NghiSn ciiu<br />
G i a d i n h vA G i 6 i<br />
S^ 5 - 2 0 1 1<br />
<br />
Mot so van de xa hoi cua hien tuong phu niif<br />
nong thon Viet Nam iay chong nuofc ngoai<br />
Nguyen Th| Thanh Tam<br />
Vi6n Gia dinh va Gidi<br />
<br />
Tdm tat: Bao chi va mot so' cong trinh nghien cdu da tiing de<br />
cap kha nhieu nhvJng vdn de xa hoi ciia hien tUOng ke't hon ciia<br />
phu nut Viet Nam v6i ngUdi nU6c ngoai. Tuy nhien, nhiing thong<br />
tin tieu cUc thUdng lan at nhiing thong tin tich cUc va sU phe<br />
phan thUdng xuS't hien nhieu hdn la sU tan thanh va thong cam.<br />
Tren cd sd phan tich cac ket qua nghien ciiu trUdc day va ket qua<br />
khao sat ve phu nut lay chong nU6c ngo^i tai xa Dai Hdp (Hai<br />
Phong nSm 2010)'", bai viet gdp them nhiing gdc nhin ve hien<br />
tUdng la'y chong nU6c ngoai qua moi gidi hien nay va neu len mot<br />
sovdn de xa hoi cua hien tUdng nay trong boi canh toan cdu hoa.<br />
Tii khda: Ke't hon vdi ngUdi nu6c ngoai; Phu nii; Hon nhan gia (finh.<br />
<br />
1. Hon nhan "xuyen bien gidi"- hien tuong d^ng bj phe phdn?<br />
Ket hdn xuyen bien gi&i Id nhu cdu c6 thdt ciia mpt bq phan ddn cu<br />
Trudc hdt, edn phai nhin nhdn cac cudc kd't hdn xuydn bidn gidi thda<br />
man nhu cdu ed that cua mdt bd phdn dan cu trong xa hdi Viet Nam va eua<br />
mdt bd phan nam gidi eiia cac qud'c gia lang gidng va khu vurc Ddng Bdc<br />
A. Cac nghidn curu d khu vue Ddng bang sdng Ctai Long cho tha'y cudc<br />
sd'ng ngheo khd da lam xudt hidn nhu cdu kd't hdn vdi ngudi chdng ngoai<br />
<br />
Nguyen Thi Thanh Tfim<br />
<br />
45<br />
<br />
cua mdt bd phan cac cd eon gai trong eac gia dinh ndng dan'^\ Ngudi Vidt<br />
Nam vdn thudng suy doan, hdn nhan vi mue tidu kinh td' ma khdng vi tinh<br />
ydu chdc ehdn se la nhiing cudc hdn nhan khdng hanh phiic. Nhung nd'u<br />
dao nguge lai thi hong bdi eanh xa hdi hidn nay, cung khdng ai dam dam<br />
bao rang mdt cudc hdn nhan vi tinh ydu chdc ehdn se hanh phiic han mdt<br />
cudc hdn nhdn vi kinh td'! Cac cudc hdn nhan "xuydn bidn gidi" khdng chi<br />
dap ling nhu cdu cua mdt bd phan phu nir Vidt Nam ma cdn dap iing nhu<br />
cdu cua mdt bd phan nam gidi cac nudc cd ddu tu true tid'p vao Vidt Nam.<br />
Chinh vi nhan thiie vdn dd hdn nhan "xuydn qud'c gia" theo mdt khfa<br />
eanh tfch cue ma mdt quan chiic Han Qud'c da phat bidu "Hdn Qud'c phdi<br />
cdm an Viet Nam vi dd giiip cho Hdn Qud'c nhimg cd ddu ngoan vd tuyet<br />
vdi, vi mdt trong nhimg vdn di xd hdi ciia Hdn Qud'c hien nay Id rdt nhiiu<br />
nam gidi khd lay v(y..." Ngudi Han Qud'c tir trudc dd'n nay thudng tu hao<br />
vdi tinh thdn cua "mdt qud'c gia chi cd mdt dan tde" nhung nay da thay doi<br />
va chdp nhan su hidn didn ciia nhidu ed dau nude ngoai. Hg thay ddi la bdi<br />
vi hg nhan thay nd'u khdng chdp nhan, nhirng vdn de xa hdi ciia Han Qud'c<br />
se cdn rdi ren hon niia khi mdt bd phan, tdng ldp nam gidi khd cd ca hdi<br />
kd't hdn vi chfnh su tur chdi eiia phu nii hong nude va vi nhidu nguyen nhan<br />
khac...'^'. Chfnh vi the'ma Han Qud'c la qud'c gia da tich cue ban hanh cac<br />
chinh sach giiip dd eae cd dau nude ngoai nhidu nhdt va thuc su da mang<br />
lai nhiing hieu qua nhdt djnh cho vide hda nhap xa hdi trong nhiing gia<br />
dinh da van hda.<br />
Thoa mdn nhurng nhu cdu ttnh cdm, mong mudn ciia bdn thdn co<br />
ddu vd cha me hp<br />
Phdn ldn cac cudc hdn nhan xuyen qud'c gia, d mdt gdc do nhdt djnh,<br />
khdng chi thda man nhiing nhu cdu kinh td' ma edn thda man nhimg nhu<br />
cdu tinh cam, thda man nhiing mong mud'n cua ban than cd dau va cha me<br />
hg. Ke't qua cuge khao sat qud'c gia cua Chfnh phii Han Qud'c thuc hidn<br />
thang 3 nam 2010 da cho bid't kha nhidu didu vd cudc sd'ng cua edc cd dau<br />
nude ngoai, trong dd cd cac cd dau Viet Nam. Theo kd't qua khao sat (mdu<br />
73.000 hd gia dinh ed dau ngoai qud'c), 57% phu nir nudc ngoai ldy chdng<br />
Han Qudc tra ldi hg kha hai long vdi cudc sd'ng d Han qud'c. Theo qud'c<br />
tjch gde thi nhiing ngudi dd'n tii Bdc My, Australia, Tay Au, Campuchia,<br />
Thai Lan, Viet Nam cd mirc do hai long cao ve cudc sd'ng d Han Qud'c.<br />
Nhirng phu nii nudc ngoai, trong dd cd phu nii Viet Nam cQng thd hidn<br />
mdt su hai long rdt cao vd ngudi ban ddi (ngudi chdng) vdi 74,8% y kie'n;<br />
<br />
46 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quydn 21, so 5, tr. 44-58<br />
Bang I. Cam nhSn ciia dng bd vd cudc sdng cua cdc con gai<br />
Cac miic<br />
Tan xua't<br />
Tyle<br />
<br />
Hanh phiic<br />
121<br />
60.5<br />
<br />
Uinh thudng<br />
72<br />
36.0<br />
<br />
Khdng hanh phiic<br />
7<br />
3^<br />
<br />
Tdng<br />
200<br />
100%<br />
<br />
Ngudn: Khao sat lai Dai Hop, thang 3/2010<br />
88,Kf y kid'n hai long vdi eon cai; 64,8% y kid'n hai long vdi md'i quan hd<br />
vdi bd me chdng (Lee Kysun, 2010).<br />
Cae thdng tin thu duge tir phdng vdn 51 ed dau Dai Loan ciia UBDSGD-TE cung cho nhimg kd't qua tuang tu. Cung cd nhumg cd ddu bdt hanh<br />
va gia dinh tan vd, tuy nhidn cac cudc hdn nhdn Vidt Dai tan vd khdng<br />
nhidu, va phdn ldn thi thudng bdt ngudn tir nhiing nguydn nhdn nhu ngudi<br />
vg khdng di lam, phai d nha ndi trg, cam thdy tii tiing, khdng giri dugc tidn<br />
vd. Trong khi dd, ngudi chdng khdng quan tam, lanh liing, khdng bid't each<br />
cham sdc vg; hoac la tan vd vi quan hd me chdng nang dau cang thing.<br />
Nhung phdn ddng cac ed dau cam thdy man nguyen ve cudc sd'ng kinh te'<br />
tai Dai Loan... (UBDS-GD-TE, 2005: 139-140).<br />
Nhirng didu hai long cua eae ed dau vd cudc sd'ng eua hg tai Dai Loan<br />
chfnh la nhiing didu lam ndn hanh phiic cua eae ba me xa Dai Hgp. Cd dd'n<br />
60,5% trudng hgp cha me eho rdng eon cai ciia hg kha la hanh phiic vdi<br />
cudc sd'ng mdi (bang 1). Nd'u ehiing ta nghi rdng cd mdt ty Id nao dd cac<br />
dng bd ba me thudng ed y kid'n "tu ru ngii, tu an iii minh va khdng mudn<br />
ndi that vd cudc sd'ng cua con gai hg" va con sd dd chua chdc da phan anh<br />
diing su that, thi ciing khdng thd chdi bd rdng 41 hd gia dinh (trong mdu<br />
khao sat) da eho eon gai thiir hai ldy chdng nudc ngoai va 5 hd gia dinh cho<br />
eon gai thir ba di ldy ehdng nude ngoai theo nhiing gidi thidu, mai md'i ciia<br />
nhirng ngudi eon di hudc.<br />
Mpt bp phdn ndng ddn cd kinh te khd hcfn nh& Hen con gdi gdi ve<br />
giup dd cha me<br />
Thue td' cho thdy nhd cdc cudc hdn nhan nay ma mdt bd phan hd ndng<br />
dan ed nha ciia khang trang, cd kinh td' khdm kha han, thu nhap eao hon<br />
nhd tidn con gai giri vd giiip dd cha me. Theo thd'ng kd nam 2005 eua Bd<br />
Y td', Phiic lgi xa hdi va Gia dinh Han Qud'c, cd han 70% phu nii Viet Nam<br />
ldy ehdng Han Qud'c vd sinh sd'ng tai Han Qud'c dang duy tri vide giri tidn<br />
cho gia dinh b nude nha va bmh quan sd tidn giii hang nam la 1.030 USD,<br />
<br />
Nguygn Thi Thanh T«m<br />
<br />
47<br />
<br />
Bang 2. Tien giiri ciia con gai trong 12 thang qua (nam 2009)<br />
Dudi 10 Uieu<br />
55<br />
30.7%<br />
<br />
11 -20 Uieu 21 -30 Uieu >30 trieu-50<br />
56<br />
21<br />
47<br />
31.3%<br />
11.7%<br />
26.3%<br />
<br />
vdi phu nu Mdng Cd la 2.720 USD, phu nir Trung qud'c tde Tridu Tien la<br />
790 USD, phu nu Thai Lan la 1.290 USD, phu nii Phihpin la 880 USD<br />
v.v..(Lee Kysun, 2010).<br />
Mac du sd tidn cua phu nir Vidt giri la khdng nhidu nhung nd'u so sdnh<br />
vdi thu nhap eua eac hd gia dinh ndng thdn, sd tidn nay ed thd tuong duong<br />
vdi thu nhap trung binh mdt nam eua mdt gia dinh ndng dan cd miic sd'ng<br />
trung binh viing Ddng bang Bdc bd, noi ma binh quan mdt ddu ngudi chi<br />
cd 0,15 ha dat canh tac. Trong nghidn ciiu d Dai Hgp, gia dinh ciia cdc cd<br />
dau cdn nhan dugc tien giii cao han. Sd tien giri binh quan cua nam gdn<br />
nha't (2009) ma cha me cac cd dau nhan dugc tii con gai thdp nhdt la 1 tridu<br />
ddng va ngudi cao nhdt ldn tdi 50 trieu (Bang 2). Vdi eau hdi: "Trong 12<br />
thdng qua, con gdi dng bd dd gdi vi bao nhieu tiin cho gia dinh? " nhdm<br />
nghien eiiu da thu dugc kd't qua tra ldi nhu Bang 2.<br />
Tien gui cua cac cd gdi da ddng gdp mdt phdn khdng nhd trong thu<br />
nhap cua edc gia dinh. 8,3% hd gia dinh (15 hd) thira nhan tidn giri eiia<br />
eon gdi hg chid'm phdn ldn tdng thu nhap ciia ca gia dinh; 35,6% (64 hd)<br />
eho bid't han mdt nira thu nhap cua gia dinh hg la tidn cua con gai hg;<br />
24,4% (44 hd) cho bid't 50% thu nhap ciia gia dinh la tii eon gai va ehi cd<br />
25,4% sd hd (48 hd) cho rdng tidn giri vd chi chid'm mdt Id nhd va 6,1%<br />
cho rdng tien giii vd la khdng dang kd trong thu nhap cua gia dmh.<br />
Cho dii ehua cd du can eii dd kd't luan la chi nhd cd tidn guri vd ma miic<br />
sd'ng eiia cac gia dmh cd cai thien rd ret, nhung kd't qua phdng vdn eho<br />
tha'y rdng trong nhiing hd gia dinh cd eon ldy chdng ngoai, mirc sd'ng cua<br />
cae hd gia dinh thay ddi kha gia han trudc rdt nhidu. 20 % sd hd ngheo da<br />
thoat ngheo va tang them khoang 13,0% sd hd giau kha (bidu dd 1). Cd<br />
mdt ty Id nhd eac hd gia dinh (8%) ma thu nhdp eiia hg phdn ldn la trdng<br />
chd vao eon gai. Dd la nhiing hd gia dmh gap khd khan, cd ngudi dm lau<br />
nam khdng lao ddng dugc hoac bd me eac cd dau gap nhidu khd khan nhu<br />
na ndn.<br />
<br />
48 Nghign cUu Gia dinh va Gidi. QuySn 21, so 5, tr. 44-58<br />
Bidu I. So sanh miic sdng gia dinh trudc khi con gdi LCNN vd hien nay<br />
70 ,<br />
57.5<br />
<br />
60<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
50<br />
40 •<br />
30 •<br />
20-<br />
<br />
11<br />
<br />
100Giku<br />
<br />
DTriirtc khi LCNN<br />
• Hien nay<br />
39<br />
<br />
11<br />
<br />
Khi<br />
<br />
25.6<br />
<br />
Trung binh<br />
<br />
26<br />
<br />
6<br />
<br />
Nghio<br />
<br />
Ca hdi ve viec ldm, thu nhdp cho mdt bd phdn phu nd<br />
Mdt bd phdn phu nii da cd ca hdi vd vide lam, thu nhap. Da cd nhimg<br />
y kid'n cho rdng hdn nhan vdi ngudi ehdng ngoai la mdt hanh ddng nhdt<br />
cii ludng tidn, ed visa lam vide, cd chdng ma lai khdng tdn tidn ndp phi<br />
nhu di lao ddng. Tuy nhien, khdng phai ai la'y chdng cung cd vide lam vi<br />
didu nay khdng chi phu thude vao thj trudng lao ddng ma cdn phu thude<br />
vao su ddng y ciia ngudi chdng. Day la didu ma it phu nii Vidt Nam ed the<br />
ngd dd'n vi tue gia trudng edn anh hudng kha manh me trong xa hdi eiia<br />
Han Qud'c va Dai Loan. Trong khao sat d Dai Hgp, mac dii cd tdi 51% sd<br />
cd dau d nha lam ndi trg thi cung cd dd'n 49% cd dau tid'p tue lao ddng trdn<br />
xiir ngudi, trong dd: 14% lam nghd ndng, 14 % lam djch vu, budn ban nho<br />
va 20,5% lam edng nhan.<br />
Trong pham vi cua mdt cudc khao sat d Dai Hgp, cd thd cdn cd nhidu<br />
thdng tin ma nhdm nghidn ciiru thu nhdn dugc chua phan anh hoan toan<br />
chinh xac hidn thuc, do tam ly cac bac cha me thudng quan nidm "td't dep<br />
phd ra, xdu xa day lai" Tuy nhidn, hidn tugng kd't hdn vdi ngudi ngoai<br />
qud'c dd tim kidm vide lam, dd cd thu nhap va cd hy vgng ddi ddi ciing ddu<br />
la nhung ddng ca cd that, va cung la nhiing vdn dd hidn hidn. Viec hoa<br />
theo xu hudng kd't hdn ngoai, hay ldn an, hay chi tiich hdn nhdn xuydn<br />
bidn gidi phu thude khd nhidu vdo nhan quan cua ttoig cdng ddng khi ho<br />
dugc chiing kid'n cac lgi ich hay tha't bai kinh td' tii cac cudc hdn nhdn<br />
ngoai qudc, chiing kid'n cudc sdng cua cac cap vg chdng hanh phiic hay la<br />
bi kich.<br />
<br />