Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: Từ láy trong tập thơ Từ ấy của Tố Hữu

TRCtfNG 001 HOC VO TRCltifNG TOflN

KHOA KHOA HQC CO BAN

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

CHUYEN NGANH VAN HQC

TIT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlfAY

CUA TO HlJtJ

Giang vien hirong dan:

Th.s BUI THITAM

DlTONG HONG M\JI

MSSV: 0856010028

Sinh vien thirc hi$n:

~rmv\iv

Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012

LOI CAM ON

Thai gian troi qua that nhanh, moi ngay nao toi con la lam buac chan vao

giang duang Dai hoc, thoang mot cai da qua bon mua hoa phugng no. Vay la nguai

viet sap phai noi lai chia tay vai ngoi truang than yeu, vai thay - co va ban be. Nhin lai b6n nam hoc, nguai viet khong khoi boi hoi xuc dong, nhung nguai viet cang tham thia han moi dieu khi bat tay vao lam va hoan thanh luan van tot nghiep de

chuan bi ra truang. De hoan thanh luan van, nguai viet da dugc sir giup da cua thay

co, ban be, nguai than. Vi the

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

Truang Toan va quy thay co khoa Ngu Van da tan tinh giup do, tao dieu kien cho

Nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den Ban Giam Hieu truang Dai hoc V6

Nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den gia dinh va nhung nguai ban da luon ung

ho, dong vien nguai viet ve nhieu mat trong nhung luc kho khan.

Dae biet, nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den co Bui Thi Tarn, nguai da true

tiep huong dan, tan tinh chi day va giup da nguai viet trong suot qua trinh hoan

nguai viet hoc tap, nghien cuu de nang cao kien thuc cua minh.

thanh luan van tot nghiep.

Mac du ban than nguai viet da co gang nhieu nhung vi kien thuc con han

vay, nguai viet rat mong nhan dugc nhung dong gop quy bau tu quy thay co, tu ban

hep, vi han che ve thai gian cho nen nguai viet cung kho tranh nhung thieu sot. Vi

Xin chan thanh cam an!

Sinh vien thuc hien

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)

Dltorvf ^iGm Mtu

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

be de luan van cua nguai viet dugc hoan chinh han.

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu ay cua To Huu

LCH CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan rang de tai nay la do chinh toi thuc hien, cac so lieu thu

thap va ket qua phan tich trong de tai la trung thuc, de tai khong trung vai bat cu de

Sinh vien thyc hien

tai nghien cuu khoa hoc nao.

I^^yo of^Kf

l^-vtu

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)

Tulay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

PHIEU DANH GIA LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

1. GlANG VIEN HLT6NG DAN:

2. SINH VIEN THI/C HIEN:

MSSV:

KHOA:

3. TEN DE TAI:

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HtTCfNG DAN

1. Danh gia chung qua trinh lam luan van tot nghiep:

1.1. Chuyen can:

1.2. Thai do:

1.3.Khac:

2. Danh gia luan van:

(Giang vien hu-ong dan)

2.1. Dat van de (theo 5 buac):

GVHD; Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

2.2. Noi dung chinh:

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

2.3. Chu thich, thu muc:

2.4.1. Dung lugng (trang):

2.4.2. Khuon kh6:

2.4.3. In an:

2.4. Hinh thuc trinh bay:

2.4.5. Chinh ta, ngu phap:

3. Danh gia, xep loai:

2.4.4. Trinh bay:

Danh gia:

, ngay

thang

nam 2012

Giang vien huong dan

(Ki va ghi ro ho ten)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Xep loai:

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

TOM TAT

A. Md DAU

1. Ly do chon de tai

To Huu la nha tha Ian cua dan tgc dong thai cung la mot nha chinh tri, mot

nguai chien si each mang co nhieu dong gop tich cue cho dat nuac. Tha To Huu co

tinh giao due cao, de cap den nhieu van de trong cuoc song, noi len nhung le song

Ian ve gia trj con nguai, keu goi moi nguai song co y nghia, huong den suy nghT

tich cue,... Ngay tu khi con la mot hoc sinh tieu hoc toi da rat yeu thich nhung van

tha gan gui, de doc de nha va chua chan mot tinh cam Ian cua tac gia To Huu. Mot trong nhung yeu to gop phan lam cho tha To Huu dl nha, de thuoc do la co sir gop mat cua mot so lugng tu lay da dang va phong phu. Tu lay la lop tu dac biet trong

ngon ngu dan toe, co sue ggi ta Ian va co gia tri nghe thuat cao.

Vi nhung ly do tren nen nguai viet chon de tai Tu lay trong tap tha Tic ay

cua To Huu de lam khoa luan tot nghiep.

2. Muc tieu nghien cu u

Khi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu, khong nhung nguai viet co the hieu them ve sir da dang cua tieng Viet ma con cung c6 ki£n thuc va van dung kien thuc cua minh vao viec nghien cuu \h dh tai nay, giup cho nguai vi£t tang them sir hieu biet ve tir lay.

Cong viec nay con giup cho nguai viet buac dau tap lam quen vai viec nghien cuu. Dac biet, nguai viSt co ca hoi tiep can, tim hieu sau han ve nha tha T6 Huu cung nhu each su dung ngon ngu tai tinh cua nha tha, tu do nguai \\k danh gia chinh xac ve each su dung tu lay trong tha T6 Huu.

3. Ljch su* van de

Nham nhan manh gia tri ciia tu lay va de chung minh de tai Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Hieu la mot de tai hap dan, nguai viet dua ra s6 quan niem ve tir lay cua cac nha ngon ngu hoc nhu: ong Do Huu Chau (trong cudn Tic vung ngu nghia tieng Viet, nha xuat ban Giao due, xuat ban nam 1981), ong Nguyen Thien Giap (trong cuon Tic vung hoc tieng Viet, nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam, xudt ban nam 2010), ong Hoang Van Hanh (trong cuon Tic lay trong tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, xuat ban nam 2008).

Du each tiep can, goc do nghien cuu, hay each goi ten co khac nhau nhung muc dich chung cua cac nha nghien cuu van la muon lam ro va khang dinh gia tri cua tu lay. Tuy nhien, cac tac gia tren chi di vao linh vuc tu lay ma chua dat ra van de van dung no trong tha ca. Hoac danh gia \h sir hap dan cung nhu doc dao cua no trong cac tac pham cu the. GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Hieu

Nguai viet neu len mot so nhan dinh cua cac nha phe binh van hoc nhan dinh

ve tha To Huu nhu: Ha Minh Due, Dang Thai Mai, Tran Dinh Su, Hoai Thanh,

Nguyen Dang Manh, ... Dac biet, nguai viet con dan ra nhung quan niem cua chinh

nha tha doi vai nghe thuat.

Trong cuon Nghien cuu binh luan tha To Hint, phan May y nghi, ong Dang

Thai Mai nhan dinh: "Tho To Huu la "bo hoa lira " long lay, nong nan, ket tinh tren

ca so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cuoc each mang dan toe dan chii trong muoi nam

duoi anh sang cua Dang, cua tu tuong Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32]

Trong cuon To Huu ve tac gia va tac phdm, phan Nhac dieu tha To Hieu,

Nguyen Trung Thu nhan dinh ve viec su dung tir lay trong tha T6 Huu nhu sau:

"Dung rat nhieu tic lap lay la dac diem noi bat cua tha To Hieu. Tie lap lay da dugc To Huu dung vai du cac kieu rat phong phu (...) To Hieu da dung hdu hit cac kiiu lap lay: lay dm hoan todn, lay van, lay nguyen dm giita dm tiet (chinh dm), layphu ...Duong nhu viec dung tie lap dm ddu (thicy dm), tinh tic lay dm, dong tic lay dm, lay da thanh mot netphong each cua tha To Hieu. "[11, tr.353]

Trong cuon To Hieu ve tac gia va tac phdm, phan Van hoc la cuoc dai, T6 Huu noi ve gia tri cua tac pham: "Tdc phdm co gia tri ... Do la dieu mong uoc Ian nhdt cua moi chung ta. Song gid tri khong a do dai cua tac phdm. It chic md nhiiu nghia tot han Id nhieu chit md it nghia. Co cuon sdch day hang tram trang nhung chilam kho nguai in, nguai doc. Nguac lai, hai cdu tha 6-8 cung co the ngdn nga mdi tic dai nay sang dai khde." [11, tr.77].

Trong cuon To Hieu - nha tha each mang, phan Mot so y kien ngdn vi tha To Huu, Hoai Thanh co nhan dinh: "Cdi hay cua To Hieu chinh la a chS anh da hoc dugc cdi kin ddo, cdi dam da trong tha qudn chung" [19, tr.417] 4. Pham vi nghien cihi

Do thai gian co han, nen nguai \\k chi tim hieu ca ban ve phan tu lay nam trong tap tha Tic ay. Nhung nguai vi£t se c6 gang di sau de tim hiSu k! luang ve viec su dung tir lay cua nha tha T6 Huu. Phan tich, danh gia dugc sir van dung lap tir lay nay. To Huu co bay tap tha dugc sang tac truac va sau each mang thang Tarn, g6m nhung tap tha sau: Tie dy, Viet Bdc, Gio long, Ra trdn, Mdu va hoa, Mot tiing dan va Ta vai ta. Nguai viSt that su rat nguang mo va yeu thich tha T6 Huu. Nhung nguai viet thich nhdt do la tap tha Tic dy. Vi thi nguai \\k chon,tap tha Tic dy trong cuon Todn tap tha To Hieu cua nha xuat ban Van hoc, xuat ban nam 2011 de lam doi tugng nghien cuu, khao sat cho dh tai cua minh.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

.

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

5. Phirong phap nghien ciru

De tien hanh nghien cuu de tai nay, nguai viet su dung cac phuang phap sau:

Truac het, do la phuang phap he thong: nguai viet suu tarn, tap hgp cac tai lieu, he thong hoa cac tai lieu de co ca so khoa hoc nham k£ thua va phat huy, cung

nhu phat hien nhung net moi trong tap tha cua T6 Huu.

Tiep theo la phuang phap thong ke, phan loai: nguai \\k ti§n hanh thong ke cac lop tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy, cung nhu phan loai chung. Tir so lieu thong ke,

phan loai do, nguai viet co sir danh gia, phan tich khoa hoc va chinh xac han ve van

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

Phuang phap cuoi cung dugc nguai \\k su dung la phuang phap so sanh ddi chidu. Phuang phap nay dugc nguai V\k van dung khi danh gia we tai nang cua T6 Huu. Tu do giup nguai doc hieu dugc sir hap dan, sir doc dao rieng biet cua tha T6

Huu.

T^t ca nhung phuang phap tren dugc nguai viSt su dung trong sir thong nhat

cung vai nhung thao tac phan tich, chung minh de lam sang to van dh.

B. phAn noi dung

CHlTONG I: MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG VE TlT LAY

1.1. CAC QUAN NIEM VE TlT LAY VA PHAN LOAI TlT LAY

1.1.1. Cac quan niem ve tu* lay

de nay.

Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, nhan manh: ""lay" co le cho nen xem la "co quan he ngu dm "giita cac dm tiitmot each chung chung, md nen hieu la "lay" khi co mot su hoa phoi ngu dm giita nhitng yiu to tuong ieng cua cac dm tiet; do la mot su hoa phoi ngit dm co tac dung biiu trung hod'' (Hoang Tue, 1978, tr.23) (chung toi nhan manh - HVH). [7, tr.25].

Hoang Van Hanh con dua ra y kien cua rieng ong nhu sau: "Lay la su hoa phoi ve dm va nghia, ma diep va doi la nhitng quy tdc, hay la nhitng hinh thai thi hien su hoa phoi do" [7, tr.30].

Theo ong D6 H(ru Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay la nhitng tic dugc cdu tgo theo phuang thuc lay, do Id phuang thuc lap lai todn bo hay bo phan hinh thuc dm tiet (vai thanh dieu giit nguyen hay biin ddi theo quy tdc bien thanh tiec la quy tac thanh dieu bien doi theo hai nhom: nhom cao: thanh hoi, thanh sac, thanh ngang va nhom thap: thanh huyin, thanh ngd, thanh nang - cita mot hinh vi hay don vi co nghia.'" [1, tr.34]

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

••

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap - Tir vung hoc tieng Viet, goi tu lay la ngu

lay am: "Ngit lay dm la nhitng don vi dugc hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay lap lai co kem theo sic bien doi ngit dm ndo do cua tic da co. Chung vica co su hai

hoa ve ngit dm, vica co gia tri ggi cam, ggi ta" [6, tr.86]

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy - Bdi gidng mon tie vung hoc tieng Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay Id nhitng tie gom nhieu tieng, cac tieng dugc ghep lai dua tren quan he ngit dm co tdc dung tao nghia" [17, tr.20]

Tu y kien cua cac nha ngon ngu tren, chung toi co thi hieu tir lay la mot hien tugng ngon ngu dac biet trong tieng Viet. Tir lay giup cho nguai noi, nguai viet khi

su dung trong ngon ngu cu the hoa han hoat dong hoac hinh anh cua sir vat.

1.1.2. Phan loai tir lay

1.1.2.1. Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh

"Ve mat cdu tao, nen phdn loai tic lay trong tieng Viet theo nhiiu buoc, va

moi buoc nen chon dung mot tieu chi dugc coi Id thoa dang" [7, tr.43]

... va tic lay bp phdn, nhu: bap binh, do ddn, long thong,

"Theo phuang huong do, a buoc thic nhdt cua suphdn loai tic lay tiing Viet, nen lay "so bdc trong qua trinh cdu tao tic lay "lam tieu chi. Trong truang hgp nay, chung ta se co tie lay bdc mot hay tic lay dan (tuong icng vai tic lay doi), kiiu nhu do > do dan, tim > tim tim va tic lay bdc hai hay tic lay kep (tuong icng vai tic lay ba va tic lay tu), vi du: xop > xop xpp > xdp xom xpp, binh > bap binh >bdp ba bap benh, ...Trong buoc thic hai cua suphdn loai, idy mice do tdc dong cua co chi lay vao tieng goc"hay "mice dp diep trong quan he giita ede tiing a tie lay " lam can cic. Vai tieu chi nay, chung ta se co tic lay hoan todn, kiiu nhu chuon chudn, buom buam, vdng vac, ... O buoc thic ba trong su phdn loai, nen lay "tinh chat diep hoac doi khuon van " lam can cic. Nhu vay, chung ta se co bon kieu tic lay:

a, Tic lay hoan todn, diep van, vi du: khu khu, dam dam. b, Tic lay hoan todn, doi van, vi du: vdng vac, ngo nghe. c, Tic lay bp phdn, diep van, nhu: le the, chang vang. d, Tie lay bp phdn, doi van, nhu: do ddn, mdp may. "[7, tr.43]

1.1.2.2. Theo ong BdHuu Chau

Theo ong Do Huu Chau thi tir lay dugc phan chia dua theo cac tieu chi sau:

a) Dua vao so Ian tdc dpng cuaphuang thicc lay

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac dong Ian dau vao mot hinh vi goc mot am tilt se

cho ta cac tu lay doi hay tu lay hai am tilt.

- Neu phuang thuc lay co the tac dong Ian thu hai vao mot tir lay doi thi se

cho tir lay tu hay tir lay bon am tiet.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

...

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac dong mot Ian vao mot hinh vi mot am tiet cho ta

tu lay ba am tiet.

b) Dua vao cdi dugc giu lai trong dm tiet cua hinh vi ca so de phdn chia cdc

tic lay doi.

<♦ Neu toan bo am tiet dirge giir nguyen thi ta co tu* lay toan bo. - Lay toan bo, thanh dieu gift nguyen, phu am cuoi gift nguyen.

- Lay toan bo, thanh dieu bien doi, phu am cuoi bien doi. - Lay toan bo, thanh dieu biln doi.

♦ Neu bo phan am tiet diro*c giir lai thi co tir lay bo phan. - Lay am (phan phu am dau dugc giu lai, phan van khac di)

- Lay van (phan van dugc gift lai, phu am dau khac di)

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap thi viec phan loai tir lay nhu sau:

1.1.2.3. Theo ong Nguyen Thien Gidp

a) Lay doi (gom nhitng don vi co hai thanh to true tiip):

♦ Lay hoan toan

Do hien tugng phat am luot nhe a am tilt (thanh to) dau nen co thi xay ra hien tugng bien thanh, bien van nhung phai biln thanh, biln van theo nhftng quy

luat chat che.

♦ Lay bo phan

- Khac nhau a am dau

- Khac nhau a am chinh

♦ Lay ba (gom ba yeu to co sir hoa phdi ngu am vai nhau)

Tu lay ba dugc cau tao theo khuon thanh dieu nh&t dinh sau:

- Ylu t6 thu hai thuang mang thanh bang (ph6 biln nhat la thanh huyln). - Yeu to thu nhat va thu ba doi lap nhau vl mat bang/trac nhu: dung dung dung, con con con, ... hoac la mat am vuc cao/thap: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xop xomxpp,

...

♦ Lay bon (xay dung tren ca sa cac ngft lay doi bo phan), co cac hinh thuc

- Hinh thuc thu nhat co dang nhu: hap ta hdp tap, lung ta lung tiing, ... - Hinh thuc thu hai co dang nhu: boi hoi boi hoi, lam nhdm lam nhdm, ... - Hinh thuc thu ba co dang nhu: la tha Ian than, lorn nhdm loam nhodm, ... - Hinh thuc cuoi co dang nhu: hung hung ho hd, vpi volvdng vdng, ...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

{

SVTH: Duong H6ng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

1.1.2.4. Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy thi tu lay dugc phan loai nhu sau:

♦> Tir lay bo phan

- Giong nhau phan phu am dau goi la tir lay am.

- Giong nhau phan van goi la tu lay van.

♦ Tir lay hoan toan

- Giong nhau ca phan van, phu am dau va thanh dieu.

- Giong nhau ca phan van, phu am dau, nhung khac thanh dieu.

- Giong nhau phu am dau va am chinh, khac nhau thanh dieu va phu am cuoi.

a) Tic lay doi

b) Tic lay ba va tic lay tu

- Tir lay ba: chu yeu dua tren ca che lay hoan toan.

- Tir lay tu: dua tren ca sa tu lay doi.

1.2 Tac dung cua tir lay

1.2.1. Tu* lay dircrc dung de goi hinh, goi cam

1.2.1.1. Tie lay duac dung degai hinh (lay am each dieu):

Tir lay ggi hinh la tu lay khong chua bo phan con du ro nghia tir vung. Tir lay

ggi hinh co kha nang ggi len hinh anh sir vat hien tugng truac mat nguai doc. Tao

nen tinh hinh tugng cho tac pham.

Vi du: Diu hiu, lenh denh, menh mong, la luot, ...

1.2.1.2. Tie lay duac dung de gai cam (lay sac thai hoa): Tir lay ggi cam la nhftng tir co mot yeu to doc lap (ro nghia) va mot ylu to khong doc lap (sac thai nghia). Tir lay ggi cam ggi len sac thai vl thai do, tinh cam cua nguai noi. Tu lay ggi cam gop phan chuyen tai sac thai tinh cam cua nguai noi,

nguai viet gui gam trong tung hoan canh.

Vi du: nho nhan, nho nhen, nho nhat, nho nhoi,

...

1.2.2. Tir lay diro*c dung de goi thanh

Tu lay ggi thanh la nhftng tir khong xac dinh dugc tieng doc lap. Tu lay ggi thanh dugc tao nen tu sir mo phong am thanh cua sir vat hien tugng trong thuc tl. Tir lay ggi thanh giup nguai doc cam nhan, hinh dung dugc am thanh cua sir vat

hien tugng.

Vi du: dung dung, len ken, lodng xodng, ...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

CHlTONG 2

VAN DE SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

•

CUA NHA THO TO HUtJ 2.1 Gl6l THIEU KHAI QUAT VE CU0C DCH VA SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

CUA TO HUtJ

2.1.1. Vai net ve cuoc doi cua nha tho* To HCru

Giai thieu sa luge ve tieu su nha tha To Hftu nhu: ten that, que quan, nam

sinh. Tiep theo la qua trinh hoat dong chinh tri, sir nghiep each mang cua To Hftu tir

nam 1937 den nam 1986. To Hftu la mot con nguai co mot trai tim chan thanh trong

bat ki moi hoat dong: van nghe den chinh tri. Nam 1996, To Hftu dugc nha nuac

phong tang Giai thuang Ho Chi Minh ve van hoc nghe thuat. Nam 2002, To Hftu

mat sau mot can benh nang.

2.1.2. Ve su* nghiep sang tac cua nha tho* To Hiru

Tha To Hftu gan bo chat che va song hanh vai cac giai doan cua cuoc dau tranh each mang cua dan toe. Giai thieu sa luge ve bay tap tha: Tic dy, Viet Bdc, Gio long, Ra trdn, Mdu va Hoa, Mot tieng don, Ta vai Ta.

2.1.3. Quan diem nghe thuat trong tho* To HCru.

To Hftu lam tha la de phuc vu cho ly tuong cao dep. Du viet ve de tai gi thi

nha tha can co mot "trai tim" chan thanh, tha thiet va gan gui vai nguai dan.

Tha To Hftu la tha trft tinh chinh tri. Moi sir kien, van d! Ian cua dai sing each mang, ly tuong chinh tri, nhftng tinh cam chinh tri thong qua trai tim nhay cam

cua nha tha deu co the tra thanh de tai va cam hung nghe thuat thuc sir.

Tha To Hftu co giong dieu rieng rat de nhan ra, do la giong tarn tinh, ngot

ngao tha thiet, giong cua tinh thuang men.

Ke tuc truyen thong tha ca dan toe, dac biet la tha ca dan gian va tha c6 diln,

tha To Hftu dam da tinh dan toe ca trong noi dung va nghe thuat bilu hien.

2.2. KHAO SAT VIEC SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

Tu lay la mot lop tu dac biet trong ngon ngft tieng Viet. Tir lay co tac dung

ggi cam, ggi ta Ian. Tu lay dugc su dung nhieu trong giao tiep sinh hoat hang ngay

va ca trong nhftng tac pham van chuong. Dac biet la trong tha ca. Trong tap tha Tic

dy cua nha tha To Hftu, tu lay cung dugc su dung rat nhieu va rat hftu dung. No

giup cho nha tha co the dien ta y nghia cua tung cau tha trong nhftng trang tha cua

minh, dong thai lam tang them gia tri nghe thuat cho tac pham.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

Bang 2.1: Thong ke tu lay trong tap tha Tic dy.

Lay doi

Lay tu

Tong so

Lay hoan toan Lay bo phan

Lay van

233

340

16.8%

68.5%

14.1%

0.6%

100%

Lay phu am dau

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011). Toan tap tha To Huu Ha Npi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Theo bang thong ke cac kieu lay tren, cho thay To Hftu su dung tu lay doi la chu yeu. Trong hai dang tir lay doi, tu lay bo phan dugc tac gia su dung nhieu han tir lay hoan toan (16.8% so vai 82.6%). Dac biet la tir lay phu am dau (chiem 68.5%). Trong tap tha Tic dy, To Hftu su dung tir lay co cac dac dilm sau:

♦ Trong tap tha Tic dy, tu lay doi chiem so lugng Ian nhat.

♦ To Hftu su dung tir lay doi phong phu, da dang, day du cac loai.

♦ To Hftu su dung tu lay co sir sang tao doc dao.

2.2.1. Tir lay doi trong tap tho* Tie ay

Trong tap tha Tu ay, tu lay doi dugc To Hftu dac biet su dung nhilu nh4t va

phong phu nhat trong ba dang tir lay: tir lay doi, tu lay ba, tir lay tu.

Bang 2.2: Thong ke ti le cac kieu tir lay doi trong tap tha Tic dy.

Tong so

Tir lay hoan toan Tu lay bo phan

Lay van

233

338

16.9%

14.2%

68.9%

100%

Lay phu am dau

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011). Toan tap thaTo Hieu HaNpi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Qua bang thong ke chung ta thay tu lay bo phan dugc su dung

nhieu han tu lay hoan toan (83.1% so vai 16.9%). Dong thai thay dugc viec sir

dung tir lay doi cua nha tha To Hftu rat phong phii.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

a) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien canh doi cua nhitng con nguai bat hanh.

b) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien long yeu nuac, y chi dau tranh vung vdng.

2.2.2. Tir lay ba trong tap tho* Tie dy

Trong he thong ngon ngft tieng Viet, tir lay ba chiem so lugng rat it. Vi the

trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hftu, tir lay ba hau nhu khong dugc su dung. Tuy nhien,

trong tha cua minh, To Hftu co su dung cac dang tu hiep phu am dau cua mot tu lay

c) Tic lay doi the hien long lac quan, tin tuong vao tuong lai.

2.2.3. Tir lay tu* trong tap tho* Tie dy

Tir lay tu trong tha To Hftu co tac dung ggi ta hinh anh. Ngoai tac dung ggi

hinh, ggi cam, tu lay tu trong tha To Hftu con co tac dung ggi thanh.

Tu lay tu ma tac gia dung da phan la the hien tinh cam cua tac gia vai nhan

dan, du la thong qua nhftng am thanh dft tgn, on a, ... nhung an ben trong no deu

chua dung tinh cam, sir lo lang cua tac gia truac tinh canh mat con cua dat nuac.

CHlTONG 3

MUC DICH SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

•

CUA NHA THO TO HUtJ

3.1. TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN LONG YEU NlTdC, CHI KHI

CACH MANG VA NIEM VUI KHI BAT GAP LY Tl/dNG CACH MANG:

doi vai mot tu dan khac nhu: "soi sung sue", "reo rung ran", "lung la 16F, ...

To Hftu yeu nuac va luon y thuc bon phan cua minh doi vai dat nuac, khong

ngai duong dau vai kho khan nguy hiem de cuu dat nuac. Chi khi each mang cua

nha tho luon vftng vang du trong hoan canh gian nan van khong bj guc nga, bi cam

do, .. .Tinh yeu To quoc the hien qua lai keu goi mgi nguai dung day dau tranh, keu

ggi mgi nguai hay chgn cho minh mot loi giai thoat:

3.1.1. The hien long yeu nircrc, chi khi each mang.

"Bang khudng dung gifta doi dong nuac

Chgn mot dong hay de nuac troi?"

{Day len thanh nien)

Xuat phat tu tinh yeu que huong tha thiet, To Hftu biet rang de cuu lay dat

nuac nay, minh can phai manh me, can phai co mot tinh than, mot y chi vftng vang

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

~~^{

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cita To Hieu

han bao gia het. De co dugc sue manh phi thuang nhu the, To Hftu da noi vai

nhftng linh hon chien si di truac:

"Cho toi huang tinh than hang chien dau

Cho da toi day dan vai ngay mai"

(Lao Bao)

Tom lai: Trong tung trang tha cua T6 Hftu luon tham dam mot tinh yeu Ian doi vai que huang dat nuac, doi vai dong bao. Du trong hoan canh nhu the nao, To Hftu van gift khi tiet cua mot nguai chiSn si, gift y chi each mang that kien dinh, vftng vang khong de bi lay dong truac kho khan, gian kho.

3.1.2. Niem vui, niem hanh phuc khi bsit gap ly tirong each mang.

Nam 1938 nha sir nhiet tinh, hang hai hoat dong nen T6 Hftu dugc kk nap vao Dang. Do la niem vui, niem hanh phuc cua T6 Hftu. Ke tir luc ay To Hftu thay cuoc dai minh that dep va cung tir luc ay T6 Hftu da neu len lap truang vftng chac cua minh la dung ve phia quan chung nhan dan:

"Toi buoc long toi vai moi nguai

De tinh trang trai vai tram noi

(Tic dy)

Qua trinh di tu giac ngo den gia nhap vao Dang la niSm hanh phuc va han hoan ddi vai T6 Hftu. Mac du vay, T6 Hftu khong phai la mot nguai hay bi "ngu quen trong chien thang", cho nen du vui day, nhung T6 Hftu van luon nha va lam trdn nhiem vu cua mot nguai each mang.

Tom lai: Qua tat ca nhftng ngon tu, dac biet la tu lay ma tac gia su dung di bgc 16 cam xiic cua minh, ta co the thay To Hftunha tha each mang cua chung ta vo cung vui sudng, hanh phuc khi bat gap ly tuong each mang. Ngoai ra con cam nhan dugc sir chan thanh va niem tin tuyet ddi cua nha tha ddi vai each mang.

3.2. TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN TINH YEU THlTONG, STj DONG CAM V6l MOI NGlTdl VA THE HIEN LONG CAM THU GIAC

3.2.1. The hien tinh yeu thiro*ng, su* dong cam \&i moi ngirdi.

To Hftu la mot nguai co trai tim nhan ai, yeu thuang chan thanh ddi vai tat ca moi ngudi. Tinh cam cua nha tha khong phai la mot sir toi nghiep ma la mot sir hoa nhap, sir dong cam tuyet doi. Doi vai nhftng em be m6 cdi, di a muan, ...: "Biet khong em, noi long anh khi do?

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

xiy

SVTH: Duong H6ng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

No toi hai, dau dan lam, em ai!"

(Di di em)

To Hftu thau hieu va ddng cam cho ndi long cua ngudi me khi phai bd con

minh d lai que nha cho ngudi khac de di tim ke muu sinh. To Hftu con trai long

minh ra de cam thdng cho sir mat mat cua nhftng ngudi vg, ngudi me hien d nhieu

lao khd, thuang ca nhftng anh linh gac tu,...

Tom lai: To Hftu la ngudi giau long nhan hau, biet yeu thuang va yeu

thuang chan thanh vdi con ngudi. Nhftng van tha cua dng khien ngudi doc khdng

khdi bdi hdi, xuc ddng. Nhftng tu ngft dng dung de bieu dat tinh cam ay da phan la

tu lay, dng dung nhftng tir lay gay xuc ddng manh nhu: "nghen ngdo", "nice no",

nude tren the gidi nhu: Nhat, Due, Y... To Hftu thuang nhftng ngudi tu bi doa day

"ngdm nguF, "dau don", ... va nhftng tir lay ay dugc lap lai nhieu Ian trong nhftng

van tha dat dao tinh thuang va gay xuc ddng long ngudi.

3.2.2. The hien long cam thu giac

Bon giac cang ddi xu tan te vdi dan tdc ta thi cang hung due "khdi" cam hdn

trong To Hftu ldn dan len:

"Co ai hieu ndi hdn ghe g&nt

Tren mat ngudi trong vdi nui suang"

(Di di em)

Long cam thu giac trong To Hftu cd sir chuyen bien ve muc do. Tac gia su

dung nhftng tir lay cd tinh chat manh me the hien long cam thu giac nhu: du doi,

ghe gom, ticc toi, ran rat, bicng bicng, ...

Tom lai: Ndi cam hdn trong To Hftu suy cho cung xuat phat tir long yeu

nude thiet tha. To Hftu cam thu giac va luon mudn duoi sach bong chung tren dat

nude minh de gianh lay sir binh yen, ddc lap, hanh phuc cho dan ta.

