So 10 (240>-2015<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br />
<br />
141<br />
<br />
[NGON N G C HOC - V I E T NGU" HQC-NGOAI N O q<br />
<br />
DAU HIEU vA HINH THAI CUA BIEN THE<br />
THANH NGC" T R O N G TIENG ANH VA TIENG VlfT<br />
SIGNS AND FORMS OF IDIOM VARIANTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE<br />
DANG NGUYEN GIANG<br />
(TS; Hpc vifn Khoa hpc Xd h$i)<br />
Abstract: Idioms in both Englisfa and Vietnamese are regarded as special language units because they<br />
usually havetiieirown typical fixed [soperties. Howeva-, in &ct, we can see a lot of idioms violating tiK<br />
principles of tfiese fixed properties. Pairs or groiqis of idioms wiiose ccmtents are the same and vihose<br />
forms are different can be idiom variants. This aiticle ^ves criteria to realize idiom variants, and is about<br />
their signs and forms as well as tfae similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms<br />
of these.<br />
Key words: Idiom variants; signs; foims; language units;fixedproperties; components.<br />
L Ddt v i n d l<br />
Ll. Hfiu fait cfic nhd ngdn ngft hpc diu tfidng<br />
nhit cfao ling, sy cd £ ^ vefalnfath^ Id mdt trong<br />
nhftng ^ tinh cflatiifinhngtt. SeidI vfi McMOTdie<br />
(1988) [1], Cowie, Mackin vd McCaig (1993) [2],<br />
Hornby (1995) [3], Fernando (1996) [4]... khfing<br />
( ^ tiifii^ ngft Ui n ^ cd (^nh vd nghid cfla diung<br />
khdng till suy ra tft n^hla cfla cfictiidnhtd ciu tgo.<br />
C6 cftng quan d i ^ vdi Dd Hftu Chfiu (1981) [9],<br />
Nguyin Otic Dfin (1986) [10], Nguyin Vfin M ^<br />
(1986) [11],... Hofing Vfin Hfinh (2008: 31) [12]<br />
vilt: "Theo cficfa hilu thdng tfiudng tfil tfifinh ngft<br />
Ifi mpt logi tdfappcd djnfa, bin vibig vlfalnfatfadi ciu tiuc,faofindilnh, bdng ba^ ve n g ^ dupc sft<br />
dyng rpng rfii trong gjao tilp hfing ngdy, d$c bift Id<br />
tiong khmi i^;tt". ^ i g cho ring, tfnh cd djnfa vl<br />
falnfa tfadi - ciu trdc ciiatiifinhngft dupc till h i ^ d<br />
hai d$c dilm. Mpt Id,tfidnhpfain tii vyng cfla ngdn<br />
ngft, ndi chung Ifi dn djnh, n^w Id cdc yeu td tgo<br />
n ^tfifinfangQ faiu nfau dupc ^ft ngt^^n ttong sft<br />
dyng, mfi trong nfailu tnidi^ hpp Ididng tfil Ifaay<br />
tfie l ^ g cfic ylu td kfafic (...). Hai Ifi,tinfabin vQng<br />
vl c ^ tiftc cflatiifinfangft till h i ^ d sy cd ^nh vl<br />
di$t ty cdc Ihfinh td tgo n&i Ihfinh ngQ.<br />
Trong tiiyc tl sft dyng thfinh ngQ, cfaflng ta vin<br />
ggp nhQng cich ddng thfinh i ^ vi jrfigm cic<br />
nguyfin tfie cfta tinh cd ^nh vfta dupc nfiu ti^<br />
Cmng hgn, ngudi ta cd tfil ndi: to tote into one's<br />
head hay to take into one's mind (trong tilng Anfa)<br />
<br />
vfi chon nhau cdt rin faay chon rau dt ron (ttwng<br />
t i ^ Vift) (tiifinh phin tft vyng cfta thfinh ngtt dd<br />
