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7URQJQJKLrQFӭXQj\NӻQăQJ[DQKÿѭӧF
KLӇX Oj NLӃQ WKӭF Nӻ QăQJ WKiL ÿӝ FҫQ
WKLӃWÿӇVӕQJSKiWWULӇQYjKӛWUӧPӝW[m
KӝLEӅQYӳQJYjWLӃWNLӋPWjLQJX\rQ
3KkQORL
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SKkQORҥLNӻQăQJ[DQKWKjQKQKLӅXQKyP
NKiFQKDXQKҵPÿiSӭQJQKXFҫXSKiWWULӇQ
EӅQYӳQJ7KHR81,'2FyQKyP
NӻQăQJ[DQKFKtQKNӻQăQJNӻWKXұW Nӻ
QăQJNKRDKӑFNӻQăQJTXҧQOêYұQKjQK
YjNӻQăQJ JLiPViW(7)EәVXQJ
UҵQJ Nӻ QăQJ [DQK JӗP Nӻ QăQJ Nӻ WKXұW
OLrQTXDQÿӃQF{QJQJKӋ[DQKYjNӻQăQJ
61
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P{L WUѭӡQJ ĈӗQJ WKӡL /LQNHGLQ 
SKkQORҥLNӻQăQJ[DQKWKjQKKDLQKyPNӻ
WKXұWYjSKLNӻWKXұWJL~SFiQKkQOjPYLӋF
FyWUiFKQKLӋPYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ&('()23
Yj3DYORYDSKkQELӋWNӻQăQJ
[DQKFKXQJYjNӻQăQJ[DQKQJjQKQJKӅ6X
YjFӝQJVӵWKuÿӅ[XҩWEӕQWLrXFKtÿR
OѭӡQJNӻQăQJ[DQKFӫDVLQKYLrQQKѭNKҧ
QăQJWKӵFKjQKYjSKiWWULӇQNӻQăQJ1ăP
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(6&2 YӟL  Nӻ QăQJ Yj NKiL QLӋP ÿӇ
ÿiSӭQJFKX\ӇQÿәL[DQK=XELUYjFӝQJVӵ
FKӍUDNӻQăQJ[DQKFKRFiFGRDQK
QJKLӋSEӅQYӳQJWURQJNKL9RQDYjFӝQJVӵ
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TXҧQ Oê Yj VҧQ [XҩW &iF QJKLrQ FӭX ÿӅX
QKҩWWUtUҵQJNӻQăQJ[DQKOj\ӃXWӕFӕWO}L
FKRVӵFKX\ӇQÿәLVDQJQӅQNLQKWӃ[DQKYj
SKiWWULӇQEӅQYӳQJ/LrQ+ӧS4XӕF
8QHVFR/LQNHGLQ
9DLWUz
.ӻQăQJ[DQKFyYDLWUzTXDQWUӑQJ
NK{QJFKӍÿӕLYӟLULrQJFiQKkQQJѭӡLODR
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QӅQNLQKWӃ[mKӝLYjP{LWUѭӡQJ
xĈLYLQJ˱LODRÿQJ
.ӻ QăQJ [DQK ÿyQJ YDL WUz QJj\
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tFKWKLӃWWKӵFPӣUDFѫKӝLQJKӅQJKLӋS
UӝQJ Pӣ Yj WK~F ÿҭ\ Vӵ SKiW WULӇQ EҧQ
WKkQWRjQGLӋQ
7ăQJFѫKӝLYLӋFOjP1KXFҫXYӅ
QKkQOӵFFyNӻQăQJ[DQKÿDQJJLDWăQJ
mҥQKPӁWURQJQKLӅXOƭQKYӵFQKѭQăQJ
OѭӧQJWiLWҥRVҧQ[XҩW[DQKEҧRYӋP{L
WUѭӡQJYYWҥRÿLӅXNLӋQFKRQJѭӡLODR
ÿӝQJGӉGjQJWLӃSFұQFiFF{QJYLӋFKҩS
GүQYjSKKӧSYӟL[XWKӃSKiWWULӇQFKXQJ
0ӭFOѭѫQJFDRKѫQ1KӡQKXFҫX
FDR Yj WtQK FKX\rQ P{Q KyD QKkQ YLrQ
VӣKӳXNӻQăQJ[DQKWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFKѭӣQJ
PӭFOѭѫQJ FDR KѫQ VR YӟLQKӳQJQJѭӡL
NK{QJFyNӻQăQJQj\ÿҧPEҧRWKXQKұS
WӕWYjQkQJFDRFKҩWOѭӧQJFXӝFVӕQJ
 $Q WRjQ QJKӅ QJKLӋS FDR KѫQ
1ӅQNLQKWӃ[DQKKѭӟQJÿӃQVӵSKiWWULӇQ
EӅQYӳQJFK~WUӑQJYjRP{LWUѭӡQJOjP
YLӋFDQWRjQYjOjQKPҥQK'RÿyQJѭӡL
ODRÿӝQJFyNӻQăQJ[DQKVӁÿѭӧFWUDQJ
EӏNLӃQWKӭFYjNӻQăQJFҫQWKLӃWÿӇÿҧP
EҧRDQWRjQFKREҧQWKkQYjÿӗQJQJKLӋS
JLҧP WKLӇX QJX\ Fѫ WDL QҥQ ODR ÿӝQJ Yj
EӋQKQJKӅQJKLӋS
