
A
Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of,
or eliminating, pollution.
S loi gim: Vic làm gim mc ñ, cưng
ñ hoc loi tr s ô nhim.
Abatement Debris: Waste from remediation
activities.
Mnh vn loi gim: Cht thi t c hot
ñng tr liu.
Absorbed Dose: In exposure assessment, the
amount of a substance that penetrates an exposed
organism's absorption barriers (e.g.,, skin, lung
tissue, gastrointestinal tract) through physical or
biological processes. The term is synonymous
with internal dose.
Liu hp th: Trong ñánh gphơi nhim, là
lưng cht thâm nhp vào các rào cn hp th
ca cơ th (như da, phi, ñưng rut) bi
các quá trình sinh lý. Thut ng này ñng
nghĩa vi liu bên trong.
Absorption Barrier: Any of the exchange sites
of the body that permit uptake of various
substances at different rates (e.g., skin, lung
tissue, and gastrointestinal-tract wall).
Rào cn hp th: Bt c v trí trao ñi cht
nào ca cơ th cho phép hp th các cht khác
nhau nhng t l khác nhau (như da, phi,
thành rut).
Absorption: The uptake of water, other fluids,
or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism
(as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil.)
S hp th: S hp th nưc, các loi cht
lng khác, hóa cht hòa tan ca mt t bào hay
mt cơ quan (như r y hp th các dưng
cht hòa tan trong ñt).
Accident Site: The location of an unexpected
occurrence, failure or loss, either at a plant or
along a transportation route, resulting in a release
of hazardous materials.
V trí tai bin: Ch xy ra nhng s c! ngoài
mong ñi, hng hóc hay tht thoát ti mt n
máy hoc mt ñưng vn chuyn gây ra phóng
thi các cht nguy hi.
Acclimatization: The physiological and
behavioral adjustments of an organism to
changes in its environment.
S thích nghi môi trưng: Thích nghi mang
tính sinh hoc hành vi ca mt sinh vt ñ!i
vi nhng bin ñi ca môi trưng.
Acid Aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles
small enough to become airborne. High
concentrations can irritate the lungs and have
been associated with respiratory diseases like
asthma.
Sol khí axít: Cht lng axít hay nhng vi ht
r"n lơ l#ng trong không khí. $ nng ñ cao
thy sưng phi và liên quan ñn nhng bnh
ñưng hô hp như hen suyn.
Acid Deposition: A complex chemical and
atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when
emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and
other substances are transformed by chemical
processes in the atmosphere, often far from the
original sources, and then deposited on earth in
either wet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly
called "acid rain," can fall to earth as rain, snow,
S lng t axít: Mt hin tưng khí-hoá phc
tp xy ra khi các hp cht lưu hunh, nitơ
các cht khác b bin ñi bi các quá trình a
h&c trong khí quyn, thưng cách xa ngun
thi, ri ñ&ng li trên ñt trng thái ưt hoc
khô. Dng ưt thưng ñưc g&i “mưa axit”,
rơi xu!ng ñt dưi dng mưa, tuyt hay sương
mù. Dng khô là các khí hay vi ht có tính axit.

or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases or
particulates.
Acid Mine Drainage: Drainage of water from
areas that have been mined for coal or other
mineral ores. The water has a low pH because of
its contact with sulfur-bearing material and is
harmful to aquatic organisms.
Nưc thi axít t khu m: Nưc thoát ra t
nhng khu khai thác than hay qung khoáng,
ñ pH thp do tip xúc vi khoáng cht
cha lưu hunh và có hi cho các sinh vt thy
sinh.
Acid Neutralizing Capacity: Measure of ability
of a base (e.g., water or soil) to resist changes in
pH.
Kh năng trung hòa axít: S! ño kh năng
ch!ng li s thay ñi ñ pH ca mt bazơ (như
nưc hay ñt).
Acid Rain: (See: acid deposition)
Mưa axit: (Xem: S l"ng t axit)
Acidic: The condition of water or soil that
contains a sufficient amount of acid substances
to lower the pH below 7.0.
tính axit: Trng thái nưc hay ñt cha
mt lưng va ñ các cht axit th làm
gim ñ pH xu!ng dưi 7,0.
