreântreân mamamamaøøøøngngngng. . . .

♣♣♣♣ QuaQuaQuaQuaùùùù trtrtrtrììììnhnhnhnh thuthuthuthu nhanhanhanhaäääännnn cholesterol trong cholesterol quaquaquaquaùùùù nhienhienhienhieààààuuuu trong trong trong cholesterol cholesterol mamamamaùùùùuuuu vavavavaøøøøoooo cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB gangangangan = = = = aaaaååååmmmm babababaøøøøoooo qua qua qua qua chachachachaáááátttt nhanhanhanhaäääännnn.... •••• TTTTrong lipoprotein hhhhììììnhnhnhnh , Cholesterol dadadadaïïïïngngngng lipoprotein rong mamamamaïïïïchchchch mamamamaùùùùuuuu, Cholesterol lipoprotein lipoprotein , Cholesterol , Cholesterol rongrong # 220 Å, , , , chchchchöùöùöùöùaaaa 1500 phaân ttttöûöûöûöû 1500 phaân hahahahaïïïïtttt, , , , ñöñöñöñöôôôôøøøøngngngng kkkkíííínhnhnhnh # 220 phaân phaân 1500 1500 # 220 # 220 cholesterol, lipid kekekekeùùùùpppp cacacacaøøøøiiii 2 2 2 2 cholesterol, ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii baobaobaobao boboboboïïïïcccc bôbôbôbôûûûûiiii mamamamaøøøøngngngng lipid lipid lipid cholesterol, cholesterol, protein. phaân ttttöûöûöûöû protein. phaân protein. protein. phaân phaân •••• cacacacaùùùùcccc protein lipoprotein & protein thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå nhanhanhanhaäääännnn cacacacaùùùùcccc hahahahaïïïïtttt lipoprotein & lipoprotein & lipoprotein & protein protein

chuyeåååånnnn vavavavaøøøøoooo TB =TB =TB =TB =aaaaååååmmmm babababaøøøøoooo. . . . chuye chuye chuye •••• thiethiethiethieááááuuuu protein protein thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå,,,, protein protein cholesterol ttttííííchchchch tutututuïïïï cholesterol cholesterol cholesterol trong mamamamaùùùùuuuu & & & & ññññooooùùùùngngngng dadadadaøøøøyyyy trong trong trong thathathathaøøøønhnhnhnh mamamamaïïïïchchchch mamamamaùùùùuuuu

HieHieHieHieäääännnn ttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngng xuaxuaxuaxuaáááátttt babababaøøøøoooo

♣♣♣♣ CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân protein, chachachachaáááátttt tietietietieáááátttt, , , , chachachachaáááátttt phaân ttttöûöûöûöû nhnhnhnhöööö protein, protein, protein, phaân phaân TB = xuaxuaxuaxuaáááátttt babababaøøøøoooo cacacacaëëëënnnn baõbaõbaõbaõ seõseõseõseõ ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc thathathathaûûûûiiii rararara ngoangoangoangoaøøøøiiii TB = TB = TB =

♦♦♦♦ NNNNööööôôôôùùùùcccc mamamamaéééétttt ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc thathathathaûûûûiiii rararara ttttöøöøöøöø cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB tuyetuyetuyetuyeáááánnnn leleleleääää ♦♦♦♦ TB TB TB TB tuyetuyetuyetuyeáááánnnn tutututuïïïïyyyy tatatataïïïïoooo hormon insulin & tietietietieáááátttt vavavavaøøøøoooo hormon insulin & insulin & insulin & hormon hormon

mamamamaùùùùuuuu

HieHieHieHieäääännnn ttttööööôôôôïïïïngngngng xuaxuaxuaxuaáááátttt babababaøøøøoooo

CôCôCôCô chechechecheáááá • cacacacaùùùùcccc ññññaaaaïïïïiiii phaân phaân phaân phaân ttttöûöûöûöû ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc baobaobaobao lipid bôbôbôbôûûûûiiii lôlôlôlôùùùùpppp lipid lipid lipid kekekekeùùùùpppp →→→→ tutututuùùùùiiii •••• didididi chuye chuyeåååånnnn ññññeeeeáááánnnn chuye chuye mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt, , , ,

•••• nhanhanhanhaääääpppp vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt, , , , vôõvôõvôõvôõ rararara →→→→ rararara khokhokhokhoûûûûiiii TB. TB. TB. TB.