 &ѫ KӝL SKiW WULӇQ EҧQ WKkQ .ӻ
QăQJ[DQKNK{QJFKӍJL~SQJѭӡLODRÿӝQJ
KRjQWKjQKWӕWF{QJYLӋFPjFzQPӣUDFѫ
KӝLKӑFKӓLQKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFYjNӻQăQJ
mӟL QkQJ FDR QăQJ OӵF FKX\rQ P{Q Yj
SKiW WULӇQ EҧQ WKkQ PӝW FiFK WRjQ GLӋQ
ÿiS ӭQJ \rX FҫX QJj\ FjQJ FDR FӫD WKӏ
WUѭӡQJODRÿӝQJ
1KuQFKXQJNӻQăQJ[DQKOj©FKuD
NKyDYjQJ´ÿӇQJѭӡLODRÿӝQJWKjQKF{QJ
WURQJWKӏWUѭӡQJODRÿӝQJKLӋQÿҥLYjJyS
SKҫQ[k\ GӵQJ PӝW WѭѫQJ ODL EӅQ YӳQJ
9LӋFWUDQJEӏYjSKiWWULӇQNӻQăQJ[DQK
OjPӝWNKRҧQÿҫXWѭWKLӃW\ӃXFKREҧQWKkQ
PӛLFiQKkQJL~SKӑQҳPEҳWFѫKӝLYLӋF
OjP WӕW KѫQ QkQJ FDR WKX QKұS Yj JyS
SKҫQEҧRYӋP{LWUѭӡQJ
xĈLYLQQNLQKW
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FiFGRDQKQJKLӋS1ӅQNLQKWӃ[DQKWҥRUD
QKXFҫXQJj\FjQJFDRYӅVҧQSKҭPGӏFK
YөYjJLҧLSKiS[DQKWӯÿyNKѫLGұ\WLӅP
QăQJ FKR FiF GRDQK QJKLӋS Fy QăQJ OӵF
FXQJFҩSFiFJLҧLSKiSQj\.ӻQăQJ[DQK
JL~SQJѭӡLODRÿӝQJViQJWҥRÿәLPӟLYj
SKiWWULӇQFiFVҧQSKҭPGӏFKYө[DQKÿiS
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VӵUDÿӡLFӫDFiFQJjQKF{QJQJKLӋSPӟL
YjPӣUӝQJWKӏWUѭӡQJFKRGRDQKQJKLӋS
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 1kQJ FDR QăQJ OӵF FҥQK WUDQK
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NӻQăQJ[DQKVӁFyNKҧQăQJÿәLPӟLViQJ
WҥRQkQJFDRKLӋXTXҧKRҥWÿӝQJWӕLѭXKyD
TX\WUuQKVҧQ[XҩWNLQKGRDQKYjJLDWăQJ
OӧLWKӃFҥQKWUDQKWUrQWKӏWUѭӡQJ9LӋF iS
GөQJFiFJLҧLSKiS[DQKJL~SGRDQKQJKLӋS
WLӃWNLӋPFKLSKtJLҧPWKLӇXWiFÿӝQJWLrX
FӵFÿӃQP{LWUѭӡQJQkQJFDRX\WtQWKѭѫQJ
KLӋXYjWKXK~WNKiFKKjQJQKjÿҫXWѭ
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NLQKWӃ[DQKWK~Fÿҭ\VӵSKiWWULӇQPҥQK
PӁFӫDFiFQJjQKF{QJQJKLӋS[DQKQKѭ
QăQJOѭӧQJWiLWҥRVҧQ[XҩW[DQKEҧRYӋ
P{L WUѭӡQJ« JyS SKҫQ JLD WăQJ *'3
YjWҥR ÿӝQJOӵFFKRWăQJWUѭӣQJ NLQKWӃ
EӅQ YӳQJ .ӻ QăQJ [DQK JL~S QkQJ FDR
QăQJVXҩWODRÿӝQJKLӋXTXҧVӱGөQJWjL
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UDQKLӅXJLiWUӏJLDWăQJFKRQӅQNLQKWӃ
&yWKӇWKҩ\NӻQăQJ[DQKOj\ӃXWӕ
WKHQFKӕWWK~Fÿҭ\WăQJWUѭӣQJNLQKWӃYj
SKiWWULӇQEӅQYӳQJ9LӋFWUDQJEӏNӻQăQJ
[DQK FKR QJѭӡL ODR ÿӝQJ Kӛ WUӧ GRDQK
QJKLӋSiSGөQJFiFJLҧLSKiS[DQKYjQkQJ
FDR QKұQ WKӭF FӝQJ ÿӗQJ YӅ SKiW WULӇQ
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WKӏQKYѭӧQJYjEҧRYӋP{LWUѭӡQJFKRWKӃ
KӋWѭѫQJODL
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 7ҥR YLӋF OjP 1ӅQ NLQK WӃ [DQK
PӣUDQKLӅXFѫKӝLYLӋFOjPPӟLWURQJFiF
OƭQKYӵFQKѭQăQJOѭӧQJWiLWҥRVҧQ[XҩW
[DQKEҧRYӋP{LWUѭӡQJJySSKҫQJLҧP
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