164
GIRAFFE
»
ANATOMY
Giraffe
characteristics: Very
tall
with
long
neck (elongated neck
vertebrae)
and
long
limbs.
Bony prominences
of
neck vertebrae
can
be
seen
on the
surface;
brachiocephalicus
and
omotransver-
sarius
muscles, which
usually
cover
the
neck, begin
low on the
side
of the
neck, rather than
up at the
skull
and
first
neck
vertebra.
Back
line
slopes downward toward rear. Usually three,
permanent, bony
"horns"
in
both male
and
female, covered with
skin
and
fur.
Two
located
on
either side
of
rear
of
skull
(may
be
topped
with
hairy
tufts);
third
horn (sometimes only
a
knob)
wider, stubbier,
and of
variable size, located
on
midline
in
front
of the
other horns,
is
more developed
in the
male. Long,
mobile,
prehensile
lips;
long
tongue. Nostrils closable. Large eyes
with
long
lashes.
No
front teeth
in
upper jaw.
Two
digits
with
hoofs
per
limb.
Walks
on
toes. Long
tail
with
long
hair from tip.
Upright
mane
on
midline
of
neck.
AbDIL
Abductor
digit!
I
longus;
Brach
Brachialis;
Brcph
Brachiocephalicus
Bucc
Buccinator; Canin Caninus;
DelAc
Deltoid,
acromial
portion;
DelSc
Deltoid,
scapular
portion;
ECR
Extensor carpi
radialis;
EDC
Extensor
digitorum
communis;
EDLat Extensor
digitorum
lateralis;
EDLon
Extensor
digitorum
longus; ExAbO External
abdominal
oblique;
FCR
Flexor carpi radialis;
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris;
FDP
Flexor
digitorum
profundus;
FDS
Flexor
digitorum
superflcialis;
Front Frontatis;
GasLa
Gastrocnemius, lateral head;
GasMe
Gastrocnemius,
medial head;
Glubi
Gluteobiceps;
GluMe
Gluteus
medius;
Ilioc
Iliocostalis;
Infra
Infraspinatus;
Inttr
Intertransversarii;
LatDo
Latissimus
dorsi;
LeNas
Levator
nasolabialis;
LLaMx
Levator
labii
maxillaris;
LngCa
Longus capi-
tis;
LngCo
Longus
colli;
LonAt
Longissimus
atlantis;
LonCa Longissimus
capitis;
LonCe Longissimus
cervicis;
Long!
Longissimus;
Malar
Malaris;
Mass
Masseter;
OCCau Obliquus
capitis
caudalis;
Omohy
Omohyoid;
Omotr
Omotransversarius;
OrOc
Orbicularis
oculi;
OrOr
Orbicularis oris;
PecAs
Pectoralis ascendens; PecDe Pectoralis descendens; PecTr
Pectoralis
transversus; PerLo Peroneus
longus;
PerTe Peroneus
tertius;
Pop
Popliteus;
RecFe
Rectus femoris;
ScalV
Scalenus ventralis; SemCa
Semispinalis
capitis;
SerVC
Serratus ventralis cervicis;
Smemb
Semimembranosus;
Splen
Splenius; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy
Sternohyoid;
Stman
Sternomandibularis;
SusLi Suspensory
ligament;
Temp
Temporalis;
TenFL
Tensor
fasciae
latae;
TibCr Tibialis
cranialis;
Trach
Trachea;
Trap Trapezius;
TriLa
Triceps
brachii, lateral head; TriLo
Triceps
brachii,
long
head;
UlLat
Ulnaris
lateralis;
VasLa Vastus lateralis;
Zyg
Zygomaticus.
(after blainvilee;skull from specimen)
GIRAFFE
>
ANATOMY
165
BARINGO
GIRAFFE
(FEMALE)
Giraffa
cametopardatis
(after murie;soluonias;rear limb from dissections;
166
GIRAFFID
>
PROPORTION
OKAPI
GIRAFFID
*
PROPORTION
167
GIRAFFE
168
CAMEL
»
ANATOMY
DROMEDARY
CAMEL
Camel
characteristics:
Dromedary
with
one
hump; Bactrian, with two.