tin qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo thoâng tin qua TieTieTieTieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn thoâng tin qua tin qua thoâng thoâng

tin qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo thoâng tin qua TieTieTieTieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn thoâng tin qua tin qua thoâng thoâng

tin qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo thoâng tin qua TieTieTieTieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn thoâng tin qua tin qua thoâng thoâng

tin & phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn öùöùöùöùngngngng cucucucuûûûûaaaa TBTBTBTB thoâng tin & phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng truyeàààànnnn phaân SSSSöïöïöïöï truye tin & tin & thoâng thoâng phaân phaân truye truye khoaûûûûngngngng cacacacaùùùùchchchch tatatataùùùùcccc ññññooooäääängngngng →→→→3 3 3 3 loaloaloaloaïïïïiiii truye truyeàààànnnn:::: thuoääääcccc khoa phuphuphuphuïïïï thuo truye truye khoa khoa thuo thuo (cid:1) SSSSöïöïöïöï truye truyeàààànnnn ttttíííínnnn hiehiehiehieääääuuuu nonononoääääiiii tietietietieáááátttt: : : : tatatataùùùùcccc ññññooooäääängngngng xaxaxaxa do do do do nhnhnhnhööööõngõngõngõng truye truye hormon vavavavaøøøøoooo mamamamaùùùùuuuu tatatataùùùùcccc chuyeân biebiebiebieäääätttt tietietietieáááátttt cacacacaùùùùcccc hormon tuyetuyetuyetuyeáááánnnn chuyeân hormon hormon chuyeân chuyeân ññññooooäääängngngng ññññeeeeáááánnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB ≠≠≠≠ trong trong côcôcôcô thethethetheåååå.... trong trong (cid:1) SSSSöïöïöïöï truye truyeàààànnnn cacacacaäääännnn tietietietieáááátttt: : : : tatatataùùùùcccc ññññooooäääängngngng ññññeeeeáááánnnn cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB kekekekeáááá cacacacaäääännnn truye truye trung giangiangiangian cucucucuïïïïcccc boboboboääää.... (#1mm) = cacacacaùùùùcccc chachachachaáááátttt hohohohoùùùùaaaa hohohohoïïïïcccc trung (#1mm) = trung trung (#1mm) = (#1mm) = (cid:1) SSSSöïöïöïöï truye sinap: : : : nhônhônhônhôøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB thathathathaàààànnnn kinhkinhkinhkinh.... truyeàààànnnn qua qua qua qua sinap sinap sinap truye truye

tin qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo thoâng tin qua TieTieTieTieáááápppp nhanhanhanhaäääännnn thoâng tin qua tin qua thoâng thoâng

Tb Tb Tb Tb tieâutieâutieâutieâu ññññieieieieååååmmmm ññññaaaaùùùùpppp lalalalaïïïïiiii cacacacaùùùùcccc ttttíííínnnn hiehiehiehieääääuuuu ngoangoangoangoaïïïïiiii babababaøøøøoooo ññññaaaaëëëëcccc hiehiehiehieääääuuuu chuyeân biebiebiebieäääätttt gogogogoïïïïiiii lalalalaøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå gagagagaéééénnnn protein chuyeân nhônhônhônhôøøøø cacacacaùùùùcccc protein chuyeân chuyeân protein protein tin vavavavaøøøø cocococoùùùù phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn öùöùöùöùngngngng ññññaaaaùùùùpppp lalalalaïïïïiiii.... thoâng tin phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii phaân tin tin thoâng thoâng phaân phaân

♣♣♣♣ NhNhNhNhööööõngõngõngõng TB TB TB TB ≠≠≠≠ cocococoùùùù thethethetheåååå phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn öùöùöùöùngngngng ≠≠≠≠ ññññaaaaùùùùpppp lalalalaïïïïiiii cucucucuøøøøngngngng momomomoäääätttt ttttíííínnnn

tin. thoâng tin. hiehiehiehieääääuuuu thoâng tin. tin. thoâng thoâng

♣♣♣♣ VVVVíííí dudududuïïïï: : : : acetylcholine acetylcholine kkkkííííchchchch ththththííííchchchch ssssöïöïöïöï co co co co côcôcôcô xxxxööööôngôngôngông, , , , acetylcholine acetylcholine

nhnhnhnhööööngngngng nonononoùùùù lalalalaøøøømmmm giagiagiagiaûûûûmmmm nhòpnhòpnhòpnhòp vavavavaøøøø llllöïöïöïöïcccc co co co co côcôcôcô timtimtimtim....

tin ööööaaaa nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc vavavavaøøøø kkkkîîîî nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc thoâng tin phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân tin tin thoâng thoâng phaân phaân

trong nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc →→→→ gagagagaéééénnnn vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii ♣♣♣♣ CaCaCaCaùùùùcccc phaân tin tan trong thoâng tin tan phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng trong trong tin tan tin tan thoâng thoâng phaân phaân nhnhnhnhööööõngõngõngõng thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå treântreântreântreân bebebebeàààà mamamamaëëëëtttt TB TB TB TB

♣♣♣♣ NhNhNhNhööööõngõngõngõng phaân hormon tuyetuyetuyetuyeáááánnnn tin kkkkîîîî nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc: : : : hormon thoâng tin phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng phaân hormon hormon tin tin thoâng thoâng phaân protein tatatataûûûûiiii ññññaaaaëëëëcccc hiehiehiehieääääuuuu steroid nhônhônhônhôøøøø gagagagaéééénnnn vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii cacacacaùùùùcccc protein giagiagiagiaùùùùpppp vavavavaøøøø steroid protein protein steroid steroid →→→→ tan chuyeåååånnnn ññññiiii xaxaxaxa. . . . trong mamamamaùùùùuuuu vavavavaøøøø ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc chuye tan trong chuye chuye trong trong tan tan

protein tatatataûûûûiiii phophophophoùùùùngngngng ththththííííchchchch→→→→deãdeãdeãdeã dadadadaøøøøngngngng ♦♦♦♦ khikhikhikhi ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc cacacacaùùùùcccc protein protein protein

ngangangangaáááámmmm qua qua qua qua mamamamaøøøøngngngng TB TB TB TB tieâutieâutieâutieâu ññññieieieieååååmmmm....