thay ddi); off and onfaayon and off (tiong tilng<br />
Anh) vd giai gid tidm mua hay ddm mua gidi<br />
gjd (trong tilng Vift) (tr§t ty cfic tiidnh td tgo<br />
nen tfafinfa ngtt dd tfaay ddi). Cdc edp tfadnfa ngtt<br />
trong cdc vf dy trfin cd nghTa gidng nhau vd<br />
cfaiing dupc coi Id cfic bien thl cfla nhau.<br />
l.Z Trong cudn "The American heritage<br />
dictionary of the English language" [5], bien<br />
till dupc djtili nghTa nfau sau: "Biln thl chfnh Ifi<br />
dilu nfiy khfic vdi dieu kia d bhih difn hlnh thdi<br />
nhu Id cich vilt khdc nhau faay pfadt dm kfadc<br />
nfaau cfta cflng mdt tft**. Dilu ndy cd ngfaTa Ifi<br />
hlnh tfadi cfta cfic tft tfaay ddi nhung ngfaTa cfla<br />
cfaftng vin gift nguyen. Nhu v^y, mft tft dupc<br />
phfit fim theo hai cdch s6 tgo ra cdc biln thl ngtt<br />
dm cfla tir dd. Fernando vd Flavell (1981: 25)<br />
[6] cfao ring, biln tfai tfadnfa ngft Id cdc c$p faay<br />
bd ba tfafinfa ngft nhu: bury the tonudunvk/<br />
hatchet, lead someone a merry chase/ dance,<br />
not to touch something with a ten-foot/ barge<br />
pose, blow one's stack/ cool/ top. hit the hay/<br />
sack,.. Hai tdc gid nfiy dd ddng nhit biln thl<br />
thanfa ngtt vd thfinh ngQ ddng ngfaia vdi nhau.<br />
VI dy, ti^ng c$p tfafinfa ngtt hit the hay/ sack,<br />
hay vfi sack cd thl hodn ddi cho nhau nfaung<br />
chflng kfadng tiiudc cung mdt tnidng ngfaia.<br />
Cfafaih vi vgy md hit the hay vd hit the sack<br />
<br />
142<br />
<br />
N G 6 N NGff & fldi S O N G<br />
<br />
khdng phii li cic bifa the thanh ngd; chiing li<br />
cic thinh ngO'dong n g h ^<br />
Trong nghien cihi niy, de nli|n biet hi§n t u ^ g<br />
b i ^ th^ thinh ngQ- chung tdi dya vio hai tieu chi;<br />
ngi dung v i hinh thii. N$i dung du trdm phdt<br />
trdm trdng...);<br />
- ABCD - * BADC (binh dfa ba ddo-^ ddt<br />
b&tg ndi sdng qudc sdc thiin huong —* sdc nude<br />
hiong trai...);<br />
- ABCD - • CDAB (th4 hdi minh san - f chi<br />
non thi bien. uy ht tham sinh —> tham song sg<br />
chit,...);<br />
- ABCD -* ACDB (bdt cpng ddi than -*<br />
khdng dpi trai chimg).<br />
Ve pfauong chfn ngfaia, cd flil tfaiy ring cfic<br />
c$p bien tfai tfafinfa ngft logi nfiy cd sy kfaic nhau<br />
nhu sau: cfictiifinfangft gde Hfin cd y ngfa^ tiftu<br />
tiipng, kfafii quit hon, cd sfic fliii trang tixing hon<br />
cic biln till Idflidnhngft fliuin Vift<br />
v) Biin thi thdnh ngii c6 thdnh to cdu tgo<br />
dugc thay thi bdng tit n^ ddng nglua hodc thupe<br />
Trong tilng Vift, logi bien the tfadnh ngtt nfiy<br />
cd cfic Ihfinh td ciu tgo dupc tiiay thl bfing ngQ<br />
d ^ n^ila fa(^ ngQ g ^ n^ua (mdt long mdt tig<br />
- mdt Idng mdt rugt. ndm d^g cdn - ndm ddng<br />
chudi. My muu tinh ke - Wry muu lgp ke,...).<br />
Thfinh td dupc fliay thl cd flil Id dfng ngtt<br />
