Tóm tắt Luận án Tiến sĩ Ngữ văn: So sánh truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Khmer Nam Bộ với truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Việt (một số type và motif cơ bản)

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Tóm tắt luận án Tiến sĩ Ngữ văn: So sánh truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Khmer Nam Bộ với truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Việt (một số type và motif cơ bản) trình bày các nội dung chính sau: Tình hình nghiên cứu so sánh truyện cổ tích thần kỳ Việt Nam với truyện cổ tích thần kỳ của thế giới từ góc độ type và motif, nhận diện các type và motif cơ bản của truyện cổ tích thần kỳ Khmer Nam Bộ trong tương quan với truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Việt,...

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Nội dung Text: Tóm tắt Luận án Tiến sĩ Ngữ văn: So sánh truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Khmer Nam Bộ với truyện cổ tích thần kỳ người Việt (một số type và motif cơ bản)

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM HÀ NỘI NGUYỄN THỊ NHUNG SO S¸NH TRUYÖN Cæ TÝCH THÇN Kú NG¦êI KHMER NAM Bé VíI TRUYÖN Cæ TÝCH THÇN Kú NG¦êI VIÖT (MéT Sè TYPE Vµ MOTIF C¥ B¶N) Chuyên ngành: Văn học dân gian Mã số: 9.22.01.25 TÓM TẮT LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGỮ VĂN HÀ NỘI – 2018
Công trình được hoàn thành tại Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội Người hướng dẫn khoa học: 1.GS.Vũ Anh Tuấn 2.TS. Trần Minh Hường Phản biện 1: GS.TS Lê Chí Quế Trường ĐHKHXH&NV – ĐHQG Hà Nội Phản biện 2: PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Phương Châm Viện nghiên cứu Văn hóa Phản biện 3: PGS.TS Trần Đức Ngôn Trường Đại học Văn hóa Luận án sẽ được bảo vệ trước Hội đồng chấm luận án cấp Trường họp tại Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội vào hồi …..giờ … ngày … tháng… năm… Có thể tìm hiểu luận án tại thư viện: Thư viện Quốc Gia, Hà Nội hoặc Thư viện Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội 2
DANH MỤC CÁC BÀI BÁO 1. Nguyen Thi Nhung (2016), Applyling the field method inthe process of researching Fairy tale in Viet Nam, the 6th International Conference on Sciences and Social Sciences (ICSSS2016) at Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. 2. Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Thực trạng và những nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến việc tồn tại và lưu truyền truyện cổ tích thần kì Khmer Nam Bộ, Kỉ yếu Hội thảo khoa học Sau đại học - ngành Ngữ văn, năm 2017. Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội. 3. Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Tổng quan về các công trình nghiên cứu truyện kể dân gian Việt Nam từ góc độ type và motif, Tạp chí Khoa học trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội số 11 năm 2017. 4. Nguyen Thi Nhung (2017), Similarities in the story type of Heroes that kill Monsters of Vietnamese and Southern Khmer people in Vietnam, the 7th International Conference on Sciences and Social Sciences (ICSSS2017) at Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. (sẽ đăng trên tạp chí trong năm 2018) 5. Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Nghiên cứu truyện kể dân gian Việt Nam từ góc độ type và motif (trường hợp sánh truyện cổ tích thần kì của người Việt và người Khmer Nam Bộ), Kỉ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học trường Đại học Thái Nguyên và Cao đẳng Sư phạm Lào Cai phối hợp tổ chức năm 2017. 6. Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Tìm hiểu truyện Ba Phi vùng Tây Nam Cà Mau từ góc nhìn Văn hóa Nam Bộ, NXB Mỹ Thuật. 3
1 INTRODUCTION 1. Reason for choosing the topic In the rich assortment of folk literature in various peoples’ culture, folk stories in general, and fairy tales in particular, take up a relatively large portion compared to other genres of folk literature. Serving as a unique kind of mirror, fairy tales reflected every aspect of people’s social life in a shroud of legend. Through conflicts both within families and amongst social communities, fairy tales have showcased human’s desire across thousands of generations, the desire for a society of equality and goodness where the “You reap what you sow” philosophical principle avails. Through the study of different people’s fairy tales, we can identify the values and philosophies of life stemming from their ancestors, as well as their perception in the art of vocabulary. With the appeal of the genre, fairy tales have drawn in the attention of folklore researchers across the globe for centuries. Amidst the large number of such studies, the researches that approached fairy tales from their type and motif viewpoints, as well as papers comparing fairy tales of numerous peoples based on their types and motifs have been carried out by a number of researchers. It can be assumed that the study of fairy tales from the tale type and motif perspective, as well as comparisons based on tale types and motifs is the method that a great deal of folklore researchers have applied effectively, especially for studies which aim at pinpointing both the shared characteristics and unique qualities of various folk stories in the same category. Being a people with a rather large population among 54 Vietnamese ethnicities, Khmer people mainly settle in Southern regions (namely Southwest) – the birth place of “Oc Eo Culture”, the land with a long history and a huge number of exceptional cultural heritage that are well-known across the country and also the South East Asia. Amongst Khmer people’s generous collection of folk culture and literature, their fairy tales stood out the most as an extraordinary art form crafted with words. In addition to the general characteristics of the content and art of the fairy tales, this story type has many their own features, reflecting the Khmer ethnic identity and the South. Through our research in the present state of studies, we have noticed that: there have been several works of collection, research on or introduction to folktales of Khmer people in Southern regions which have gained a certain number of achievements. In order to acknowledge the distinctiveness of Southern Khmer’s fairy tales, they need to be placed in a wider range of perspective, that being among Viet people’s fairy tales; and there especially needs to be a comparison between them and those of another people, ones which are plentiful in number and different in terms of culture, humans and narrative. It is our thought that comparing Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and those of Viet people would be a practical approach in attaining the aforementioned goal. For such reasons, this thesis is going with the topic: “A comparison between 1