Action Levels: 1. Regulatory levels
recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA
and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food
or feed commodities for reasons other than the
direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to
"tolerances" which are established for residues
occurring as a direct result of proper usage,
action levels are set for inadvertent residues
resulting from previous legal use or accidental
contamination. 2. In the Superfund program, the
existence of a contaminant concentration in the
environment high enough to warrant action or
trigger a response under SARA and the National
Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency
Plan. The term is also used in other regulatory
programs. (See: tolerances.)
Các mc hot ñng: 1. Mc ñ ñiu chnh do
EPA ñưa ra tuân theo ðo lut FDA USDA
khi thc ph)m dư lưng thu!c tr sâu
không phi do phun trc tip thu!c tr sâu lên.
Trái vi “dung sai” ñưc s# dng trong trưng
hp dư lưng khi s# dng ñúng cách, mc
hành ñng ñưc lp ra cho dư lưng ý gây
ra do vic s# dng theo lut trưc ñó hoc s
nhim b)n ng*u nhiên. 2. Trong chương trình
Super-fund, s tn ti ca nng ñ cht y
ô nhim trong môi trưng ñ cao cho phép
thc hin hành ñng hay b"t ñ+u phn ng da
trên ðo lut SARA K hoch d phòng
qu!c gia v d+u các cht nguy hi. Thut
ng y cũng ñưc ng trong các chương
trình ñiu tit khác. (Xem: dung sai).
Activated Carbon: A highly adsorbent form of
carbon used to remove odors and toxic
substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In
waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved
organic matter from waste drinking water. It is
also used in motor vehicle evaporative control
systems.
Cacbon hot hoá: Dng cacbon kh năng
hp th cao ñưc dùng ñ kh# mùi và các cht
ñc hi trong cht thi dng lng hay khí.
Trong x# cht thi, ñưc dùng ñ tách
các cht hu cơ hoà tan khi nưc thi. Dng
cacbon này cũng ñưc s# dng trong h th!ng
tn nhit ca xe có ñng cơ.
Activated Sludge
: Product that results when
primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden
sludge and then agitated and aerated to promote
biological treatment, speeding the breakdown of
organic matter in raw sewage undergoing
Bùn ho
t hóa
: Bùn to ra khi dòng thi chính
hòa l*n vi bùn ñc cha vi khu)n, sau ñó
ñưc khuy mnh và thông hơi ñ tăng kh
năng x# sinh h&c, làm cho vic phân hy
cht hu cơ trong nưc thi xy ra nhanh hơn

secondary waste treatment.
ti công ñon x# lý nưc thi th cp.
Activator: A chemical added to a pesticide to
increase its activity.
Hot cht: a cht tăng hot tính cho thu!c
tr sâu.
Active Ingredient: In any pesticide product, the
component that kills, or otherwise controls,
target pests. Pesticides are regulated primarily on
the basis of active ingredients.
Hot t: Thành ph+n trong thu!c tr sâu có th
tiêu dit, kim soát hoc nh-m vào sâu b&.
Thu!c tr sâu ñưc ñiu tit da trên các hot
t!.
Activity Plans: Written procedures in a school's
asbestos-management plan that detail the steps a
Local Education Agency (LEA) will follow in
performing the initial and additional cleaning,
operation and maintenance-program tasks;
periodic surveillance; and reinspection required
by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response
Act (AHERA).
Sơ ñ hot tính: Sơ ñ qun lí amiăng trong
trưng h&c chi tit hóa các bưc Cơ quan
giáo dc ña phương (LEA) s. áp dng cho
vic làm sch ban ñ+u b sung, thc hin
chương trình hot ñng và bo dưng, giám sát
ñnh k, tái kim tra theo ðo lut ñ!i p
kh)n cp nguy hi do amiăng (AHERA).
Acute Exposure: A single exposure to a toxic
substance which may result in severe biological
harm or death. Acute exposures are usually
characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as
compared to longer, continuing exposure over a
period of time.
Phơi nhim cp tính: Mt tip xúc ñơn nht
vi cht ñc có thy ra tác hi sinh h&c hoc
t# vong. c trưng hp phơi nhim cp tính
thưng kéo dài không quá mt ngày nu so vi
phơi nhim tip din dài hơn trong mt khong
thi gian.
Acute Toxicity: The ability of a substance to
cause severe biological harm or death soon after
a single exposure or dose. Also, any poisonous
effect resulting from a single short-term
exposure to a toxic substance. (See: chronic
toxicity, toxicity.)