KET LUAN

To Hftu la mot ngudi luon tran day nhiet huyet, lam bat ki viec gi dng cung deu dung het kha nang, danh het su chan thanh cua trai dh lam viec. Vi vay, trong lihh vuc nao dng cung luon la ngudi hoat ddng xuat sac. Tren con duong hoat ddng chinh tri, dng la mot nha chinh tri xuat sac va trung thanh vdi dan. Tren con duong

hoat ddng nghe thuat, To Hftu la mot nha tha tai hoa. Sir chan thanh va tai hoa ay se

giup nha tho ton tai mai mai trong long ngudi dan Viet Nam.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

MUC LUC

•

LdlCAMON

LCftCAMDOAN

NHAN XET CUA GlAO VIEN HIJ6NG DAN

iii

TOM TAT

MUC LUC

xvi

DANH MUC BIEU BANG

xviii

mQdAu

1. Ly do chgn de tai

2. Muc tieu nghien cuu

3. Ljch su van de

4. Pham vi nghien cuu

5. Phuang phap nghien cuu

CHU'ONG 1: MOT SO VANDE CHUNG VE TLT LAY

1.1. CAC QUAN NIEM VE TlT LAY VA PHAN LOAI TU* LAY

1.1.1. Cac quan niem ve tir lay

1.1.2. Phan loai tu lay

1.1.2.1. Theo dng Hoang Van Hanh

a) Tu lay bac mot (tu lay dan)

b) Tir lay bac hai (tu lay kep)

a) Dua vao so Ian tac ddng cua phuang thuc lay

b) De phan chia cac tu lay ddi, trudc het dua vao cai dugc gift lai trong am tiet cua

hinh vi ca so

1.1.2.2. Theo dng Do Hftu Chau 15

a) Lay ddi

1.1.2.3. Theo dng Nguyen Thien Giap 16

c) Lay bdn

1.1.2.4. Theo cd Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

b)Layba 17

b) Tu lay ba va lay tu

1.2. TAC DUNG CUA TlT LAY

GVHD: Bui Thj Tarn

xvi

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

a) Tu lay ddi 19

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

1.2.1. Tir lay dugc dung de ggi hinh, ggi cam

1.2.1.1. Tir lay dugc dung de ggi hinh

1.2.1.2. Tu lay dugc dung de ggi cam

CHU'ONG 2: VAN DE SlT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlT AY CUA

NHAtHOTOHLTU

2.1. Gl6l THIEU KHAl QUAT VE CUQC DC5I VA SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

CUA NHA THO TO HUU

2.1.1. Vai net ve cudc ddi cua nha tho To Hftu

2.1.2. Ve sir nghiep sang tac cua nha tho To Hftu

2.1.3. Quan diem nghe thuat trong tha To Hftu

2.2. KHAO SAT VIEC SITDUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlT AY

2.2.1. Tu lay ddi trong tap tha Tu ay

a) Nhftng tir lay ddi the hien canh ddi cua nhftng con ngudi bat hanh

b) Nhftng tu lay ddi the hien long yeu nude, y chi dau tranh vftng vang

c) Tu lay ddi the hien long lac quan, tin tudng vao tuong lai

2.2.2. Tir lay ba trong tap tha Tu ay

2.2.3. Tu lay tu trong tap tha Tu ay

CHUONG 3: MUC DICH SlT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TU* AY CUA

NHATHOTOHUU

3.1. TIT LAY DUOC DUNG DE THE HIEN LONG YEU NU6C, CHI KHI

CACH MANG VA NIEM VUI KHI BAT GAP LY TUdNG CACH MANG

3.1.1. The hien long yeu nude, chi khi each mang

3.1.2. Niem vui, niem hanh phuc khi bat gap ly tudng each mang

3.2. TIT LAY DUOC DUNG DE THE HIEN TINH YEU THUONG, SlT DONG

CAM V6l MOI NGUCJI VA THE HIEN LONG CAM THU GIAC

3.2.1. The hien tinh yeu thuang, sir ddng cam vdi mgi ngudi

3.2.2. The hien long cam thu giac

KET LUAN

..66

»fiiti(KVOTRtfOWQT«frN

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

.xix

PHU LUC

.xxi

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

Xvii

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

1.2.2. Tir lay dugc dung de ggi thanh 25

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

DANH MUC BIEU BANG

1. Bang 2.1: Thdng ke tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy. 2. Bang 2.2: Thdng ke ti le cac kieu tir lay ddi trong tap tha Tic dy.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn xviii SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

MOf DAU

1. Ly do chon de tai

"Tir ay trong tdi bung nang ha

Mat trdi chan ly chdi qua tim"

(Tic dy)

Td Hftu la mot chien si each mang, mot nha chinh tri, lai vua la mot nha tho ldn cua dan tdc. Ong gan ca cudc ddi minh vdi each mang, vdi Dang, vdi ly tudng cdng san, vdi quan va vdi nhan dan. Chinh vi vay ma "Sice hap ddn cua tho ca each mang noi chung, cua tha To Hieu noi rieng, cilng bat nguon tic site hap ddn Ion lao cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, cua ly tuong cong sdn. Sice hap ddn cua mot each nhin, mot each nghi, mot each cam xuc vd uoc mo, mot thai do truac cuoc sdng va mot each song, each songdung nhat va dep nhat trong thai dai ngay

nay". [2,tr.34].

"Tdi da la con cua van nha

La em cua van kiep phoi pha

La anh cua van dau em nhd

Khdng ao com, cu bat cu bo... "

(Tic dy)

Chinh vi cd mot trai tim chan thanh va sir gan bd thuy chung vdi each mang, nen con duong tha cua Td Hftu cung gan bd chat che vdi cudc dau tranh cua dan tdc, vi the tha dng khdng chi ca nggi each mang, tuyen truyen each mang ma cdn la vu khi s4c ben chdng lai ke thu. Khdng chi thi, tha dng cdn cd ca mot tam long, tinh cam thiet tha, sir ddng cam sau sac ddi vdi nhftng con ngudi ngheo kho, vdi nhftng ngudi anh hung cuu qudc va vdi nhftng ngudi da tham lang hi sinh cho Td qudc.

Gigng tha cua Td Hftu khi thi hung h6n, quylt liet, khi thi nhd to tam tinh. De co dugc dh tai va gigng dieu trong tho phong phu, da dang nhu vay la vi Td Hftu da"^ vai tho bdng mot tdm Idng" [2, tr.18]. Bang giong dieu nhe nhang, khdng quat thao, khdng ra lenh, ay thi ma tho dng lai hit sue thuyet phuc va mang tinh giao due cao cho ca nhan loai. Do la gia tri cua con ngudi: "Tho To Hitu la tha mot con nguai biet trdn trong idy dai minh, mudn lam cho doi minh tro nen hieu ich. Vay thi ai kia cdn phungphi doi minh, lam gi cung duac, song sao cungxong, trong khi doc tho nay hay bdt ddu thu dung lai md biit quy lay doi minh, ma dem Idng ra

xay dung no." [2, tr. 101]

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hitu

Dugc tilp xuc vdi tho Td Hftu ngay tir khi tdi cdn la hoc sinh tieu hoc vdi bai tha Luom, vdi each cam cua mot hgc sinh tilu hoc, cd le luc do chua dugc sau sac, nhung tdi da rat thich su hdn nhien va kham phuc sir can dam cua Lugm. Dac biet bai tha cd van dl doc, dl nhd, de thudc. Ngoai viec phdi thanh, phdi van dl cho de doc, de hieu, To Hftu cdn su dung va sang tao sd lugng tu lay da dang va phong phu

vao trong nhftng trang tha cua minh.

Tir lay la mot lap tu dac biet trong ngdn ngft dan tdc. No dugc cau tao bang phuang thuc hda phdi ngft am ddc dao va mang nhieu sac thai bieu cam. Trong tho To Hftu, tir lay dugc su dung rat phong phu va dac sac, gop phan vao viec the hien tinh cam cua tac gia vdi To quoc, vdi nhan dan. Di vao nghien cuu van de nay, ngudi viet khdng chi hieu biet them vl sir da dang, phong phu cua ngdn tu tiing Viet, ma cdn thay dugc sir van dung tir lay dac sac, da dang va sang tao trong tha Td Hftu. Vi nhftng dilu do nen tdi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To

2. Muc tieu nghien ciru

Tir lay la mot lap tu dac biet trong he thdng ngdn ngft dan tdc. No cd gia tri nghe thuat cao, vi no cd kha nang bilu dat, bilu cam. No dugc su dung trong ldi an tiing ndi hang ngay giup ngudi ndi cd the diln dat tinh cam, y nghl cua minh mot each ngan gon. Dac biet, tu lay cdn dugc su dung rat nhieu trong linh vuc van hgc nghe thuat va gift vai trd hit sue quan trong. No khdng chi ggi ta am thanh, hinh anh, mau sac ma cdn bilu dat sac thai bilu cam. Tim hieu ve tir lay cd the giup cho ngudi vilt hilu them ve sir da dang, phong phu cua tieng Viet.

Khi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hitu, khdng nhftng ngudi vilt cd thi hilu them vl sir da dang cua tiing Viet ma cdn cung cd kien thuc va van dung kiln thuc cua minh vao viec nghien cuu ve dl tai nay, giup cho ngudi viet tang them sir hieu biet ve tir lay.

Cong viec nay cdn giup cho ngudi viet buoc dau tap lam quen vdi viec nghien cuu. Dac biet, ngudi vilt cd co hdi tiep can, tim hieu sau han ve nha tha Td Hftu cung nhu each su dung ngdn ngft tai tinh cua nha tho, tir do ngudi viet danh gia chinh xac vl each su dung tir lay trong tha Td Hftu.

3. Lich sir van de

Tu lay trong tiing Viet la mot trong nhftng van de hap dan dang dugc nhieu nha nghien cuu quan tam. Da cd nhilu nha nghien cuu bd khdng it thai gian va cdng sue dl tim hilu vl no. Nhftng cdng trinh nghien cuu tieu bieu cua cac tac gia nhu: Do Hftu Chau, Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Thien Giap...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Hieu de lam khoa luan tot nghiep.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

Trong cudn Tic vung ngu nghia tieng Viet, B6 Hftu Chau dua ra quan niem cua dng vl tu lay nhu sau: "Tic lay la nhitng tic duac cdu tao theo phuang thicc lay, do la phuang thicc lap lai todn bo hay bo phdn hinh thuc dm tiet (vdi thanh dieu giit nguyen hay biin ddi theo quy tdc bien thanh ticc la quy tdc thanh dieu bien ddi theo hai nhdm: nhdm cao: thanh hdi, thanh sdc, thanh ngang va nhdm thap: thanh huyen, thanh nga, thanh nang - cua mot hinh vi hay don vi cd nghia" [1, tr.34]

Theo quan niem tren thi tir lay la mot hinh thuc lap lai. Ong Dd Hftu Chau cdn dua ra quan niem cua dng vl viec phan loai tir lay, cac quy tac chuyen hda ve

am va thanh dieu cua tu lay.

Cdn theo quan niem cua dng Hoang Van Hanh trong cuon Tie lay trong tieng Viet thi: "Lay la mot su hda phdi ve dm va vi nghia, ma diep va ddi la nhung quy tdc, hay la nhung hinh thai the hien su hda phdi do" [7, tr.30]. Theo dng: "Diep (hay the diep) la trang thai dong nhat trong quan he giita cdc tieng cua tic lay, la he qua cua su nhan ddi tiing goc trong qua trinh cdu tao tic lay. Con ddi (hay the ddi) la trang thai di biet trong quan he giita cdc tieng cua tic lay, la he qua cua su bien doi hoac kit hop d tiing lay di dam bdo cd su hda phdi ve dm va ve nghia vai tieng

goc" [7,tr.29].

Trong cudn nay, dng Hoang Van Hanh da di vao nghien cuu, phan tich ve co chi cau tao cua tu lay va co cau nghia cua tir lay. Di sau vao viec nghien cuu ve tir lay, tac gia cdn thay dugc gia tri bo ich cua no. Xet vl goc do su dung - ggi la gia tri su dung, thi tu lay cd 3 dilm ldn sau: gia tri ggi ta, gia tri bilu cam, va gia tri phong each. Ong dac biet nhan manh vl gia tri phong each cua tir lay, dng cho rang: "So truang cua tic lay la lam chat lieu di xay dung van ban nghe thuat, lam phuang tien cho tu duy nghe thuat." [7, tr.161]. Ong dua ra cac vi du dl thay dugc sir phat huy cao do tilm nang nghe thuat cua tir lay, trong cac vi du dng dua do cd sir gop phan khdng nhd cua tir lay trong viec xay dung hinh tugng nghe thuat. Tu do dng khang dinh rang: "Tie lay la mot trong nhitng yeu td ngdn ngit quan trong, neu khdng ndi la quan trong nhat, lam bdc Id "cdi than" cua moi bice chan dung." [7,

tr.165].

Ong Hoang Van Hanh cd thi khang dinh dugc nhung dieu tren vi tu lay la lap tir giau gia tri ggi ta, gia tri bilu cam. Ma nhftng dieu ay rat can cho van ban nghe thuat dl xay dung hinh tugng nghe thuat. Vi vay ma cac nha van, nha tho rat chu y viec su dung tir lay. Trong lich su van hoc Viet Nam da cd nhftng nha van nha tho su dung tu lay rat tai tinh nhu: Nguyen Du, Ho Xuan Huang, Doan Thi Dilm, Td Hftu, Nguyln Tuan, NguyIn Dinh Thi...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Ong Hoang Van Hanh da tien hanh tong ket nhftng thanh qua nghien cuu ve tu lay trong tiing Viet tu trudc din nay. Tu do, tac gia cung dua ra nhftng mat ton tai va nhftng mat cd thi kl thua, phat huy va bo sung, tilp tuc tim hilu nghien cuu nhftng van dl cdn chua dugc giai dap chung quanh hien tugng lay tiing Viet. Cac dac dilm, phan loai va ca cau ngft nghia cua tu lay dlu dugc tac gia trinh bay mot each cd he thong. Vl mat ca cau ngft nghia cua tu lay, dng dua vao dac diem cua hinh thai bilu trung hda ngft am cua tu dl phan ra ba nhdm tu lay: nhdm tir lay bieu trung hda ngft am gian don, nhdm tu lay bilu trung hda ngft am each dieu, nhdm tir lay vua bilu trung hda ngft am vua chuyen biet hda ve nghia.

Trong cudn Tic vung hoc tiing Viet, dng Nguyln Thien Giap cung cd nghien cuu vl tu lay, dng goi no la ngft lay am, dng dinh nghia: "Ngu lay dm la nhitng don vi duac hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay lap lai cd kem theo su bien ddi ngu

dm ndo do cua tic da cd. Chung vica cd su hdi hda ve ngit dm, vica cd gia tri goi cam, goi td." [6, tr.86]. Ong chu y tim hilu va dua ra nhftng hinh thuc lay, theo dng thi tir lay cd 3 hinh thuc: lay ddi, lay ba va lay bon. Ong dac biet quan tam din hinh thuc lay bdn, dng dua ra cac vi du d& thay ro net ddc dao cua hinh thuc lay nay.

Du each tilp can, nghien cuu d goc do nhu the nao, each ggi ten cd khac nhau ra sao thi muc dich chung cua cac nha nghien cuu van la mudn lam ro, mudn khang dinh gia tri cua tu lay. Tuy nhien, cac tac gia tren chi di vao llnh vuc tir lay ma chua dat ra van dl van dung no trong tha ca. Hoac danh gia ve sir hap dan cung

nhu ddc dao cua no trong cac tac pham cu the.

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Van hoc la cudc ddi, Td Hftu ndi vl gia tri cua tac pham: "Tdc phdm cd gia tri ... Do la dieu mong uoc Ian nhdt cua mdi chung ta. Song gia tri khdng a do dai cua tdc phdm. It chu md nhieu nghia tot han la nhieu chit ma it nghia. Cd cudn sdch day hang tram trang nhung chi lam khd ngudi in, ngudi doc. Nguoc lai, hai cdu tho 6-8 cung cd the ngdn nga mai tic ddi nay sang ddi khac" [11, tr.77]. Cung trong cudn nay, phan Cam hicng ve dat nude va nhan ddn trong tho To Hieu, dng Ha Minh Due cd nhac din quan niem nghe thuat cua Td Hftu trong viec sang tao van tho: "Lam tha, Td Hieu da tam niem "Dot vdi tdi lam tho la each mang bang tha" va dng hieu rang long yeu nhan ddn,

ddn idc minh va nhan ddn lao ddngse la nguon cam hicng khdng bao gio can, la cdi dich sang tao cua van tho vi theo To Hieu "Nghe thuat Ion khdng phdi d tam tinh

rieng ma d tinh cdng ddn" [11, tr.939]

Trong cudn Din vdi tho Td Hitu, phan Tho To Hieu, dng Hoai Thanh nhan dinh: "Tho To Hitu cd tinh thai su sau sdc nhung khdng lam cdi viec minh hoa chu truang, chinh sdch. No dap icng theo yeu cdu cua each mang theo dung phuang

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy cua Td Hitu thicc cua tho. Cung nhu tdt cd cdc nghe si chan chinh, Td Huu khdng di tic nhitng khdi niem, nhung van di cua noi dung rdi tim each the hien ndi dung dy trong chat

lieu cua nghe thuat" [3, tr.39].

Trong cudn To Hieu - Tho va ddi, phan Thi phap tho To Hitu, dng Tran Dinh Su da khang dinh: "To Hieu la ngudi dau Hen kit hop hdi hda tu tudng each mang cao dep nhdt, sang ro nhdt cua thai dai vdi hinh thicc ngdn ngu tho tieng Viet hien dai va khdng ngieng ddi mdi, lam phongphu cho no" [ 8, tr.388].

Trong cudn Nghien cuu binh luan tho To Huu, phan May y nghi, dng Dang Thai Mai danh gia: "Tho Td Hitu la "bd hoa lira" long Idy, ndng nan, ket tinh tren

co so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cudc each mang ddn tdc ddn chu trong mudi nam,

dudi anh sang cua Ddng, cua tu tudng Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32].

Trong Giao trinh Van hoc Viet Nam hien daigiai doan 1945 -1975, phan Td Hitu, th4y Tran Van Minh nhan xet: "Sice hdp ddn cua tho Td Him, suy den cung, xuat phat tic su chan thanh va manh Hit cua cam xuc. Du viet nhung ddng tho "tuoi xanh " hay nhung ddng tho "lira chdy ", dm huong chu dao trong tho Td Hitu van hdi hda, nhudn nhi giita giong tdm tinh thiit tha - giong cua tinh thuang men vdi giong anh hung ca". [5, tr.40]

Khi ndi vl tac dung cua tho To Hftu, Nhu Phong cd ndi: "Trong khi cdc nhd tho Idng man chi gieo rac nhitng tu tudng tieu cue lam con ngudi ta mem yeu, mo mang, vdn vo, te Het y chi, thi To Hitu di thang vao trung tdm cua cudc song Id dau tranh each mang, phat ddng tu tudng nhitng ngudi ngheo khd, lam than, thicc tinh cdc ban thanh nien, vach ro rang mot trong nhung nguyen nhan dau khd cua minh bay nay chinh bdi vi minh biit chiu dung, keu goi ngudi ta dung day xiet chat hang ngu vdi tdt cd nhung ngudi chung canh ngd, chung van mang tren mat ddt de ddi lay quyin song...." [19, tr.89]

Nhu Phong cdn khang dinh gia tri nghe thuat cua tha Td Hftu: "Vdi Td Him, tho da dat tdi sic mang cao quy cua nghe thuat: giup cho ngudi ta suy nghi, hanh ddng, dau tranh, giup cho ngudi ta biet yeu, biet ghet phdn minh, giup cho ngudi ta biit song, biit chit mot each xicng ddng nhdt trong nhitng gio quyet dinh cua ddi

minh..." [\9,tr.93]

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, phan Nhac dieu tho Td Him, NguyIn Trung Thu ndi vl nghe thuat dung tu cua Td Hftu: "Td Hitu da sic dung nhieu tic cd tdc dung goi td nhitng dm thanh trong tu nhien - ticc la nhung tie tuong thanh - mot each rdt chinh xac va thich hop vdi hoan canh md td. Do do Td Him da gdpphdn tang nhac dieu tha len nhieu" [11, tr.353]

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tie lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

lay van,

Cung trong phan Nhac dieu tho Td Hitu, Nguyen Trung Thu cdn ndi ve viec su dung tir lay trong tha Td Hftu: "Dung rat nhieu tic lap lay Id dac diem ndi bat cua tho Td Hitu. Tic idp lay da duac To Hitu dung vdi du cdc kieu rat phong phu lay (...) To Huu da ditng hdu hit cdc kieu lap lay: lay dm hoan todn, nguyen dm giita dm tiit (chinh dm), lay phu dm dau (thuy dm), tinh tic lay dm, ddng ...Duong nhu viec dung tic lap lay da thanh mot net phong each cua tho tic lay dm,

To Him." [\l,tr.353]

Trong cudn To Hitu - nhd tho each mang, phan Mot so y kien ngdn ve tho Td

Hitu, Hoai Thanh cd nhan dinh: "Cdi hay cua Td Hieu chinh la d cho anh da hoc

duac cdi kin ddo, cdi dam da trong tho quan chung." [19, tr.417]

Trong cudn Tdc gia trong nha truang Td Hitu, phan Con duong tho cua Td Hieu, dng Nguyen Dang Manh nhan dinh vl tha Td Hftu: "Tho Td Him hay nhdt khi cam hieng tho kethop duac moteach tu nhien ba chit de sau:

- Ngai ca le song cao dep cua nguai each mang.

- Dien td niem vui huong ve tuong lai xa hdi chu nghia.

- The hien nhitng cam nghi an tinh thuy chung." [14, tr.5] Trong cudn To Hitu vi tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Phong each nghe thuat cua Td Him, NguyIn Van Hanh cd ndi: "Td Hieu chin cd trong tu tudng va tinh cam. Anh ndi chdn ly Ion cua ddt nude va thai dai vdi sice nang cua tinh cam va nghia tinh. O anh, each mang va cuoc ddi hda lam mot, "qua khu tuong lai soi minh

trong hien tai"." [11, tr.862]

Trong cudn To Hieu vi tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Tho la tieng ndi ddng y, dong tinh, tiing ndi dong chi (trich trong To Hftu tra ldi phong vien tap chi Van nghe), tra ldi phong van cua cac phong vien Td Hftu da neu len quan niem cua dng vl tha: "Bdi tho hay lam cho ngudi ta khdng cdn thdy cdu tha, chi cdn cam thdy tinh ngudi. Quen rdng do la tiing ndi cua ai, ngudi ta thdy no nhu tieng ca tie trong long minh, nhu la cua minh vay. Tho la tieng ndi tri dm. Khdng cd tri dm thi cudc ddi ngheo di biitmay, thi ngudi ta lam sao song duac anh nhi!" [11, tr.60]. Nha tha cdn cho rang: "Nghe si la con de todn dien cua hoan canh no da song, nhu dica con mang mdu thit va cd cdi mui rieng cua cha me. Con cdng giong me bao nhieu thi me cdng yeu quy bay nhieu. Thien tdi ddng quy chinh a cho do, d cho no tieu bieu cdi dep, cdi hay cua mudn trieu con ngudida nudi duongno." [11, tr.58]

Tdm lai: Mot so cdng trinh nghien cuu tren da cd sir ddng gdp rat Ion trong nghien cuu khoa hoc va la nln mong vftng chac cho nhftng cdng trinh nghien cuu sau nay. Tuy vay cac cdng trinh nghien cuu tren chua di sau vao linh vuc tir lay. Cd chang thi chi mdi cd nhftng y kiln nhan xet so bd trong cac van de nghien cuu

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

chung. Vi vay, de tai cua ngudi viet Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy cua Td Hitu la mot dl tai tuong ddi mdi me. Vdi de tai nay, ngudi viet se ke thua, phat huy cd chon loc khi nghien cuu ve linh vuc nay. Ngudi viet hi vong rang, khi nghien cuu ve Tic lay

trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu, ngudi viet se ddng gdp mot phan cdng sue cua minh dl nhan xet, danh giave cai hay, sir hap dan va tai nang cua Td Hftu trong linh vuc su dung tu lay. Gdp phan khang dinh vi tri, ten tudi cua nha tha each mang nay.

4. Pham vi nghien cihi

Do thai gian cd han, nen ngudi viet chi tim hieu ca ban ve phan tir lay nam trong tap tha Tic dy. Nhung ngudi viet se cd gang di sau de tim hieu kl ludng ve viec su dung tir lay cua nha tho. Phan tich, danh gia dugc sir van dung lap tir lay nay. Td Hftu cd nhilu tap tho dugc sang tac trudc va sau each mang thang Tam, gdm nhftng tap tho sau: Tic dy, Viet Bac, Gid long, Ra trdn, Mdu va hoa, Mot tieng

ddn va Ta vdi ta. Nhftng tap tha nay deu cd nhftng net dac sac rieng. Khi thi la khuc ca nggt ngao vl tinh nghia va long thuy chung each mang, khi thi nung nau niem cam uat va quyet tam danh giac cua dan tdc, khi thi cd vu tinh than each mang,

khang dinh le song, tinh cam ldn lao, khi thi la nhftng ldi tu van, suy tu cua tac gia...., nhftng dilu ay deu dugc tac gia chuyen tai vao trong nhftng cau tha cua minh. Ngudi vilt that sir r4t ngudng md va yeu thich tha Td Hftu. Nhung ngudi viet thich nhat do la tap tha Tic dy. Cd le vi tdi cung dang d lua tuoi thanh nien, tdi cung cd nhftng ma udc va hang say thuc hien mo udc cua minh, tat nhien khdng the so

sanh dugc vdi ly tudng each mang ldn lao cua nha tho. Dieu cudn hut tdi la gigng

dieu rdn ra, reo vui cua mot chang thanh nien khi bat gap ly tudng each mang, mot

niem hang say vdi ly tudng, tdi cd the cam nhan dugc sir san sang, long nhiet tinh

cua anh thanh nien ay ddi vdi ly tudng cua minh. Khdng chi the, tap tha Tic dy cdn la tiing ndi cam thdng, ldi an ui, ddng vien chan tinh ddi vdi nhftng so phan bat hanh. Vi thi ngudi viet chon tap tho Tic dy trong cudn Toan tap tho Td Hitu cua nha xuat ban Van hgc, xu4t ban nam 2011 de lam ddi tugng nghien cuu, khao sat cho de

tai cua minh.

Dl tiln hanh nghien cuu de tai nay, ngudi viet su dung cac phuang phap sau: Trudc hit, do la phuang phap he thdng. Vdi phuang phap nay, ngudi viet da suu t4m, tap hop cac tai lieu, he thdng hda cac tai lieu de cd co sd khoa hgc nham ke thua va phat huy, cung nhu phat hien nhftng net mdi trong tap tho cua Td Hftu.

Ngudi vilt cdn su dung phuang phap thdng ke, phan loai. Vdi phuang phap nay, ngudi viet thdng ke cac lap tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy, cung nhu phan loai

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

5. Phirong phap nghien cihi

va chinh xac han ve van de nay.

Phuang phap cuoi cung dugc ngudi viet su dung la phuang phap so sanh ddi chilu. Phuang phap nay dugc ngudi viet van dung khi danh gia ve tai nang cua Td Hftu. Tu do giup ngudi dgc hieu dugc su hap dan, sir ddc dao rieng biet cua tha Td

Hftu.

Tat ca nhftng phuang phap tren dugc ngudi viet su dung trong sir thdng nhat

cung vdi nhftng thao tac phan tich, chung minh de lam sang td van de.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu chung. Tu sd lieu thdng ke, phan loai, ngudi viet cd sir danh gia, phan tich khoa hgc

CHUONG 1

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG VE TlT LAY

1.1. CAC QUAN NIEM VE TlT LAY VA PHAN LOAI TlT LAY

1.1.1. Cac quan niem ve tir lay

Tir lay dugc c4u tao theo mot phuang phap cau tao tir dac biet cua tieng Viet la phep diep am khdng nhftng tao nen nhftng am thanh uyen chuyen, thanh thdt ma cdn ggi len nhftng hinh tugng ddc dao. Da cd nhilu nha tho su dung loai tir nay xkt phong phu da dang trong nhftng tac pham cua ho. Vi hap dan nen tir lay da thu hut sir chu y cua nhilu nha nghien cuu ngdn ngft. Tuy nhien, cac nha nghien cuu lai cd nhilu y kiln khac nhau vl tir lay. Tdi xin dua ra mot sdy kien sau:

Tie lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Huu

Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, nhan manh: ""lay" cd le cho nen xem la "cd quan he ngu dm "giita cdc dm tiet mot each chung chung, md nen hiiu la "lay "khi cd mot su hda phdi ngit dm giita nhitng yeu td tuong ung cua cdc dm tiit; do la mot su hda phdi ngudm cd tdc dung bieu trung hda" (Hoang

Tue, 1978, tr.23) (chung tdi nhan manh - HVH). [7, tr.25].

Hoang Van Hanh cdn dua ra y kien cua rieng dng nhu sau: "Lay Id su hda phoi vi dm va nghia, ma diep va ddi la nhitng quy tac, hay la nhung hinh thai the

hien su hda phdi do" [7, tr.30].

Theo ong Do Hihi Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay la nhitng tic duac cdu tao theo phuang thicc lay, do la phuang thicc lap lai toan bd hay bd phdn hinh thicc dm tiet (vdi thanh dieu giit nguyen hay bien ddi theo quy tac biin thanh ticc la quy tac thanh dieu bien ddi theo hai nhdm: nhdm cao: thanh hdi, thanh sac, thanh ngang va nhdm thap: thanh huyen, thanh nga, thanh nang - cua

mot hinh vi hay don vi cd nghia." [1, tr.34]

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap - Tu vung hoc tiing Viet, goi tu lay la ngft lay am: "Ngit lay dm la nhitng don vi duac hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan toan hay lap lai cd kem theo su bien ddi ngit dm ndo do cua tic da cd. Chung vica cd su hdi

hda ve ngit dm, vita cd gid trigoi cam, goi td" [6, tr.86]

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy - Bdi giang mdn tic vung hoc tieng Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay la nhung tic gdm nhieu tieng, cdc tieng duac ghep lai dua tren

quan he ngit dm cd tdc dung tao nghia." [17, tr.20]

Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhilu nha ngdn ngft khac nhu: dng Nguyen Tai Can, dng Nguyen Hftu Quynh, NguyIn Van Tu... cung dua ra cac quan diem cua minh ve tir

GVHD:BuiThiTam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu lay. Nhung theo ngudi viet thi nhftng y kien tren cung da la quan diem tieu bieu ve

Tu y kiln cua cac nha ngdn ngft tren, chung tdi cd the hilu tir lay la mot hien tugng ngdn ngft dac biet trong tiing Viet. Tu lay giup cho ngudi ndi, ngudi vilt khi su dung trong ngdn ngft cu thi hda han hoat ddng hoac hinh anh cua sir vat.

1.1.2. Phan loai tit lay

tir lay.

1.1.2.1. Theo Ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, viec phan loai tir lay trong tiing Viet nen chia thanh nhilu budc, va d mdi budc chon ra mot tieu chi thich hop dl phan loai. Theo phuang huang do thi viec phan loai tir lay tiing Viet dugc chia thanh ba budc: Budc thu nhat lay "sd bdc trong qud trinh cdu tao tic lay" lam tieu chi. Trong truang hap nay, cd tic lay bdc mot hay tie lay don (tuong ung vdi tir lay ddi) va tic lay bdc hai hay tic lay kep (tuong ung vdi tir lay ba va tir lay tu). Budc thu hai, lay "mice do tdc dong cua ca che lay vao tieng gdc" hay "mice do diep trong quan he giita cdc tieng d tic lay" lam can cu. Vdi tieu chi nay, cd tic lay hoan toan va tic lay bo phdn. Budc thu ba, lay "tinh chat diep hoac ddi khudn vdn" lam can cu. Vdi tieu chi nay, cd bdn kieu tir lay: Tic lay hoan todn, diep van; Tic lay hoan toan, doi van; Tic lay bophdn, diep vdn; Tic lay bd phdn, ddi vdn. Tu do tac gia cu thi hda viec phan loai tu lay nhu sau:

a) Tic lay bdc mot (tic lay don):

♦ Tir lay hoan toan:

Dac trung cua tir lay hoan toan la trong cau tao cua no, tieng gdc dugc lap lai

toan bd d tiing lay. Nhung sir lap lai ay thi hien dudi hai hinh thai:

- Tu lay hoan toan, diep van: la hinh thai gift nguyen dang khudn van (cd

hoac khdng cd chuyen ddi thanh).