2 Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales - some basic types and motif” as the research topic with the purpose of finding out and clarifying the similarities and differences in the types and motifs between these two peoples - Southern Khmer and Viet - in terms of their cultural formats and foundations. On the other hand, being a lecturer at Can Tho University, where 15% of the attending students are Khmer people, by choosing this subject, the thesis writer would further advance and expand their knowledge on fairy tales in general and Southern Khmer’s fairy tales in particular, thus enabling them to prepare even more effective lectures on local folklore literature teachings for students of the university. 2. The subject and scope of the study: 2.1. Subject of the study This thesis establishes the subject of study as being the several basic types and motifs from Southern Khmer’s fairy tales in comparison with some types and motifs in Viet (Kinh) people’s fairy tales. 2.2. Scope of the study “Type” level: The thesis would examine and compare these 2 basic types of story: “People in animal shapes” and “Heroes that kill Monsters ” “Motif” level: The thesis would examine every motif spotted in the two aforementioned types of stories and compare the basic motifs that appear in these two types. 3. Goals and objectives of the study 3.1. Goals of the study From comparing Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales on the basis of several standard tale types and motifs, the thesis pointed out the similarities and differences in characters, structures and motifs between the basic types in fairy tales of these two peoples; as well as explaining the similarities and differences between them based on features such as the two people’s exchange and adaptation of culture, history, natural habitat, cultural essence, etc. A scientific confirmation based on those elements can thus be drawn about the definitive contents and artistic choices of words in Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales. 3.2. Objectives of the study - An overview on the subject of study; building the theoretical framework for the thesis and choosing a research direction for the topic. - Identifying the range of genre, the natural space for experiencing, materials to be examined and conduct the examination to distinguish and address the different types in fairy tales. From then, carrying on to select the two basic types: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters , and proceed to examine and address the motifs belonging in these two tale types. - Point out the similarities and differences between these two types of stories; at 2
3 the same time explain these phenomena in terms of: format, exchange – adaptation of culture, history, natural habitat, cultural essence, etc. to find the reason for these types of stories’ transformation and adaptation in Southern Khmer and Viet people’s fairy tales. - From the standpoint of its comparison to Viet people’s fairy tales, the thesis would point out the characterizing natures of the two types of stories – People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters – from Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales and propose a method to apply results of this thesis and subsequent studies on the thesis’ topic. 4. Approach and method of study 4.1. The approach The topic is approached from aspects such as: The folklore study major approach, the cultural humanity approach, the interdisciplinary approach, and the field approach. 4.2. The method of study In order to reach the goals and objectives of the topic, the thesis mainly use the following basic research methods in combination with each other: Type comparison method, Method of analyzin - numerating - categorizing Folklore materials, Field method (observation, participation). 5. Contributions of the study 5.1. In terms of theories on types and motifs: The thesis contributes to the systemization of previous research theories on folktales types and motifs, and at the same time, through applying the theories on types and motifs, on the basis of succeeding and comparing itself to the works of Viet people’s fairy tale researchers, the thesis identifies, addresses and establishes a system of motifs for the two types of stories by Southern Khmer people: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters . Additionally, the application of folklore studies into the singular case study: “A comparison between Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales - some basic types and motif”, the thesis helps to solidify and confirm the effectiveness of folklore studying methods, associating theories with research practicality. 5.2. In terms of folklore studies (fairy tales): The thesis plays its part in pinpointing and confirming the similarities and differences between the types and motifs of fairy tales in Southern Khmer and Viet people’s cultures; while also elaborates the reason that caused such similarities and differences, and the content-related and artistic values of Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales. 5.3. In terms of fairy tale relating materials of different peoples: Through cataloging, editing and translating a variety of Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales, the thesis has made considerable contribution in terms of documentations to the fairy tales collection of minor ethnic groups in general, and Southern Khmer people in particular. Most notably, after going through board inspection, the dual lingual collection of stories would serve as materials for two scientific researches, namely: “Teaching Khmer 3