♣♣♣♣ ThôThôThôThôøøøøiiii giangiangiangian totototoàààànnnn tatatataïïïïiiii cucucucuûûûûaaaa phaân thoâng tintintintin phaân ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng thoâng thoâng phaân phaân ♦♦♦♦ tan trong nnnnööööôôôôùùùùcccc khikhikhikhi ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc phophophophoùùùùngngngng ththththííííchchchch vavavavaøøøøoooo tan trong tan trong trong tan miligiaây mamamamaùùùùuuuu chchchchææææ totototoàààànnnn tatatataïïïïiiii vavavavaøøøøiiii phuphuphuphuùùùùtttt, , , , vavavavaøøøøiiii giaâygiaâygiaâygiaây hay hay hay hay miligiaây miligiaây miligiaây khoaûûûûngngngng gigigigiööööõaõaõaõa mamamamaøøøøngngngng ngayngayngayngay khikhikhikhi xaâmxaâmxaâmxaâm nhanhanhanhaääääpppp vavavavaøøøøoooo khoa khoa khoa Tb Tb Tb Tb →→→→gaâygaâygaâygaây phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn öùöùöùöùngngngng ngangangangaéééénnnn hahahahaïïïïnnnn ♦♦♦♦ hormon steroid totototoàààànnnn tatatataïïïïiiii nhienhienhienhieààààuuuu giôgiôgiôgiôøøøø,,,, hormon steroid steroid steroid hormon hormon hormon tuyetuyetuyetuyeáááánnnn giagiagiagiaùùùùpppp nhienhienhienhieààààuuuu ngangangangaøøøøyyyy • cacacacaùùùùcccc hormon hormon hormon • →→→→phaphaphaphaûûûûnnnn öùöùöùöùngngngng laâulaâulaâulaâu dadadadaøøøøiiii hônhônhônhôn

protein treântreântreântreân bebebebeàààà mamamamaëëëëtttt teteteteáááá babababaøøøøoooo ThuThuThuThuïïïï thethethetheåååå protein protein protein

tin →→→→3 3 3 3 nhonhonhonhoùùùùmmmm thuthuthuthuïïïï thethethetheåååå:::: truyeàààànnnn thoâng • thoâng tin theo côcôcôcô chechechecheáááá truye theo tin tin thoâng thoâng truye truye theo theo ♣♣♣♣ TT TT TT TT gagagagaéééénnnn vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii cacacacaùùùùcccc keânh phaân keânh ionionionion ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc ññññieieieieààààuuuu chchchchæææænhnhnhnh bôbôbôbôûûûûiiii phaân phaân phaân keânh keânh

tin. thoâng tin. ttttöûöûöûöû thoâng tin. tin. thoâng thoâng xung thathathathaàààànnnn kinhkinhkinhkinh gigigigiööööõaõaõaõa cacacacaùùùùcccc TB TB TB TB chuyeåååånnnn xung trong chuye SSSSöûöûöûöû dudududuïïïïngngngng trong xungxung chuye chuye trong trong ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc kkkkííííchchchch ththththííííchchchch ññññieieieieäääännnn....

♣♣♣♣ TT TT TT TT xuxuxuxuùùùùcccc tatatataùùùùcccc tatatataùùùùcccc ññññooooäääängngngng trtrtrtröïöïöïöïcccc tietietietieáááápppp nhnhnhnhöööö cacacacaùùùùcccc enzymenzymenzymenzym lalalalaøøøø

xuyeân mamamamaøøøøngngngng.... protein xuyeân protein xuyeân xuyeân protein protein ♣♣♣♣ TT TT TT TT gagagagaéééénnnn vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii protein G protein G ñöñöñöñöôôôôïïïïcccc hoahoahoahoaïïïïtttt hohohohoùùùùaaaa hay hay hay hay babababaáááátttt hoahoahoahoaïïïïtttt protein G protein G

giagiagiagiaùùùùnnnn tietietietieáááápppp bôbôbôbôûûûûiiii enzymenzymenzymenzym lieânlieânlieânlieân kekekekeáááátttt vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii mamamamaøøøøngngngng sinhsinhsinhsinh chachachachaáááátttt hay hay hay hay ion. keânh ion. keânh ion. ion. keânh keânh protein G: protein ññññieieieieààààuuuu hohohohoøøøøaaaa gagagagaéééénnnn vôvôvôvôùùùùiiii GTP GTP GTP GTP protein G: protein protein G: protein protein G: protein

Protein G Protein G Protein G Protein G