Vi du 1: lam > lam lam, khu > khu khu, xdm xdm, dung dung, re re, khang khang, ldn ldn, ... (khong co chuyen thanh). Dac trung cua tu lay thudc mau nay la diep phu am dau, khudn van va thanh. Trong dieu kien ay trgng am (va truang do) tra thanh net di biet trong quan he gifta tiing gdc va tieng lay va la yeu td tao nen thi ddi trong tu. (3 dang tir nay, nhu cu lieu ngft am thuc nghiem da cho thay, trong am thudng roi vao tiing thu hai, khien cho tieng nay dugc nhan manh va cd truang do dai, cdn tiing thu nhat dugc dgc ludt nhe va ngan han.

Vi du 2: do > do do, chdm > chdm chdm, ... (co chuyen doi thanh). Dac trung cua cac tu thudc mau nay la diep phu am dau va khudn van, thanh dieu dugc chuyln doi dl tao thi ddi. Sir chuyln doi thanh d day la cd quy tac. Do la quy tac

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

ddi bang - trac cung am vuc.

Titlay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

Cu lieu thuc nghiem cho thay d cac tir thudc mau nay, tieng gdc dugc dgc

nhdn va cd trudng do dai, cdn tiing lay dugc dgc ludt vdi trudng do ngan.

- Tir lay hoan toan, ddi van: Dac trung chung cua tir lay hoan toan, ddi van la diep phu am dau va ddi khudn van nhd sir biln dang theo quy tac chuyln doi chinh am hoac phu am cudi.

Vi du 3: chum chim, thung thinh, dung dinh,... Dac trung cua tir lay thudc mati nay la diep phu am dau va thanh, ddi khudn v4n nhd qui tac chuyln ddi chinh am (va cd thi cd su chuyen sac d phu am cudi). Su chuyln doi nay thudng dien ra theo hai hudng:

Mot la, gifta chinh am tram vdi chinh am bdng, ma chu yeu la gifta cac cap

chinh am sau day:

u - i: thu thi, ru ri, xii xi, ximgxinh, thung thinh, dung dinh,... d - e: ngd nghe, xd xe, go ghe, ngdng nghenh, mong menh, cdng kenh, ...

o - e: nhd nhe, tho the, ngo ngoe, mdn mem, thorn them,... Hai la, gifta cac chinh am cd am lugng nhd vdi chinh am cd am lugng ldn,

nhu:

u - a: nhu nho, du do, du do, ud, ... u - a: nhung nhang, tung tang, thung thang, lung Idng, nhung nhdng, ...

d - a: bd ba, nhdm nhoam, xdm xoam,

...

e - a: re ra, khe khd, xue xda,

Vi du 4: vang vac, cam cap ... Dac trung cua tu lay thudc mlu nay la diep phu am dau, ddi khudn van va

thanh nhd sir chuyln doi theo nhung quy tac nhat dinh.

Dl tao thi ddi vl khudn van tuy thudc vao phu am cudi cua tieng gdc ma phu am cudi cua tiing lay dugc chuyln theo quy tac ddng vi, khac thanh tinh. Sir chuyen doi nay diln ra d ba cap la m - p, n -1, va ng - k (nh- ch), cu the la:

m - p, vi du: cam cap, bim bip, xdm xap,

lorn lop, thiem thiep, am dp, nam

nop, ram rap,

...

n - t, vi du: gidn gidt, ngun ngut, ngoen ngoet, hun hut, phan phot, san sdt,

vun vut, ...

; ng - k, vi du: vang vac, dang dac, nhung nhicc, rung rue, rdng roc, phdng

phdc, chenh chech, anh dch, ...

Qua tu lieu thdng ke trong tu diln Taberd, thi cac tir lay dang xet dugc cau tao chu ylu la cac tiing gdc cd phu am cudi la -p, -t, -k vi du: dp > am dp, phot >

phan phot, vac > vang vac, ...

Sir chuyln doi vl thanh trong cac tir nay cung dien ra theo quy tac ddi bang - trac cung am vuc. Do cau tao nhu vay, nen tiing lay dugc dgc ludt vdi trudng do

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu ngan han tieng gdc, mac du trudng do cua tieng gdc da bi giam di do khudn van

khep.

♦ Tir lay bo phan:

Dac trung cua tu lay bd phan la trong cdu tao cua no tieng gdc chi dugc lap lai mot phan d tiing lay. Nlu phan dugc lap lai do la khudn van, cdn phan di biet hda la phu am dau thi chung ta se cd tic lay bo phdn, diep vdn. Neu dugc lap lai la phu am d4u, cdn phan di biet hda la khudn van, thi chung ta cd tic lay bo phdn ddi

vdn.

- Tu lay bd phan, diep van:

Vi du 5: long thdng, le the, chang vang... Dac trung cua cac tir lay thudc mau nay la diep khudn van, thanh va ddi phu am dau. Tiing gdc dung d vi tri thu hai. Cu lieu thu thap dugc cho thay sir phan bd cua thi doi gifta cac cap phu am dau trong cac tir dang xet khdng deu nhau. Nhftng cap phu am dau nam trong the ddi thudng gap la:

Phu am dau 1- vdi hau hit cac phu am dau cdn lai tru n-, g-, vi du: lay bay,

lun cun, lac ddc, lunphun, lung chicng, lam bdm, ldi thdi, lam tdm...

Cu lieu ngft am hoc thuc nghiem cho thay cac tu dugc cau tao theo mau nay

dugc nh4n d tiing thu nhat, du tieng do la tieng lay.

...

Vi du 6: kheo leo, ke le, Dac trung cua nhftng tir lay thudc mau nay ve co ban cung giong nhu dac trung cua cac tir lay thudc man vi du 5. Chi khac nhau d vi tri tieng gdc ma thdi. Nlu nhu d vi du 5, tiing gdc dung d vi tri thu hai, thi d vi du 6 nay, tieng gdc dung

d vi tri thu nhat.

Tir lay cau tao theo mlu nay dugc nhan d tieng thu nhat, tuc la d tieng gdc.

- Tir lay bd phan, ddi van:

Tu lay bd phan ddi van la tu dugc cau tao bang each nhan ddi tieng gdc, vua bao ton phu am dau vua kit hgp mot khudn van mdi tir ngoai vao tieng lay de tao thi vua doi vua diep. Tir lay bd phan, ddi van cd hai loai: loai mot tieng gdc trudc vi du nhu do > do ddn, loai hai tieng gdc dung sau, vi du nhu chde > chi chde.

Viec kit hop cac khudn van vao tiing lay cot la d& tao the ddi. Dieu do dan

din viec nay sinh cac cap khudn van ddi ung nhau.

C) cac tir dugc cau tao theo mlu nay, dilm nhan thudng roi vao tiing gdc -

tiing mang nghia, du tiing do dung trudc hay dung sau thi cung nhan nhu the.

b) Tic lay bdc hai (tic lay kep): Tu lay bac hai bao g6m tir lay ba va tu lay tu. Cac tir nay deu la ket qua cua hai budc nhan ddi tiing gdc theo quy tac diep va ddi. Nhung each nhan ddi va

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu nhftng bieu hien cua quy tac diep va ddi d tu lay ba va tu lay tu cd nhftng dac diem

rieng.

♦ Tir lay ba:

Tir lay ba la kit qua cua hai budc nhan ddi tiing gdc theo quy tac diep va

ddi. Vi du nhu:

xdp > xdpxop (theo quy tac diep phu am dau). xdp xdp > xdp xdm xdp (theo quy tac diep phu am dau, ddi khudn van, nhd

chuyen ddi phu am cudi va thanh).

- Nlu can cu vao vi tri cua tiing gdc va hudng nhan ddi, thi tir lay ba cd the

chia ra thanh bdn kieu sau day:

+ Kieu 1: mom > mom mom > mom mom mom.

+ Kieu 2: xdp > xdp xdp > xdp xdm xdp.

+ Kieu 4: dung > dung dung > dung dicng dung. Khi cau tao tir lay ba, quy tac diep va doi chi phdi chat che d tung budc mot.

+ Kiiu 3: md > td md > td Id md.

- Di hda phu am dau. - Chuyln ddi phu am cudi theo quy tac ddng vi khac thanh tinh. - Chuyln doi thanh dieu theo nhftng quy tac nhat dinh.

♦ Tir lay tu*

The ddi dugc tao ra d day nhd:

Sau khi xem xet nhilu y kiln (cua dng Hd Le, dng Nguyen Van Tu,...) vl tu lay tu, dng Hoang Van Hanh da dua ra y kiln cua minh ve tir lay tu: "Chung tdi hinh dung lay tu khdng phdi la "tic ghep" cung khdng phdi la hien tuong lap, md la tic lay, bdi vi no khac vdi "tie ghep " va "lap " ve bdn chat tren cd dien hinh thdi - cuphdp cung nhu dien ngu nghia. Cd the ndi tic lay tu la ket qud cua phep nhdn ddi tic lay ddi dudi su chiphoi cua quy tac diep va ddi. Trong phep nhdn ddi nay, chi cd ba loai tic lay ddi cd khd nang duac dung lam don vi gdc, do la tic lay bo phdn ddi vdn, tie lay bo phdn diep vdn, tic lay hoan todn ddi vdn." [7, tr. 74]

Ong dua ra cac tieu chi phan loai tu lay tu nhu sau (cd 4 tieu chi phan loai): - Tieu chi thu nhat la dua vao tinh chat cua don vi goc, trong trudng hop nay,

ta cd:

+ Tir lay tu dugc c4u tao tren co sd tu lay bd phan ddi van. Vi du: khdp khenh > khdp kha khdp khenh

+ Tir lay tu dugc cau tao tren ca sd tir lay bd phan diep van.

Vi du: ludm thudm > ludm tha ludm thudm + Tu lay tu dugc cau tao tren co sd tu lay hoan toan ddi van.

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

vdi vdng > vdi vdi vdng vang

Vi du: hdn hen > hdn hd hdn hen

Tie lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

hdn hdn hen hen

- Tieu chi thu hai, can cu vao each lay lai tu lay ddi dugc dung lam dan vj

gdc ma phan loai tir lay tir lay tu, thi chung ta cd it nhat la hai kieu:

+ Kiiu thu nhat gdm nhftng tir lay tu matrong do, tir gdc dugc lay lai nguyen khoi dl tao thi diep. Trong trudng hgp nay, bao gid cung dien ra nhftng su bien ddi

hay ket hgp de taoh the ddi.

Vi du: bdi hdi > bdi hdi bdi hdi

Trong vi du nay, tu lay tu dugc tao bang each nhan ddi nguyen khdi don vi gdc boi hoi thanh ca khdi dan vi lay boi hdi de tao the diep ve khudn van va phu am

dau, ddng thai cd sir bien thanh de tao the ddi.

Cac tir lay tu nhu lech tha lech thech, long bong lang bang, bong long ba la, tdn ngdn tdn ngdn, ... dlu la nhftng tu dugc lay lai theo nguyen khdi gdc vdi sir biln doi hoac thay the theo qui tac nhat dinh.

+ Kiiu thu hai gdm nhftng tu lay tu ma khi tir gdc dugc lay lai de tao the diep thi khdng gift nguyen khdi ma chia tach ra va xen ke vdi tieng lay. Trong

trudng hop nay, ta cd the cd hai kha nang:

Mot la, khdng cd sir biln doi hoac ket hgp d cac tieng lay so vdi tieng gdc

neu tieng gdc vdn da cd the ddi.

Vi du: hung hd > hung hung hd hd Hai la, cd sir biln doi hoac kit hgp d cac tieng lay so vdi tieng gdc, neu d

tieng gdc da cd diep va ddi.

Vi du: nhdm nhoam > lorn nhdm loam nhodm

- Tieu chi thu ba, can cu vao each bien ddi hoac ket hop d tieng lay so vdi

tiing gdc trong qua trinh nhan ddi ma phan loai tu lay tu, thi chung ta cd:

+ Nhftng tu lay tu ma trong do cac tieng lay cd sir bien ddi theo nhung qui

tac nhat dinh:

Qui tie mot, biln thanh dl tao thi ddi theo tieu chi thap cung am vuc, cu the

la:

?? " tdn ngdn tdn ngdn, lam nhdm lam nhdm.

".. bang nhdng bang nhdng, lodng chodng hang choang Qui tac hai, chuyln ddi chinh am dk tao thi doi theo tieu chi tram - bong, am

lugng ldn - am lugng nhd.

Vi du: long bong lang bang, ... + Nhftng tu lay tu ma trong do d cac tieng lay cd sir thay the khudn van hoac

phu am dau theo nhftng quy tac nhat dinh de tao the ddi.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 14 SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Neu khi nhan ddi tieng gdc ma bao tdn khudn van nham gift the diep thi se xay ra sir di biet hda phu am dau dl tao thi ddi. Sir di biet hda nay thudng dien ra gifta phan ldn cac phu am vdi mot trong hai am long Ivl va l\l.

Vi du: tho than > la tho ldn than

Tu lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Huu

xo xac > xo ro xac rdc

Neu khi nhan ddi tiing gdc ma van bao tdn phu am dau thi se dien ra sir ket

hop dl thay thi khudn van nham tao thi doi theo cac quy tac nhu sau:

Thay bat ky khudn van vdn cd nao bang khudn /a/ d tieng lay thu hai de tao

thi ddi vdi khudn van d tieng thu hai trong tir gdc.

Trong mot so ittrudng hop, sir thay thi cd thi diln ra d ca khdi hai tieng lay. - Tieu chi thu tu, dua vao diep va ddi van ma phan loai tu lay tu. + Kiiu lay tu ddi van, trong do cd: Nhftng tir lay tu doi van hai ddi mot, trong dilu kien ma phu am dau diep hai

ddi mot.

Vi du: vdi vang > vdi vdi vang vdng; tho than > la tha ldn than; bong long >

bong long ba la,

... Day la nhftng tir lay tu ddi van toan bd hai ddi mot. Nhftng tir lay tu ddi van gifta tiing thu hai vdi tiing thu tu trong dieu kien

phu am dau diep hai ddi mot.

Vi du: hdn hin > hdn hd hdn hen, gapghenh > gap ga gapghenh,

... Day la

tir lay tu ddi van bd phan.

+ Kiiu lay tu diep van, trong do cd: Nhftng tir lay tu diep van va diep phu am dau hai ddi mot, trong dieu kien ddi

thanh hai ddi mot.

Vi du: bang nhdng > bang nhdng bang nhdng Nhftng tu lay tu diep van, diep thanh va diep phu am dau tung ddi mot, trong

dieu kien luan phien chinh am de tao the ddi.

Vi du: long bong > long bong lang bang 1.1.2.2. Theo ong Dd Hitu Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, chap nhan

cac tieu chi phan loai tu lay sau:

a) Dua vao sd ldn tdc ddng cuaphuang thicc lay: - Nlu phuang thuc lay tac ddng Ian dau vao mot hinh vi gdc mot am tiet se

cho ta cac tu lay ddi hay tir lay hai am tiet.

Vi du: gon gang, dep de, hay ho, hay hay, hay ham ... - Nlu phuang thuc lay cd thi tac ddng lan thu hai vao mot tir lay ddi de cho

ta cac tir lay bdn am tiet.

Vi du: khenh - khdp khinh -> khdp kha khdp khenh

nham - nham nhd ->nham nham nhd nhd

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac ddng mot lan vao mot hinh vi mot am tiet cho ta

mot tir lay ba am tiet.

Vi du: sach sdnh sanh; dung dung dung - Phuang thuc lay cung cd thi tac ddng mot lan vao mot dan vi hai am tiet cho cac tu lay tu. Nhung cac tu lay tu nay khac cac tir lay tu chan chinh ndi tren d

chd no chi chiu tac ddng lay cd mot lan.

Vi du: Quan do -> quan quan do do

Tung lap -> tieng tieng lop lop

Cudi ndi -> cudi cudi ndi ndi

Tren day cd ba loai tu lay, nhung de cho dan gian, tac gia chi di sau vao

phan tich loai tir lay ddi ma thdi.

b) Di phdn chia cdc tic lay ddi, trudc het dua vao cdi duac giu lai trong dm

tiet cua hinh vi co so:

♦ Nlu toan bd am tilt dugc gift nguyen thi ta cd tir lay todn bp. Tir lay toan bd

cd cac kieu sau:

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu gift nguyen, phu am cudi gift nguyen.

Vi du: xanh xanh, vang vang, cao cao, dem dim,...

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu bien ddi, phu am cudi bien ddi.

Vi du: dem dep, tdn tdt, ang dc, anh dch,...

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu bien ddi.

Vi du: dung dung, cdn con, ...

♦ Nlu bd phan am tilt dugc gift lai thi ta cd tu lay bp phdn. Tu lay bd phan

dugc chia thanh hai loai sau:

- Lay am (tire la phan phu am dau dugc gift lai, cdn phan van thi khac di):

Vi du: dep -> dep de

xinh -> xinh xan

- Lay v4n (tuc la phan van dugc gift lai, cdn phan phu am dau thi khac di)

Vi du: tiing -> lung tiing

roi -^ bdi roi

1.1.2.3. Theo dng Nguyin Thien Gidp - Tie vung hoc tiing Viet, thi phan

loai tu lay nhu sau:

a) Lay ddi: Gdm nhftng don vi cd hai thanh td true tiep, mdi thanh td la mot tir don. Loai lay ddi cdn dugc chia nhd ra thanh hai kieu: lay hoan toan va lay bd

♦ Lay hoan toan: Day la nhftng to hop cd sir tuong ung hoan toan gifta hai

thanh to nhu: dm dm, do do, oang oang, khd khd, phopho, hu hu, dung dung, ...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

phan.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Do hien tugng phat am ludt nhe d am tiet (thanh td) dau nen cd the xay ra hien tugng biln thanh, biln van nhung phai bien thanh, bien van theo nhftng quy

luat chat che.

- Cac thanh trac bao gid cung chuyen sang thanh bang d cung am vuc.

Vi du: tim tim -> tim tim; man man -> man man; vanh vanh -> vdnh vanh;

chdm chdm -> chdm chdm.

- Cac phu am tac va vd thanh p, t, k, ch se chuyln thanh phu am mui cung

cap:

p -> m

nhu : chiem chiep, cam cap, ...

t -> n

nhu: chan chat, ran rat, san sdt,

..

k -> ng

nhu: eng ec, riengrue, ...

__ Dfil HOC VO TRCTdMQ TOfiH THI/ VIEN

...

ch -> nh nhu: chenh chech, senh sech, Can chu y rang hien tugng biln thanh, biln van khdng cd tinh bat budc nen

trong kha nhilu trudng hgp cd hai bien the cung song song tdn tai.

Vi du: khang khac/khac khac; ddng dac/ dac dac; chiem chiep/ chiep chiep;

binh bich/ bich bich.

♦ Lay bo phan: Can cu vao bd phan khac biet cua hai thanh td, ta cd thi chia

ra thanh hai kieu nhd nhu sau:

- Khac nhau d am dau:

lac ddc, lie die,

lua thua, lun phun, co ro, lung

tung,...

6 hinh thuc lay nay tiing goc (ylu to goc) thudng dung sau tiing lay lai. Ca hai ylu td gidng nhau hoan toan vl van vathanh dieu, cdn phu am dau thi phdi hop vdi nhau thanh tung cap theo quy luat: hai am dau do trong mdi cap phai khac nhau

ve phuang thuc cau am va bd vi cau am.

- Khac nhau d am chinh: turn tim, ngd nghe, cd ke, hdn hen,... () hinh thuc lay nay thi ylu td cd am dau, am cudi va thanh dieu trung nhau, cdn cac am chinh thi tuong ung vdi nhau theo quy luat la: ludn ludn cd su luan phien gifta nhftng nguyen am khac ddng va pho bien nhat la sir luan phien gifta

nhftng cap nguyen am cung do md.

b) Lay ba: Hinh thuc lay ba trong tiing Viet khdng nhieu lam. Do la nhftng

don vi gdm cd ba ylu td (dan vi) cd sir hda phdi ngft am vdi nhau.

Dilu dang chu y la ben canh cac ngft lay ba, nhilu trudng hgp cdn cd sir tdn

tai song song cua hinh thuc lay ddi tuong ung.

Vi du: sach sdnh sanh — sdnh sach / sach sanh

khit khin khit

— khit khit Tu lay ba dugc c4u tao theo khudn thanh dieu nhat dinh sau: - Ylu td thu hai thudng mang thanh bang (phd biln nh4t la thanh huyln).

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Yeu td thu nhat va thu ba ddi lap nhau ve mat bang/trac nhu: dung dung dung, cdn cdn con, ... hoac la mat am vuc cao/thap: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xdp

xdm xdp,

...

Khi cd doi lap vl mat bang trac thi ylu td thu nhat thudng mang thanh trac, ylu td thu ba mang thanh bang. Khi cd doi lap vl am vuc thi yeu td thu nhat thudng d am vuc cao, yeu td thu ba d am vuc thap.

Neu luat bd ylu td thu hai trong ngft lay ba di, thi ta se cd nhftng ngft lay ddi tuong ung. Nhu vay, nhftng ngft lay ba khdng phai la dugc cau tao tren ca sd cua ngft lay ddi ma la do sir lay lai ba lan cua mot tir gdc, theo mot quy luat hai thanh

nhat dinh.

c) Lay bdn\ hinh thuc lay bdn thudng dugc xay dung tren co sd cac ngft lay

ddi bd phan. Cd bdn kiiu lay bdn chu yeu sau day:

♦ Hinh thirc thir nhat co dang nhir: hap ta hap tap,

lung ta lung tung,

...

Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Lap lai hai lan ngft lay ddi co sd. - Trong khi lap ddi van cua ylu td thu hai thanh van a hay a sao cho phu hop

vdi am vuc va thanh dieu cua van bi thay the.

Vi du: hap tap -> hap tap hap tap -> hap ta hap tap

hi hue -> hi hue hi hue -> hi hd hi hue

- Neu tu lay ddi co sd cd khudn thanh dieu la hdi hdi hay nga nga thi khi cau

tao dang lay bdn cd the dung ca a va a.

Vi du: lung cung -> lung ca lung cung

lung cd lung cung

dung dinh -> dung da dung dinh

dung da dung dinh

- Neu ylu td thu nh4t cua tu lay ddi co sd cd [a] va [a] thi khi cau tao lay

bon, ylu to thu hai cd the mang van a, a hoac o.

Vi du: hot hdi -> hot ha hot hdi

hot ho hat hdi

vat vudng -> vat va vat vudng

vat vo vat vudng ♦ Hinh thirc lay bon thir hai co dang nhu*: boi hoi boi hdi,

lam nhdm lam

nham, ... Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Lap lai hai lan tir lay ddi co sd. - Trong khi lap, biln ddi thanh dieu sao cho hai ylu td dau mang thanh dieu

thudc am vuc cao, hai ylu to sau mang thanh dieu thudc am vuc thap.

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

♦♦♦ Hinh thirc lay bon thir ba gom nhung trircrng hop nhuv la tha ldn than,

1dm nhdm loam nhodm,

... Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Tach ddi ngft lay ddi co sd.

- Ghep them vao mdi yeu td (am tiet) mot am tiet diep van vdi no.

Vi du: tho than -> la tho ldn than

xo xdc -> xo ro xac rdc

♦> Hinh thirc lay bon cuoi cung co mo hinh cau tao la AB -> AABB nhu*:

hung hiing hd hd, vdi vdi vdng vdng, trung trung diep diep, ham ham hd hd, ...

1.1.2.4. Theo Co Nguyen Thi Thu Thiiy - Bai gidng mdn tic vung hoc tieng

Viet, thi cho rang ket hop tieu chi sd lugng tieng vdi cac bd phan gidng nhau trong

tu, cd the phan tu lay thanh cac loai nhu sau:

a) Tic lay ddi: la tir lay gdm cd hai tieng. Tir lay ddi cd cac dang cau tao nhu

♦ Tir lay bo phan: Tir gidng nhau d phan van hoac phu am dau.

- Gidng nhau d phan phu am dau ggi la tir lay am.

Vi du: sach se, de ddng, de dai, ddng due, ...

- Gidng nhau d phan van ggi la tir lay van.

Vi du: chdi hi, kheo leo, co ro, lanh chanh,

...

♦ Tir lay hoan toan: Ngoai tru nhftng tu lay bd phan, cdn lai la cac tu lay hoan

toan. Cd cac dang sau:

- Gidng ca phan van, phu am dau va thanh dieu.

Vi du: dung dung, lu Hi, vang vdng, ...

- Gidng ca phan van, phu am dau, nhung khac nhau thanh dieu.

Vi du: du du, cdn con, do do, tim tim, ...

- Gidng nhau phu am dau va am chinh, khac nhau d thanh dieu va phu am

cudi do su chi phdi cua quy luat di hda.

Vi du: dem dep, bang bac, sanh sach, tdn tdt, ...

♦ Tir lay ba: Chu yeu dua tren ca che lay hoan toan.

Vi du: nhun -> nhun nhun nhun

b) Tic lay ba va lay tu:

dung -> dung dicng dung

khde -> khde khde khoe

con -> cdn cdn con

Tir lay ba cd kieu phdi thanh thudng gap la: - Tiing thu hai mang thanh bang (thudng xuat hien thanh huyen han thanh

ngang)

Vi du: dung dicng dung, cdn cdn con, sach sdnh sanh, ... - Tiing thu nhdt va tiing thu ba ddi lap nhau ve duong net bang/ trac hoac ve

am vuc cao thap.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

Vi du: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xdp xdm xdp, ...

Tu lay ba dang lay bd phan rat it.

Vi du: to la mo, tu lu mu,...

♦ Tir lay tu*: Phan ldn tir lay dua tren co sd tir lay ddi, mot sd it cd phan gdc la

tir ghep. Cac kiiu tir lay tu thudng gap: - Lay bd phan ket hop vdi ddi van -a, -a hay -a.

Vi du: dm d -> dm a dm d

hi hue -> hi hd hi hue

sdn sdt -> sdn so sdn sdt.

- Lay toan bd ket hop vdi bien thanh.

Vi du: bdi hdi -> bdi hdi bdi hdi

lam nhdm -> lam nhdm lam nhdm

- Lay bd phan ket hop vdi tach, xen.

Vi du: tho than -> la tha ldn than

nhdm nhodm -> lorn nhdm loam nhodm

- Lay toan bd ket hop vdi tach, xen

Vi du: ham ho -> ham ham hd hd

vdi vdng ~> vdi vdi vdng vdng.

1.2. TAC DUNG CUA TlT LAY

1.2.1. Tir lay dirac dung de goi hinh, goi cam

1.2.1.1. Tir lay duac dung degai hinh (lay dm each dieu): Tir lay ggi hinh la tu lay khdng chua bd phan cdn du ro nghia tir vung, hoac van cd thi chung minh nghia cua mot bd phan nao do nhung nd khdng cdn tac dung lam co sd nghia cua toan tir nfta. Ngdn tu khi dugc su dung trong tac pham van chuong cd thi ggi len trudc mat ngudi dgc sir vat hoac hien tugng. Dieu nay dugc ngudi dgc xem la hien tugng "Thi trung hftu hga", nghia la trong tha cd hinh anh. Dl cd thi "hftu hga" thi nhd rat nhilu cac ylu td cua ngdn ngft nhu ngdn ngft hinh tugng, ngdn ngft hinh anh, ... Mot trong nhftng ylu to do la viec su dung cac tu lay mang tinh chat ggi hinh. Kit hgp nhftng tu lay nay dung trudc hoac dung sau ddng tir hoac danh tu cho ngudi doc hinh dung cu thi, chinh xac han nhftng hinh anh cua sir vat, cua hien tuong, cua hanh ddng. Ngudi vilt cd thi neu len vi du sau dl minh hga cho ly thuylt tren: ddng tu "nam" kit hop vdi mot sd tu lay nhu: song sodi, nga nghieng, nga ngdm, cheo queo, tenh henh, .... Tir nhftng each ket hop do cd the hinh dung hinh dang ro net cua cac ddng tac "nam". Tu ly do tren ngudi vilt cho rang tac dung ggi hinh cua tu lay la mot trong nhftng tac dung quan trgng.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Vi du 1: Lenh denh: Hai bd phan cua tir lay nay khdng the tach rdi, bdi vi khi

dung mot minh thi nd khdng cdn du ro nghia tir vung. Ve mat y nghia nd ggi len trudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua sir vat trdi ndi vd dinh tren song: cd the la canh cay hay nhftng bui luc binh, ...; hoac ndi den cudc sdng trdi ndi, vat va nay day mai

do; hoac ndi cdng viec chua on dinh, chua cd ca sd vftng chac cdn phieu luu. Dieu chung nhdt la chung ggi len mot ndi budn, sir mat thang bang, khdng dinh huong va

Vi du 2: Diu hiu: Hai bd phan cua tir lay nay khdng the tach rdi, bdi vi khi

dung mot minh thi nd khdng cdn du ro nghia tu vung. Ve mat y nghia nd ggi len

trudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua sir vang lang, cd don, hoang tan, canh vat budn.

Nha tho Xuan Dieu cd viet:

"Rang lieu diu hiu dung chiu tang

Tdc budn budng xudng le ngan hang"

lac long.

{Day mua thu tdi - Xuan Dieu)

Vi du 3: Than tho, ngieng nghieng, la ludt trong khd tho sau:

"Cd gai than the? ve ao mdng,

Nghieng nghieng vanh ndn dang cho ai

Ven bd sdng phang con do mdng

La Iw&t di ve trong gid mai ..."

{Dicng dung - Td Hftu)

Trong kho tha tren, Td Hftu su dung toan nhftng tu lay ggi hinh de mieu ta

Tu lay Thdn tho: Ggi len trudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua mot ngudi mat tinh than, du la lam ddng tac gi cung nhu mat hdn, nhu vd vgng va nhftng dieu do hien ro tren guong mat. Trong cau tho tren ggi len hinh anh cua cd gai dang nghi ve mot dilu gi do nen dung mot minh "ve do mdng" vdi ve mat "thdn tho", vd vgng va

cd ca sir met mdi.

hinh anh cua cd gai Hue.

Nghieng nghieng la mot hinh dang hoi nghieng, tir lay nay ggi len trudc mat ngudi doc hinh anh cd gai Hul e then, duyen dang, diu hien cam chiec ndn hoi nghieng chu khdng cam mot each cung nhac, thang dudt.

Tu lay Ld ludt: Ggi len cho ngudi dgc thay hinh anh dang di khdng vftng chac, dang di cua mot ngudi dang met mdi. Tir lay la ludt ggi len hinh anh dang di uyln chuyln, nhe nhang va cd chut gi do vd dinh. Hinh anh cd gai Hul trong bai nay chd dgi mot ai do rdi cu vd vgng trd vl, va gid khdng biet hay khdng mudn ve noi da tung vl, hinh dang cd gai cu di ve la ludt trong vd vgng. Vi du 4: Ldi rdi, rdch rudi, bo phd trong hai cau tho sau:

"Ngudi hang xu ve lao di lai rdi

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Ao quan lam rdch rw&i dang baphif"

{Trua tu - Td Hftu)

Dl mieu ta hinh anh khd sd cua nhftng ngudi tu, Td Hftu da dung mot loat

nhftng tir lay cd tinh chat ggi hinh cao.

Tir lay Ldi rdi ggi len hinh anh it, thua that, xuat hien rdi rac, each mot luc

mdi thay mot vai ngudi. Trong cau tha "Ngudi hang xu ve lao di ldi rdf\ tir lay "ldi rdi" cung thi hien net nghia do. Do la sir xuat hien thua that, rdi rac cua nhftng

Tir lay Rdch rudi ggi len hinh anh khd sd, ta toi, tdi tan. Tu lay "rdch rudi"

dugc dung trong cau tho tren cung dung vdi net nghia do. Nd ggi hinh anh cua nhftng ngudi tu khdn kho, hg bi ddi xu te, bi ddn roi tu day den ndi quan ao hg

khdng cdn dugc nguyen ven bi rach nat, toi ta.