4 language to Southern Khmer students through fairy tales”; and “Preserving the Lakhon Bassac traditional theater in Southwestern Vietnam”. If these two researches are met with success, they would bring about extremely practical benefits for the spiritual life of Southern Khmer people. 6. Structure of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and annex, the main content of this thesis is arranged in four chapters: (1) An overview on the research situation and theoretical basis of the topic; (2) Identification of basic types and motifs in Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales in correlation with those of Viet people; (3) Comparison between the “Human in animal shapes” type of stories in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales; (4) Comparison between the “Heroes that kill Monsters ” type of stories in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales. Chapter 1 AN OVERVIEW ON THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1. An overview on the research situation 1.1.1. The situation of research on comparison between Viet people’s fairy tales and those of other countries from the type and motif viewpoint Generally speaking, the research papers comparing Viet people’s fairy tales with fairy tales all over the world have mainly focused on the comparison with Asian countries like: China, Japan, Korea and several other countries in South East Asia. Going into details with the tale type and motif perspective, we must first acknowledge the abundant and diverse researches on the Tam Cam (the Vietnamese Cinderella tale) type of story, along with comparisons between Vietnamese’s Tam Cam and others of the same type in other countries. Some noteworthy projects include: The work “A preliminary study of matters in fairy tales through Tam Cam (1968) by Dinh Gia Khanh; The works: “Folktales through types and motifs” (2001); “From the tale of Kajong and Halek of the Chams to Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia”); “The cultural exchange and interaction between peoples in South East Asia through Tam Cam tale type”; “ The Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia”; “Whom were the conflicts between in Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia” etc. by Nguyen Tan Dac; or Duong Tieu Thi in the work “Comparing Cinderella tale type of some peoples in Southern China with the Vietnamese’s Tam Cam tale type” (2008), etc. In addition to Tam Cam, other tale types are gaining the interest of folklore literature specialists. Several notable projects are: “Thach Sanh and the Hero tale type in Vietnamese and South East Asia folktales”, “ A survey and comparison of several tale types and motifs in Vietnamese - Japanese folklores” by Nguyen Thi Nguyet, “The clever-animals tale type in folktales of Vietnam and the world” by Dang Quoc Minh Duong and various 4
5 other papers by authors such as: Cao Huy Dinh, Le Thi Que, Vu Anh Tuan, Nguyen Bich Ha, Nguyen Thi Hue, Pham Duc Duong, Pham Tiet Khanh, Tran Minh Huong, Duong Tieu Thi, La Ma Thi Gia, etc. The comparative approach, the method of compiling and processing materials, the comparison method and the generalization and clarification in types and motifs comparison that the authors have used in the researches above all served as the basis for us to gain our approach direction in our study. 1.1.2. The situation of comparative research in fairy tales of peoples in general and in comparison with Southern Khmer’s fairy tales from the type and motif viewpoint in particular Regarding researches that are related to Viet people’s fairy tales in terms of types and motifs, the works that we tallied are: “A survey on the structure and meaning of some motifs in Tay people’s folk tales in Northeastern Vietnam” by Vu Anh Tuan; “Analyzing Viet people’s fairy tales based on story structure” by Pham Tuan Anh; “The little-brother tale type in folktales of Viet people” by Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan; “The motif of demanding wedding gifts in folktales of Viet people”) by Nguyen Lan Ngoc, etc. As of today, there have not been many researches that compare fairy tales of Viet people with those of Southern Khmer, especially in terms of tale type and motif comparison. Several prominent works can be listed such as: “Survey of Southern Khmer folk stories (via myths - legends - fairy tales” by Pham Tiet Khanh; “Studying the Southern Khmer folk story from the context’s perspective” by Huynh Vu Lam, and a number of master theses. In conclusion, from a general viewpoint, we can see a gap in researches, namely: Until now there has been no actually detailed project that studies and compares Southern Khmer and Viet people’s fairy tales on a broad and general scale, specifically ones that follow the tale type and motif approach. 1.2. Theoretical basis and supporting terms 1.2.1. Theories on type and motif 1.2.1.1. Definition of type The concept of Type in the thesis is as follows: Type is a collection of stories with motifs of the same type. These motifs are arranged in a certain order according to the narrative structure of the story. A tale type may consist of several motifs or may consist of only one or a few motifs. 1.2.1.2. Definition of motif In this thesis, our notion is that: “Motif is the smallest element that makes up a story type. Motif is the nucleus of action and is repeated many times in the story type”. 1.2.1.3. Aarne –Thompson’s index of types and motifs 1.2.1.3.1. Tale type index Aarne’s tale type index is in three large categories: 5