(vS/vgch duong cho huau chgy. trd/gia mdt nhu<br />
bdn tey....), danh ngQ (dit nhu hiim/egp, budn<br />
nhu chdu/trdu cSi, chdn rau/nhau dt rdn,...),<br />
ho$c tinh ngtt (cham khi nma dtdi/ung, ddt/nhdt<br />
nhfcdy,...).<br />
Cfic bioi thl thfinh ngtt logi ndy cd n^ua bieu<br />
tnmg ca bfin kh&ig cd gJ khfic vdi n^ila bilu tnmg<br />
<br />
145<br />
<br />
cflatfifinhi ^ gde. Cd IS chung chl khfic nhau vl<br />
miJrc d$ sft dyng mdtiidi.fao$csficflifiii:4ictig cfidi<br />
- bilu cfim do cfic ngft gin nshTafliaytfai mang Igi.<br />
Rd rfing Id cictiifinfai ^ goc dupc quen dflng vd<br />
dflng pfad biln hon cfic biln flil tfadnfa ngQ cua<br />
diung. Vifc sft dyng thfinfa ngtt ^ faay biln flil<br />
ddi kfai ti^ tfaudc vfio ngdn cfinfa cy till.<br />
vi) Biin thi thdnh r^ cd thim thdnh td bd<br />
ng^<br />
Mdtflifinfangtt cd flil dupc bd n ^ bdi mOt<br />
ho$c n h i ^ tilutiJrtinhtfafii. Thfinh ngQ cudingga<br />
xem hoa tixmg cfiu "Lax chi cudi ngya xem hoa<br />
thdi vl quyen sfich dd dfiy thl ca md" Id mpt vf dy.<br />
Cld vd thdi Id hai tieu tft tinh thfii dupc sft dyng d<br />
diu vd cuditiifinhngft vdi myc dfeh ifliin m ^ vd<br />
kfadng mai^ i^hla gjfii thfch nfio. Tuy v|iy, cic<br />
tiifinfa ngQ ridng Id tfai Igi kfadng cbo phdp hhih tiiflc<br />
bd nghia ndy.<br />
Ngodi sy bd ngfaTa cfla tilu tft tinh thii, tfafinfa<br />
ngQtixmgtiengVift cdn cfaip nfa^ m$t sd hlnh<br />
thftc bd ngfaTa kfadc vd trong nfaftng trudng hpp<br />
ndy cfaflng cung dupc coi Id cdc biln thl thfinfa<br />
ngft. Cdc tfadnh td don Id Uong mpt tfafinfa ngft<br />
cd till cfaip nh§n sy bd nghTa tinh ngtt (gdt<br />
nhu mdm tdm thii), faay bd ngfaTa danfa ngft<br />
(run nhu chim dS).<br />
4. Nhftng tuvng ddng vd kfadc bift giiia<br />
tieng Anh vd tieng Vift ve bien t h l thfinh<br />
ngi^<br />
4.1. Nhihtg diu hi^u vd hinh thdi cda biin<br />
thi thdnh ngit xuat hi^n trong cd km ngdn<br />
ngit<br />
Dau hifu nhgn bilt cdc bien thl thfinh ngtt<br />
trong cd tieng Anh vd tilng Vift chinh Id<br />
nhftng edp hay nhdm thfinh ngtt cd ngfaTa bilu<br />
trung faodn todn gidng nfaau, cd kit ciu ngft<br />
phdp ddng nfait, trong dd cd tfai cd sy tfaay ddi<br />
tr$t ty cdc thdnh td ciu tgo ho$c tfaay tfae tiifinh<br />
phin cau tgo bdng cdc tft ngft ddng nghTa ho$c<br />
thudc cflng trudng tft vyng - ngtt nghTa.<br />
Hlnh tfadi cfta biln tfae tfadnfa ngtt Uong cfi<br />
hai ngdn ngft gdn vdi biin the thdnh ngit thay<br />
ddi trgt tg thdnh td cdu tgo. biin the thdnh ngtt<br />
& dgng day dii vd rdt gpn (rftt gpntiifinfapfain v\<br />
ngtt, d ^ g ngit ho$c tfnfa ngtt), biin ffii thdnh tmi<br />
cd thdnhtocau tgo dugc thay thi bdng ngft dong<br />
n0&i hodc thudc cimg truang ngfiSu (sytiiaythe<br />
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