Tir lay Ba phd ggi len hinh anh ngudi met mdi, phd phac, dau tdc Ida xda, quan ao xoc xlch. Tir lay bophd dung trong cau tho cung dung vdi net nghia tren dl ta su met mdi, chan nan cua nhftng ngudi tu.

ngudi tu.

1.2.1.2. Tirlay duac dung de gcri cam (lay sac thdi hoa): La nhftng tir ma trong do cd mot yeu td ddc lap va mot han mot yeu td khdng ddc lap. Ylu to ddc lap chi phdi nghia cua toan bd tu lay, yeu td cdn lai cd tac dung bo sung mot sac thai nghia nao do khiln cho tir lay khac vdi tieng ddc lap khi nd dung mot minh va khac vdi tir lay khac cd cung yeu td ddc lap ay. Nhftng tu lay nay dugc ggi la tir lay ggi cam. Tir lay ggi cam la tir lay cd the bieu Id sac thai, ggi sac thai bilu cam yeu, ghet, gian, thuang ... Ggi cam la mot trong nhftng gia tri dac trung cua tir. (5 bat cu phuang dien tir loai nao: tir don, tir lay, tu ghep, ...deu cd gia tri ggi cam nay. Khi mang gia tri ggi cam, tir ggi cam dugc hieu d 3 muc do: duong tinh, trung tinh, am tinh. Tuy theo tung trudng hop, tuy theo tam tu tinh cam cua ngudi ndi, ngudi vilt ma sir su dung tu ggi cam d nhftng muc do khac nhau. Qua do thi nhftng muc do nay dugc thi hien mot each ro ret han. Ddi vdi tu lay, ggi cam la mot trong nhftng dac trung dugc bilu Id ro nhat. Cac sac thai nghia cung nhu sac thai tinh cam trong moi tir lay khiln cho ngudi dgc hinh dung ro ret sir vat, hien tugng, tinh cam, thai do trong mdi hoan canh khac nhau. Ngudi viet cd the lay mot

vai vi du de minh chung cho dieu nay:

♦ Vi du 1: Tir ylu td ddc lap nhd, ta cd cac tu lay sac thai hda sau: nhd nhan,

nhd nhat, nhd nhen, nhd nhoi, nhd nhe,

...

Moi tir deu cd sac thai y nghia khac nhau: Nhd: Ndi len sir vat gi do cd kich thudc, am lugng dudi muc do dudi trung binh da dugc quy dinh cho moi loai su vat hien tugng. Tu nay cd sac thai bieu cam

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

trung tinh.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Nhd nhdn: Thudng chi ngudi hoac con vat cd kich thudc, trgng lugng cung

dudi muc trung binh theo tieu chuan da cho. Cung cd the la chi bd phan ciia con

ngudi hoac bd phan cua con vat. Tu lay nay cd sac thai bieu cam duong tinh.

Hoang Dieu)

Vi du: - "Tdi cd ban tay nhd nhan \h mem mai hiem thay". {Bong de - Do

- Con chim non nhd nhan trong de thuang qua.

Nhd nhat: Thudng chi cdng viec gi do binh thudng, be nhd, vim vat, khdng

khd giai quyet. Hoac cung cd the ndi den tinh tinh cua mot ngudi nao do hep hdi

trong each ddi xu, nhin nhan. Tir lay nay cd sac thai bieu cam am tinh.

Vi du: - May chuyen nhd nhat do chu cu de tdi lam.

- Sao tinh tinh may nhd nhat the cd chuyen vay ma cu la em may

hoai!

Nhd nhen: Thudng ndi den tinh tinh cua ngudi nao do khd chiu, khdng rdng

lugng, hep hdi, ich ki, hay chap nhat hay thu vat. Tu lay nay cd sac thai bieu cam

am tinh.

Vi du: Con ngudi nd nhd nhen lam, may dung gay vdi nd, nd thu may hoai

ludn day!

Nhd nhoi: Thudng di kem vdi tu chi ngudi, hay chi nhftng udc mo, mong

udc, nhftng dieu con ngudi mudn. Tu lay nay cd sac thai bieu cam trung tinh.

Vi du: - Nhftng kiep ngudi nhd nhoi da ganh chiu nhieu sir bat cdng trong xa

hdi.

- Linh chi cd cai mong udc nhd nhoi la dugc ve vdi gia dinh.

Nhd nhe: Thudng chi ngudi cd each cu su te nhi trong giao tiep. Sac thai

bieu cam duong tinh.

♦ Vi du 2: Tir ylu td ddc lap lanh, ta cd cac tir lay sac thai hda sau: lanh leo,

Vi du: Lan ndi nang rat nhd nhe.

lanh lung.

Mdi tir deu cd sac thai y nghia khac nhau: Lanh: La mot trang thai thilu hoi 4m, nhiet do ben ngoai thap han nhieu so

vdi nhiet do ca the. Tu nay cd sac thai bieu cam trung tinh.

Lanh leo: Cung la mot trang thai thieu hoi am, nhiet do ben ngoai thap han nhilu so vdi nhiet do ca thi. Ngoai ra, lanh leo cdn cd nghia khac khdng phai chi cai lanh vl sinh ly co thi ma la chi cai lanh trong tam hdn, trong long ngudi khi khdng cd sir than mat gifta ngudi vdi ngudi, ndi den sir cd don. Tu lay nay cd sac

thai bieu cam am tinh.

Trong nhftng ngay thang sdng trong bon buc tudng vay cua nha tu, nha tha

Td Hftu da khd sd thdt len:

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

"Day lanh leo bdn tudng vdi khac khd

Day san lim, manh van ghep sam u..."

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Hitu

{Tdm tu trong tu - Td Hftu)

Tu lay lanh leo thi hien tam trang cua mot ngudi dang bi cam tu, bi each biet vdi thi gidi ben ngoai. Nha tha cam thay cd don, lanh leo gifta bdn buc tudng vdi

khac khd, gifta sir u tdi cua nha tu.

Lanh lung: Cung la trang thai lanh, nhung nd nghieng ve net nghia chi thai

do tinh cam cua con ngudi han. Dd la thai do lanh, thai do khdng an can, khdng quan tam din ai, thai do cung nhac, diem nhien khdng mang den bat ki dieu gi. Cd thi la do ban tinh cua ngudi do, hoac cung cd thi do cd mot sir kich ddng, mot chan ddng trong tam hdn khiln cho con ngudi trd nen lanh lung khdng mudn tiep xuc, khdng mudn quan he vdi ai. Tir lay nay cd sac thai bieu cam am tinh.

"Tre nha sang nd dua trong bong mat

Em lanh liing nhin chung, budc chan qua"

Tir lay lanh lung thi hien thai do tinh cam cua nhan vat dugc ggi la "em". "Em" lanh lung vi ddi "em" da cd qua nhilu biln cd, nhieu dau thuang. "Em" khdng thi nd dua nhu bao nhieu dua tre khac vi dat nude dang bi "nam im" "dudi ach nang" cua bgn xam lang va vi "em" cdn phai lo com ao gao tien, lo cho me va dan em nhd. Tat ca nhftng dilu ay da lam cho tam hdn "em" trd nen manh me han trudng thanh han, sac da han: "Em lanh lung nhin chung, budc chan qua". Mot dilu cot loi tir ca nhan "em" cd thi giup "em" manh me nhu the do la vi: "Em san

cd linh hdn ngudi chien si".

♦ Vi du 3: Tir ylu td ddc lap lap, ta cd cac tir lay sac thai hda sau: lap lanh, lap

{Hon chien si- Td Hftu)

lodng, lap Id, lap lung, ...

Lap: Dung mot minh nd cd nd cd net nghia la che lap, la lam day nhftng chd

cdn khuylt, cho cdn trung,... Sac thai nghia cua nd binh thudng, trung tinh.

Lap lanh: Lap trong lap lanh khdng cd nghia lap day nfta, ma chi mot phan xa anh sang cua mot vat gi do cd kha nang phan xa. Nd ggi len sir thich thu cho ngudi xem, cd thi la kim cuang hay nhftng vat cd be mat nhin bong. Tir lay nay mang sac thai bieu cam duong tinh.

Vi du: Nhftng hdn da dugc sdng biln bao mdn nhan bong dang lap lanh duai

anh nang mat trdi.

Ldp lodng: Ndi din anh sang chap chdn, khi cd khi khdng va chung chieu len bl mat bong cua la cay hay nhftng vat cd bl mat bong. Tir lay nay mang sac thai bilu cam duong tinh. Be ta nang xuan chilu tren nhftng tau la cua cay dua, nha tho

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Td Hftu cd viet:

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Huu

"Nang xuan tudi tren than dua xanh diu

Tau cau non lap lodng mudn guam xanh"

{Xuan long - Td Hftu)

Lap Id: La trang thai xuat hien khdng hoan toan cua mot ngudi nao do hoac

mot vat gi do. Tu lay nay mang sac thai bieu cam am tinh.

Vi du: Thang do lam gi ma lap Id ngoai do vay? Dinh an trdm a?

Lap lung: Ndi den mot vat gi do khdng han ndi cung khdng han chim. Hoac

chi each ndi chuyen cua mot ngudi nao do khdng ro rang, khien ngudi khac khdng

the hieu het cau chuyen. Tir lay nay mang sac thai bieu cam am tinh.

Vi du: - Gid thdi to qua, beo cu lap lieng tren mat nude.

- Thu cu ndi chuyen lap lung nhu the lam sao minh hieu.

Cdn rat nhieu nhftng vi du nhu: nhanh nhen, nhanh nhau, nhanh nhdnh,

nhanh nhdnh,

...; rdi rit, bdi rdi, rdi ram, rac rdi, rdi ren,

...; xanh xanh, xanh

xao,...; ...

1.2.2. Tir lay duxyc dung de goi thanh

Tir lay ggi thanh la tu lay trong do khdng xac dinh dugc tieng ddc lap, cac tiing dugc hinh thanh va dugc ghep lai dua vao sir md phdng am thanh cua cac sir vat, hien tugng trong thuc te. Cu the, day cd the la tieng nhai lai am thanh cua cac

ddi tugng nhu: oa oa, gdu gdu, dung dung, len ken, ...hay dua vao md phdng am thanh dh dinh danh cho doi tugng nhu: bim bip, tu hit, ... Tir lay ggi thanh trudc het ggi len am thanh cua sir vat hien tugng khien cho ngudi dgc hoac ngudi nghe hinh

dung ro am thanh cua sir vat, cua hien tugng. Han nfta, qua tu lay ggi thanh cdn cd thi hilu han vl muc dd, vl y nghia cung nhu ve nhftng tinh cam ma ngudi ndi hoac

ngudi viet mudn ggi ra.

Vi du 1: Lodng xodng: Tieng va dap vao nhau cua nhftng do vat lam bang kim loai, cung cd thi la tiing bat dTa hay nhftng vat lam bang thuy tinh, bang su, ... bi vd hoac va dap vao nhau. Nhftng do vat ay khi va vao nhau phat ra am thanh

nghe bang xoang nen ngudi ta dung tir lay lodngxodng de dien ta am thanh do.

Vi du 2: Bim bip: Mot loai chim trong nhu con qua, cd long mau Mu, thudng hay thay chung d cac bui bd, cd tieng keu "bim bip" nen ngudi ta goi ten nd theo

nhu am thanh nd phat ra la bim bip.

Vi du 3: Ve ve: Loai sau bg cu den mua he thi keu inh di d tren cac cay to. Nd cd tiing keu "ve ve" nen ngudi ggi nd la ve ve gidng nhu tieng keu cua nd, hay nd cdn ten ggi khac la ve sau vi tiing keu cua nd ggi len ndi budn trong nhftng budi

trua he.

Vi du 4: Thi tham, xdn xao trong hai cau tho sau:

"Tieng dan im. Ca kl nep phuang nao?

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Trang thi tham chi vdi sdng xon xao"

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua Td Hitu

{Hue thdng Tdm - Td Hftu)

Thi tham: Hai ngudi ndi chuyen vdi nhau nhung khdng mudn cho ngudi thu ba nghe nen co gang ndi thanh am thanh rat nhd dl ngudi khac khdng nghe ro la

dang ndi gi.

Xon xao: Tiing ddng cua nhilu thanh phan hop lai, tieng xen lan cua nhieu

ngudi lam cho nao ddng.

Hai am thanh tren thudng ndi din ngudi nhung Td Hftu da dung cho trang va

sdng biln nhu mot sir nhan hda tuyet vdi.

Vi du 5: Reo rdt: Am thanh cua mot vat gi do phat ra cd thi truyen di trong khdng gian rdng, d xa xa cung cd thi nghe thay. Cd thi la am thanh cua nhftng dung cu am nhac phat ra. Trong tho Td Hftu cd nhac den loai dung cu am nhac phat ra am

thanh nay.

"Sao keu reo rdt xa gan

Sao keu giuc gia budc chan quan Hdng"

{Tieng sao Ly Que - Td Hftu)

Vi du 6: Ri rao va chiu chit Ri rao: Am thanh cua nhilu sir vat va cham vao nhau, tao nen tieng lao xao, nd khdng tao nen am thanh ldn nhung cung lam cho ngudi ta cam nhan dugc sir cd

mat cua nd.

Chiu chit: Am thanh cua nhilu sir vat hgp lai, cd thi la tieng keu cua ga hoac

chim, moi con phat ra mot tiing nhung khdng cung mot luc.

Nha tha Td Hftu mieu ta canh vat tren duong di day vdi nhieu am thanh cua thien nhien, cd tiing la thdng reo ben bd sudi ri rao va cd ca tieng cua nhftng chu

chim trong chieu chuan bi ve td:

"Thdng reo bd sudi ri rao

Chim chieu chiu chit, ai nao keu ai?"

{Tieng hat di day - Td Hftu)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

CHUONG 2

VAN DE SLT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

CUA NHA THO TO HtfU

2.1 Gl6l THIEU KHAI QUAT VE CUOC DC*I VA SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

CUA TO HUtJ

2.1.1. Vai net ve cuoc doi ciia nha tho* To Hiru

To Hftu ten that la Nguyen Kim Thanh, sinh ngay 4-10-1920, que d lang Phu Lai, xa Quang Thg, huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thua Thien - Hue. Cha cua Td Hftu la mot nha nho ngheo, tuy khdng dd dat va phai chat vat dl kiem sdng bang nhieu nghi nhung lai ham tha va thich suu tam ca dao tuc ngft. Tir thud nhd, Td Hftu da dugc cha day lam tha theo nhftng loi cd. Me cua Td Hftu la con mot nha nho, thudc nhilu ca dao, dan ca xu Hue va rat giau tinh thuang con. Cd le day la mot yeu td gdp ph4n hinh thanh nen hdn tho To Hftu. Ylu td khac cung kha quan trgng la que huang cua To Hftu. Tuy la mot vung dat ngheo nhung phong canh nen tho, xu Hue mdng mo cdn noi tiing la vung van hda phong phu, ddc dao, dam ban sac dan tdc bao gdm ca van hda cung dinh va van hda dan gian, ma ndi tieng nhat la nhftng dieu

ca, hd nhu: nam ai, nam nhi, mai nhi, mai day...

Budc vao tudi thanh nien dung vao nhftng nam phong trao Mat tran Dan chu do Dang Cdng san lanh dao dang day len trong ca nude, ma Hue la mot trong nhftng trung tam sdi ddng nhat, tuoi tre cua Td Hftu da cd sir gap go may man va dep de vdi ly tudng each mang. Dugc ldi cudn vao phong trao dau tranh, Td Hftu da trd

thanh ngudi lanh dao chu chdt cua Doan thanh nien Dan chu d Hue.

Nam 1937, dng bat dau cd tha dang bao. Nam 1938, Td Hftu dugc kit nap vao Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong va tu do

hoan toan hien dang cudc ddi cho sir nghiep each mang.

Dau nam 1939, thuc dan Phap trd lai dan ap phong trao each mang d Ddng Duong. Cudi thang tu nam nay, Td Hftu bi bat giam tai nha lao Thua Thien, rdi lan luat bi giam gift trong nhilu nha tu d cac tinh mien Trung va Tay Nguyen.

Thang 3 - 1942, Td Hftu da vugt nguc Dac Lay (Kon Turn), vugt hang tram cay sd duong rung, thoat khdi sir vay lung cua ke thu, tim ra Thanh Hda, bat lien lac

vdi td chuc each mang, tiep tuc hoat ddng.

Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Td Hftu la Chu tich Uy ban khdi nghia d Hul, lanh dao cudc tong khdi nghia gianh chinh quyln d thanh phd que huong, noi dau nao cua bd may chinh quyln phong kiln. Sau do To Hftu la bi thu Xu uy Trung

Ki.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Nam 1946, khang chien toan qudc bung nd, Td Hftu trd lai Thanh Hda hoat

ddng va la Bi thu Tinh uy Thanh Hda. Nam 1947, Td Hftu dugc Trung uong Dang dilu ddng ra Viet Bac phu trach cdng tac van nghe va la Trudng Tieu ban van nghe

Trung uong.

Nam 1948, thanh lap Hdi Van nghe Viet Nam, Td Hftu tham gia Ban Chap

hanh Hdi.

Nam 1951, tai Dai hdi lan thu II cua Dang, Td Hftu dugc bau lam Uy vien du

khuylt Trung uong Dang va nam 1955 la Uy vien chinh thuc Trung uong Dang.

Nam 1960, tai Dai hdi lan thu III cua Dang, Td Hftu dugc bau vao Ban Bi

thu Trung uong Dang va la Uy vien Ban Bi thu Trung uong Dang tir nam 1960 den

nam 1980. Ong cdn la Trudng Ban Thdng nhat Trung uong (1974 - 1975).

Nam 1976, tai Dai hdi lan thu IV cua Dang, Td Hftu dugc bau la Uy vien du khuylt Bd Chinh tri va Bi thu Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang. Tir nam 1980, dng la Uy vien Bd Chinh tri Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang va tu 1981 dugc cu gift

chuc Phd Chu tich Hdi ddng Bd trudng.

Nam 1982, tai Dai hdi lan thu V cua Dang, Td Hftu dugc bau lai la Uy vien

Bd Chinh tri Trung uong Dang, Bi thu Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang va gift cac

chuc vu nay cho tdi nam 1986.

Ngoai ra, To Hftu cdn tung dam nhiem cac cuomg vi Hieu trudng Trudng Nguyen Ai Quoc, Trudng Ban Tuyen huan Trung uong, Trudng Ban Khoa giao Trung uong, Phai vien dac trach Van hda van nghe cua Trung uong Dang Cdng san

Viet Nam.

Td Hftu m4t tai Ha Ndi ngay 9 - 12 - 2002 sau mot thai gian lam benh nang. d Td Hftu, con ngudi chinh tri va con ngudi nha tha thdng nhat chat che, sir nghiep tho gin liln vdi sir nghiep each mang, trd thanh mot bd phan cua su nghiep each mang. Ong dugc Nha nude phong tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh ve van hgc nghe

thuat (dot I-1996).

2„1.2. Ve su* nghiep sang tac ciia nha tho* To Hiru

Tho Td Hftu g4n bd chat che vdi cudc dau tranh each mang, nen cac chang duong tho cung song hanh vdi cac giai doan cua cudc dau tranh ay, ddng thai the

hien sir van ddng trong tu tudng va nghe thuat cua nha tha.

Tap tho Tic dy (1937 - 1946) la chang duong dau mudi nam tha Td Hftu gan liln vdi mudi nam cua each mang Viet Nam dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang cua giai cap cdng nhan. Tap tho Tic dy cung la mudi nam hoat ddng sdi n6i, say me tu giac ngd qua thu thach din trudng thanh cua ngudi thanh nien each mang trong mot giai doan lich su sdi ddng da diln ra nhilu biln cd to ldn lam rung chuyen va ddi thay

sau sac xa hdi Viet Nam.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Tap tha Viet Bac (1947 - 1954) la chang dudng tho Td Hftu trong nhftng nam

khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap xam luge. Viet Bac la ban hung ca cua cudc

nhftng budc di len cua cudc khang chien cho den ngay thang lgi.

Tap tho Gid long (1955 - 1961) viet ve giai doan mdi vdi nhiem vu xay

dung chu nghia xa hdi d mien Bac va tiep tuc cudc dau tranh gianh thdng nhat Td

qudc.

Tap tho Ra trdn (1962 - 1971) la chang dudng tho Td Hftu trong nhftng nam

khang chien chdng MT quyet liet va hao hung cua ca dan tdc cho tdi ngay toan

khang chien chdng Phap, phan anh nhftng chang dudng gian lao, anh dung va

Tap tha Mdu vd Hoa (1972 - 1977), tap tho nay cd khuynh hudng tong ket

qua trinh phat trien cua each mang Viet Nam.

Hai tap tho: Mot tieng ddn (1992) va Ta vdi Ta (1999) chat chua nhftng suy

tu, tran trd cua nha tho trudc cudc ddi.

2.1.3. Quan diem nghe thuat trong tho* To Hiru.

To Hftu la mot chiln si - thi si, lam tha trudc het la de phuc vu cho sir nghiep each mang, cho ly tudng cua Dang. Trong tha Td Hftu tir trudc den sau du

de tai rdng hay hep, ndi dung cam hung cd da dang den dau thi van nhat quan d cho lay ly tudng each mang, quan diem chinh tri cua Dang lam he quy chieu cho each

nhin nhan va cam xuc ve mgi phuang dien, mgi hien tugng cua ddi sdng, ke ca ddi

sdng rieng tu cua chinh tac gia.

thang.

each mang, ly tudng chinh tri, nhftng tinh cam chinh tri thdng qua trai tim nhay cam nha tho diu cd thi trd thanh de tai va cam hung nghe thuat thuc sir.

Tha To Hftu la tho trft tinh chinh tri. Mgi sir kien, van de ldn cua ddi sdng

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, phan Thi phap tho Td Hitu, dng Tr4n Dinh Su nhan dinh: "Tha Td Huu la tho the hien cdc tu tudng, tinh cam chinh tri ciia thai dai, la tho phat hien y nghia chinh tri cua cdc hien tuong ddi sdng"

[11, tr.893]. Ong cdn thay dugc sir nhiet thanh cua nha tha: "Bao gid Td Hieu ciing giit cho tinh cam minh rung ddng manh Het vdiy nghia chinh tri ciia cdc hien tuong ddi song. Ngay thudng thicc phong canh thien nhien, nha tho cung suy nghi tdi

chinh tri" [\\,tx.%96]

Trong cuon Den vdi tho Td Hitu, phan Tho To Hieu, Hoai Thanh nhan dinh rang: "Tho To Hitu chieng minh vica lam chinh tri vica lam tho, mien la tho hay vd chinh tri dung, thi rdt cd lai cho tho. Vd ciing rdt cd lai cho chinh tri. Khdng nhitng vi tho hay la mot vu khisac ben ma cdn vi ngudi ta cd the ndi bang tha nhieu dieu

rdt khd ndi bang each khde" [2, tr.44]

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Hieu

Tha Td Hftu cd gigng dieu rieng rat de nhan ra, do la gigng tam tinh, nggt

ngao tha thiet, gigng cua tinh thuang men.

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia vd tdcphdm, phan Mdyy nghi, dng Dang Thai Mai nhan dinh: "Nhitng van tho dau Hen ciia Td Hieu da chua chan cd mot tinh thdn

nhdn dao tich cue. Ddi vdi nhitng con ngudi bi hat hui tren dudng ddi, tinh thuang

ciia anh khdng phdi la long trac an cua lop ngudi tic tren nhin xudng, khdng phdi chi la giot nude mdt bat luc. Anh da non ni nhitng ldi an id an cdn, rudt thit vdi nhitng em be sdng "cu bat cu ba", nhung em be 'Tac loai"." [11, tr.377]

Trong phan Tic dy - tieng hat ciia mot ngudi thanh nien, mot ngudi cdng sdn, Hoai Thanh da ndi rat nhilu vl tam long yeu thuang con ngudi cua nha tha Td Hftu, do la mdt tinh yeu thuang rdng md vdi tat ca mgi ngudi: "Tinh yeu thuang d

day da tap trung den cao do. Nhung khdng doi phdi gap duac ngudi anh dung nhu bd md Hdu Giang mdi yeu thuang. Anh yeu thuang cd den ngudi linh coi tu. Anh mudn yeu thuang tdt cd. Tren con dudng di day tic Quy Nhan len chdn nui rieng heo hut, anh mudn nhin mdi nhitng con dudng, nhitng ngdi nhd, nhitng ngudi qua lai. Ngudi nao anh ciing thdy nhu quen thdn tu bao gid. Thuc ra nao anh cd quen biet

ai. Nhung khdng quen biet ciing vdn yeu thuang" [11, tr.487]

K! tuc truyln thdng tho ca dan tdc, dac biet la tho ca dan gian va tho cd dien,

tho Td Hftu dam da tinh dan tdc ca trong ndi dung va nghe thuat bieu hien.

Trong ph4n Tho To Hitu, dng Le Dinh Ky nhan dinh: "Tha Td Hieu da dat tdi mot ndi dung xa hdi chu nghia cd y nghia khdi qudt ldn ve thai dai vd ddn tdc, vi su nghiep each mang vi dai ciia nhdn ddn ta. Nhung ndi dung dy, mudn duac

hoan chinh vd nhudn nhi, lai phdi di ddi vdi tinh ddn tdc sau sac." [11, tr.803]

Trong phan Phong vi ca dao ddn ca trong tha Td Hieu, dng Nguyen Phu Trgng nhan dinh: "Doc tho To Hieu ta cam thdy "mach ddi dap dudi bia sdch nhu mach mdu dap dudi ldn da" (Kalinin). Viec tiep thu ca dao, ddn ca khdng he lam cho Td Hieu di vao nhitng ldi mdn, vet cii, tu minh xda md cd tinh cua minh di, ma

trdi lai cdn tao ra cho nha tho motphong each ddc dao. Tho Td Hitu vica la cua rieng To Hitu, cua mot con tim chan chuayeu thuang, vica la tieng ndi cua thdi dai,

la ldi ca ciia quan chung nhdn ddn." [11, tr.348]

Tdm lai: Con dudng tho cua Td Hftu la con dudng tim sir ket hop hai hda hai ylu to, hai cdi ngudn la each mang va dan tdc trong hinh thuc dep de cua tha ca. Sue thu hut cua tha Td Hftu vdi nhftng the he ngudi dgc may chuc nam qua chu yeu la d nilm say me ly tudng va tinh dan tdc dam da trong ca ndi dung va hinh thuc

cua tho dng.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Hitu

2.2. KHAO SAT VIEC Slf DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

Tir lay la mdt lap tir dac biet trong ngdn ngft tieng Viet. Tir lay cd tac dung

ggi cam, ggi ta ldn. Tu lay dugc su dung nhieu trong giao tiep sinh hoat hang ngay

va trong nhftng tac pham van chuong cung cd sir hien dien cua lap tu nay. Dac biet

la trong tha ca. Trong tap tha Tic dy cua nha tha Td Hftu, tu lay cung dugc su dung

rat nhieu va rat hftu dung. Nd giup cho nha tho cd the dien ta y nghia ciia tung cau

tho trong nhftng trang tho ciia minh, ddng thai lam tang them gia tri nghe thuat cho

Sau khi tiln hanh khao sat 72 bai tho trong tap tho Tic dy, ngudi viet thu dugc 338 tir lay. Viec lira chgn kiiu lay trong tho Td Hftu dugc the hien qua bang

tac pham.

Bang 2.1: Thdng ke tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy.

Tong sd

Lay tu

thdng ke sau:

Lay bd phan

Lay hoan toan

Lay van

Lay phu am dau

340

233

100%

0.6%

14.1%

68.5%

16.8%

Lay ddi

{Nguon: To Hiru (2011). Todn tap tha To Hitu Hd Noi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Theo bang thong ke cac kiiu lay tren, cho thay Td Hftu su dung tir lay ddi la chu ylu. Trong tu lay ddi, tir lay bd phan dugc tac gia su dung nhieu han tir lay hoan toan (16.8% so vdi 82.6%). Nhu vay, tir lay ddi dugc Td Hftu su dung la chii ylu, dac biet la tir lay phu am dau (68.5%). Dieu nay khdng cd gi la la. Vi trong he thdng ngdn ngft tiing Viet, tu lay ddi ddng vai trd quan trgng, chii yeu, cd so lugng ldn, cd cau tao thanh td true tilp don gian va la ca sd de tao ra tu lay ba, tir

lay tu.

♦ Trong tap tho* Tie dy, tir lay doi chiem so Iu*o*ng 16*n nhat:

Nhilu ngudi cho rang Td Hftu chep su bang tho, dieu do khdng cd gi sai vi tha Td Hftu g4n bd chat che vdi tung chang dudng each mang, dac biet la tap tho Tic dy. Tuy vay, la mdt nha tho each mang, Td Hftu sang tac tha khdng chi thuan tuy la chep su ma trong mdi trang tha, xet rieng tap tho Tic dy, thi da thay rat ro mdi bai tho diu chua dung tinh cam chan thanh ciia nha tha danh cho dat nude, long yeu

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Huu

thuang con ngudi, the hien long trung thanh tuyet ddi vdi ly tudng each mang, ...

Nha tha da van dung, khai thac mdt "khdi lugng" tu lay de tao nen nhftng van tho

chua chan yeu thuang, chua chan tinh than ciia mdt ngudi thanh nien, mdt ngudi

cdng san. Vi vay ma so lugng tu lay xuat hien vdi "mat dd" day dac. Hau nhu khd

tha nao cung cd su "gdp mat" ciia tu lay va chu yeu la tir lay ddi. Chung gdp phan

tao nen nhftng trang tho ddc dao, dac sac ciia nha tho Td Hftu.

Tir lay ddi dugc dung vao viec mieu ta hinh anh, tam trang, cam xuc,

...

Ngudi viet cd the cho mdt sd vi du sau day lam minh chung:

Mieu ta hinh anh nhftng em be bo va, lac loai chua bao gid dugc sung

sudng:

Chan ngai ngung e lanh ciia mua ddng"

"Tim chi em, trong suang chieu that theu

Hay:

"Em run ray tham nghe trong tieng gid,

Mua thu qua, qua het nhftng tinh thuang"

{Lanh lung)

Dien ta tam trang ciia nhftng ba qua phu thai Au chien:

{Lanh liing)

Ma chinh long kia dau nhd thuang"

"Ndi tinh dau d&n nao ai thay,

{Di Tay)

Hay tam trang ciia mdt ngudi me khd sd nhd con, tham mong nghe dugc

tieng con trong tung can gid:

"Rdi tir hdm ay, dudi dem sau

Hoi hop nang ra vin cua lau

Nhin xudng ven dudng day bong nang

Tim nghe trong gid tieng con dau"

(Vu em)

Mieu ta cam xiic ciia nhftng ngudi me, ngudi vg cd chdng, con di chinh

chien:

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy ciia Td Hitu

"Rdi bong cung tudn le dat dao;

Budn khdng ai hen, tham nen mdt,

Nang ciii nhin con khde nghen ngdo."

U tinh nang da nhftng nao nao...

{Di Tay)

♦ To HCru su* dung tir lay doi trong tap tho* Tir dy rat phong phii, da dang

Khi khao sat tap tho Tic dy (gdm 72 bai tho), chiing tdi nhan thay Td Hftu khdng chi su dung tir lay ddi nhieu ma cdn su dung rat phong phu, day du cac loai

nhu: lay hoan toan, lay am, lay van. Ngudi viet cd the dua ra cac vi du nhu sau:

Lay hoan toan: nghieng nghieng, nhe nhe, quen quen, xinh xinh, rung rung,

day dii cac loai:

vdng vdng,...