6 * Animals (type 1 to type 299) * General folktales (type 300 to type 1199) * Jokes and anecdotes (type 1200 to type 2499) 1.2.1.3.2. Motif index of folk-literature by Stith Thompson Thompson's motif index is divided into chapters from A to Z about mythology, the world’s creation, animals, about taboos, charms, magic, shape-shifting, etc. Stith Thompson's motif classification gave us a solid foundation and theoretical basis to examine, naming and analyzing the structure of motifs in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales. 1.2.2. Comparative study of folk culture and literature 1.2.2.1. Concept Comparisons in folklore are the comparison of some literary things or phenomena with other literary things or phenomena, to gain an acknowledgement of the similarities and differences between them in order to perceive such things and phenomena more clearly and wholeful, more in relation to other phenomena and things. 1.2.2.2. Subject and purpose of comparison The subject of comparison usually consists of two or more things or phenomena. In literary comparisons, the subject of comparison normally features about the quantity, content or artistic format of literary works, genres or literature movement, etc. 1.2.2.3. Principles of comparative research The comparison of literary phenomena must adhere to these basic principles: Principle of objectivity and non-prejudice; Principle of same-type comparison in hierarchical ranking; Interdisciplinary comparison principle; and Collective comparison principle. 1.2.2.4. Several approaches in comparative study of folk culture and literature * Same-era comparison is the comparative method based on a series of phenomena of the same chronological era or deemed as so. It can be observed that in literary comparison studies, same-era comparison is indeed format comparison, as this direction of comparison also approaches the subject of comparison from the point of view of basic characteristics and features of literary phenomena of the same kind, with many similarities and a few differences. The comparison takes place on the basis that subjects are of the same type, in which their similarities will be fundamental (Major similarities, minor differences). * Chronological comparison means the comparison of phenomena of the same type but belonging in different eras in order to elucidate the development of such phenomena in terms of time, in order to set up a historical system, and restore the origin of a cultural element. The ethnicity’s characteristics is shown in the overview of cultural and psychological features, etc. and while more complex layouts are compared, the 6
7 adaptation is fainter. Among the majority of equivalent factors, the differences in chronology can still be seen. In the development trend, more complex ethnographic phenomena which are less structurally complicated are probably retained less in their original form. 1.2.2.5. Explanation of the similarities and differences in comparing folklore phenomena We clarified the similarities and differences from such perspective as: the format perspective, historical - geographic perspective; cultural perspective; the perspective of "self-generating" of cultural phenomen and folklore; general or interdisciplinary perspective, etc. 1.2.5. Theoretical application of the thesis The process of comparing the two types: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters can be systemized by the following graph: 7
8 Comparison Type Type Khmer’s Fairy tales Viet people’s fairy Type (combined with chronology) tales COMPARATIVE Structure Motif Characte rs SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE Character Character - Origin, character and life of the character. -Origin, character and life of the character. - Role of the character in the animation story of the -Different ways of overcoming the challenges, characters, etc. showing the talent and making feat of arms,etc. Structure Structure - Structure (basic narrative steps) - Structure (a number of narrative steps with different - Types of expression in the story type (based on the minor details that create a complex of structure) order of arrangement and the frequency of - Specific types of structures in Khmer Krom genres occurrences of the motif) Motif Motif - Motif structure - Number of typical motifs - The details forming the basic motif - Details in typical motifs - Narrative functions, aesthetic sense of the motif - Narrative functions, aesthetic sense of the motif EXPLANATION SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES - Special format - Created by creativity and adaptation that suit their own - Is exchanged and “borrowed” through wars, trading, environment during the process of exchanging and religious preaching, immigration, etc “borrowing” - Derived from the same “model” or symbolism - Self-generating development that complies with rules of the - Is the rules of cultural phenomena’s development and self- cultural phenomena to adapt with environmental development. generation - The pace of development among each people is different in - Share the same perception, feelings and development each stage of evolution and progress. regarding human psychology - Different in environment and ecology - Share the same cultural ecology: same ecological - Different in cultural format characteristics and geographical conditions - The results of passed down values, especially folklores - Same cultural format - The unique way each people take after values during -All ethnic groups share the same ancestor exchanging and “borrowing” - Other reasons - Other reasons. THE NATURE - CHARACTERISTICS - ORIGIN - RELATIONSHIP - ADAPTATION PROCESS OF THE 2 TYPES CHARACTERISTICS, CONTENT AND ARTISTIC VALUES OF FAIRY TALES & THE CULTURAL – SOCIAL – HISTORICAL IMAGE OF KHMER KROM PEOPLE 8