ðc cp tính: Kh năng mt cht gây ra nhng
tác hi sinh h&c nghiêm tr&ng hoc t# vong
không bao lâu sau khi nhim hoc dùng mt
liu ñơn nht. Cũng là hiu ng ng ñc do
tip xúc vi ñc cht trong thi gian ng"n.
(Xem: ñc mãn tính, ñ ñc)
Adaptation: Changes in an organism's
physiological structure or function or habits that
allow it to survive in new surroundings.
S thích nghi: Nhng thay ñi v cu trúc
hoc chc năng sinh hay các thói quen ca
mt cơ th cho phép cơ th này th s!ng
trong môi trưng mi.
Add-on Control Device: An air pollution
control device such as carbon absorber or
incinerator that reduces the pollution in an
exhaust gas. The control device usually does not
affect the process being controlled and thus is
"add-on" technology, as opposed to a scheme to
control pollution through altering the basic
process itself.
Thit b kim soát b tr: Mt công c kim
soát ô nhim không k như máy hp th
cacbon hay y ñ!t rác, công dng m
gim ô nhim khí thi. Thit b kim soát y
thưng không nh hưng ñn quy trình ñang
ñưc kim soát và vì vy ch là công nghñ"p
thêm”, trái vi k hoch nh-m kim soát ô
nhim thông qua vic thay ñi c quy trình cơ
bn.
Adequately Wet
: Asbestos containing material
that is sufficiently mixed or penetrated with
m va
: Amiăng ñưc trn hoc thm vi mt
lưng cht lng va ñ ñ ngăn s tht thoát

liquid to prevent the release of particulates.
các vi ht.
Administered Dose: In exposure assessment, the
amount of a substance given to a test subject
(human or animal) to determine dose-response
relationships. Since exposure to chemicals is
usually inadvertent, this quantity is often called
potential dose.
Liu quy ñnh: Trong ñánh giá phơi nhim,
lưng cht dùng cho ñ!i tưng th# nghim
(ngưi hoc ñng vt) ñ xác ñnh m!i liên h
gia liu lưng phn ng. Vic tip xúc vi
các hóa cht thưng là do sơ xut nên liu này
còn ñưc g&i là liu tim tàng.
Administrative Order: A legal document
signed by EPA directing an individual, business,
or other entity to take corrective action or refrain
from an activity. It describes the violations and
actions to be taken, and can be enforced in court.
Such orders may be issued, for example, as a
result of an administrative complaint whereby
the respondent is ordered to pay a penalty for
violations of a statute.
Lnh qun : Văn bn pháp do EPA ban
hành hưng d*n nhân, doanh nghip, hoc
ñ!i tưng khác thc hin hành ñng hiu chnh
hoc kim ch hot ñng ca mình. Lut mô t
các vi phm nhng hành ñng ñưc tin
hành th buc phi tuân th ti toà.
Nhng lnh như th th ñưc ban hành khi
ñơn kêu hành chính b cáo b buc phi
np pht do vi phm lut.
Administrative Order On Consent: A legal
agreement signed by EPA and an individual,
business, or other entity through which the
violator agrees to pay for correction of
violations, take the required corrective or
cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It
describes the actions to be taken, may be subject
to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and
can be enforced in court.
Lnh qun thông qua tha thun: Mt
tha thun pháp do EPA mt nhân,
doanh nghip hoc ñ!i tưng khác ký. Thông
qua tha thun y ngưi vi phm ñng ý np
pht, làm sch li môi trưng, gim bt phát
thi. ðo lut y còn cho bit các hành ñng
mang tính dân s, th ch ñ c+n ly ý
kin công chúng, th buc phi tuân th ti
tòa.
Administrative Procedures Act: A law that
spells out procedures and requirements related to
the promulgation of regulations.
ðo lut qun hành chính: ðo lut nêu
các th tc yêu c+u liên quan ñn vic
công b! các lut l.
Administrative Record: All documents which
EPA considered or relied on in selecting the
response action at a Superfund site, culminating
in the record of decision for remedial action or,
an action memorandum for removal actions.
H sơ qun : Tt c các tài liu do EPA xem
xét trong vic sàng l&c các hành ñng phn
ng, trong ñó ñáng cý nht h sơ v
quyt ñnh tr liu hay bn ghi nh vic tr li
nguyên trng môi trưng.