Lay phu am dau: be bong, chdn chuong, chem che, du ddn, heo hat, da diet,

khd khan,

...

Lay van: ban khodn, lang xdng, lat ddt, lorn khom, loanh quanh, ...

Nhftng tu lay ddi tren dugc Td Hftu su dung trong cac de tai: the hien long

yeu nude, long cam thu giac, sir cam thdng chia se vdi nhftng canh ddi, nhftng con

ngudi bat hanh, ... Ngudi viet cd the dua ra mdt vai vi du nhu sau:

Thi hien sir cam thdng, xdt xa cho nhftng canh ddi bat hanh:

"Biet khdng em ndi long anh khi do

Nd toi bdi, dau ddn lam, em ai!

{Di di em)

"Xdm lang phdng phat yeu thuang

The hien long yeu nude:

Nude non man mac tinh thuang man ndng"

{Dem giao thica)

Ngudi vilt nhan may tinh cam cua nha tha la mdt tinh cam chan thanh, tha thilt. To Hftu la nha tho each mang, ca ddi dng chi cd muc dich duy nhat la phuc vu cho nhan dan, cho ddt nude vi thi tho dng cung mang muc dich ay. Dl the hien tinh cam ciia minh, nha tho da sii dung nhftng tu lay cd sue ggi cam, ggi ta ldn. Vi the, sd lugng tir lay dugc su dung trong tha Td Hftu rat phong phii, da dang nhieu kieu

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

cam.

♦ To Hiru su* dung tir lay co su* sang tao doc dao:

- Tu lay dugc sii dung dang tach:

"Va mdi thay roi ngoai tran dia

Cang gay them vitng nui vdng do

Ciia loai de qudc - di mai mia

Say mau cudi trong lu dai khd"

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia Td Hieu loai. Tir do, cd the dien ta dugc nhftng tam tu tinh, tinh cam cua nha tha ddi vdi mgi ngudi, diln ta cam xiic ciia con ngudi qua nhftng ldi tho yeu thuang, chua chan tinh

{Di Tay)

Tir lay virng vang, tac gia da tach ra va xen vao do yeu td khac de lam tang

them tinh ggi cam, ggi hinh ciia cau tha. Khdng chi the sir sang tao nay cdn ggi ra

cho ngudi dgc thay dugc sir nhan manh "vitng nui vdng do" cua "loai de qudc" ay

la dang khinh bi, dang cam gian vi sir "vung vdng" do la mdt nui thay ngudi.

- Sii dung dang thay the yeu td mdi:

Td Hftu da lam phong phii han sd lugng tir lay trong tho minh, ddng thai gdp

phan sang tao nen nhftng tir lay mdi cho kho tu lay tieng Viet.

"Dua chdm chap vd dm ly sfta trang

Roi cau may: "Nhat lam, em khdng an!"

{Hai dica be)

Tu lay "chdm chap" thi hien hanh ddng ciia mdt ngudi dang bucmg tdi lay mdt thu gi do. Theo nhu each ndi binh thudng thi neu ndi mdt ngudi mudn lay do vat gi do theo kiiu "chdm" thi ndi la "chdm chop" nghia la chdm tdi rdi chop lay mdn do, chu khdng ndi la "chdm chap". Tuy Td Hftu ndi khac di, nhung sir khac ay lai dem din mdt net nghia mdi, mdt sac thai y nghia cung kha mdi me va dac sac. Tu "chdm chap" ngoai net nghia budng tdi lay do ma cdn cho thay sir vdi va, gap

gap, vung ve cua mdt dua tre.

- Sii dung tu lay vdi dang dao di, dao lai thu tu ciia hai yeu td: thiet tha, tha

thiet; thdn tho, tho thdn; te tdi, tdi te; td toi, tai td; vat vd, vd vat; khdt khao, khao khdt; ... Su dung each ndi nay se phan nao tao nen sir mdi me, khdng gay nham chan khi su dung lai tir lay do. Ngudi vilt cd thi dua ra mdt vai vi du sau:

Cap tu lay va vdn, vdn va:

_____

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

"Thi si hdi! Di tim chi vo van

Trong hdn gia da chet nhftng yeu ma?"

{Thap do)

"Dem nay suang xudng phu trang md

Anh linh ngoai kia di vdn vd"

Cap tu lay khao khdt, khdt khao:

"Mua thu qua, qua het nhftng tinh thuang

{Ngudi linh dem)

Ma tim em khao khdt luom tren dudng!"

{Lanh liing)

Sau cua he ngudi yeu chua biet mat..."

"Khdt khao hoai, nhu cd gai mong chd

{Hue thdng Tdm)

- Su dung da dang d cac vi tri: Dl tao them sir da dang, phong phii ve tir lay trong tha minh, Td Hftu da sii dung tir lay d nhftng vi tri khac nhau trong cau tha. Dilu nay cung gdp phan dien ta dung y cua nha tho trong y nghia cua tung cau tha.

(cid:127) Vj tri dau cau tho: Nha tha su dung tir lay d dau cau nham nhan manh tinh

chat, hinh anh, hoac mieu ta, ... mdt sir vat, hien tugng, hay mdt dilu gi do:

"Rdi mdt hdm nao, tdi thay tdi

Nhe nhdng nhu con chim ca lai"

Hay:

{Nhd ddng)

"Anh nhin em khdng ndi

Nhe nhe de ban tay

Tren dau non tdc rdi

Rii rwoi xda ngang may"

(cid:127) Vi tri cudi cau tho: Sii dung tu lay d vj tri nay, Td Hftu nham nhan manh

dilu mudn ndi, hoac mieu ta hinh anh, ...:

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hdng Mui

{Tuong tri)

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu ay eua To Huu

"Biet lam sao, em hoi, noi cung nhau?

Tieng chuoi mang van phun hoai, nhuc nha\"

(Di di em)

Hay:

"Dom qua 16 eua am tham

Bong anh vai mot tinh tram nam roi!"

(cid:127) Vi tri giua cau tho: nham mieu ta sir tinh, mieu ta hinh anh, mieu ta tinh chat

eua su vat, sir viec.

"Nang xuan tuai tren than dua xanh diu

Tau cau non lap hang muon guom xanh"

(Cam thong)

Hay:

"La noi day, phap truong than chien si

Nat b^m da quan quaL la noi day"

(Xudn long)

(Lao Bdo)

Ngoai nhung vi tri tren, T6 Huu con su dung tu lay phong phu hon nua khi cho chung dung canh mot loai tu nao do. Ching han nhu: tinh tu, danh tu, dong tu, dai tu, ... de lam tang them tinh dae sac va phong phu ve each dung tu lay eua ong.

Dae biet la co the dien ta tarn tu, tinh cam eua nha tha vao trong nhung trang tho

eua minh. Ngudi viet co the dua ra mot so dan chung sau day:

(cid:127) Dung canh dong tu:

+ Dungtruoc:

"Khong gian hong nhu giac mong de me

Tim bong hot hat nhung lai au yem ..."

(Hy vong)

+ Dung sau:

"Chu day mot minh ta sau canh eua

Di vdn va theo bon vach xa lim"

(Nha nguai)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu ay eua To Him

(cid:127) Dung canh danh tu:

+ Dung truoc:

"Giau due tin nen van thay dai vui

Ca tuang lai ngdo ngat vi tham bui"

(Nha nguai)

+ Dung sau:

"TiSng dan im. Ca ky nep phuang nao?

Trang thl thhm chi vai song xon xaoT

(Hue thdng Tdm)

(cid:127) Dung canh tinh tu:

+ Dung truoc:

"Chu anh lai \e noi dau dan cu

Het tu nhung roi biet tinh sao day?"

+ Dung sau:

"Khong phai giong eua mot hau dung tuoi

Cao thdnh thot hay ro khan gio bui"

(Dai tha)

(Mot tieng rao dem)

(cid:127) Dung sau than tu:

"Ly rugu va tan tanh. Oi ba nga

6i hai hung, Matuang run toan than!"

(Ly ruau tho)

(cid:127) Dung sau dai tu:

"Ai Ian than dem mau tuoi hoa la

Me tren canh kho chet nhua trong cay?"

(cid:127) Dung sau nhung tu chi muc do nhu: rat, qua, ...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

(Thdp do)

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu ay eua To Huu

"Dau dang hinh quen, dau ca roi

Sao ma each biet, qua xa xdF

(Nha dong)

"Nhung hon chat phac hien nhu dat

Khoai san tinh que rat thief thai"

(Nha dong)

- To Huu con su dung tu lay trong cau nhu mot dang dao ngir:

"Sao khong tra no ve may gio

Cho no say sua uong nang trai"

(Con chim eua toi)

Thay vi noi "uongndng trai say sua" thi o day To Huu da dao lai la "say sua

uong ndng trai". Neu noi "uong say sua" thi tac gia muon nhan manh "uong", con

noi "say sua uong" thi tac gia da nhan manh sir "say sua". Nhan manh su "say sua"

ay d£ lam gi? Tac gia muon nhan manh sir thich thu eua con chim khi no dugc song

trong thien nhien, no co the vui choi thoa thich de cang thay sir dang thuong eua

con chim bi nhot trong chiec long be nho.

"Tuang lai do, truoc mat ta bien rong

Tren dau ta, long long gio trai cao"

Theo kieu noi binh thuong thi se noi la "gio trai cao long long", nhung a day

To Huu lai noi "long long gio trai cao". Cach noi ay khong nhung khac thuong, dae

sac ma con tao ra mot net nghia mai, nguai doc co the thay dugc muc dich eua tac

gia la muon nhan manh tinh chat eua "gio trai cao" la thoi "long long" chu khong

phai la chi noi den gio. To Huu muon noi den ly tuang each mang lue nao cung

(Nhu nhung con tdu)

"long long" thoi tren dau nhu mot su che cho, bao boc va vach ra loi di dung dan

cho dan toe.

Tom lai: Tu lay dugc su dung trong tha tap tha Tu ay eua To Huu rat phong

phu va da dang. Dae biet la tu lay doi dugc To Huu su dung nhieu nhat. Trong tap

tha nay To Huu chii y nhieu den viec mieu ta hinh anh, tam trang, cam xuc ma ve

diem nay thi tu lay doi noi troi han han so vai tu lay ba va tu lay tu. Vi the, cho nen

ong da su dung nhieu tu lay doi mang tinh chat ggi hinh, ggi cam va cung vi the ma

tu lay doi xuat hien nhieu nhat, da dang phong phu nhat trong tap tha.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 38 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy eua To Huu

2.2.1. Tu- lay doi trong tap tho* Tir ay

Trong tap tha Tu ay, tu lay doi dugc T6 Huu dae biet su dung nhieu nhat va phong phu nhit trong ba dang tu lay: tu lay doi, tu lay ba, tu lay tu. Trong ngon ngu tieng Viet, tu lay dugc su dung rat da dang, phong phu. Dae biet la tu lay doi. Ngay ca trong van chuong hay trong giao tiep sinh hoat hang ngay thi tu lay doi cung chiem mot s6 lugng dang ke. Vi tu lay doi dl su dung va phong phu, khong nhung thi tu lay doi con chuyen tai dugc noi dung y tu eua nguoi noi. Vi the tu lay doi tro thanh mot "trg thu dae lire" cho nguoi su dung khong chi trong van chuong ma con trong giao tiep hang ngay. No mang lai hieu qua cao trong viec truyen dat y tuang, tam tu eua nguoi su dung. Sau day la bang thong ke tu lay doi trong tap tha Tu dy

Bang 2.2: Thong ke ti le cac kieu tu lay doi trong tap tho Tit dy.

Tong so

Tu lay bo phan

ve ti le cac kieu tu lay doi.

Lay van

Lay phu am dau

338

233

100%

14.2%

68.9%

16.9%

Tu lay hoan toan

(Nguon: To Him (2011). Toan tap tho To Him Ha Noi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Qua bang thdng ke chung ta thay tu lay bo phan dugc su dung

nhieu han tu lay hoan toan (83.1% so voi 16.9%). Chi trong 72 bai tho da co 340 tu lay, trong do s6 lugng tu lay doi la 338 tu. Ta co the hinh dung so lugng tu lay xuat hien trong tho To Huu hau nhu day dae. Co the noi a bai tha nao va hau nhu kho

tho nao eua To Huu cung co tu lay.

a) Nhung tu lay doi the hien canh dai eua nhung con nguai bathanh:

Doc tha To Huu, ta thuong thay trong do hinh anh eua nhung em be bat

hanh mo coi, lang thang, ngheo kho:

"Con chim non chiu chit

La dong khoc trdn tre

Chao 6i buon da diet

Chim oi biet dau ve?"

(Mo coi)

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy eua To Huu

Hay:

Mua thu qua, qua het nhung tinh thuong

Ma tim em khao khdt lugm tren duong!"

"Em run ray tham nghe trong tieng gio,

Nha tha het sue cam thong va the hien tinh yeu thuong doi voi nhung em be

chua bao gio dugc sung suang ay, co nhieu cau tho eua To Huu viet ve cac em be

ay chua dung mot tinh cam chan thanh Ian lao:

(Lanh lung)

No tai boi, dau d&n lam, em oi!"

"Biet khong em, noi long anh khi do?

(Di di em)

Tac gia con the hien thai do cam thong, tran trong doi voi co gai giang ho, an

ui va ma ra hi vong ve mot tuang lai tuoi sang:

"Co oi thang rong ngay dai

Ma long ra don ngay mai huy hodng"

Mieu ta canh lang que bi giac tan pha:

(Tieng hat song Huang)

"Giac lung, giac dot xom lang

Xdc xa cay co, tan hoang eua nha"

(Ba ma Hau Giang)

b) Nhung tu lay doi the hien long yeu nuac, y chi dau tranh virng vang:

Tinh cam eua tac gia doi voi nhan dan la tinh cam khang khit, tinh cam mau

dung ngoai cuoc song eua nhan dan ma nhin vao. Nha tho thuc sir hoa nhap voi

thit, To Huu hoa nhap vao trong nhan dan de yeu thuong, de gan bo chu khong

Toi buoc long toi voi moi nguoi

quan chung nhan dan:

De hon toi voi bao hon kho

De tinh trang trai voi tram noi

Gan gui nhau them manh khoi doi

(Tu dy)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy eua To Huu

Keu ggi mgi nguoi hay chgn lay mot con duong cho minh:

Bang khudng dung giua doi dong nuoc

Chgn mot dong hay de nuoc troi?

(Day len thanh nien)

Khoi day long cam han, y chi dau tranh a mgi nguoi, giuc ho ra khoi canh

song tui nhuc:

Thi em hoi, di di, dung tiec nua

Ngai ngung chi? Nan nd chi them phien!

Di di em, can dam buoc chan len

If doi kho phai dau la toi loi!

(Di di em)

Khoi day long cam thu, y chi dau tranh noi day trong ho bang viec neu len dim guong \h su kien cuang, bat khuat eua ba ma Hau Giang. To Huu mieu ta hinh anh ba ma Hau Giang anh dung tuy da gia yeu nhung van khong lui buoc truoc sir

hung han eua ke thu:

"Ma lorn khom di lugm cui kho

Ma gia lay bay nhu tau chuoi kho"

Hay mieu ta canh ong lao dan ro ban de kiem vai xu song lay lat qua ngay:

(Ba Ma Hau Giang)

Keo mui lat tre vang

Theo dieu buon run ray

Tren Ian moi kho khan

Ban tay kho lay bay

(Chieu)

To Huu khong chi khoi day trong ho ma con cho ho biet ly do gi da dan ho

den canh kho nhu vay:

Ta thay nang nghieng minh ru ru,oi

Guc dau thon thirc trong ban tay...

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Ban oi, nguon tham sau kia bai

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy eua To Huu

So phan hay do che do nayf

(Vu em)

Hay

"Em len let, cui dau, tay xach goi

Ao quan da cap chiec non le te

Hang day tieng rua nguyen tren mieng chu!"

Van chua thoi, lai day rut nang ne

(Di di em)

Tu tam long cam thong sau sac ay eua nha tho, nhung am dieu yeu thuong

da hoa vao trong rung cau tho:

"Biet chang em, hai ban cho* vo*!

Anh tung phen ngung buoc than tho*

Mot tam long yeu thuong trong yen lang!"

Chanh long tuang chon phuong trai xa vang

(Lanh lung)

"Mat trai do huyen ki moc len, oi nao nu*c

Roi soi sue lua long cam han :

Ta di day, la tram van thien than

Nhac nhan gian cuon cuon boc hong tran!

Chieu chien thang pha tan quan quy su"

Roi keu goi tat ca mgi nguoi hang hai dung day cam vu khi giet giac:

(Vui bat tuyet)

Mau mau len dung day!

Guam guam dau, tuot ra

Sung sung dau, vac chay

Cuu cuu dong bao ta!

(Giet giac)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy eua To Hitu

c) Tu lay doi the hien long lac quan, tin tuang vao tuang lai.

To Huu da the hien dugc ngon ngu tha mai, the hien dugc tinh than, y chi each mang eua mot nguoi thanh nien cong san, mot nguoi con eua nhan dan van nha, nguoi em eua van kiep phoi pha, nguoi anh eua van dua em lang thang co nha.

Nhung thu phap nghe thuat, phuong tien nghe thuat dugc su dung rat dae sac va the hien dugc tinh than yeu nuoc eua nha tho. Ngon ngu su dung trong tap tho co tinh ggi cam, ggi hinh cao, \h am dieu, tilt tau cung dugc nha tho su dung rat tai tinh de gop phan mang den mot tap tha mang dam tinh nhan van, dam chat tru tinh

chinh tri.

Khac voi nhung each nhin nhan, nhung 16i tu duy khac ve so phan eua nhung con nguoi bat hanh, tham chi la co gai giang h6 "troi song lac chg", To Huu khong bao gia noi suong, khong bao gia nhin ho, toi nghiep ho bang anh mat eua mot nguoi xa la va tach bach, phan dinh ranh gioi voi ho. To Huu luon dung tren lap truang eua ho d£ lang nghe tieng long eua hg, de cam thong chia se voi ho, an ui ho, hua hen mot tuang lai tuoi sang voi ho. Moi bai tho viet ve nhung canh doi co cue, To Huu luon mo ra mot tuang lai, mot hi vong ve ngay mai. Voi 16i vi£t gian di, dl doc, de hieu To Huu da rut ngan khoang each giua minh voi nhan dan. Voi each su dung tu ngu binh dan, gian di tac gia da dua nguoi dgc d£n voi cugc tro chuyen

giira mot ong lao day to voi "toi"- tac gia:

"Toi riet chat ban tay

Cua lao: "Bao nhieu noi

Dau buon va tire toi

Se tan bien ngay mai ..."

Thi hien long tin tuyet d6i voi ly tuang each mang, tin vao tuang lai tuoi

sang:

"Co oi thang rong ngay dai

Ma long ra don ngay mai huy hoang"

(Lao day to)

(Tieng hat song Huang)

To Huu tin tuang rang mai day &kt nuoc ta se doc lap, khong con chiu canh ap buc b4t cong. TSt ca nguoi dan Viet Nam deu dugc huong sung suong nhu nhau:

"Ai cung co nha cua

Cung sung sw&ng bang nhau?

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tu lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

Lam chi co day to?"

Da khong ai de dau

(Lao day ta)

"Mai sau lua moi day bo

Viet Nam ta moi am no dai dfri\"

Dan toe ta se am no sung suong:

(Vaba)

Tu lay phong thanh la nhom tu co dae diem mo phong am thanh cua doi

tugng, dinh danh cho doi tugng. Trong tap tho Tu ay cua To Huu, doi tuang la con

nguoi, tam trang, hinh anh, canh vat, ... Trong do, chu yeu la de the hien tam trang,

hay hinh anh cua con nguoi va thien nhien. Cho nen, nhung tu lay ggi ta am thanh

cua cac doi tugng dugc To Huu su dung de lam noi bat nhung tam tu cua minh ve

nhirng canh song lang thang co nha, nhung con nguoi ngheo kho bi vui dap, canh

lang que bi tan pha, canh giac keo len day xeo nhan dan ta ... Qua do nguoi dgc

thay dugc tam long yeu nuoc, yeu nhan dan sau dam cua nha tho. Tuy nhom tu lay

phong thanh it dugc dung den trong tap tha nay, nhung tu nao cung dugc tac gia su

dung tinh te, dung noi, dung lue de dien dat dung y nghl cua nha tho ve van de dugc

noi den, vi vay chung co gia tri bieu cam rat cao.

Tu lay sac thai hoa dugc To Huu su dung nhieu hon gap 6 Ian so voi tu lay

tap tho Tu dy. Sac thai hoa la bo sung them cho nghla cua mot tu doc lap co mot sac

phong thanh, no chiem so lugng dang ke trong tong so tu lay ma tac gia dung trong

truoc, tu lay sac thai hoa co the ma rong hoac thu hep pham vi bieu hien y nghla.

thai y nghia nao do chu khong phai lam thay doi han no. Vi vay, nhu da noi a phan

To Huu su dung tu lay sac thai hoa da phan la de the hien tam trang dau don

truoc canh mat mat cua que huang dat nuoc, truoc nhung canh dai ca cue, nho be

bi vui dap, nhirng con nguoi lam lui phai nhin nhuc de muu sinh, ... La mot thanh

hieu ro tam trang, noi dau cua ho, cho nen tho ong dae biet chu trgng den hg, nhat la

trong tap tho Tir dy. DT nhien de the hien dugc nhirng dieu do, nha tha can phai su

dung von tu that tinh te va phong phu, trong so ay co tu lay ma su gop mat dang ke

nien giau long nhan hau, yeu nuoc yeu dan, To Huu luon gan bo voi nhan dan, ong

la nhom tu lay sac thai hoa.

trong cac nhom tu lay. Tu lay am each dieu la tu lay ma nghia cua no phat sinh tir

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Ve tu lay am each dieu, nhom tu lay nay dugc To Huu su dung nhieu nhat

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu dy cua To Him

mot khoi lien hop. Nhu vay, chung la kieu tir lay thuan khiet, dong vai tro tieu bieu

cho toan bo co che lay. Tuc la "Ca chi" lay su hoa phoi ngu am tao y nghia bieu

trung (y nghia an tugng) lam ca so.

Nhu vay, khi diing tu lay nay thi tinh thong nhat y nghia bieu trung rat cao.

Tuc la sue ggi cam cua no ve nghia bieu niem, bieu thai ciing cao hon. Co le vi ly

do ay ma To Hiru su dung nhieu tu lay dang nay trong nhung trang tho cua minh.

yeu dan thiet tha cua To Hiru da cho thay tai nang su dung tir ngu rat tai tinh, rat

Tom lai: Qua tat ca nhirng cau tho chua dung ca mot tam long cua yeu nuoc,

trong nhirng trang tho tham dam tinh yeu to quoc, yeu thuong con nguoi cua ong.

No gop phan quan trgng trong viec chuyen tai nhung tam tu tinh cam cua nha tho

tinh te cua nha tho. Dae biet la tai nang su dung tir lay vo ciing dae sac cua ong vao

2.2.2. Tu* lay ba trong tap tho* Tie ay

vao trong nhung tac pham nghe thuat cua minh.

Trong he thong ngon ngu tieng Viet, tir lay ba chiem so lugng rat it. Vi the

trong tha cua minh, To Huu co su dung cac dang tir hiep phu am dau cua mot tir lay

doi voi mot tir don khac nhu: "soi sung sue", "reo rung ran", "lung la lof\ ...

"La Lao Bao, chon nay day, Lao Bao

trong tap tho Tit dy cua To Huu, tir lay ba hau nhu khong dugc su dung. Tuy nhien,

Ten dun soi sung sue tuy xuong tan"

(Lao Bao)

Cum tir "soi sung sue" dat trong cau nay tao nen sire ggi ta Ion. No mieu ta

che do nha til vo ciing da man, ghe ggm cua bgn thuc dan. Cau tren "La Lao Bao,

chon nay day, Lao Bao", trong cau lap lai hai Ian danh tir Lao Bao chung to tac gia

muon nhan manh, muon nghien nat cai ten ay vi no la chon tan bao xem mang

nguoi nhu co rac. Cum tir "soi sung sue" khong chi muon noi den sir tan nhan cua

bgn cai nguc khi nau nguoi, ma duong nhu con noi den noi cam han trong long tac

gia cung dang soi len dir doi.

Guam khat mau khua nhau reo rung rani"

"Toan quan Liin hong hach buoc qua cau

(Song that)

guom khua bieu hien tam trang vua ghe ran vim cam thu, kinh torn bgn "nguoi ma

lai "khdt mdu" nguoi".

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Cum tir "reo rung ran" co ca am thanh va co ca tam trang, qua nhirng tieng

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

"Ngoai ngoai 6 rac ban nhu chuong heo

Nam soi lung l&loi duoi ao beo."

(Dai tha)

Cum tir "lung la loi" co sue ggi ta hinh anh cao, vi chung ggi cho nguoi dgc

hinh anh nhung con nguoi ngheo doi, benh tat do song trong moi truong do ban. Hg

phai lam lung vat va, lam lii nhung khong co cho 6 dang hoang phai song chui rut

trong nhirng noi do ban, nhieu ki sinh trung cho nen moi sinh ra nhirng loai benh tat

Tom lai: To Huu khong su dung tir lay ba trong nhirng trang tho cua tap Tit

nhu ghe, la loet, ...

dy. Mac du vay, khi su dung tir lay doi vao trong tho minh, To Hiru da ket hop hai

hoa ve am dieu cua viec lap lai cac phu am dau cua tir dung truoc hoac dung sau tir

lay doi. To Hiru da the hien sir sang tao tuyet voi cua ong trong viec su dung ngon

tir trong tho ca. Nhirng cum tir nay trong tho ong dugc su dung rat dae sac va co sue

ggi ta rat Ian. No giiip cho nguoi doc thay dugc hinh anh man rg, thay sir tan bao

cua bgn giac, dong thoi thay dugc hinh anh nguoi dan Viet Nam anh himg, dung

dan cua nha tha.

cam khong he nao nung truoc ke thu... Qua do ciing the hien long yeu nuoc, yeu

2.2.3. Tu* lay tir trong tap tho* Tie dy

tieng Viet. Vi the, trong nhirng sang tac cua nhieu tac gia tir lay tu ciing it xuat hien

Cung nhu tir lay ba, tir lay tu chiem so lugng rat it trong he thong ngon ngu

va trong nhirng sang tac cua To Hiru ciing khong ngoai le. Mac du it, nhung tir lay

tu ciing giup cho cau tho the hien dugc nhung sac thai y nghia cao.

Tu lay tu trong tho To Huu co tac dung ggi ta hinh anh. Hinh anh cua nhung

dua Ire, dua em khong nha, khong noi nuong tua, khong nguoi than. Do la nhung

cua mu a thue,...

"La anh cua van dau em nho

em be lang thang, ca nha, lac loai nhu em Phuac, nhirng dua tre mo coi, dua con

Khong ao com, cii bat cii ba..."

(Tit dy)

Nhung dua em kho so dugc noi tren da dugc tac gia khai quat lai trong cum

sir tuang tuang, lien tuang trong long nguai dgc.

tir "cii bat cii ba", ngan ggn sue tich vi cum tir ay co sue ggi hinh Ion, ggi len nhieu

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 46 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Llitu

dung ggi thanh. Do la nhung am thanh cua thien nhien, cua nhirng chu chim chieu,

cua nhirng dieu binh di ma rat doi than quen. Tuy nhien, khi khao sat, nguoi viet

nhan thay nha tha khong chi su dung tir lay tu de ggi ta am thanh, ma nguoi viet

con thay dugc sir sang tao thanh cong cua ong trong viec ket hop hai hoa cac phu

am dau "ch". Tir lay doi "chiu chit" ben canh tir "chim chieu" ggi

len cu the am

thanh cua con duang di day cua chinh nha tho. Noi long cua nguoi di day dang rat

xot xa, lo lang cho nhan dan nen khong con cam hung de lang nghe nhirng am thanh

cua thien nhien dang on ao, nao dong. Tai nghe tieng chim hot, long nghe long "gan

Ngoai tac dung ggi hinh, ggi cam, tir lay tu trong tho To Huu con co tac

tac gia ai oan, xot xa.

nha que huang", am thanh cua thien nhien cang nao dong, on ao cang lam cho long

"Thong reo bo suoi ri rao

Chim chieu chiu chit, ai nao keu ai?"

(Tieng hat di day)

"Mot toan quy ram ram ro ro

Mat meo hoang, mui cho, rau de"

Hay do la am thanh cua bgn khat mau nguoi dang di lung giet nhan dan ta:

Am thanh dugc ggi ra tir tir lay "ram ram ro ro" khien nguoi dgc tuang

tugng ra mot doan quan dong dao, du tgn va dang rat hang mau san sang giet nguoi

khong gam tay. Chung la mot lu "dau trdu mat ngua", "quan quy sit" hung tan san

sang day xeo, cha dap nhan dan ta. Tir lay "ram ram ro ro" ggi len mot am thanh rat

Ion lien tuc, co do vang xa va la am thanh cua cai gi do rat du ton, rat hung hang.

Trong cau tho con co cum tir "mot toan quy", quy day khong phai quy ma ma tac

gia muon noi den bgn giac hung hang, ma that chat chung ciing chang khac gi quy

bai vi chung lay viec giet nguoi lam vui, uong mau, an gan nguoi thi co khac chi lii

quy. Cong voi tir "mot toan" ta co the thay viec noi den mot doan quan nhu da noi

tren la co co so.

(Ba Ma Hau Giang)

Tom lai: Tu lay tu ma tac gia dung da phan la the hien tinh cam cua tac gia

no deu chua dung tinh cam, su lo lang cua tac gia truoc tinh canh mat con cua dat

nuoc.

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

voi nhan dan, du la thong qua nhirng am thanh du ton, on a, ... nhung an ben trong

Tic lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Him

CHlTONG 3

MUC DICH SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO i fAY

•

CUA NHA THO TO HtTU

3.1. TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN LONG YEU NlTdC, CHI KHI CACH MANG VA NIEM VUI KHI BAT GAP LY TlTdNG CACH MANG:

3.1.1. The hien long yeu nirac, chi khi each mang.

/

Ngay tir khi con la mot thanh nien chi moi muoi bay tuoi, To Huu da the

hien long trac an cua minh voi tinh canh cua que huong dat nuoc, the hien tinh than,

Trong nhung nam 1937 - 1946, giua bao nhieu bien co lich su Ion lao cua

dat nuoc va tren the gioi, co khong it nha tho co huong suy nghl tieu cue va cho ra

nhung sang tac ciing theo huong suy nghT ay. Hg chi mo mgng, muon thoat ly,

muon xa roi thuc tai,

... nhung roi be tac vi khong tim ra loi di, hg tim den quan

rugu, Ian tranh doi

trong khoi

thuoc phien. Hg luon co tim cho minh mot con

duang, mot hinh thuc de tron tranh hien thuc, xa roi hien thuc, cai hien thuc den toi,

cai xa hoi suy vong, tan lui duoi ban tay cua bgn thuc dan phong kien.

Giua lue nhirng suy nghT tieu cue dang gam nham dan tu duy, y chi cua con

nguoi, lam cho con nguoi mat di y chi, quen di bon phan cua minh voi nuoc nha.

Giua lue ay, thi tieng long cua mot nguoi con yeu nuoc, cua mot thanh nien tran

day nhiet huyet, y chi each mang da xuat hien va danh thuc nhirng con nguoi dang

con quen trong con me ngu. Nguoi thanh nien yeu nuoc ay chinh la nha tho each

mang To Hiru. Nhirng van tho cua To Hiru the hien long yeu nuoc thiet tha, the hien

long tin va chi khi each mang virng vang. Lam tho, To Hiru chi chu y den mot dieu

quan trgng nhat la phuc vu cho dat nuoc, cho nhan dan, cho each mang.