9 1.3. Theoretical introduction on Fairy tales; People in animal shapes tale type, Heroes that kill Monsters tale type the current state of materials 1.3.1. Fairy tales The Soviet’s folklorists’ idea was that: “Fairy tales are the type of folk tales in which social conflicts are resolved in the realm of magic and thaduenks to magic.” 1.3.2. Documentation and identification of basic story types Table 1.1: Selection Criteria for Study Materials of the Project No. Type Criteria - There are characters in the animal shapes People in animal - There is act of shifting on to human 1 shapes - Have a challenge - Have the ability to overcome the challenge - There are valiant characters Heroes that kill - There are demonic characters 2 Monsters - There is action to kill the demon - There is action to save the beauty 1.3.2.1. Southern Khmer’s fairy tales Based on the results of field survey and fieldwork, we find that, compared to other types of fairy tales of the Khmer people (over 10 types), the number of stories of two types: The People in animal shapes ; Heroes that kill Monsters accounting for the highest proportion (19 out of 44) and still widely circulated in the daily life of the Khmer people in Southern Vietnam (through TV storytelling programs and Du ke shows). Thus, these two types of stories are identified by us as the two most fundamental types in the Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and use them as subjects compared with the legendary Viet people’s fairy talesin the thesis. 1.3.2.2. Viet people’s fairy tales Inheriting the materials of leading researchers such as Nguyen Bich Ha, Nguyen Thi Hue, Nguyen Thi Nguyet, Pham Tuan Anh and the printed stories in the collections of Nguyen Dong Chi and Nguyen Thi Hue or the fairy tales of the Vietnamese, we selected 5 stories of the type of story of the People in animal shapes and 3 stories of type story of Heroes that kill Monsters as the object to compared with the two types of stories of the same Southern Khmer’s fairy tales Summary of Chapter 1 Through the synthesis of research, we initially noticed: Up to now, there have been no studies of the fairy tales of the Southern Khmer people. In particular, their folk fairy tales seems absent from the collection of folk literature of ethnic minorities. Thus, the results of 9
10 the study comparing the legendary Southern Khmer people's fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales from the perspective of type and motif, in addition to giving the reader a more specific view, will make a small contribution to the historical overview of the stories of the group of people. In this chapter, we also make the system for the whole of the underlying theory (theory of type and motif by Aarne - Thompson, type comparison theory) and auxiliary systems theory, structural theory; symbol theory, cultural exchange theory ...); the concepts of types and motifs that we use to survey, compare, and explain the problems of the thesis. In addition to the generalizations of comparative research and the theoretical framework for the thesis, in the third part of Chapter 1, we first develop the basic criteria for identifying two types of stories: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters Then, based on these criteria to choose to survey sources of fairy tales of the Khmer and Vietnamese and selected 27 stories (12 stories of People in animal shapes and 15 stories of Heroes that kill Monsters ) as objects of research and comparison of the thesis. Chapter 2 IDENTIFY BASIC TYPES AND MOTIFS OF SOUTHERN KHMER 'S FAIRY TALES IN CONJUNCTION WITH VIET PEOPLE’S FAIRY TALES 2.1. Type of People in animal shapes 2.1.1. Structure Based on the life of the protagonist and the actions that the protagonist has to undergo, we divide the 20 motifs surveyed in Table 2.1 into four narrative groups as a basis for constructiong of narrative structure of the story type of people in animal shape as follows: (1) The motif group introduces the characters in the animal shape: Motif I.1. Born miraculously; motif I.2. Masquerading; motif I.3. Child-bearing the object; motif I.4. Meet the married subject; motif I.5. Curse of snake; motif I.6. Worship the gods. (2) Group of Challenge motif: Motif II.8. Challenges; motif II.11. Choosing wife; motif II.13. The task assigned to remove the person in the animal shape; motif II.18. Shuffles; motif II.19. Transfiguration; motif II.22. Fighting for beauty; motif II.17. The only thing left; motif II.10. The youngest son was treated badly. (3) Groups of motifs in overcoming the challenge: Motif II.7. Changing the shape; motif II.9. Talent; motif II.12. Go out (Find medicine, save people); motif II.17. Test; motif II.20. Identify each other by signal; motif II.23. Fight against invaders; motif II.14. Helping materials (objects of wealth, miracles, objects that recognize each other); motif II.15. Helper 10
11 (4) Group of motifs of group rewards: motif II.21. Imitation failed; motif III.24. Reunion; motif III.25. Get marriage; motif III.26. Throne; motif III.27. Reward. *The basic structure of the type of People in animal shapes (1) The motif group introduces the characters in the Introduction animal shape Structure type of (2) Group of Challenge motif story Recitals The person in (3) Groups of motifs in overcoming the challenge animal shape End (4) Group of motifs of group rewards s 2.1.2. Basic motifs 2.1.2.1. Group of opening motifs a. Group of motifs of the miracle birth: The divine combination -> talented, healthy, excellent, always standing on the side of the right. b. Group of motifs of the abandoned child: The child is born; the family is not eligible for raising. -> The father brings them to the forest to kill. -> The child must struggle to survive (if the son becomes brave, if the daughter will give birth to the Hero) 2.2.2.2. Group of motifs of section of the recitals: a. Moti of studying (learning, magic, martial arts): Beauty is caught by beast or monster -> Heroes that kill Monsters is on the way to kill the