
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY
LE THI HONG GAM
EFFECTS OF NITRITE, TEMPERATURE AND HYPERCAPNIA
ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND GROWTH IN
CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831)
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF AQUACULTURE
Can Tho, 2018

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY
LE THI HONG GAM
EFFECTS OF NITRITE, TEMPERATURE AND HYPERCAPNIA
ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND GROWTH IN
CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831)
Major: Aquaculture
Major code: 9 62 03 01
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF AQUACULTURE
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. NGUYEN THANH PHUONG
Can Tho, 2018

i
Data sheet
Title: Effects of nitrite, temperature and hypercapnia on
physiological processes and growth in clown knifefish
(Chitala ornata, Gray 1831)
Subtitle: PhD Dissertation
Author: Le Thi Hong Gam, PhD student code: P0613005
Major: Aquaculture, Major code: 9 62 62 03 01
Affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Aquatic Products Processing,
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University,
Vietnam
Publication year 2018
Cited as: Le Thi Hong Gam, 2018. Effects of nitrite, temperature and
hypercapnia on physiological processes and growth in clown
knifefish (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831). Doctoral Dissertation.
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University,
Vietnam.
Keywords: Climate change, air-breathing fish, clown knifefish, nitrite,
temperature, hypercapnia, methaemoglobin reductase activity,
acid-base balance, ion exchange
Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thanh Phuong, College of Aquaculture and
Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mark Bayley, Zoophysiology, Department of
Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Do Thi Thanh Huong, Department of
Nutrition and Aquatic Products Processing, College of
Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Frank Bo Jensen, Department of Biology,
University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

ii
Result commitment
I commit that this dissertation was investigated based on all the results of my study. All
showed data and results in the dissertation were honest and have never been published
before. The iAQUA project can completely use these data and results.
Can Tho, 18th Nov, 2018

iii
Acknowledgements
Foremost, my sincere thanks go to my principal supervisors Nguyen Thanh
Phuong and Do Thi Thanh Huong, who have given me the opportunity of
studying, enthusiastic guidances and detailed revisions for my thesis as well as
positive encouragements in any situation throughout my academic research
process. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Mark Bayley, who has
supported, inspired, built my passion in doing researches, also revised the
manuscripts and shared the life experiences for me being more mature. My deep
thanks also give to Frank Bo Jensen, who has taught me the techniques related to
my main research about nitrite toxicity and helped me in manuscript revisions as
well as showed me Odense city in my trip to Denmark. The invaluable supports
from all of them from the first day I stepped into the iAQUA project have brought
to what I have today.
Also, I would like to give my thanks to Tobias Wang, the staff and students in
Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University for my
stays in Denmark. I sincerely thank for the positive supports from Christian
Damsgaard, who showed me the knowledge related to acid-base regulation. My
thanks also go to Roy, John, Elin and Louise for showing Aarhus city and inviting
me to their home.
My great thanks give to the staff and students in Department of Nutrition and
Aquatic Products Processing, where my project was investigated. I greatly thank
to Nguyen Quoc Thinh, Le Thi Minh Thuy and Tran Minh Phu, who shared me
their experiences about studying PhD, writing and publishing the articles.
I would like to give my thanks to my fellow friends in iAQUA project: Nguyen
Thi Kim Ha, Le My Phuong, Phan Vinh Thinh, and Dang Diem Tuong for their
friendships and what we enjoyed together from the working environment as well
as all the funs outside the campus, especially Phan Vinh Thinh, who has cared me
from meals and movements during my intensively experimental works and the
trips in Denmark.
I also appreciate the positive co-operations from Master students such as Nguyen
Thi Thuy Vu and Tran Trong Nhan; Bachelor students: Ma Thanh Quoc Tri,
Pham Quoc Boong, Dinh Phuc Tai, Ly Thi Ngoc Huynh, Nguyen Ngoc Mai and
Dao Dang Hoang Ngan during our academic activities.