Tinh yeu To qu6c cua nha tho dugc the hien ro qua nhirng loi keu ggi mgi nguoi dung len gianh lay doc lap cho nuoc nha. Chi khi each mang the hien ro qua

tinh than each mang virng vang du trong nhung tinh huong gian nan van khong de

bi cam do, bi guc nga va con the hien o sir tin tuang ciia tac gia vao each mang se

chi khi each mang.

Trong bai tho Hay dung day, To Huu da nhac den cau noi cua Marat - mot

nha lanh dao xuat sac cua each mang tu san Phap: "Nguai ta Ian bai vi nguai cui

dua dan ta den mot tuang lai tot dep.

xudng. Hai nhdn ddn, hay dung thang lenl", tir cau noi ay To Hiru da nang len them

mot bac cao hon do la noi den quyen vui song cua nhan dan.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 48 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Titlay trong tap tha Titdy cua To Huu

Tinh yeu To quoc da an sau vao trong tam hon cua nguoi thanh nien nguoi cong san ay. Moi tieng long, moi loi reo ca deu chua dung tam trang, chua dung nhirng n§i tran tro lam sao cho dat nuoc yen binh, nhan dan no am. No luon ngu tri trong long tac gia ca nhirng khi ngam canh, nhirng khi lao til kho so, ca khi tinh

mang bi su de dga cua ke thu.

T6 Huu nha que huong da di§t khi giao thira den ma khong dugc ve que don

Tet, ong cu nghe "phdng phdt" quanh minh cai huong vi quen thuge cua ngay Tet

"X6m lang phdng phdt yeu thuong

Nuoc non man mac tinh thuong man nong"

noi que nha:

(Dem giao thita)

Du khong dugc don giao thira o que nha, nhung tac gia van ngui thay dau do

miii huong quen thuge, huong vi cua ngay Tet, huong vi cua tinh thuong yeu. Sir

nha nhung cua mot nguoi co tam long yeu que huong sau nang ay la khong the ta xilt. Nhung nguai con yeu que huong ay lai khong dugc a tren que huong minh ciing mgi nguai don Tet, ciing nhirng nguai dan noi ay theo suot cuoc hanh trinh

cuu nuoc, co phuoc ciing huong co kho ciing chiu. Chinh vi sir xa xoi each tro ay

da khien cho long nha tho "man mac" mot noi buon vo han.

Hay:

"Nep lung vao mieu tranh ngheo

Nao nao long lai mo theo co hong"

Duong nhu o bat cu noi dau, bat cu lue nao tac gia cung goi gam nhung yeu

thuong tir tam long minh cho dat nuoc, lue nao cung sot rugt lo lang, lue nao cung

huong ve To quoc, mong ngay binh yen doc lap cho dan toe.

Yeu nuoc la mong cho dat yen binh, am no, phon thinh mai mai:

(Dem giao thita)

Viet Nam ta mai am no dci d&il"

"Mai sau lua mai day bo

(Vaba)

Tinh yeu To quoc the hien qua loi keu ggi mgi nguoi dung day dau tranh

gianh doc lap, thuc tinh hg, keu ggi hg hay chgn cho minh mot loi giai thoat tot

nhat:

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 49 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

"Bang khudng dung giua doi dong nuoc

Chgn mot dong hay de nuoc troi?"

(Day len thanh nien)

Giua lue dat nuoc dang co chien tranh, giac xam lang mang theo nhung vu

khi toi tan, hien dai con dan ta chi co cuoc, chong, gay goc thi lam sao chong lai,

lam sao danh thang. Ai ciing nhan thay mot dieu rat ro rang la dich manh, ta yeu

phan thang cua ta rat mong manh. Vay thi buong xuoi cho so phan hay quyet lieu

mot phen voi chung. Do la tam trang chung cua nhieu nguoi, nhat la lop thanh nien

chua tim dugc ly tuang each mang. Nha tho hieu ro tam trang do cua ho nen danh

thuc hg va cho hg thay rang tranh dau la con duang duy nhat cua each mang va

ciing la con duang duy nhat de giai phong dan toe. Tir lay "bang khudng" the hien

mot noi buon tham kin, mo ho, tam trang do du, luong lu khong biet phai lam sao.

Chinh vi hieu ro nhu vay, nen lam bai tha nay, va nhat la trong hai cau tha nay thi

khong the khong dung tir lay "bang khudng", vi no the hien dung nhat, dien dat

dung nhat tam trang cua mgi nguoi trong hoan canh lue bay gia.

Xuat phat tir tinh yeu que huong tha thiet, To Hiru biet rang de cuu lay dat

nuoc nay, minh can phai manh me, can phai co mot tinh than, mot y chi virng vang

hon bao gio het. De co dugc sire manh phi thuong nhu the, To Hiru da noi voi

nhirng linh hon chien sT di truoc:

"Cho toi huong tinh than hang chien dau

Cho da toi day dan voi ngay mai"

(Lao Bao)

Tir lay "day dan" ggi cho nguoi dgc lien tuang den mot con nguai cung coi,

deo dai da trai qua nhieu song gio, co nhieu kinh nghiem, quen chiu dung voi nhirng

gian kho, tro ngai trong cuoc dai. Bai tho nay dugc lam nam 1938, lue ay To Hiru

chi moi muai tam tuoi qua that la rat tre, chua co nhieu kinh nghiem, nhu To Huu

tu nhan thay minh chua "day dan". Tuy la vay, nhung To Huu co mot tam long yeu

nuoc thiet tha, co dugc tam long ay du To Hiru con non tre each may van vo ciing

dang quy. Toi nghT voi tinh cam ay se tiep them sue manh, se la dong lire de To

Trong hoan canh lao tu a Thira Thien, nhung To Huu khong cam thay kho so

vi bi tu day, ma cai kho so nhat cua To Huu la bi tach biet ra khoi cuoc dau tranh

Hiru dua con thuyen cua minh vugt qua mgi song to, gio Ion.

cuoc khang chien, muon dich than nhap cuoc de dugc ciing nhan dan chien dau,

cua dan toe. To Hiru lo lang cho van menh cua dat nuoc va muon hoa minh vao

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 50 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

dugc cong hien chut sire lire cua minh cho To quoc. Nhung trong hoan canh bi giam

cam khong the hoat dong each mang, ong luon nong long dugc ra ngoai de tiep tuc

hoat dong. Tac gia mong moi nhung khong thoat ra khoi cai noi tam toi dugc, da co

nhung lue ong phai thot len trong tuyet vgng:

"Ban tay tron con dau nira tu nguyen

Con dau nira menh mong truong hoat dong!"

(Quanh quan)

Sir tuyet vgng ay chi la nhat thai, vi sau do tac gia da bung day, tim kiem cho

minh dong lue la nguoi ban cung chi huong de roi lai hi vgng, lai mo nhirng ngay

hoat dong:

De chay rugt ma nhirng ngay hoat dong"

"De nao nao voi nhung mong khong ciing

Du chi la "nhung mong khong cung", du chi la "ma nhung ngay hoat dong" nhung tac gia vln trong no den, van cho dgi du long tac gia lue nay nhu lua thieu, lua d6t. Tir lay "nao nao" the hien sir non nong, sot rugt mong mot dieu gi do nhung chua thay diln ra. Tac gia khong phai chi mong minh dugc ra khoi nguc tu de ban than dugc tu do, dugc sung suong ma xuat phat tir day long minh tac gia

dang nit lo lang cho sir an nguy cua nuoc nha. Bgn giac co the giam the xac nha tho

nhung khong the giam dugc y chi chien dau, tinh than each mang hang say cua nha

tho:

(Quanh quan)

Hon tranh dau van con thoi thuc nao!"

"Toi, horn nay, dau xa tam nggn co

(Tam tu trong tu)

Du bi giam cam, nhung To Huu luon giu cho minh mot y chi chien dau virng

vang khong gi lay chuyen dugc. Tir lay "thoi thuc" cho thay mot su don da, lien tuc

co sir lien ket chat che khong de phan tach. Dieu nay cho thay To Hiru co mot y chi, mot tinh thin each mang nk virng chac. Chi khi each mang virng vang ay, long qua cam ay trong nha tho cung la mot dong lire giiip nha tho vuot qua nhieu song gio

tren con duang dau tranh gianh doc lap. Chi khi ay con dugc the hien qua long tin

each mang, sir tu hao ve ly tuang each mang vo san se mo ra tuang lai dep cho

nhan dan:

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

"Tuong lai do, truoc mat ta bien rong

Tren dau ta, long long gio trai cao!"

Tit lay trong tap tha Titdy cua To Hitu

(Nhu nhung con tdu)

To Huu tin tuong vao ly tuang each mang, tin rang chi co lam each mang mai dua dan ta din bin bo hanh phuc, am no. To Hiru tin rang trong ly tuong ay se soi sang cho dan toe ta di dung con duang dan den doc lap. Nguoi ta thuong noi duoi chan ta la dk, tren dau ta la trai, nhung a day T6 Hiru cho rang khong chi co troi, co vang thai duang, co gio mat tu nhien ma o day con co ly tuong cong san dang "Idng long" a tren dau de cha che, soi rgi loi di cho dan tgc Viet Nam. Tir lay "ISng long" bieu hien sir Ion rgng, menh mong bao la va con the hien sir manh me,

h6 hai voi tinh than hang say va niem vui chien thang.

Nhirng ngay T6 Huu cac dong chi bi giam a nha tu Lao Bao (thang 11 nam 1940). T6 Hiru da ciing hg dau tranh ch6ng lai sir tan bao, bat nhan cua ke thu bang each tuyet thuc. Trong nhirng ngay ay, T6 Hiru khong chi dau tranh voi giac ma con diu tranh voi chinh minh. Trong hoan canh nhu the, thi cuoc dau tranh voi chinh minh mai la cuoc dau tranh gay go nhk, phai lam sao khi bung doi keu ren cam do:

"Muon ngu ma khong ngu

Cai bung cu nan ni:

"An di, thoi an di!

Ch§t lam chi cho kho!""

To Hiru da phai cung ran dk dau tranh voi "cai bung" cua minh, phai quyet khong an, nhung cai bung cu "ndn ni" mai, din Ian thu ba thi To Hiru chiu khong

noi, nen:

"Lan nay toi thu thiet:

Loi han ciing hay hay

Ly sir cung du day

Nghe ra chung phai qua!"

(Con ca, chot nua)

(Con ca chot nua)

Lin nay nha tha da sieu long vi khong chiu dung noi truoc sir cam do cua "cai bung", hay noi dung hon la can doi da lam cho tinh than, chi khi each mang cua T6 Hiru bj lung lay. Thi nhung dk gift khi tilt, gift chi khi cua mot nguoi cong

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

san, cua mot nguoi chien sT each mang, To Hftu da chien thang dugc sir cam do

nghe chirng cung "hay hay" cua "cai bung" dang keu len day du nhftng ly sir de

"chu" cua minh chiu an com cho minh khong con phai chiu dung sir quan quai vi

doi:

"Khong the gi quyen ru

Mua ban dugc luong tam

Danh du ciia rieng than

La cua chung dong chi

Nhu trong mat, con nguoi"

Phai giiegin ti mi

(Con ca chot nua)

To Hftu cho rang la mot nguoi chien sT each mang thi phai gift gin khi tiet

ciia minh that trong sang, gift sao cho no dep mai. Vi the To Hftu da co gang het sire

de gift khi tiet ay cho minh va gift danh du cho tat ca cac dong chi chien sT each

mang. Tu lay "ti mi*" co y nghTa rat phu hop voi y tir cua bai tho. "Ti mf la nhftng

dieu chi tiet, can ke, nhftng van de nho nhat trong cuoc song. Co nhan co day "gop

gio thanh bao", du la nhftng chuyen nho nhung neu chu y de lam, thuc hien guong

mau thi se thanh thoi quen lam viec co ky luat, co nguyen tac, ngugc lai neu khong

biet chii y, khong tap thanh thoi quen thi chuyen nho da lam khong dugc sao lam

dugc chuyen Ion. La nguai chien sT each mang thi phai chii y den ca nhftng dieu

nho nhu the de lam tam guong sang cho mgi nguoi va dugc sir tin tuong cua quan

chung nhan dan.

To Hftu hieu ro cuoc doi each mang la phai chiu tu day, nhung van tu

nguyen dan than khi tuoi doi con rat tre, cai do tuoi dang tran day sue song, dang

cuong nhiet hang hai voi nhftng uac mo ciia minh:

Hai muoi tuoi, hon quay trong gio bao"

"Hai muoi tuoi, tim dang dao dat mau

(Trang troi)

Noi nhu the khong phai la To Hftu nan chi, hoi han vi da lo dan than ma vi

To Hftu thay minh chua lam dugc gi cho dat nuoc, cho nhan dan trong khi tuoi dai

con rat tre. Chi moi hai muoi tuoi, do tuoi nhieu sue manh nhat "Gan dang san va

tha thit cang da" ma cai chet da gan ke. Tuy vay To Hftu van khong he nao niing,

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy ciia To Huu

run sg ma dung cam, vui ve hi sinh vi each mang, truoc khi nhan lay cai chet nha

tho van chi mong moi mot dieu duy nhat do la mong tuong lai tot dep cho dat nuoc,

cho dan toe Viet Nam. To Hftu hinh dung chet vi nghTa Ion nhu vay la mot cai gi do

tuyet dep, nhu mot giac mo:

" Vui ve chet nhu cay xong thua mong

Long khoe nhe anh dan que sung sw&ng"

(Trang troi)

Tir lay "vui ve" the hien sir chap nhan, sir thanh thoat cua mot cai chet. Nha

tho bang long chap nhan cai chet vi ong tin sau sir hi sinh ciia ong se co nhftng lop

nguai khac dung len gianh lay doc lap, tuy cuoc doi chien sT each mang ciia ong

chua ve toi dich nhung ong tin chac rang nhftng the he noi tiep sau se lam dugc. Hg

se cho dan ta cuoc song "sung suang" hon chu khong phai lam lu lam an ma con bj

de dau cuoi co bai bgn thuc dan phong kien.

Tom lai: Trong tirng trang tha cua To Hftu luon tham dam mot tinh yeu Ion

doi voi que huong dat nuoc, doi voi dong bao. Tinh cam Ion ay da tiep them sue

manh cho ong buoc tiep tren con duang each mang day kho khan, song gio. Trong

nhftng lue kho khan nhat, To Hftu van luon ghi nho trach nhiem va bon phan cua

minh doi voi nuoc nha. Va trong nhftng lue nhu the, To Hftu cang gift khi tiet ciia

mot nguoi chien sT, quan trgng hon nfta la gift y chi each mang that kien dinh, vftng

vang khong de bi lay dong truoc kho khan, gian kho.

3.1.2. Niem vui, niem hanh phiic khi bat gap ly tircrng each mang.

To Hftu ra doi trong thai diem dat nuoc dang dien ra cuoc khang chien khoc

liet. Nhung ciing la thai diem mat tran Dan chu Dong Duong ra doi (1936-1939),

truoc do (nam 1930) thi Dang ra dai. Sau each mang thang muoi Nga thanh cong,

nhieu nuoc da tiep thu tu tuong cua chii nghTa Mac - Lenin trong do co nuoc ta.

Dae biet trong cao trao dau tranh 1936 - 1939, To Hftu dugc true tiep tiep xuc voi

tu tuang Cong san qua sach bao tien bo ciia Mac, Angghen, Lenin, H6 Chi Minh,

Gorki, ..., ciing voi sir van dong, giac ngg ciia cac dang vien uu tu lue bay gia nhu:

Le Duan, Phan Dang Luu, Nguyen Chi Dieu, ... cho nen nguoi thanh nien Nguyen

Kim Thanh sam dugc giac ngg ly tuong diing dan ciia Dang. Nam 1937 To Hftu gia

nhap Doan thanh nien cong san, nam 1938 nha sir nhiet tinh, hang hai hoat dong

nen To Hftu tiep tuc dugc ket nap vao Dang. Do la niem vui, niem vinh hanh nhat

cua To Hftu lue bay gio. To Hftu da cat tieng reo vui, bay to niem hoan ca ciia minh

len nhu tieng chim keu riu rit chao ngay moi. Ke tir liic ay To Hftu thay cuoc doi

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam 54 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy ciia To Huu minh that dep liic nao ciing co hoa, co la, co huong thorn ngao ngat, co tieng reo vui

ciia thien nhien va \M dau tir ay To Hftu da neu len lap truong vftng chac ciia minh

la dung ve phia quan chiing nhan dan:

"Toi buoc long toi voi mgi nguoi

De tinh trang trai voi tram noi

De hon toi voi bao hon kho

Gan gui nhau them manh khoi doi"

(Titdy)

To Hftu khang dinh tinh cam cua minh voi mgi nguai bang tat ca sir chan

thanh, gan bo, yeu thuong. Tinh cam ay khong chi danh cho mot hai nguoi ma cho

tat ca mgi nguoi, khong chi danh rieng cho dan toe Viet Nam ma cho tat ca mgi dan

toe tren the gioi. Tir lay "trang trai" tao cam giac co cai gi do rat rgng, rat menh

mong nhu nhftng canh dong trai dai vo tan den khap noi cho nhftng chii de con

nguon co xanh mugt. Qua do mgi nguoi co the cam nhan dugc tinh cam ciia To

Hftu la rat chan thanh, rat tha thiet. Nha tho muon ket chat cuoc doi minh voi "khoi

dai" to ciia nhan dan, cua mgi nguoi de tao nen sue manh khong gi pha va dugc,

mot sire manh co the danh tan quan xam luge 6* khap noi tren the gioi, nhat la bgn

xam luge dat nuoc Viet Nam.

Cach mang thang muoi Nga nam 1917 thanh cong, sau do ba nam la nha tho

To Hftu ciia chiing ta cat tieng khoc trao dai. Muoi tam nam sau nha tho To Hftu bat

gap ly tuong each mang ciia chu nghTa Mac - Lenin, niem vui khi bat gap ly tuong

nhu khiic nhac vui tuoi cu ngan nga trong long, To Hftu thot len voi niem vui vo

tan:

"O vui qua! Ron rang tren van neo

Bon phuong trai va sau dau muon chan"

(Hy vong)

Bat gap ly tuong each mang la mot niem vui, niem han hoan ciia nha tha.

ngach, nhftng neo duang den khap bon phuong troi ke ca sau nhftng dau chan cung

in len nhftng niem vui, nhftng hanh phiic. Nha tho co cam giac noi dau ciing vui

tuoi, cung ron ra tieng cuoi. Tir lay "ron rang" the hien sir nhon nhip, khong khi vui

ve, mot "khong gian hong".

"Khong gian hong nhu giac mong de me

Niem vui ay Ian rgng ra khap noi, no khong gioi han ve khong gian, tir nhftng ngo

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 55 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy cua To Huu

Tim bong bpt hat nhftng loi au yem..."

(Hy vong)

lay "de me" ggi mot cai gi do nua hien nua an, nua thuc nua mo, ggi mot su say

dam den muc khong biet minh dang mo hay dang thuc. Do chinh la trang thai cua

nha tho liic bat gap ly tuong each mang, nha tho vui qua den mire tuong khong biet

minh dang trong mo hay dang a thuc tai. Mot tam hon dang tran ngap mua xuan va

co ca mot vuon hoa thorn ngao ngat dang no trong long.

Anh sang ciia chu nghTa Mac - Lenin soi sang len each mang Viet Nam nhu

To Hftu vui den muc tuong chung nhu dang chim vao trong giac mong. Tir

canh tay than mo canh cua tuong lai, mo ra tat ca nhftng gi tot dep nhat ma dan toe

ta hang mong uoc. Do la Doc lap, Tu do, Binh dang, Bac ai. Khi dugc giac ngo ly

ca mot troi Tu do, vui suong cho dan toe minh. Niem vui ay luon day len trong

tuong each mang, To Hftu da som thay mot troi no le se bi pha tan de thay vao do la

long, nha tho hao hire mong dgi ngay vui do:

NghTa Binh-dang, Tu-do va Bac-ai"

"Nghe rao rue trong tim doi mai day

Tir lay "rao rue" the hien mot niem vui, niem hanh phiic dang dang trao, mot

cam xiic kho ta, chi biet trong long cir hao hue mot dieu gi do ma ban than rat mong

muon, va con la sir mong muon tir lau, nay bat dau co mot tin vui, bat dau thay mot

sir kha quan nen nong long cho no den. Nha tho sii dung tir lay "rao rue" de mieu ta

tam trang cua minh, cho thay tac gia dang rat vui, rat hao hue don cho ngay vui

chien thang, ngay nhan dan ta dugc giai phong khoi ach no le bao nhieu lau nay.

(14 thang 7)

To Hftu the hien niem vui khi bat gap ly tuong each mang voi nhieu trang

thai khac nhau. Tir trang thai "rao rue" vui suong con giau o trong long den trang

thai vui tuoi "han ha" dugc bgc 16 ra ben ngoai:

Niem vui ay co ca niem tin chien thang, ta nhat dinh thang dich nhat dinh thua.

"Ta h&n ha riet ban tay huynh de

Khong gi manh bang doan quan no le"

(Xuan den)

nuoc den voi Doc lap, Tu do la lam mot cuoc each mang vo san triet de, trong luan

Trong tinh canh dat nuoc bi xam lang, con duang duy nhat co the dua dat

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

cuang ciia Lenin co neu len dieu nay. Dieu nay da tro thanh chan ly va dugc chung

thd gioi, trong do co Viet Nam. Dae biet la nuoc Nga, dat nuoc dau tien thuc hien

thanh cong each mang vo san va giai phong cho dan toe. To Hftu tin tuong vao ly

tuong each mang, tin tuang vao "mat trai chan ly" da "choi qua tim" minh se giiip

cho dan ta lam nhu the nao de giai phong dat nuoc va giai phong chinh minh. To

Hftu ham ho ciing lien ket voi mgi nguai de thuc hien cong cuoc giai phong dan

toe, ong hang say voi ly tuong ciia minh. Niem vui ay lam sao co the giau dugc, To

Hftu da bgc 16 no cung nhu bgc 16 tam long nhiet thanh cua minh doi voi each

mang, voi quan chiing nhan dan. Tac gia su dung tir lay "han ha" de mieu ta, bay to

tam trang vui tuoi ciia minh trong liic ay qua la rat hop ly. Tir lay "han ha" bieu

hien trang thai vui tuoi, niem vui ay dugc bgc 16 ra ben ngoai qua cu chi hanh dong,

dae biet la tren net mat. Qua do, co the thay sir chan thanh, niem hang say ciia To

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy ciia To Huu minh sau nhftng cuoc each mang thanh cong ciia nhieu nuac xa hoi chii nghTa tren

Khong phai la mot nguai chi biet vui thai qua nen cho du vui suong den do

nhu the nao di nfta, nha tho van biet dieu khien cam xiic cua minh, biet minh phai

can phai lam gi chii khong mai dam chim trong hoan hi, ma To Hftu chi:

Hftu doi voi ly tuang cua minh.

Roi dung len, ta lai buoc vang duang"

"Khoan khodi chut nhu trong ba bfta Tet

Vui mirng trong niem hanh phiic dugc bat gap ly tuong each mang, nhung

nha tha cung khong quen trach nhiem cua minh, khong quen cong viec ciia minh la

phuc vu cho each mang. Vi vay, nha tha chi danh mot chut it thai gian cho sir vui

say thoi, To Hftu van luon nho nhiem vu Ion cua minh va tu nhac nho ban than "Roi

(Hy vong)

dung len, ta lai buac vang duang". Tir lay "khoan khodi" ggi mot cam giac thoai

mai, de chiu, cam giac nhu moi vira tir mot moi truong bui ban buoc sang mot moi

Tom lai: Qua tat ca nhftng ngon tir, dae biet la tir lay ma tac gia su dung de

bgc 16 cam xiic cua minh, ta co the thay To Hftunha tho each mang ciia chiing ta

vo ciing vui suong, hanh phuc khi bat gap ly tuong each mang. Ngoai ra con cam

nhan dugc sir chan thanh, tran day nhiet huyet va niem tin tuyet doi cua nha tho doi

truong trong lanh, khong khi thoang mat cua thien nhien.

voi each mang.

57 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy ciia To Hiru

3.2. TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN TINH YEU THlTONG, SlT

DONG CAM V6l MOI NGlTdl VA THE HIEN LONG CAM THU GIAC

3.2.1. The hien tinh yeu thircmg, su* dong cam voi moi ngiroi.

Khong chi co tinh yeu nuoc, chi khi each mang, niem vui khi bat gap ly tuong each mang ma Tit dy con co mot "trai tim" biet yeu thuong va cam thong vo han voi mgi nguoi. Do la tinh cam rat chan thanh, rat rgng mo doi voi tat ca mgi nguai, tinh yeu thuong ay khong gioi han doi tuong, khong rieng gi ai he la nhftng nguoi dang thuong thi To Hftu san sang danh tinh thuong va sir cam thong ciia minh cho hg. Nhftng nguai dang thuong ay thuong la nhftng nguoi ngheo kho, bi hat hui, bi ghe lanh, bi viii dap, bi day dga nhu: ong lao day to, chi vii em, co gai giang ho, nhftng nguoi thg, nguai gia va ca anh linh gac tu. Nhung nhftng cau tho cam dong nhat la nhftng cau tho viet ve nhftng em be, do la nhftng em be: mo coi, luu lac, con nha ngheo, di a, di ban hang rong, di dan dao... Ma dau tap tho, To Hftu da viet hang loat nhftng bai tho noi ve cac em nho dang thuong. Khi noi ve cac em ay loi tho cua To Hftu nhu co cai gi do nghen nghen, duong nhu tac gia dang khoc trong long, nuoc mat khong chay thanh giot ra ben ngoai ma chay vao trong lam cho nha tha nghen ngao khong the noi nen loi, chi biet diing cu chi de thay cho

loi noi:

"Anh nhin em khong noi

Nhe nhe de ban tay

Tren dau non toe roi

Rii rwai xoa ngang may..."

(Tuang tri)

Khong diing loi de noi cam xiic cua minh, To Hftu chi the hien tinh yeu

thuong ay qua cu chi thoi ma chan thanh, cam dong lam sao. Co the thay dugc sir

chan thanh do la vi To Hftu da an can, nang niu bang cii* chi "nhe nhe", ggi len mot

sir tran trgng, nang niu, mot cu chi day yeu thuong va sir cam thong, an ui rat doi

chan thanh. Co nhftng liic sir im lang co y nghia hon loi noi rat nhieu. Nha tho hieu

ro canh song cua cac em vo cung vat va, do la canh song "xo cha chan them" vi the

To Hftu muon danh het tinh thuong ciia minh cho cac em. To Hftu yeu thuong va

cam thong bang tinh thuong gan gui, tinh cam gia dinh chii khong phai toi nghiep

cac em ay bang anh nhin xa la, bang sir thuong hai.

Niem dau cua To Hftu dang len tot do, coi long ciia nha tho duong nhu tan

nat khi nhin em Phuac dang thuong toi nghiep bi chii hat hui duoi di, hinh anh ay co

trai tim bang mau bang thit nao ma khong thuong, khong cam dong cho dugc:

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong H6ng Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tic dy ciia To Huu

"Em len let, ciii dau, tay xach goi

Ao quan do, cap chiec non le te"

(Di di em)

Tinh cam ciia nha tho tro nen gan ket hon khi nha tha hoa nhap ca tam hon,

the xac ciia minh voi cac em, xem sir dau don cua cac em ciing la niem dau don cua

minh:

"Biet khong em, noi long anh khi do?

No tai b&i, dau d&n lam, em ai!"

(Di di em)

Tir lay "tai bai" the hien tam trang xot xa vo cung, noi dau nhu dang cao

cau, xe nat trai tim To Hftu ra tirng manh, tam trang dan xe vi nhin thay sir tiii nhuc

ciia em Phuoc ma khong lam gi dugc cho em, nha tho chi con biet khoc cung em,

dau don cho em.

Khong chi dong cam cho nhftng em be dang thuong nhu em Phuoc, ma To

Hftu con thau hieu va dong cam cho noi long cua nguoi me khi phai bo con minh o

lai que nha cho nguoi khac de di tim ke muu sinh. Nguoi me ay lang thang di tim

viec de nuoi than, nhung a thai buoi ay khong de gi kiem dugc viec lam, ma co

kiem dugc ciing la lam vu em, lam nguoi a. Nguai me ay dau don tot cung khi bo

diia con da "mang nang de dau" cho nguoi khac roi phai "nghen ngao" cham soc

con ciia nguoi xa la khong mau mu rugt thit voi minh, khong do minh dut rugt sinh

ra:

"Nang goi con ve nuong xom cii

Nghen ngao tro lai day xe noi

Roi tu horn ay, 6m con chu

Trong canh tay em, luong ngam ngiii."

(Vu em)

Vi hoan canh doi ngheo khong con each nao khac de co the sinh ton bat buoc

nguoi me ay phai bo con minh lai que nha ma ra di, dieu do da la rat dau don, rat

buon tiii roi, vay ma hoan canh con day dua nguoi me ay den cho dau don gap van

Ian khi phai bong con nguoi khac. Cang dau kho han nfta la niem dau ay, noi buon

ay lai khong biet bay to voi ai. Mot noi dau da la qua sue chiu dung dang nay co

den ba noi dau chong chat, de nang len trai tim gay heo hon ciia nguoi phu nft dang

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 59 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tha Tit dy ciia To Huu

thuong. Tir lay "nghen ngao" va tir lay "ngdm ngiii" da dien ta tam trang dau don ay

cua nguai phu nft, nguai me kho so. "Nghen ngao" la cam xiic khong noi nen loi, la

tieng khoc nuc no a trong long; "ngdm ngiii" la su dau xot cho so phan cua minh, la

i, keo dai mai trong long. To Hftu hieu noi dau ay cua nhftng nguoi me, nha tha rat

thong cam cho noi long ciia hg:

"Ta thay nang nghieng minh rii rwai

tam su dau buon ma khong biet tho 16 cung ai cho nen no tro thanh mot noi dau am

(Vu em)

Guc dau thon thiec trong ban tay ..."

Den khi noi dau da vugt qua xa sue chiu dung, khong cam dugc nuoc mat,

sao: "Tha "xong" di mot dual" de roi khi dieu do xay ra thi lao con kho so hon gap

boi:

nguoi phu nft ay da bat dau "thon thuc" ra nhftng cam xiic that ciia minh. To Hftu hieu rang noi dau cua hg that da vugt gioi han. Duong nhu liic nao nha tho cung theo sat ben hg de san se, de thau hieu, de cam thong cho tam trang cua hg. Nha tha dau xot cho nhftng so phan, nhftng con nguoi la nan nhan ciia chien tranh, hg that sir khong con each de sinh ton vi qua doi ngheo. Cung do hoan canh nhu the, mot nguoi ong khong nuoi noi chau minh, khong biet phai lam sao danh nghT dai mong

Anh co hieu co don la noi kho

Cua long toi? That theu gifta muon nguoi

Van thay minh tra troi, muon tim noi

"Lao dau d&n trong toi va niec n&\

Day nang rat, van con nghe tai lanh"

(Hai cai chet)

To Hftu khong chi yeu thuong, thong cam doi voi nhftng nguai ngheo, khong

chi chan thanh voi dan toe minh ma con trai

long ra voi nhftng nguoi kho so khi

chong, con hg di ra chien truong ma khong thay tro ve. Do la nhftng nguoi vg,

nguai me hien 6 nhieu nuac tren the giai nhu: Nhat, Dire, Y... Nha tho hieu tam

"Nuoc mat trao nhu tuoi

trang ciia hg khi nhan ra xac mot ai do chinh la chong, la con cua hg:

Niec n&, 6m ngan thay!"