monster to save the beauty -> learn more talents -> Use talents to kill the monster b. Motif of the fortune teller: The fortune-telling prophecy -> conflict within the clan -> change the fate of the valiant man in a certain period of time c. Motif of killing evil snake (Ogre, Devil): The ogre causes disaster for people, people worship and sacrifice -> the Heroes that kill Monsters fights with the ogre -> victory (save himself or save the beauty) d. Motif of killing the wicked: Evil bird appears arresting the Princess or the pretty girl -> the valiant is on the way to kill the evil birds -> Victory and save the beauty. e. Motif of taking the Heroes that kill Monsters 's work: The Heroes that kill Monsters kills the monster, saves the beauty -> the villain cheated -> the Heroes that kill Monsters seeks the escape way and claims the justice f. Motif of going down the aquarium: The people underwater Aquarium are in trouble-> Heroes that kill Monsters rescues them -> The Heroes that kill Monsters goes to the aquarium and are donated treasure ->The Heroes that kill Monsters goes back to the world 11
12 Motif of going down to the aquarium There is also a structure in other forms as follows: The Heroes that kill Monsters goes down the aquarium -> contest with Dragon King -> save the princess g. Motif of the mute: The beauty after being saved -> witness the rescuer (The valiant) be taking his work -> writhe and become mute. h. Motif of miracles: The Heroes that kill Monsters has challenges -> get the help of miracle object -> overcome the challenges -> marry the Princess and live happily. Listen to the predicted chickens -> The Heroes that kill Monsters performs -> go to destroy the invaders, get the throne and marry the beauty. 2.2.2.3. Motifs of ending section a. Motif of marriage, getting throne: The valiant based on the miraculous help> heal the princess and be vindicated -> marry the princess (get throne), live happily together. b. Motif of punishing the guilty: The Heroes that kill Monsters win and goes back -> be vindicated -> point out the evil -> they were punished. c. Motif of reward, reunion: The Heroes that kill Monsters after the victory -> the king (reward, union) or reunion with the family -> Have a happy life Summary of chapter 2 In Chapter 2, we have examined all the motifs from basic to specific of two types of stories: The Heroes that kill Monsters , the Person in the animal shape, then named according to the corresponding symbol: Code - Name type - Structure of the corresponding content; Code - Name of Motif - Structure of the motif. At the level of type, we choose the stories of two basic types of fairy tales of the Southern Khmer and the Viet people: Type of people in animal shapes = Type 400 - 409. A- T, type 425. The husband is the animal, "Type Heroes that kill Monsters = Type 300 A- T. Snake killer rescues the princess; 653 A-T ", explores the structure of all the stories of the two genres, based on the order of appearance of the motifs and autobiographical functions of the motif groups, to build the characteristic structure of each type of story, to help readers have a look at the texture of the two types mentioned above. At the motif level, we looked at all of the motifs in each of the two-story types, then referred to the motif names of the motif traits for naming and sorting the motifs of the types in order of their appearance and function in stories, the analysis of motif content and the overall structure of each motif. Specifically, in this chapter, we investigated 20 motifs of the type of people in animal shapes, 21 motifs of the type of story Heroes that kill Monsters , of which nearly 26 motifs are new motifs of the two types mentioned above are found. This result is the basis for the detailed comparisons mentioned in chapters 3 and 4 of this thesis. 12
13 Chapter 3 COMPARISON THE TYPE OF PEOPLE IN ANIMAL SHAPES IN THE SOUTHERN KHMER'S FAIRY TALES AND VIET PEOPLE’S FAIRY TALES 3.1. Similarities 3.1.1. Similarities about the main character - In the stories of the People in the animal shape, the protagonists are all masked. - At first, they are ugly and not respected by others, but later, they become beautiful, handsome, respected by others and had a happy life. - Both Viet people and Southern Khmer’s stories have both masculine and feminine person in the animal shape. - Masculine characters in the animal shape are similar in both the Southern Khmer and Vietnamese legends. - In these predestined characters, the remarkable similarity lies in the youngest girl character. It is usually a noble daughter, a rich man or a princess, and always agrees to marry someone who is a criminal. 3.1.2. Similar in structure All the stories of the People in animal shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have motifs belonging to the motif groups arranged in Chapter 2 and they are all multi-motif stories. Two types of similar structure of the stories of the type of People in animal shapes of both ethnic groups are progressive and separative structures. The advanced type of motif is that motifs develop in the direction of the motif behind the hook in the autobiographical details of the previous motif to aim at resolving the conflict and ending the story. Most of the stories of the type of People in animal shapes of Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese are structured in this progressive form. The Marry Goat 2, Snail Fairy, Snake god, Coconut can speak). This structure has the diagram as follows: (1)  (2)  (3)  (4) In addition to the groups of one-line story,in the type of the story on the type of People in animal shapes of both the Sounthern Khmer and the Viet people, some stories develop narrative lines related to the subject of marriage. We call it a two-line structure: gathering motif - the motifs separating line - gathering motif as follows: Motif of line 1 Gathering motif Gathering motif Motif of line 2 13