Same
family
as the
wild
guanaco
and
vicuna,
as
well
as the
domesticat-
ed
llama
and
alpaca
(both derived from
the
guanaco).
Cleft
upper lip,
slit-like
nostrils, which
can be
closed. Long,
thin,
upcurved neck, flat-
tened
side-to-side. Thin legs (Bactrian with shorter
legs).
Ulna
and
fibula
reduced.
Long, vertical femur
and low
knee
joint keeps
thigh
away
from
abdomen
and
makes
leg
appear
very
long.
Two
digits
per
limb,
splayed
outward
to
widen foot. Last
two toe
bones almost horizontal. Undivided
sole
of
foot expanded into broad pad. Nail,
not
hoof,
on
toe. Single can-
non
(metacarpal/metatarsal)
bone
divided
at
lower
end for
attachment
of
two
toes.
When
lying
on
belly,
knee
touches
ground (femur angled
downward);
sole
and
heel
of
foot rest
on
ground.
Heavy
skin calluses
on
front
of
wrist (carpus), knee,
and
bottom
of
rear
end of
sternum
(on
enlarged
portion
of
bony sternum)
for
kneeling
and
resting
on
ground.
Brachiocephalicus
muscle
reduced—does
not
cover
neck.
Hump
made
of
soft, fatty
tissue—largest
when
well
fed.
AbDIL
Abductor
digit!
I
longus;
Bleep
Biceps brachii;
Brach
Brachialis;
Brcph
Brachiocephalicus;
Bucc
Buccinator; Canin
Caninus',
Coccy
Coccygeus;
DelAc
Deltoid, acromial
portion;
DelSc
Deltoid, scapular
portion;
DiNAp
Dilator
nan's
apicalis;
DLaMx
Depressor
labii
maxillaris;
ECR
Extensor carpi radialis;
ECU
Extensor
carpi ulnaris;
EDC
Extensor digitorum
communis;
EDLat Extensor
digito-
rum
lateralis;
EDLon
Extensor digitorum longus;
ExAbO
External
abdominal
oblique;
FCR
Flexor carpi radialis;
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris;
FDP
Flexor digitorum
profundus;
FDS
Flexor digitorum
superflcialis;
Front Frontalis; GasLa Gastrocne-
mius, lateral head;
GasMe
Gastrocnemius,
medial head;
Glubi
Gluteobiceps;
GluMe
Gluteus medius;
Grac
Gracitis;
Ilioc
Iliocostalis;
Infra
Infraspinatus;
InDCe
Intertransversarii
dorsalis
cervicis;
InVCe
Intertransversarii
ventralis cervicis;
LatDo
Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis;
LLaMx
Levator
labii
maxitlaris;
LonAt Longissimus atlantis; LonCa
Longissimus
capitis; LonCe
Longissimus
cervicis;
Long!
Longissimus; Mass
Masseter;
Ment
Mentalis;
Myloh
Mylohyoid;
NuLig Nuchal
ligament;
OCCau
Obliquus
capitis caudaiis;
OCCra
Obtiquus
capitis
cranialis;
Omohy Omohyoid;
OrOc
Orbicularis
oculi;
OrOr
Orbicularis
oris;
PecAs
Pectoralis
ascendens; PecDe Pectoralis descendens; PecTr
Pectoralis
transversus; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus
tertius;
Pop
Popliteus;
RecAb
Rectus
abdominis;
RecFe
Rectus
femoris;
ScalV
Scalenus ven-
tralis; SemCa Semispinalis capitis; SerDC Serratus dorsalis caudaiis;
SerVC
Serratus
ventralis cervicis;
SerVT
Serratus ventralis
thoracis;
Stcph Sterno-
cephalicus;
Stend
Semitendinosus;
Sthy
Sternohyoid;
Supra Supraspinatus;
SusLi
Suspensory ligament;
Temp
Temporalis;
TenFL
Tensor
fasciae tatae;
TibCr
Tibialis
cranialis; Trap
Trapezius;
TriLa
Triceps
brachii,
lateral head;
TriLo
Triceps
brachii, long head;
UlLat
Ulnaris lateralis; VasLa
Vastus
lateralis;
VasMe
Vastus
medialis;
Zyg
Zygomaticus.
(after smuts;blainville)