(Tinh thuang vai chien tranh)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong H6ng Mui

To Hftu thuang nhftng nguai tu bj dga day lao kho:

"Nguoi hang xu ve lao di lai rdi

Ao quan lam rdch rw&i dang bapha"

Tit lay trong tap tha Titdy cua To Huu

(Trua til)

To Hftu thuang ca nhftng nguoi linh gac tu:

"Nen nghen ngao, chi ap ling: "Bac oi!

Thoi bac dirng khoc nfta, kho long toi!"

(Doi ban)

Dong cam voi hg:

"Dai chiing ta con lam noi lao lung

Ma muon song, phai xong vao cai chet"

(Doi ban)

T6 Hftu khong chi yeu thuong, khong chi cam thong cho nhftng kiep nguai

dang thuang ay ma con an lii hg, dong vien hg dem lai niem tin va hi vgng cho hg.

Do la niem tin vao sir doi thay cua cuoc song, niem tin vao ly tuong each mang, hy

vgng vao mot ngay mai tot dep, ngay mai ciia Doc lap, Tu do, Cong bang, Dan chu:

Mang lai niem tin, hy vgng cho lao day to dang thuong:

"Ai ciing co nha cua

Cung sung ste&ng bang nhau"

(Lao day to)

Cho co gai giang ho tren dong Huong Giang:

Ma long ra don ngay mai huy hoang"

"Co oi thang rgng ngay dai

(Tieng hat song Huang)

Tom lai: To Hftu la mot nguai giau long nhan hau, biet yeu thuang va yeu

thuang chan thanh voi con nguai. Dgc tha ong cang nhieu cang thay tinh yeu

thuang tran day, tham thiet tham dam trong tirng cau tho, cang dgc thi cang xiic

dong. Nhftng tir ngft ong dung de dien dat tinh cam cua minh rat tu nhien, rat xiic

dong ma ciing rat phii hop voi cam xiic, tinh cam tan day long ong. Nhftng tir ngft

ong dung de bieu dat tinh cam ay da phan la tir lay, voi nhftng tir gay xiic dong

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam 61 SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

nhieu laTi trong nhftng van tho viet ve nhftng con nguoi dang thuang.

3.2.2. The hien long cam thu giac.

Tir tam long yeu nuoc, yeu thuang xot xa cho dan toe phai bi chim trong

bien lua, bi dga day duoi troi no le, To Hftu da nuoi trong long mot noi cam hon, mot ni§m \xk han doi voi sir tan bao ciia bgn xam lang. Cang dau buon, tui kho thi

long cam thu giac cang dugc hung diic dft doi hon:

"Anh moi hieu: cang ngdm ngiii kho tiii

Cang day them uat han cua long ta"

Tu lay trong tap tha Titdy ciia To Him manh nhu: "nghen ngao", "ngdm ngiii", "nuc no", "than tho", ... va dugc lap lai

(Di di em)

Hay liic nhin thay tinh canh dau xot cua nguoi phu nft khon kho, nha tho da

thang thot len mot cau hoi:

"Ban oi, nguon tham sau kia bai

(Vu em)

Thuc ra cau hoi iy khong can ai phai tra loi, vi cau tra lai do tu trong long moi nguai phai nen biet. To Hftu hieu ro nguyen nhan vi dau ma dan toe ta phai chiu kho, nguyen nhan Ion nh4t la do chien tranh, do sir tan pha, cuop boc, va vet, boc lot cua bgn thuc dan, bgn de quoc, bgn quan phiet hut mau nguai khong biet

tanh hoi. Lam sao khong cam han cho dugc khi lii "mat xanh mui Id" ay den da tan pha tat ca nhftng gi ma nguai dan da do mo hoi de gay dung, chiing di den dau can quet hit tat ca, d6t sach, gilt sach lang que ta, dan toe ta. Chiing day dan ta den canh ban cung, doi ret, kho so. Toi ac cua chiing khong gi co the rua, hanh dong xam luge ciia chiing troi khong dung, dk khong tha. Nhung chiing cang doc ac, cang tan pha thi cang khiln nhan dan oan han, khong khuat phuc.

"Toi b6ng thay chop loe len die doi

Lua thu trong doi mat toi chieu dong"

So phan hay do che do nay?"

(Chdu ro)

Hay:

"Nham mi mat: ch&n vfrn trong dem toi

Nhanh xuong kho khua ron ca long toi

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

Tim khong khoc, nhung soi len, die doi

Song mau hon trao uat khi tanh hoi"

(Lao Bao)

Nggn lua cam thu trong To Hftu nhu nggn lua am i chay duoi nhftng lap la

kho trong khu rirng gia rgng Ion, no day dae, de nen, bop nghet, lap day mgi khe ho

khong cho dat dugc co mot chiit anh sang nao ca. Nggn lira am i ay nay nho co can

cuong phong cua long uat han tot do thoi vao da bung chay dft doi, san sang thieu

rui nhftng lop la kho day dae bao nhieu nam nay lap day tren mat dat, khong cho dat

thay anh mat troi. Tir sir yeu duoi nuc no, ngam ngui cam chiu, To Hftu da bien no

thanh mot trai tim manh me, cung ran, mot trai tim khong khoc nfta ma trao dang

len "du doi".

Sir cam han trong To Hftu cang liic cang tang dan len, noi uat han bay lau

nay nen trong long den khi khong chiu dung dugc nfta no se bgc 16 ra, biic pha ra

cho ha he:

"Toi co thet, sao van con nho qua!

Nhftng tiec toi, troi oi! Khong the ha"

Tuy la da buc pha, da co thet len de giai toa noi u uat trong long, nhung nha

tho van cam thay con mot cai gi do a trong long, van con mot sir am uc rat Ion.

Xem ra each nay khong the giiip cho nha tho giai toa dugc sir "tiec toF da "ket tua"

lai trong long bay lau nay. The la noi uat han lai cang tang len. Nha tho khong tim

(Tranh dau)

dugc each giai toa no nen noi uat han lai phai de nen trong long, nhung Ian nay noi uk han khong chi la "die dpF nfta, ma no da tro thanh trang thai gian dft den muc khien nguai khac phai khiep sg. Thong qua y nghia bieu cam cua tu lay "ghe gam".

"Co ai hieu noi hon ghe gam

Tren mat nguoi trong voi niii suang"

(Tieng hat di day)

Hay:

"d trong toi, mot niii lua hoi day

Thet vang troi ghe g&m nhu horn nay"

(Tranh dau)

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Noi uat han, long cam thu giac dugc hun diic trong nha tho To Hftu chuyen

bien nhanh chong tir trang thai nay sang trang thai khac theo chieu huong tang len.

Tir de nen trong long den boc 16 ra ben ngoai, tu suy nghT bien thanh hanh dong. Tir

s6 it tang thanh so dong. Bai vi nguai mang noi uat han ay gio day khong chi co

mot minh To Hftu ma la ciia chung, cua tat ca mgi nguai, ciia dan toe Viet Nam va cua tk ca dan toe bi ap biic tren the gioi nay. Lua cam hon se chay len, se thieu rui

tat ca nhftng ten giac xam lang cuop nuoc:

Tit lay trong tap tho Titdy cua To Huu

Mau giai phong da soi dong nhan loai"

"Long muon dan ran rat lua cam hon

Hay:

"Liic ngoai kia dan chiing a tram noi

Nghe tieng reo han thu vang mat dat

Nhu dam chay trong gio long ran rat

Muon nghin trai tim, mot nggn lua thieng"

(Hue thang Tam)

(Tranh ddu)

Tir lay"rdn rat" the hien n§i cam hon dang trao dang va sap bien thanh hanh dong. Mau cam hon soi len, tirng mach mau, tirng te bao dang cang len dang muon biic pha tk ca. Nggn liia cam thu am i chay trong long bay lau nay da bung len chay dft doi sin sang thieu rui tat ca nhftng con "vi khuan" xam luge. Va long cam han

ay da bat dau tro thanh hanh dong thuc te:

"Tim gang thep van bieng bieng lua chien

Co da phat, phai giuong cao quyet tien!"

Dan toe ta da nhuong nhin bgn giac bay lau vi khong muon thay canh nhan

dan chim trong bien mau ciia chien tranh. Nhung ta cang nhan nhin thi bgn giac cang Ian tai, chiing ap biic nhan dan ta, boc lot nhan dan ta khien dan ta kho so, lam

than. Neu da lam vao tinh canh "tiSn thoai luong nan" nhu vay, thoi thi ta cii quyet mot phen voi chiing. Dl r6i sau nhftng gia phut quyet chien mot phen gianh doc lap, sau nhftng gio lua chien "bung bung" chay ay toan dan ta se dugc am no doi doi.

De roi nhan dan lai giuong cao nggn ca dgc lap, de roi:

"Tir muon phuong theo got nen ram ram

GVHD: Bui Thj Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

(Ho Chi Minh)

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy cua To Huu

Viet Nam! Viet Nam! Viet Nam muon nam!"

(Hue thang Tdm)

cao de the hien long cam thu giac nhu: "die doi", "ghe gam", "rdn rat", "bitng

Tom lai: To Hftu da su dung nhftng tir lay mang tinh bieu cam ve do manh

bitng", ... va cung dugc lap lai nhieu Ian trong nhftng loi tho the hien noi cam han

nay. Dieu do chung to long cam phan ciia nha tho la rat Ion va cang cho thay rang

toi ac ciia bgn giac la khong the nao dung tha dugc, du chiing co chet di cung khong

the rua het toi.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Him

KET LUAN•

Tren con duong hoat dong chinh tri, hoat dong each mang, To Hftu la mot

nha each mang trung thanh, mot nguoi cong san xuat sac. Tren con duong hoat

ong co gia tri Ion doi voi nen van hgc Viet Nam, dong thai co gia trj co vu tinh than

each mang. Bac Ho da tirng khang dinh: "Van hoa nghe thuat ciing la mot mat tran,

anh chj em la chien si tren mat tran ay.". Co the noi To Hftu hoat dong nghe thuat

ciing la hoat dong each mang. To Hftu that sir tro thanh "nguai chien si tren mat

tran ay". To Hftu su dung ngon ngft trong tho phong phii da dang, nhung ciing rat

dong nghe thuat, To Hftu la mot nha tho Ion, nha tho tai hoa. Nhftng dong gop ciia

mot lop tir kha dae biet, do la tir lay. Trong tieu luan nay, nguai viet da tien hanh

gan gui voi mgi nguai. Trong so nhftng each sir dung doc dao ay, co su gop mat ciia

Trong khuon kho giai han cua de tai, ciing nhu trong thai gian cho phep

khao sat ciing nhu di vao tim hieu ve tir lay trong mot tap tho cua nha tha To Hftu.

To Hftu, do la tap tho Tit dy. Tuy nhien, qua viec khao sat giiip nguoi viet hieu hon

ve tac gia To Hftu cung nhu hieu sau hon ve nhftng sang tac cua ong. Qua do lam

noi bat len mot so van de trong viec su dung ngon tir cua nha tho, tir do thay dugc

tai hoa ciia mot nguai nghe sT each mang.

De co dugc nhftng van tho lam bao nhieu trai tim rung dong, danh thuc,

chiing toi chi di vao tim hieu, khao sat tir lay cua mot trong bay tap tha ciia nha tho

dong vien bao nhieu con nguoi con "me ngii" trong giac mong thoat ly, To Hftu da

dan de hieu noi dau ciia hg, ong khong ngai dan than vao nguy hiem de phuc vu

each mang. To Hftu nhieu Ian bi cam tu, chung kien nhieu sir bat dao cua ke thu doi

voi dan toe. Chinh qua qua trinh ay da hung diic nen mot nha tho xuat sac cua each

mang, ciia dan toe Viet Nam.

trai qua qua trinh tim toi, sang tao gian nan. Nha tho di sau vao trong doi song nhan

Tir truoc den nay da co khong it nhftng bai viet, bai binh luan ve nha tho To

Hftu. Bai viet ciia toi chi di vao nghien ciiu mot khia canh nho trong van de Tit lay

kien thiic can thiet de thuc hien de tai nay. Dong thai trang bi cho minh nhftng kien

thuc co ban de co the dung vftng trong xa hoi, va co the diing lam hanh trang tri

thuc cho nhftng nghien ciiu ve nha tho To Hftu sau nay. Mac du da co gang het siic,

trong tap tho Tit dy cua To Hiru. Nguoi viet da co gang gom nhat mot khoi luong

tin bai viet ciing gop mot phan nho lam phong phii them cho nhftng bai nghien ciiu

nhung co the bai viet van chua that day dii va kho tranh nhftng thieu xot, nhung toi

ve nhftng trang tho ciia To Hftu.

66 SVTH: Duong H6ng Mui GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

To Hftu la nha tha luon tim toi, kham pha va sang tao trong viec su dung

ngon tir. Ong da phat huy tinh hoa ciia nen van chuong nhan loai de nhftng van tho

cua minh tham dugm tinh than each mang ciia ong. Co the thay trong xuyen suot tap tho Tie dy noi rieng cung nhu trong suot qua trinh hoat dong nghe thuat ciia ong, tho ong mang mot tinh cam Ion doi voi To quoc, que huong voi quan chiing...

T6 Hftu da mat each day muoi nam, nhung mgi nguoi luon cam thay ong van

con hien dien tren coi doi nay, vi hon tho mang tinh cam chiia chan Ion lao chan

thanh ciia To Hftu da tham dam qua tung trang viet ciia ong va da di sau vao long

nguoi dan Viet Nam. Toi tin chac rang nhftng trang tha tham dugm tinh cam ay se

ciing ong ton tai mai trong long nguoi dan Viet Nam.

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Tit lay trong tap tha Titdy ciia To Huu

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tho Tic dy ciia To Huu

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Do Hftu Chau (1981). Tit vung ngu nghia tieng Viet. Ha Ngi: Nxb Giao duc.^.

2. Ngo ViSt Dinh (2003). Den voi tho To Huu. Ha Noi: Nxb Thanh Nien.

3. Phan Cu De va Ha Minh Dire (1979). Nha van VietNam (1945 - 1975). Ha

4. Phan Cu De, Tran Dinh Huu, Nguyen Trac, Nguyen Hoanh Khung, Le Chi

Dung va Ha Van Due (2009). Van hoc Viet Nam (1900 - 1945). Ha Noi: Nxb

Giao due Viet Nam.

5. Nguyen Lam Dien va Tran Van Minh (2010). Giao trinh Van hoc VietNam

Noi: Nxb Dai hgc va Trung hgc chuyen nghiep.

Men dai giai doan 1945-1975. Can Tho: Nxb Dai hgc Can Tho.

6. Nguyln Thien Giap (2010). Tie vung hoc tieng Viet. Ha Noi: Nxb Giao due

Viet Nam.

7. Hoang Van Hanh (2008). Tit lay trong tieng Viet, Ha Noi: Nxb Khoa hgc Xa

hgi.

8. Nguyen Thi Hanh, Thach Thi Toan va Nguyen Anh Vii (2011). To Hieu tho

va doi. Ha Noi: Nxb Van hgc.

9. To Hftu (2011). Toan tap tho To Hieu. Ha Ngi: Nxb Van hgc.

10. Dinh Trgng Lac (1995). 99phuong tien va bienphdp tu tit tieng Viet. Ha

Noi: Nxb Giao due.

11. Phong Lan (2007). To Huu ve tdc gia va tdc phdm. Ha Noi: Nxb Giao due.

12. Do Quang Luu (2006). Nghien cieu binh luan tho To Hieu. Ha Noi: Nxb Van

13. Ton Thao Mien (2002). To Hiiru: Tie dy - tdc phdm va du luan. Ha Noi: Nxb

Van hgc.

14. Nhieu tac gia (2006). Tdc gia trong nha truong To Hieu. Ha Noi: Nxb Van

hoc.

GVHD: Biii Thi Tam

xix

SVTH; Duong H6ng Mui

hoa - Thong tin.

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

15.Nguyen Van No (2010). Phong each hoc tieng Viet. Can Tha: Nxb Dai hgc

Can Tho.

16.Tran Dinh Su (1987). Thiphdp tho T6 Huu: chuyen luan. Ha Ngi: Nxb Giao

due.

17.Nguyen Ngge Thien (2008). Van hoc Viet Nam the hiXX (Ly luan -phe binh

18.Nguyen Thi Thu Thiiy (2008). Bai giang mon tit vung hoc tieng Viet. Can

Tho: Nxb Dai hgc Can Tho.

19. Phan Trgng Thuang va Nguyen Cir (suu tam, bien soan) (1980). To Hitu -

1945-1975). Ha Ngi: NxbVan hgc.

nha tho each mang. Ha Noi: Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi.

20. Vien ngon ngft hgc (1998). Tit lay - nhung vdn de con de ngo. Ha Ngi: Nxb

Khoa hoc xa hoi.

GVHD: Biii Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Titlay trong tap tho Titdy cua To Huu

PHU LUC

A. CAC BANG PHU LUC TlT LAY DOI

Bai tho

Cau tho*

stt

Tir lay

Ao ao

Bang 1: Thong ke tir lay hoan toan

(1 Ian)

Vui bat tuyet

Hue thang Tam Mot dan toe da do do dung day!

Bay bay len, hoi doi canh than tien

M6 coi

Bay bay

(2 Ian)

Lia canh la bay bay

H6 Chi Minh

Tim gang thep van bieng bieng lua chien

(1 Ian)

Cham cham

Tieng hat di day

Birng birng

(1 Ian)

Chi chi

Thua cac ong nghi

Nghi "uay xir" khong biet cai chi chi

(1 Ian)

Chieu chieu

Tieng sao ly que

Dem nay nhu nhirng chieu chieu

(1 lau)

Cuon cuon

Vui bat tuyet

Xe oi cham cham ngimg giay phut

(1 Ian)

Didi

Duong nhin ta do! Di di ban

Xuan den

Nhae nhan gian cuon cuon boc hong tran!

(4 Ian)

Diu diu

Ta di di, tim hanh phuc tir day!

(1 Ian)

Doi doi

Vobo

Viet Nam ta mai am no den dfri\

(1 Ian)

Dung dung Voi huong diu diu, y ngan xua

Nghen ngao khoc lua dong dong den tham Vo bo-

(1 Ian)

Nam xua

Dong dong

Dung dung

Toi thay long toi sao dung dung Dung dung

Dieng dung khong mot cam tinh chi!

(2 Ian)

Em am

Hai cai chet

Oi diu dang, em dm, phut tinh than!

(1 Ian)

Guam guam

Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 Ian)

Ha ha

Vay tay lii to gw&m gu&m

(1 Ian)

xxi

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Giet giac Ha ha\ Bay phai chet

Tit lay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Huu

Ham ham

Giua liic giac ham ham tay lap dan

(1 Ian)

Hay hay

Con ca, chot nua

Quyet hy sinh

(1 Ian)

Tieng hat di day

Hiu hiu

Loi han ciing hay hay

Hiu hiu phat lai buon vay vay long

Doi ban

Thoi hiu hiu vao nhirng chan song day

(2 Ian)

Khac khac

Hue thang Tam

Hue tram mac horn nay sao khac khac

(1 Ian)

Hy vgng

Khoan khoai

Va ha mom khoan khodi

Khoan khodi chut nhu trong ba bira Tet

(2 Ian)

Lan Ian

Duoi trua

Chan troi lui mai lan lan rgng

(1 lan)

Lao day to

Roi lang lang buoc chan hiim soi

(1 lan)

Lanh lanh

Y xuan

Lang lang Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 lan)

Lili

Day nang toi voi chim ca lanh lanh

(1 lan)

Thua cac ong nghi Dap cho tan thoi be rac li li

Nhu nhung con tau

(1 lan)

Nam xua

Bang ngan lop lop may di

Long long Tren dau ta, long long gio troi cao!

Vui bat tuyet

(3 lan)

Lop lop

Mau mau

Dau ta qua lop lop khai hoan mon

(1 lan)

May may

Giet giac Mau mau len dung day!

(1 lan)

Mama

Tieng hat di day

Tra het, khong quyen tiec may may

(1 lan)

Man man

Mo mo may xom tranh chim trong may

Dau tirng 6 ma xanh mon mon

(1 lan)

Nao nao

Dem giao thira

Nho dong

DiTay

Nao nao long lai mo theo co hong

(3 lan)

Hue thang Tam

Doi goc dai nghieng nghieng tan lay bong

Nghieng nghieng

Dung dung

U tinh nang da nhirng nao nao

(5 lan)

Nguoi linh dem

33 Nhe nhe

La bang nhe nhe gieo doi tam

xxn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Nghieng nghieng vanh non dang cho ai

Tie lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

(1 lan)

Xuan long

Nhe nhe

Gio /f/if «/ff, huong co cay nhe nhe

Tuong tri

Nhe nhe de ban tay

(4 lan)

Neu doi liic ta hat tham nho nho

Nho nho

Mot tieng rao dem

Tieng em buoc tren duang dem nho nho

(3 lan)

Quanh quan

Quanh quanh deo chat, trung triing niii

Tieng hat di day

cao

(1 lan)

Quen quen

Doi ban

Tieng quen quen. A phai, ban day roi!

(1 lan)

Ram ram

Quanh quanh

Tir muon phuong theo got nen ram ram

(1 lan)

Rau rau

Hue thang Tam

Dinh than do, rau rau than da trang

(1 lan)

Roi roi

M6 coi

Gio lua mua roi roi

(1 lan)

Rom ram

Hue thang Tam

Tieng sao ly que

(1 lan)

Chan rctm r&m mau, Hong quan khong

Rong rong

Vobo

Le cay da do rong rong

(1 lan)

giay!

Rung rung

Ly ruou thg

Nhung mat yeu bong rung rung ngan le

(2 lan)

Sao sao

Hue thang Tam

Vang vang bay, dep qua, sao sao oi!

(1 lan)

Se se

Doi ban

Toi nhom day, toi gan se se dap

(1 lan)

Sui sut

DiTay

Doi hang siti sut, ggi chong ... ma!

(1 lan)

Ba ma Hau Giang Ma gia nham mat, rung rung

•>

Tham tham

Tieng sao ly que

Duong non tham tham, da gai 16 nho

(1 lan)

Thanh thanh

Vo vui len huyt gio thanh thanh

(1 lan)

Quanh quanh deo chat, trung triing niii

Trung triing

Nguoi linh dem

cao

(1 lan)

Ba ma Hau Giang

Thang giac kia diing ngo trieng trung

Trirng trung

Ba ma Hau Giang

Tieng hat di day

Trung trieng trong ngugc trong xuoi

(2 lan)

xxm

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD; Bui Thi Tam

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

Tir tir

Trua til

(1 lan)

Vang vang

Hue thang Tam

Bong thua thot tie tie thu ngan lai

Vang vang bay, dep qua, sao sao oi!

(1 lan)

Vay vay

(1 lan)

Vii vii

Lao Bao

Tieng hat di day Hiu hiu phat lai buon vay vay long

(1 lan)

Vui vui

Hue thang Tam

Ha! No hot cai gi vui vui nghe thiet ngo!

(1 lan)

Xaxa

Dan muoi rirng huyen nao vu vu bay

(1 lan)

Xinh xinh

Xa xa, sau lop nha xieu Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 lan)

Bang 2: Thong ke tu* lay van

STT

Cau tho

Bai tho

Tieng sao ly que Xinh xinh nhu mot tien bong lai

Am tham

Lien hiep lai

Tren duang di nhu nhirng bong dm tham

Doi ban

Roi dm tham hien truac ciia xa lim

(3 lan)

Ban khoan

Tir lay

Duoi trua

Ban khoan di kiem le yeu doi Nho dong

(2 lan)

Ban khoan khach lai len duong cii

(4 lan)

Bang khuang Cam thong Bang khuang chi biet nhin sao xa voi...

Long bang khudng mai on ngay cii

Bat ngat

Nguoi ve

(2 lan)

Tren chin tang cao bat ngdt troi... Nho dong

Thap do

Bongo

Nang don lay mau xanh huong bat ngdt

(4 lan)

Nho nguai

Trua tii

Nguai ve Nho nhung mat tho ngay nhin b& ng& B&ng&xbx la: "Cha! Cha ai!"

DiTay

(2 lan)

Ao quan lam rach ruoi dang boph& Bapha

Bo vo

Ciing khan triim toe, ciing boph&

M6 coi

Di tim to bo vo

(2 lan)

Bon chon

Vui bat tuyet

Trong rung tim ta dap nhip bon chon

(1 lan)

Xuan den

Chan ngan

Bo vo tieng hat ben nuong nang chieu Tieng hat di day

XXIV

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Ciing nhung ai chan ngan cuoc doi nay

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Hieu

(1 lan)

Chenh venh

Thap do

Thap chenh venh tan sap duoi chan tuang.

(1 lan)

Cho vo

Biet chang em, hai ban c/ro* vo

Lanh liing

Chieu horn nay, tren bai da cho vo

Chan van

Lao bao

Nhung nguoi (4 lan) khong chet

Dam tham

Nham mi mat: ch&n von trong bong toi (1 lan)

Hai dau xuan dam tham

chien tranh

(1 lan)

Tranh dau

De me

Va tu hao trong nhirng phut de me

Hy vgng

Khong gian hong nhu giac mong de me

Tinh thuang voi

Dinh ninh

Tieng sao ly que

Mot vang co do dinh ninh lai the

(1 lan)

Diu hiu

(2 lan)

(1 lan)

Hoang mang

Tieng hat di day Diu hiu may ai don canh

Hoang mang khong dinh huong tuong lai

(1 lan)

Huyen

Duoi gam xai, hay cuai noi huyen thuyen

Ta het huyen thuyen, ta chay khap nha

Tieng hat di day

Im lim

Ga dau gay dong im lim

Truatu

Ma ngoai san, tat ca ciing im lim

(3 lan)

Doi ban

Kele

Chi nghen ngao ke le voi long toi

Con ca, chot nua

Quanh quan thuyen Hue thang Tam (2 lan)

Ke le chuyen de hen

(2 lan)

Lata

Ly rugu thg

Trong hoa tuyet trang ngan roi lata...

(1 lan)

Lai rai

Trua tu

Nguoi hang xu ve lao di lai rai

Lam bam

Chau Ro

(1 lan)

Lan than

Anh nghien chat hai ham rang lam bam

Ai lan than dem mau tuoi hoa la

(1 lan)

Doi thg

Khoi dam suong dai nang kiep lang thang1?

Lang thang

Doi thg

Me chiing no con lang thang buoc moi

(2 lan)

xxv

SVTH; Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Thap do

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

Lang xang

14thang7

(1 lan)

Lao dao

Chay lang xdng ben nhirng co xe day

Anh buon than the lao dao

(1 lan)

Lao xao

Cam thong

Trang thi tham chi voi song lao xao...

(1 lan)

Hue thang Tam

Lat dat

Thua cac ong nghi Dung bon ba lat dat uong cong!

Dirng bon ba lat dat uong cong!

(2 lan)

Chieu

Ban tay kho lay bay

Lay bay

Thua cac ong nghi

Ma gia lay bay nhu tau chuoi kho

(2 lan)

Le te

Di di em

Ao quan do, cap chiec non le te

(1 lan)

Lien mien

Vobo

Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 lan)

De cho lut be, lut nguon lien mien?

Lim dim

Trua til

Nguoi linh dem Anh lim dim mat rat cay hoai

(2 lan)

Lama

Con ca, chot nua

Khong mot bong l&m&

Mat do cay sg nang khet lim dim

L6 nho

Duong non tham tham, da gai lo nho

Tieng sao ly que

(1 lan)

La tho

(1 lan)

Nhung nha da rai lo tho

(1 lan)

Loanh quanh

Quanh quan

Tieng hat di day

(1 lan)

Lorn khom

Song loanh quanh trong mot viing ao tu

Ma lorn khom di lugm ciii kho

(1 lan)

Lui thiii

DiTay

Nang bong con, lui thiii ra ga...

(1 lan)

Ba ma Hau Giang

Gio quyet dinh

Khong the nira, lieng chieng hay tinh toan

(1 lan)

Luot muot

M6 coi

Lirng chung

(1 lan)

Tan ngan

Doi! doi!

Ba con oi, cho tan ngan

(1 lan)

Ho Chi Minh

Thieng lieng Hoi nggn duoc thieng lieng

xxvi

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Lu&t mu&t duoi dong mua

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy cua To Hieu

(1 lan)

Thong dong

Doi thg

U* mai day, chan lai se thong dong

(1 lan)

Ti mi

Con ca, chot nua

Phai giu gin ti mi

(1 lan)

Di di em

Toi bai

No toi b&i, dau don lam, em ai!

DiTay

(2 lan)

Toi bod mua la ... nang khong khoc

14 thang 7

(1 lan)

Tung birng Tat ca Pari noi day tung bieng

Uru

nhuom mau

(1 lan)

Bang 3: Thong ke tir lay phu am dau

Bai tho

Cau tho

STT Tir lay

Bat binh

Dong Kinh Bao nhieu nang u ru

(1 lan)

Be bong

14thang7

Nhirng thang con be bong ciing duang oai

(1 lan)

Bonba

Thua cac ong nghi

Dirng bon ba lat dat uong cong!

Xuan long Pha bat binh, muu song cho ngay mai...

Dung bon ba lat dat uong cong!

(2 lan)

Thua cac ong nghi

Hy vgng

(1 lan)

Bong bot Tim bong bot hat nhirng loi au yem

Trua tii

Day thu ggn giua thanh cao bung bit

(1 lan)

Bung bit

Chan chuong Nguoi linh dem

Chan chufrng ue oai triit len vai

(1 lan)

Che chan

Hai diia be

Che chan ke bi doi vui hat hui

(1 %)

Chem che

Dong kinh nhuom mau

Tren ngai vang chem che

(1 lan)

Chen chiic

Khach chen chiic tren hai hang sap go

(1 lan)

Chinh chien

DiTay

Co hieu dau: truong chinh chien ay

(1 lan)

XXVll

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Quanh quan

Tie lay trong tap tho Tit dy cua To Huu

Chiu chit

M6 coi

Con chim non chiu chit

(1 lan)

Chom chap

Hai diia be

(1 lan)

Dua chom chap vo 6m ly sua trang

Tieng chuong nha tho

Thue suu chong chat

(1 lan)

Chiia chan

Chau Ro

Chong chat

(1 lan)

Chuc chom

Dgng suong ma tren doi mat chua chan

Nhu bay cho doi chuc chom mieng an

(1 lan)

Co cue

Nhung nguoi khong chet

Trong can nao cua mot loai co cue

(1 lan)

Ciia cai

Lao day to

Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 lan)

Da diet

M6 coi

Chao 6i buon da diet

Khong rieng ai cua cai

Dam da

Doi ban

Phut dam da, toi se keo ban tay

(1 lan)

•\

r

Dam duoi

Chon linh hon dam duoi hu danh

(1 lan)

Dung dung

Nam xua

Dau don lam toi hoa dan day

(1 lan)

Dao dat

Dan day

(1 lan)

Dat dao

DiTay

Trang troi Hai muoi tuoi, tim dang dao dat mau

(1 lan)

Datde

Doi ban

Co tieng buoc chan ai, dat de, nhe nhe

(1 lan)

Nam xua

Dau don

Roi bong ciing tuon le dat dao

Dau ddn lam toi hoa dan day

Y xuan

(10 lan)

Doi lat miii va dau don bat cong

Day dan

Lao bao

Trang troi Got chan to chua day dan phong tran

(3 lan)

Cho toi day dan voi ngay mai

Nho nguoi

6i dep de nhung linh hon ham ha

(1 lan)

Tieng chuong nha tho

Dep de

Diu dang mang y

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

XXVlll

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Diu dang

Tit lay trong tap tho Titdy cua To Hieu

Hai cai chet

Oi diw

(2 lan)

Diu dat

Tieng sao ly que

Sao keu diu dat ben long Hong quan

(1 lan)

Dga day trong nhirng ho tham khong

Dga day

Tam tu trong tu

ciing!