14 3.1.3. Similarities about motifs Looking at the statistical results of the same motif in the story of People in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese (Table 3.2), you may notice: The same motifs take up (11/20 motifs and the repetition of above motifs on many stories, even many times in a story in the story of People in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese. 3.1.4. Explain the similarities, the international character of type of People in animal shapes For the first point, we assume that the fate of the character in animal shape is mischievous and unlucky at the beginning of the story and becomes beautiful and happy at the end of the story expresses the concept of life and aesthetic beauty of the ancient people's deep humanity. The happy ending of the stories reflects the humanistic concept of the ancient workers on the beauty: defending the weak, the disabled, the desire to change the destiny of the unlucky people and send the belief in the good inside nature, not the appearance. The second argument, according to the evolutionist approach, assumes that the similarities between the characters and the main motifs of the series about People in animal shapes are the same because they reflect the general developmental rules of the human world. The essence revolves around the interplay between People and object in the animal shape that evokes the relationship between man and nature and the primordial belief in the ability to transform between man and nature, which is reflected in Folk narrative genres from mythology to fairy tales. The third argument, based on the theory of type comparison, assumes that there are narrative characteristics of the type of story of People in animal shapes that play a decisive role in character, structure and motif analogy of the stories in this style in both Southern Khmer and Viet people. Finding out about the world's ancient folk treasures through the Thompson index, we found that many similar types and motifs have been categorized and coded by scholars. We found the appearance of familiar motifs are associated with three-fourths of the narrative that we have minimized. The popularity of this type of story in the world's folklore treasure is an important explanation for the similarities of character, structure and motif of the masculine story of people in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese. 3.2. Differences 3.2.1. Difference on the main character - In Vietnamese stories, the female characters in the animal shape are not being raised in the family and hide in the common wild animals that we often see in the field. The predestined subjects are the orphans, the poor students with the same class of people in society. The special talents of fairy tales are displayed to help with the everyday life of people, including dressing, cooking, cleaning the house. When they change the shape, they get married and the story ends in a happy marriage. - In the Khmer story, the Heroine is Golden Box Girl, the Horse-faced Girl. 14
15 Both of them have a specific family background and are in the animal shape due to miraculous birth. They actively appear and attract the predestined subject by their own charm. Their predestined subjects are of royal origin such as the crown prince the prince. They are married to these characters and join the royal family. No talent or challenge related to daily life. The challenges they faced were not as simple as daily meals, but battles involving mortal life, fighting to save lives. 3.2.2. Structural differences In addition to the similarities mentioned in Section 3.1.2, we find that in the story type of the people in animal shape of the Khmer, there is a typical type of structure: the knotted multi-layered round structure (each knot is a small type ). This is the type of structure that repeats the cycle of a group of motifs in a similar order, helping to stretch the whole story instead of pushing it to the end of the story. The structure of this form can be modeled as follows: Round 3: (2)  (3) Round 1: (1)  (2) Round 2: (2)  (3)   (4) (3)  (4) (4) Nang Hop vang, Mieng dua biet noi chuyen, Nguoi con gai mặt ngua, Pho ma Coc of the SouKhmer Krom are the stories of this structure. 3.2.3. Differences in motifs Look at the statistical results of specific motifs in the story type Poeple in animal shapes Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese (Table 3.3), may notice: The motifs of the motifs only appear in the Southern Khmer people's version) account for 9 out of 21 motifs and the repetition of motifs in many stories., even many times in a story in the story of Poeple in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese. 3.2.4. Explain the differences, the characteristics of the Khmer story of People in animal shapes 3.2.4.1. Explain differences in characters As pointed out in the character comparison, the striking differences of the type of story of People in animal shapes of the Vietnamese and the Southern Khmer people are about the covers. To explain this, we need to come back to characteristics of ethnic culture in the relationship between man and nature. Thus, in order to explain the differences in the "stories" in Southern Khmer and Vietnamese stories, we can give explanations on two aspects. Firstly, it is related to beliefs fetish animals in mythology, Vietnamese stories are goat and frog covers, while the Khmer stories have snake cover. Secondly, derived from things familiar with daily life, Vietnamese stories with coconut and snail covers; while the Khmer story has coconut, horse, and frog covers. 3.2.4.2. Explain the differences in motifs The motifs in the story of People in animal shapes are portrayed by the Vietnamese as a social influence of Confucianism. Conversely, the recitals of the female character in the Khmer story reflects a Khmer society boldly colorful Buddhist Theravada and religious beliefs. Characters in the animal shape, Golden Box Girl, and 15
16 Horse-Faced Girl, are strong-willed daughters. Both of them actively approached the subject of marriage and struggled to gain happiness. In studies of Khmer culture, the Khmer received Indian monarchy views through the sea. This form of monarchy reflects the appearance of the Khmer stories. In the traditional Khmer customs, the court applied the form of swearing to the court, creating a link to the motif curse in the Khmer story. In addition, the kingship and royal colors also seem to have an effect on the Khmer storyline, as motifs against foreign invaders and monarchs appear at the end of some stories. The above interpretations help the thesis judge that: The stories of people in animal shapes of the Vietnamese show the character of the miraculous fairy tales, while those of the Khmer people show the intersection with the type of Heroic stories. 3.2.4.3. Explain the structural differences: Du ke - Khmer folk inscriptions and the integration of the plot Du ke, the typical Khmer folk singing style is more related to the performance of fairy tales. The scenarios of Du ke, such as the traditional operetta of the Vietnamese, are mostly taken from the treasures of folk stories. During the fieldwork, we went to many Khmer-inhabited areas. Fieldwork in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Kien Giang provinces shows that the stories are no longer widely spoken in families or Khmer temples. They exist in the form of stories printed in children's books, in the collections of ancient writers and almost absent of textbooks in Khmer. However, Du ke is still performed. The Khmer people still watch and still write new scripts. Therefore, they still need folk tales as a narrative resource. It is the nature of the chorus that combines many of these stories, although the commentary we have just drawn in the previous section is The story of People in animal shapes of the Khmer ethnicity shows the intersection with the Heroic type. Summary of Chapter 3 In Chapter 3, the similarities and differences in characters, structures and motifs of the story types about the people in the shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have been described, analyzed and explained. The stories about the people in the shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have the similarities in character, structure and motifs. Similarities are explained: Firstly, similarities of the shapes, the transformation of people-animal in the stories about Viet people and Southern Khmer stories reflect the general nature of folk narrative in recording the development of the human world, from mythology to fairy tales. Secondly, the existence of the story type about the People in animal shapes in the collection of human's fairy tales explains the type-based similarities in character, structure, motif of this type of story, which is also the story of the people in the shapes of Viet people and the Southern Khmer. The differences create the distint nationalistic beauty of each story and explained by two reasons: firstly, some shapes have a profound relationship in racial belief and secondly, the difference comes from the culture environment (Viet people's stories is 16
17 deep with Confucianism in Viet people's society while the Southern Khmer 's stories have developments attached to the Khmer Kings' society, and contain many good-to- inclined lessons that show the influence of Theravada Buddhism. From structural analyzes, it can be seen that the most distinctive feature of the stories about the people in the Viet shape is plenty of world affairs, closely linked to the rural environment, reflecting a Vietnamese class-divided society and the dreams of the simple-hearted workers who want to change their lives and expect others to respect their own values. The stories of the people in the Southern Khmer 's shapes still express the features of legend, historical inspiration and tend to be dramatically thrill. It reflects the widespread of the type of stories in society, as evidenced by the interpenetration of fairy tales and "du ke" performance. Chapter 4 A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STORY TYPE OF HEROES THAT KILL MONSTERS IN SOUTHERN KHMER 'S FAIRY TALES AND VIET PEOPLE'S FAIRLY TALES 4.1. Similarities 4.1.1. Similarity in main character - The first similarity of characters is: The main character of the story must be a Hero. This is firstly proved by the name of the story. - The next feature of this type of story Heroes that kill Monsters is the similarity of the narrative system that follows the main character: The character of Hero is a supernatural character -> going through adventures with fights against enormous and dangerous forces. -> winning the fight -> winning a prize, marrying with the princess, receiving the throne, reuniting with the family as the rewards for the Heroes, making them happy forever after. 4.1.2. Similarity in structure The types of stories are multi-motif. The diverse combination of motifs in the five above narration steps will create two different types of story structures: Simple and Complicated. The first similarity is that among the stories of both Southern Khmer and Viet people, there are simple stories (two stories of Viet people, 3 stories of the Southern Khmer). According to our survey in the stories of Heroes that kill Monsters , the simplest structure of the story includes three steps: 1)  (2)  (5) The next similarity in the type of "Heroes that kill Monsters " story of the Southern Khmer and Viet People is the existence of pairs of stories with similar narrative structure. The first pair is the Southern Khmer 's story "Areca spadix" and the Viet people's story "three good guys". The second pair is the "Thach Sanh" story of the Viet people and the "Chau Sanh Chau Thong" story of the Southern Khmer. This surprising similarity in two above pairs of stories leads to the thinking that this version may be a variant of the other. 17