Adsorption: Removal of a pollutant from air or
water by collecting the pollutant on the surface
of a solid material; e.g., an advanced method of
treating waste in which activated carbon removes
organic matter from waste-water.
S hp thu: S loi b mt cht y ô nhim
khi không khí hay nưc b-ng cách thu cht ô
nhim trên b mt ca mt vt liu r"n, d
như phương pháp x# lý nưc thi cao cp trong
ñó cacbon hot hoá loi b cht hu cơ khi
nưc thi.
Adulterants: Chemical impurities or substances
that by law do not belong in a food, or pesticide.
Tp cht: Các cht hoc tp cht hóa h&c, theo
lut, không trong thc ph)m hoc thu!c tr
sâu.

Adulterated: 1. Any pesticide whose strength or
purity falls below the quality stated on its label.
2. A food, feed, or product that contains illegal
pesticide residues.
tp cht: 1. Thu!c tr sâu ñ mnh và
ñ tinh khit thp hơn so vi ghi trên nhãn. 2.
Thc ph)m cho ngưi, ñng vt hoc sn ph)m
cha dư lưng thu!c tr sâu không cho
phép.
Advanced Treatment: A level of wastewater
treatment more stringent than secondary
treatment; requires an 85-percent reduction in
conventional pollutant concentration or a
significant reduction in non- conventional
pollutants. Sometimes called tertiary treatment.
Phương pháp x cao cp: Mc ñ x#
nưc thi cht ch. hơn x# th cp, ñòi hi
phi gim ñưc 85% nng ñ các cht ô nhim
thông thưng hay gim thiu ñáng k nhng
cht ô nhim ñc bit. Phương pháp này ñôi
khi ñưc g&i là giai ñon x# lý tam cp.
Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Any
treatment of sewage that goes beyond the
secondary or biological water treatment stage
and includes the removal of nutrients such as
phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage
of suspended solids. (See: Primary, Secondary
Treatment.)
Phương pháp x nưc thi cao cp: M&i
quy trình x# nưc thi din ra sau giai ñon
x# th cp hay x# sinh h&c cht thi bao
gm vic loi b các dưng cht như ph!t pho,
nitơ mt t l ln các cht r"n lơ l#ng.
(Xem: x# lý sơ cp, th cp.)
Adverse Effects Data: FIFRA requires a
pesticide registrant to submit data to EPA on any
studies or other information regarding
unreasonable adverse effects of a pesticide at any
time after its registration.
D liu tác hi: FIFRA yêu c+u ngưi ñăng
thu!c tr sâu cung cp d liu cho EPA v bt
k nghiên cu hoc thông tin liên quan ñn
các tác hi ca thu!c bt k lúc nào sau khi
ñăng ký.
Advisory: A non-regulatory document that
communicates risk information to those who
may have to make risk management decisions.
Thông tin ch d!n: Mt tài liu không ñiu
chnh cho bit các thông tin ri ro cho nhng ai
thc hin công tác qun lí ri ro.
Aerated Lagoon: A holding and/or treatment
pond that speeds up the natural process of
biological decomposition of organic waste by
stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria
that degrade organic waste.
Phá sc khí: Mt h cha hay x# dùng ñ
ñ)y nhanh quá trình phân hu/ sinh h&c t
nhiên các cht thi hu cơ b-ng cách kích thích
ñ tăng trưng và hot tính ca vi khu)n phân
hu/ cht thi hu cơ.
Aeration: A process which promotes biological
degradation of organic matter in water. The
process may be passive (as when waste is
exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or
bubbling device introduces the air).
S sc k: Quá trình thúc ñ)y s phân hy
sinh h&c ca nhng cht hu cơ trong nưc.
Quá trình y th mang tính b ñng (như
khi cht thi tip xúc vi không khí) hoc
mang tính ch ñng (khi mt thit b trn hoc
thi b&t ñưa không khí vào nưc.)
Aeration Tank: A chamber used to inject air
into water.
B sc khí: Khoang dùng ñ bơm không khí
vào trong nưc.
Aerobic: Life or processes that require, or are
not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. (See:
Anaerobic.)
Tính hiu khí: S s!ng hoc quá trình c+n,
hay không b nh hưng bi s mt ca
oxy. ( Xem: k0 khí.)