(2 lan)

Hai cai chet

Doi dao

Ma khon kho cu dga day xac heo!

Tieu hoang the van doi dao siic khoe

(1 lan)

Nho nguoi

Quyet hy sinh

(1 lan)

Chau Ro

Du doi

Toi bong thay chop loe len die doi

Lao Bao

Tim khong khoc nhung soi len die doi

(2 lan)

Du don

Vobo

Dan ca du d&n xa hoa

(1 lan)

Dong dae Hoi chien si van ren vang, dong dae

Gam gu

Ba tieng May dien giuc gam gie

May dien giuc gam gie

(2 lan)

Tir ay

Ba tieng

Gan gui nhau them manh khoi doi

Hai dua be

Nay day anh, mot buc tranh gan gui

(2 lan)

Gan guoc

Tuong than

Gan gui

(1 lan)

Ngon dai gan guoc nham chai da

Gat gong

Ba tieng Keng til khua gat gong

(2 lan)

Gay go

Hon chien sT

Vui sao dugc, ha em, than gay go

(1 lan)

Chi ghe g&m niii chom tren song dai

Ba tieng Keng til khua gat gong

Ghe gam

Song that

(5 lan)

Gio quyet dinh Chiing kieu hanh mo nhung ngay ghe

g&m

Giu gin

Con ca, chot nua

Phai giu gin ti mi

(1 lan)

Tieng sao ly que

Sao keu giuc gia buoc chan quan Hong

(1 lan)

Giuc gia

Ly rugu thg

6i hai hiing, Ma tuong run toan than!

(1 lan)

Ham ho

Nho nguoi

Oi dep de nhirng linh hon ham h&

(1 lan)

XXIX

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Hai hung

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

Han hgc

Tranh dau

Nhirng anh lua xanh le va han hgc

(1 lan)

Hap hoi

Ly rugu thg

Man Chau quoc dang nhung gio hdp hoi

r

(2 lan)

Nay hay nghe mot thai dang hdp hoi

Che chan ke bi doi vui hat hui

Hat hui

Hai dua be

Ma chii con hat hui

(2 lan)

Lao day to

Heo hat

Thap do

Tieng hat di day

(1 lan)

Heo hon

Don xa heo hat ca bay

Vobo

(1 lan)

Hi hue

Kho thuoc dan ma toan nguoi hi hue

14thang7

(1 lan)

Hai phen nuoc mat day long heo hon\

r

Hoi han

Trang troi

Toi se chet binh yen, khong hoi han.

(1 lan)

Hue thang Tam

Tim hoi hop, vi sao? Ai hen uoc

Hoi hop

Vii em

(2 lan)

Hon ha

Xuan den

Hoi hop nang ra vin cua lau

Hong hach

Song that

Toan quan Liin hdng hdch buac qua cau

Ta h&n her riet ban tay huynh de (1 lan)

Hiia hen

Trang troi

Dai man nong hiea hen biet bao hoa!

(1 lan)

Ma long ra don ngay mai huy hoang

(1 lan)

Khac kho

Tam tu trong til

Day lanh leo bon tuang voi khac kho

(1 lan)

Xuan nhan loai

Khao khat

Lau roi, khao khdt lam, xuan ai

Huy hoang Tieng hat song Huong

Ma tim em khao khdt lugm tren duang

(2 lan)

Khat khao

Lanh liing

Hue thang Tam

Tieng hat di day Keo nua roi day lai khdt khaol

Khdt khao hoai, nhu co gai mong cho

(2 lan)

Kho khan

Quanh quan

Chieu

Tren lan moi kho khan

Kho vo bien cua ngay thang kho khan

Khon kho

Hai cai chet

(2 lan)

(1 lan)

DiTay

Ma khon kho cii dga day xac heo!

XXX

SVTH; Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

La liing, nang co biet La liing

Titlay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Hieu

(1 lan)

La luot

Dung dung

La /i«fr di ve trong gio mai...

(1 lan)

Lac loai

Anh thay sao nhu ke lac loai

Em lac loai troi tai

Tuang tri

(2 lan)

Tieng dan sao cho nuc no, lam ly

Lam ly

Hon chien si

(1 lan)

Lan 16c

Nguai ve

(1 lan)

Lan lua

Phai thao vat, phai may mo, lan 16c Thua cac ong nghi

(1 lan)

Ly rugu thg

Mot ma gia lan lua khong di Ba ma Hau Giang

Lanh liing

Roi day ... lanh, day mua va lang le

(3 lan)

Lanh leo

Tam tu trong tu

Khong dam dong va nhin con lang le Lang le

Hue thang Tam

Muon vi sao ... Lanh leo tham hoang bao

(3 lan)

Dong

Day lanh leo bon tuong voi khac kho

Lanh lung

Lanh liing gio lot vao khe cua buong

Dem giao thira

(4 lan)

Song trong mua gio lanh lung

Doi ban

(1 lan)

Lap loang

Tau cau non lap lodng muon guom xanh

Xuan long

(1 lan)

Lat leo

Dai chiing ta con lam noi lao lung Lao lung

Hai cai chet

(1 lan)

Le loi

Trong len troi le loi anh sao xa

Doi ban

(1 lan)

Len let

Anh nhin len let vuon cau mai

Oi lat leo la nhung ngay lanh leo!

Di di em

Nguoi ve

(2 lan)

Lo lang

Em len let, ciii dau, tay xach goi

Hue thang Tam

(1 hin)

Hue xon xao, lo lang, nhung dem ma

Dung dung

(1 lan)

Trong lau son long lay

Tai hoa tinh ket, ngge long lanh Lor.g lanh

Dong kinh nhuom mau

(1 lan)

Long lay

Lung lay

Vii em

Nhung tau cau yeu se lung lay

(3 lan)

xxxi

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Thap do Bang bo suon co thap da lung lay?

Tit lay trong tap tho Tie dy ciia To Huu

r

Hy vgng

(1 lan)

Con luu luyen ngay tan trong nang yeu...

Luu luyen

Lanh liing

Giua "tinh thuang" luu luyen ciia ... dan

(2 lan)

Hai cai chet

ruoi

Toi chat ca vao guong con lung leo Lung leo

Mai mia

DiTay

Trang troi Toi chang tiec, chi cuoi trong mai mia

(3 lan)

Xuan nhan loai

Man mac

Huong tinh nhan loai bay man mdc

Ciia loai de quoc - 6i mai mia\

(2 lan)

Trua til

M6 hoi. Met. Moi khong buon map may

Map may

Hai cai chet

Lan moi kho se map may doi lan

(2 lan)

Phai thao vat, phai may mo, lan 16c

May mo

Dem giao thira Nuoc non man mdc tinh thuang man nong

Me mai

Hong quan me mai song ho

Thua cac ong nghi (1 lan)

(1 lan)

Tren Huong Giang menh mang do lanh

Meng mang

Hue thang Tam

ngat

Tieng sao ly que

Tam tu trong tu

Nghe menh mang sue khoe ciia tram loai

Hy vgng tran len dong menh mong ...

(2 lan)

Duoi trua

Menh mong

Menh mong nho ban, goi tinh tram

(9 lan)

Dong

phuong...

Meu mao

Nhung ma khong, anh meu mdo: "Tuong

Doi ban

(1 lan)

nay!"

Mia mai

(1 lan)

Tranh dau

Mien man

Hue thang Tam

Oi mia mai hon ta chi thay Dung dung

(3 lan)

Day xu mo mang, day xu tha

Mo mang

Chi mien man theo y nghT luu truyen 6i thien duong! Tai mien man lang nhae

Dung dung (1 lan)

Moi me

Nhirng nguai khong chet

(1 lan)

Nhirng thi the kho gay duong mon moi!

Mon moi

De dem lai cho nguoi ngay m&i me

(1 lan)

Mot tieng rao dem

Gia tai do, may dong xu mong manh

Mong manh

Hai cai chet

Miia thu truoc, hai tay gay mong manh

(3 lan)

xxxn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Lien hiep lai

Titlay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Hieu

Miim mim

6 la chua! Dura xinh tron, mum mim

Hai dua be

(1 lan)

r

Nanna

Ngai ngimg chi? Nan nd chi them phien!

Di di em

(1 lan)

Con ca, chot nua

Nanni

Con ca, chot nua

Tir do het nan ni

(2 lan)

Nanni

Va thiet tha nan ni voi hon say

Cai bung cii nan ni

(1 lan)

Hay dung day

Nang ne

Di di em

100

(1 lan)

La canh xao xac, buon dong nao ne

Nao ne

Dong

101

(1 lan)

14thang7

Nao niic

Dang am tham nao niec khat khong gian

102

Vui bat tuyet

Mat troi do huyen ki mgc len, 6i ndo niec

(4 lan)

Van chua thoi, loi day rut ndng ne

. . . .

r

Nho dong

Mot gigng ho dua ho nao niing

Nao nung

103

Hon chien sT

Buong tieng day nao nung, em mai mia

(2 lan)

Tinh thuang vai chien

Nao nuot

Dang nao nuot uu phien

104

tranh

(1 lan)

Noi di anh, cho ngai ngiing

Ngai ngimg

105

Cam thong

Chan ngai ngiing e ngai ciia ngay dong

(4 lan)

Lanh liing

Ngam nghT

Ly rugu thg

106

(1 lan)

Ma Chiem Son buong cuang va ngdm

nghi

Doi ban

Va ngdm ngiii: "Bac cam lay tay cho!"

Ngam ngui

107

Vii em

Trong canh tay em, luong ngam ngui

(3 lan)

Ngan nga

Tieng chuong nha tho

108

(1 lan)

Vobo

Tieng dong ngan nga

Ngan ngo trong ruong trong troi

Ngan ngo

109

Doi con chim diing lung deo ngan ngo

(2 lan)

Quanh quan

Khach dai lau ngao ngan nia bang quo

Ngao ngan

110

Nho nguai

Nghe ben canh tieng ngap dai ngao ngan

(3 lan)

Ca tuang lai ngao ngat vi tham bui

Ngao ngat

Tieng sao ly que

111

(1 lan)

Tranh dau

Toi ngao nghe voi tram dong tu tuong...

Nha nguai

112

Hon chien si

Ngao nghe

Ngao nghe cuai vai nang sam suang dem

(3 lan)

113 Ngap ngirng

XXXlll

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Nguoi ve Chan muon vo song lai ngap ngirng

Tie lay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Hieu

(1 lan)

Ngay ngat

Dua /fgfly /fgfff trong phong xanh mat rugi

Hai diia be

114

(1 lan)

DiTay

Nang cui nhin con khoc nghen ngao

115

Vii em

Nghen ngao

Nghen ngao tra lai day xe noi

(6 lan)

Cho lii he tro trao mua nghenh ngang

Nghenh ngang

116

Thua cac ong nghi

Ba ma Hau Giang

Nghenh ngang mot ong chan day loi di!

(2 lan)

Khong dam cam lau phut nghi ngoi

Nghi ngai

Duoi trua

117

(1 lan)

Chau Ro

Lac bay di ngo ngac duoi suong chieu...

Nga ngac

118

Lao day to

Lao ngo ngac nhin toi

(4 lan)

Mot tia khoi nho ngoan ngoeo bay len...

Ngoan ngoeo

Ba ma Hau Giang

119

(1 lan)

(cid:127) (cid:127)

Ngon ngang suong lanh day ao tuyet

Ngon ngang

120

(1 lan)

Tra vai xu va thoa ma, nggt ngao

Nggt ngao

Mot tieng rao dem

121

(1 lan)

Thoi da het nguong ngung va ba nga

Nguong ngung

Hai cai chet

122

(1 lan)

Nhan nhat

Ham nguai

Nhdn nhat ngan xa buon co lieu...

Tieng hat di day

123

(1 lan)

Nhan nheo

Tran nhdn nheo bong ung mau tim gia

Ly rugu thg

124

(1 lan)

Nhan nhuc

Ba tieng

125

(1 lan)

Ai tuong thien duong sao nhap nhanh

Nhap nhanh

Thien dang trong nhdn nhuc

126

(1 lan)

Co con chim nao trong toe nhdy nhot hot

Nhay nhot

Hue thang Tam

127

choi

(1 lan)

Ghen nhay nhua, ruoi bu tren moi tim!

Dung dung

Hai dua be

128

(1 lan)

Nhay nhua

Nhe nhang nhu con chim ca lai

Nhe nhang

Nho dong

129

(1 lan)

Nhi nhanh

Tieng reo ca nhi nhanh va ngay tho

Xuan long

130

(1 lan)

xxxiv

SVTH; Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Tit lay trong tap tho Tie dy ciia To Hieu

Nho nhat

Gat phang het nhung tinh rieng nho nhat

131

Dai thg

(1 lan)

Nho nhiic

132

(1 lan)

Nha nhung

Bao nh& nhung, tho than, ngo len ngan...

133

Chau Ro

(1 lan)

Nhan nha

Anh nh&n nho diia qua non trang ph^u

134

Nho nhiic - troi oi mot kh6i nguoi Ham nguoi

(1 lan)

Nhap nhap

Tren duong que nh&p nhap lay bun

135

Xuan den

(1 lan)

Nhgt nhat

Buon nhu dong, nhot nhat, mua phiin

136

Xuan den

(1 lan)

Nhuc nha

Tieng chuai mang van phun hoai, nhuc

137

Di di em

Xuan long

nha\

(1 lan)

Nhiic nhoi

Co tieng khoc nghe sao buon nhiec nhoi

138

Doi Thg

(1 lan)

Lang nhin nhau, lira phai noi ndng chi

Nhirng nguai khong chet

139

(2 lan)

Em chang noi ndng gi

Noi nang

Noi niem

Noi di anh, het noi niem

140

Tuang tri

(1 lan)

Non nao

Chan non nao nhu khach dgi mong tau

141

Cam thong

(1 lan)

Nong nac

Cay nong nac cua bgn nguoi khon nan

142

Quanh quan

(1 lan)

Niic no

Doi ban

Roi niec n&: "Tuong ai, anh doi lam?"

143

(6 lan)

Hai cai chet

Lao dau don trong toi va niec n&

Hue thang Tam

Cuai trong chan va niing niu nhin me

144

Hai dua be

(1 lan)

Phang phat

Xuan nhan loai

Co mot miia xuan phdng phdt huong

145

(2 lan)

X6m lang phdng phdt que huong

Dem giao thira

Nung niu

Ho Chi Minh

Nggn ca do sao vang bay phap ph&i

146

(2 lan)

Se xong len! Co phap ph&i bay cao

Quyet hy sinh

Phap phai

Phe phay

Phe phay quat nga xinh

147

(1 lan)

Dong kinh nhuom mau

r

148

Phoi pha

Chua nong tren long khach, da phoi pha

Mot tieng rao dem

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

XXXV

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

Tir ay

La em cua van kiep phoipha

(2 lan)

Tranh dau

Dang

Quan quai

suong

149

(2 lan)

Lao Bao

Nat bam da quan quai, la noi day

150

Nha dong

Quanh quan Co ngang dgc mai hieu buon quanh quan Quanh quan

(2 lan)

Gia quyet dinh

Khong mot tieng tha dai buong ra rugi

Rarugi

151

Chau Ro

Roi bong lang tram ngam anh ra rugi

Van vo theo mai vong quanh quan

Rach ruoi

Doi thg

152

Trua til

(2 lan)

Rai rac

(3 lan) Anh lai thay 6 nha tranh rach ru&i Ao quan lam rach ru&i dang bo pha

Duoi trua

153

(1 lan)

Rai rac ben duang, doi quan trg

Ramrg

14thang7

154

(1 lan)

Hue thang Tam

Ran rat

Long muon dan rdn rat lua cam hon

155

Tranh dau

Nhu dam chay trong gio long ran rat

(2 lan)

Cua nguc do. Ca Pari ram ro

Rao rat

156

tranh

Tinh thuang vai chien Trong coi long rao rat

(1 lan)

Rao rue

Nghe rao rue trong tim doi mai day

157

Tam tu trong tu

14thang7

(3 lan)

Song that

Renri

Phat siing no, Luu Cau Kieu ren ri

158

Tai mo rong va long soi rao rue

Man Chau quoc nghe khong may, ren ri

(2 lan)

Reo rat

Sao keu reo rat xa gan

Tieng sao ly que

159

(1 lan)

Ri rao

Thong reo bo suoi ri rao

Tieng hat di day

160

(1 lan)

Tam tu trong tu

Riu rit

Dang riu rit giua mot trai rong rai

161

Xuan long

Xuan trong sang, xuan thorn, xuan riu rit

(3 lan)

Ly rugu thg

r

Roi ram

Mirng lo do cuon tram dong roi ram

Doi thg

162

(1 lan)

r

Roi rit

J?A>/lf:"6haynhi!"

Lao day to

163

(1 lan)

Hy vgng

Ron rang

164

(1 lan)

Tam tu trong tu

Dang riu rit giua mot troi rong rai

165 Rong rai

xxxvi

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

O vui qua! Ron rang tren van neo

Tit lay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Huu

Hoi linh hon rawg rai

(2 lan)

tranh

Tuong tri

Tinh thuang vai chien

Rii rum xoa ngang may...

Rii rugi

166

Vii em

Ta thay nang nghieng minh ru rugi

(3 lan)

Em run ray tham nghe trong tieng gio

Run ray

167

DiTay

Hang cay lay dong, nang run ray...

(6 lan)

Lanh liing

Rung rinh bac cua tre gay

Rung rinh

168

(1 lan)

Ba ma Hau Giang

Phai san sang nhu chien si ra di

San sang

169

Thua cac ong nghi

Phai san sang, tirng phut tirng giay

(2 lan)

Han khoai tra cuai dien sang sac

Sang sac

Ba ma Hau Giang

170

(1 lan)

Con chim ciia toi

Cho no say sua uong anh trai?

Say sua

171

Duoi trua

Thua cac ong nghi

(3 lan)

—

Nghe soi sue ca linh hon nong bong

Soi sue

Ly rugu thg

172

(1 lan)

Ciing tung muon nam tay sieng so

Sirng so

Mieng vang lung huyt gio say sua

173

(1 lan)

Tranh dau

Dang quan quai, bong nghieng tai sung

Sung suong

174

Ham nguoi

(3 lan)

Trang troi

Long khoe nhe anh dan que sung su&ng

Tatoi

su&ng

Gia quyet dinh

175

(1 lan)

Dong

Tai te

Mua thu chirng da tdi te dat trai

176

Da ret, mac! Ta toi quan ao, mac!

Dem giao thira

Tdi te chan ciing ngai ngung buoc gieo

(2 lan)

Lai day voi ban tam tinh mot dem

Tam tinh

177

Nha nguai

Cam thong

6i co don tham lanh ca tam tinh (2 lan)

Ao chieu tan tanh em ret buot xuong!

Tan tanh

178

Tieng hat tren de

Ma bao nhieu thanh quach do tan tanh

(4 lan)

Dang chao minh tap tenh day tao noi

Song that

Doi thg

179

(1 lan)

Duong sao run, te tdi ca hon tho

Te tai

Lao Bao

180

(1 lan)

Con ca, chot nua

Roi tha thiet van Ion

Tha thiet

181

Tap tenh

(3 lan)

xxxvn

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Nho nguoi Sao ma ta tha thiet nho rimg nguai!

Titlay trong tap tho Titdy ciia To Hieu

Anh nhin toi, dau dan, roi tham thi

Tham thi

Chau Ro

182

(1 lan)

Anh buon than the lao dao

Than the

Cam thong

183

(1 lan)

DiTay

Than tha

Om goi than th& bo co uot

184

Co gai than th& ve ao mong

(3 lan)

Thanh thot

Cao thanh thot hay ro khan gio bui

Mot tieng rao dem

185

(1 lan)

Dung dung

1

Lanh liing

That theu

186

Hai cai chet

Ciia long toi? That theu giua muon nguoi

(2 lan)

The tham

Toi phut bong nhu quen doi the tham

Tam tu trong til

187

(1 lan)

Tranh dau

Hay thenh thang dat rong cua muon

Tim chi em, trong suong chieu that theu

188

(2 lan)

nguai?

Nha nguai

Thenh thang

Khi con ho thenh thang trong rii ram

Thi tham

Bat chay sang. Thi tham roi yen tinh

189

Hue thang Tam

Trang thi tham chi voi song lao xao...

(2 lan)

Tuang than

Thiet tha

Ciing nhirng lai que y thiet tha

190

Quanh quan

(2 lan)

Nam xua

Thiet tha

Nha dong Khoai san tinh que rat thiet thai

Thiet tha, tuy chua gap bao gio

191

Hay dung day

(2 lan)

Va thiet tha nan ni voi hon say

Thinh thoang dirng chan giira loi dem

Nguoi linh dem

192

(1 lan)

Tha than

Bao nho nhung, th& than, ngo len ngan...

Chau Ro

193

(1 lan)

Tha than

Khong dam th& than chi

Con ca, chot nua

194

(1 lan)

Nguc con thoi thop, tim con dap

Thinh thoang

195

(1 lan)

Hon tranh dau van con thoi thuc nao!

Thoi thuc

Tam tu trong tii

196

(1 lan)

Thon thuc

Thoi thop

Vii em

197

(1 lan)

Trua tii

Thua that

Bong thua th&t tir tir thu ngan lai

198

Lanh liing

Vai chim quen thua th&t o dau canh

(2 lan)

xxxvm

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Guc dau thon thuc trong ban tay...

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Hieu

Long khong ngheo fi/i tu&ng 6 tuang lai

199

Day ma di

(1 lan)

Tinh toan

Khong the nua, lirng chirng hay tinh todn

200

Gia quyet dinh

Tin tuang

Tai ta

(1 lan)

201

Nhung nguai khong chet

(1 lan)

Tran tre

Tam tu trong tii

Oi! Horn nay sao nhua song tran tre

202

M6 coi

(3 lan)

Nay toi ta ru dong tren cot long

La dong khoc tran tre

203

Tir ay

(1 lan)

Trang trai De tinh trang trai voi tram noi

204

(2 lan)

Trang troi Day la loi trang troi de chia ly Trang troi

Gugm keu len, hoi 6i loi trang troi

Trang trgn

Nhin toi va trang trgn

205

Ly rugu thg

(1 lan)

Tro trao

Cho lii he tro trdo mua nghenh ngang

206

Thua cac ong nghi

(1 lan)

Tro trgi

Lao day to

Dong

207

Hai cai chet

(2 lan)

Mot minh tro trgi giua phong xa lim

Tra trui

Van thay minh tro trgi muon tim noi

Tro trui nhu con meo

208

Lao day to

Tuc toi

Tranh dau

(1 lan)

209

Dau buon va tiec toi

(2 lan)

Lao day to

Tuoi tac

Nhung tiec toi, troi ai! Khong the ha

210

Ba ma Hau Giang

(1 lan)

Vam vo

Hay ma lan quen vi tuoi tdc

211

Nho nguai

(1 lan)

Van vo

Trong net ran ciia than hinh vam v&

212

(7 lan)

Anh linh ngoai kia di van vo Nguai linh dem

DiTay

Vang ve

Khong hieu vi dau sg van vo

213

Lanh liing

(1 lan)

Vat vo

Nggn co ue oai vat v& lay

214

Dung dung

(1 lan)

Vat vuong

Cung vat vu&ng be tha

M6 coi

215

(1 lan)

216 Viviit

Em se buoc minh em trong vang ve

xxxix

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Sao keu vi vut tren khong Tieng sao ly que

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Hieu

(1 lan)

Vo van

Lanh liing

Cho chi em ma vo van buon trong

217

Thi si hoi ! Di tim chi vo van

(2 lan)

Va vat

Sau tham cung v& vdt duoi san chau

218

Thap do

(1 lan)

Vo vet

Giac con vo vet het noi den thang!

219

Doi! doi!

(1 lan)

Nghe voi va tieng doi chieu dap canh

Vgi va

220

Tam tu trong tu

(1 lan)

Vui ve

Hue thang Tam

221

Vui ve chet nhu cay xong thua ruong Trang troi

(2 lan)

Vun viit

Duoi guom bay vun viit loang xanh troi

222

Ly rugu thg

(1 lan)

Vuong van

Ma day ngan con vuong van dai kho

223

Mot tieng rao dem

(1 lan)

Xaxoi

Xuan long Roi xuan ay, ca nhan quan vui ve

Anh nam nghe qua cua kham, xa xoi

224

Mot tieng rao dem

(2 lan)

Xac xao

Sao ma each biet, qua xa xoi Nho dong

225

Vii em

(1 lan)

Xacxo

Rau dua chet gia, ngo lang xac x&

Doi! doi!

226

(1 lan)

Xac xo

Xac xao dong canh dau long me

227

(1 lan)

Xao xac

Dong

Xdc xo cay co, tan hoang cua nha Ba ma Hau Giang

228

Nho dong

(2 lan)

Lua mem xao xdc a ven song

Xao xuyen

La canh xao xdc, buon dong nao ne

229

(1 lan)

Dung phat len chat dut xich xieng nay!

Xich xieng

230

Ngu len lau, trong len cao xao xuyen Hue thang Tam

(1 lan)

Ba tieng

Day xieng xich, gong ciim

Quyet hy sinh

231

Nuoc non ren xiet trong xieng xich

(3 lan)

Xuan den

Xoxac

Nhirng manh buom xo xdc phu vai gay

232

Lanh liing

(2 lan)

Cay xoxac chia tay kho gay go?

X6n xao

Hue thang Tam

Xieng xich

233

Vui bat tuyet

(2 lan)

Hue xon xao, lo lang, nhirng dem mo

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

Xon xao mat dat, trang la trang

Tit lay trong tap tho Tit dy ciia To Huu

B. BANG PHU LUC TlT LAY TU

Bai tho

Cau tho

STT Tir lay

Tir ay

Cii bat cii ba

Khong ao com, cu bat cii bo

Ram ram rg rg Mot toan quy ram ram ro ro

Ba ma Hau Giang

THI/ VIEN i

SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

xli

GVHD: Bui Thi Tam

Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: Từ láy trong tập thơ Từ ấy của Tố Hữu

Chủ đề:

Khoá luận sư phạm văn

TIT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlfAY

~rmv\iv

Tu lay trong tap tha Tu ay cua To Huu

Tulay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

cua To Huu de lam khoa luan tot nghiep.

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Hieu

ca so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cuoc each mang dan toe dan chii trong muoi nam

duoi anh sang cua Dang, cua tu tuong Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32]

Trong cuon To Hieu - nha tha each mang, phan Mot so y kien ngdn vi tha To Huu, Hoai Thanh co nhan dinh: "Cdi hay cua To Hieu chinh la a chS anh da hoc dugc cdi kin ddo, cdi dam da trong tha qudn chung" [19, tr.417] 4. Pham vi nghien cihi

.

Hoang Van Hanh con dua ra y kien cua rieng ong nhu sau: "Lay la su hoa phoi ve dm va nghia, ma diep va doi la nhitng quy tdc, hay la nhitng hinh thai thi hien su hoa phoi do" [7, tr.30].

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

lay am: "Ngit lay dm la nhitng don vi dugc hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay lap lai co kem theo sic bien doi ngit dm ndo do cua tic da co. Chung vica co su hai

hoa ve ngit dm, vica co gia tri ggi cam, ggi ta" [6, tr.86]

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy - Bdi gidng mon tie vung hoc tieng Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay Id nhitng tie gom nhieu tieng, cac tieng dugc ghep lai dua tren quan he ngit dm co tdc dung tao nghia" [17, tr.20]

1.1.2.1. Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh

"Ve mat cdu tao, nen phdn loai tic lay trong tieng Viet theo nhiiu buoc, va

moi buoc nen chon dung mot tieu chi dugc coi Id thoa dang" [7, tr.43]

a, Tic lay hoan todn, diep van, vi du: khu khu, dam dam. b, Tic lay hoan todn, doi van, vi du: vdng vac, ngo nghe. c, Tic lay bp phdn, diep van, nhu: le the, chang vang. d, Tie lay bp phdn, doi van, nhu: do ddn, mdp may. "[7, tr.43]

1.1.2.2. Theo ong BdHuu Chau

a) Dua vao so Ian tdc dpng cuaphuang thicc lay

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac dong mot Ian vao mot hinh vi mot am tiet cho ta

b) Dua vao cdi dugc giu lai trong dm tiet cua hinh vi ca so de phdn chia cdc

tic lay doi.

a) Lay doi (gom nhitng don vi co hai thanh to true tiip):

- Ylu t6 thu hai thuang mang thanh bang (ph6 biln nhat la thanh huyln). - Yeu to thu nhat va thu ba doi lap nhau vl mat bang/trac nhu: dung dung dung, con con con, ... hoac la mat am vuc cao/thap: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xop xomxpp,

{

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

1.1.2.4. Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

b) Tic lay ba va tic lay tu

- Tir lay ba: chu yeu dua tren ca che lay hoan toan.

1.2.1.1. Tie lay duac dung degai hinh (lay am each dieu):

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

Tha To Hftu gan bo chat che va song hanh vai cac giai doan cua cuoc dau tranh each mang cua dan toe. Giai thieu sa luge ve bay tap tha: Tic dy, Viet Bdc, Gio long, Ra trdn, Mdu va Hoa, Mot tieng don, Ta vai Ta.

dy cua nha tha To Hftu, tu lay cung dugc su dung rat nhieu va rat hftu dung. No

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011). Toan tap tha To Huu Ha Npi: Nxb Van hoc.)

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011). Toan tap thaTo Hieu HaNpi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

a) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien canh doi cua nhitng con nguai bat hanh.

b) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien long yeu nuac, y chi dau tranh vung vdng.

"Bang khudng dung gifta doi dong nuac

{Day len thanh nien)

~~^{

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cita To Hieu

(Lao Bao)

(Tic dy)

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

(Di di em)

"ngdm nguF, "dau don", ... va nhftng tir lay ay dugc lap lai nhieu Ian trong nhftng

(Di di em)

ghe gom, ticc toi, ran rat, bicng bicng, ...

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

1. Bang 2.1: Thdng ke tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy. 2. Bang 2.2: Thdng ke ti le cac kieu tir lay ddi trong tap tha Tic dy.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

(Tic dy)

nay". [2,tr.34].

(Tic dy)

xay dung no." [2, tr. 101]

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hitu

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

goc" [7,tr.29].

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Trong cudn Tic vung hoc tiing Viet, dng Nguyln Thien Giap cung cd nghien cuu vl tu lay, dng goi no la ngft lay am, dng dinh nghia: "Ngu lay dm la nhitng don vi duac hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay lap lai cd kem theo su bien ddi ngu

ddn idc minh va nhan ddn lao ddngse la nguon cam hicng khdng bao gio can, la cdi dich sang tao cua van tho vi theo To Hieu "Nghe thuat Ion khdng phdi d tam tinh

rieng ma d tinh cdng ddn" [11, tr.939]

Trong cudn Din vdi tho Td Hitu, phan Tho To Hieu, dng Hoai Thanh nhan dinh: "Tho To Hitu cd tinh thai su sau sdc nhung khdng lam cdi viec minh hoa chu truang, chinh sdch. No dap icng theo yeu cdu cua each mang theo dung phuang

Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy cua Td Hitu thicc cua tho. Cung nhu tdt cd cdc nghe si chan chinh, Td Huu khdng di tic nhitng khdi niem, nhung van di cua noi dung rdi tim each the hien ndi dung dy trong chat

lieu cua nghe thuat" [3, tr.39].

co so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cudc each mang ddn tdc ddn chu trong mudi nam,

dudi anh sang cua Ddng, cua tu tudng Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32].

Tie lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu