Về công nghệ tạo hỗn hợp nhũ tương nhiên liệu - nước và khả năng ứng dụng tại Việt Nam

Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> VE CONG NGHE TAO HON HOP NHU TlTONG NHIEN LIEU-NU^OfC<br /> • • • *<br /> VA KHA NANG iTNG DUNG TAI VIET NAM<br /> • • •<br /> <br /> Nguyen Thuy Nga, Ngo Tuan Kiet<br /> Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng<br /> 18 Hoang Qudc Viet, Ciu Giiy, Ha Ndi<br /> Email: ngthuyngafSjgmail.com<br /> <br /> Tom tat:<br /> Bdi viit gidi thiiu kit qud cua di tdi hgp tdc nghien ciiu giiea Viin Khoa hoc<br /> ndng lugng (VKHNL) vd Viin Trao ddi nhiit-chdt mang tin A.V. Lukoy (ITMO)<br /> Viin Hdn ldm khoa hoc qudc gia Belarus vi cdng nghi vd thiit bi chi biin hdn<br /> hgp nhu tuong nhiin lieu ngdm nude dgng tdn sdc min (eodo-monnuemfi<br /> 3MyjibcuH - BT3) cho Id hai nhd mdy nhiet diin. Id hoi cdng nghiep vd cdc thiit bi<br /> diin tdu thuy (Id nhiet ndng, trgm. Id hoi nude, ddng co tdu thuy). Viec sie dung<br /> BT3 trong nhd mdy nhiet diin vd Id hai cho phep tiit kiim ddu mazut, ddng thdi<br /> cdc thiit bi Id hai cua nhd mdy nhiet diin vd ndi hoi tdu thuy chi cdn diiu kiin<br /> thich ieng tdi thiiu, chi phi ddu tu dugc hodn vdn trong thai hgn 1 ndm.<br /> Abstract:<br /> The grticle introduces the results of the collaborative research project<br /> between the Institute for energy science (lES) and the A. V.Luikov Heat and Mass<br /> transfer Institute (ITMO) - National academy of science of Belarus about<br /> technology and equipment process hydrated emulsified fuel mixture (form of fine<br /> dispersion) (eodo-monjiueHoa sMyjibcuM - BT3) for thermal power boilers,<br /> industrial boiler and ship electrical equipments (heat energy furnace, station,<br /> water boilers, engines for ship on marine and river). The use of BT3 in thermal<br /> power plants and boilers can save Mazut, and equipments of boilers of thermal<br /> power plant and ships only need a minimum adaptation condition, investment<br /> costs are paid in 1 year.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. DAT V A N DE<br /> Nganh nang lugng the gidi ngay cang dat nhieu hy vgng vao nhien lieu dang nhii tuong<br /> nhu mdt ngudn thay the dau mazut va phe thai dau nang de sir dung lam nhien lieu cho cac<br /> nha may nhiet dien va cac thiet bi dien tren tau thuy. Mdt sd nude tren the gidi da iing dung<br /> rdng rai hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu tir bitum tu nhien cd tai Venezuela. Viec sir dung hon<br /> hgp nhii tuong bitum-nudc cd rat nhieu uu the: ddt chay nhanh va hiu nhu hoan toan nhii<br /> tuong trong dieu kien du lugng khdng khi nhd nhd vao sir chuyen hda cacbuahydro mach<br /> vdng dai; nhiet do ddt ndng so bd hdn hgp nhii tuong thap; giam dang kl lugng phat thai vao<br /> khi quyen cac hgp chat gay ung thu va giam den 40%) phat thai NOx. Theo bao cao da cdng bo<br /> cua hang Volpe National Transporation System cua Hoa ky, phat thai cac hgp chit hiiu co<br /> thom va dl bay hoi giam tmng binh 100 lan, vi du Benzopyrene C20H12 tir 1160 din 3,5<br /> |ig/kg. Luu huynh chuyen thanh tro va ndng do ciia luu huynh trong tro tang gip 3 lin tham<br /> chi so vdi tro cua nha may nhiet dien diing than.<br /> <br /> 388<br />  Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. CONG NGHE TAO NHU TUONG NHIEN LIEU - N U 6 C<br /> Viec chuan bi dau mazut de ddt theo kieu tmyen thdng hien nay vl co ban bao gom 2 cong<br /> doan: khir nude va say ndng. Viec khir nude cho dau mazut bing phuong phap bay hoi nude<br /> doi hdi nang lugng ldn va dan den mit mat nhung phin tir de bay hoi cua nhien lieu. Viec khir<br /> nude dugc thuc hien chu ylu bang phuong thiic dl ling trong thdi gian dai nhim loai bd viec<br /> dua nude vao budng ddt, hoac vao ddng co. Tmdng hgp nude nhilu qua miic cho phep, cd thi<br /> dan den viec lam gian doan chiim tia nhien lieu cip vao 16 va dap tit vdi phun. Trong lin khdi<br /> dong thii 2, td hgp ndi boi cd thi phat ra nhiing tilng nd ldn, tham chi kem theo sir pha buy<br /> buong ddt. Sir phan chia theo pha cua hdn hgp dau mazut-nudc trong cac bl ling - tich trii cin<br /> thdi gian du dai va hieu qua thap do sir chenh lech ve ty trgng giiia diu mazut va nude la nhd.<br /> Van de sir dung hay loai bd nude nay khdng the dugc giai quylt bing phuong phap hda hgc va<br /> sinh hgc do nhu cau ve dien tich cho viec tien hanh cac phuong phap nay kha ldn, chi phi von<br /> va van hanh cao. Nude chiia mazut vugt dinh miic cho phep chua dugc sir ly thda dang thudng<br /> xuyen bi xa vao he thdng dng dan chung, trai vdi cac yeu cau ve bao ve mdi tmdng.<br /> Mdt trong nhirng hudng cd the giai quyet van de nay la sir dung nude cd chiia mazut khi sir<br /> dung cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc (BT3). Ty le pha nude - nhien lieu trong nhii<br /> tuong tiiy thudc vao yeu cau va loai nhien lieu, trong mdt sd tmdng hgp cd the dugc thay ddi<br /> trong gidi ban den 50%o nude. Ket qua nghien ciiu thir nghiem cho thiy, viec bd sung vao<br /> nhien lieu 10-15%o nude se dam bao hieu qua kinh te ldn nhit va dong thdi giam phat thai khi,<br /> cdn vdi miic nude pha vao nhien lieu den 30%) thi hieu qua ve mat sinh thai trong viec xir ly<br /> nude ban do cac san pham hiiu co la ldn nhit.<br /> Viec sir dung nhien lieu Idng ngam nude d dang nhii tuong (vdi do im din 30%)) la hgp ly<br /> ve mat kinh te do loai bd dugc yeu cau sir dung cac thiet bi lam bay hoi cdng kenh, cac thiet<br /> bi phan ly v.v... Ngoai ra, viec nghien ciiu va phat trien cdng nghe dot chay nhii tuong da tao<br /> ra kha nang sir dung sd lugng ldn vang, can dau thai ngam nhieu nude (den 50%), viec xa va<br /> bao quan chiing trong cac hd md dan den viec lam ban he thdng be chiia nude va tao nguy co<br /> gay hda hoan.<br /> Mdt trong nhiing trd ngai chinh can vugt qua khi tao ra BT3 ben virng la viec tuan thu<br /> nghiem ngat cac quy dinh ve dam bao sir phan tan min ciia pha nude trong nhien lieu va sir<br /> phan bd ddng nhat, ben vung cua nd theo khdng gian va thdi gian (khong bi phan tang).<br /> Cdng nghe dugc nghien ciiu de san xuat hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu - nude dn dinh tir<br /> dau mazut vdi sir hd trg ciia thiet bi cdng nghe ddc dao. San pham cudi ciing thu dugc la bdn<br /> hgp dung dich nude dang keo trong dau mazut khdng bi phan tach (mdt phan nude dudi dang<br /> ion phan tir) va nhii tuong nhien lieu cd sir phan bd ddng deu theo the tich cac phan tir nude.<br /> Sir tdn tai cua nude trong lien ket dau mazut cd do dn dinh ve thiiy lire vdi miic do phan<br /> tan anh hudng din co chi ddt tren 2 phuong dien. Thii nhat, khi nung ndng den 120-150°C<br /> diu mazut thu dugc cd do dn dinh thuy lire, trang thai vat ly cua cac phan tu nude va cac<br /> thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut trong lien kit bi thay ddi. Nhiet do sdi ciia nude thap<br /> hon nhiet do sdi cua diu mazut vao khoang 170-200°C, ket qua ciia sir chenh lech nay la phan<br /> de chay cua cac gigt lien kit dudi tac dgng cua hoi gian nd se bi xe ra thanh timg phan nhd<br /> (xay ra vu nd cue nhd). Su phan chia bo sung cac gigt lien kit nay lam tang cudng qua trinh<br /> dot chay cac thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut nhd vao sir tang be mat bay hoi, sir cai<br /> thien qua trinh trdn cac nguyen td chay dugc vdi khdng khi va anh hudng xiic tac cua hoi<br /> nude cho qua trinh ddt chay diu mazut. Thii hai, nude sinh ra khi ddt chay hon hgp nhii tuong<br /> nhien lieu - nude se tham gia vao qua trinh oxy hda khir. Cdn chinh phan cacbon dugc nung<br /> ndng (than cdc) trong dilu kien nhiet do 850-900°C dugc khi hda thanh oxit cacbon va ddng<br /> <br /> 389<br /> Tiiu ban: Mdi truong vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> thdi hydro dugc giai phdng tir nude. Trong tmdng hgp nay dk khi hda 1 moi cacbon (than<br /> cdc) tieu tdn 131,2 kJ nhiet nang. Tuy nhien, trong khi ddt chay, oxit cacbon dugc tao thanh<br /> trong qua trinh khi hda cacbon (than cdc), va hydro dugc giai phdng tir phan tir nude, sir mat<br /> mat nhiet cho qua trinh khi hda nay dugc bii trir. Vi vay, nang suat tda nhiet dac trung cho kha<br /> nang ve nang lugng cua hdn hgp nhien lieu khdng khi cua dau mazut dn dinh thuy lire thu<br /> dugc cd tinh den hieu qua qua trinh thuc hien trong budng ddt ddng co hoac Id hoi ldn hon<br /> nang suat tda nhiet cua dau mazut tieu chuan 5-8%) mac du nhiet nang ddt chay cua dau mazut<br /> dn dinh thiiy luc nhd hon loai dau tieu chuan la 15%).<br /> Nggn lira khi ddt chay dau mazut dn dinh thiiy lire trong budng ddt, nhu cac thir nghiem<br /> trong mdt loat thi nghiem thiet bi budng chay cho thay, da gia tang ve mat the tich. Hdn hgp<br /> nhu tuong nhien lieu nude thu dugc khdng ddi hdi phai cd Id hoi, he thdng nap khdng khi<br /> trong Id, he thdng hiit khdi, he thdng nap lieu va cac thiet bi chay khac, khi sir dung nd vdi tu<br /> each la budng ddt dau mazut.<br /> Hdn hgp nhii tuong, nhu cac thii nghiem cho thay, nhd vao su ddt chay hoan toan, loai trir<br /> dugc viec cdc hda he thdng kim phun, bd ghi td hgp Id hoi va giam viec thai chat gay d nhiem<br /> nhu oxit nito - giam 14%), oxit luu huynh - 20%), oxit cacbon - 50%), chat lo limg - den 87%,<br /> giam hieu qua chung cua tac ddng an mdn V2O5, Na20, oxit nito va luu huynh, khoang chimg<br /> 3-4 lan tren cac nhan td phan tir luu thdng cua kim phun va trong thiet bi budng ddt. Dii lieu<br /> so sanh ve viec ddt nhien lieu khdng chiia nude va nhien lieu nhii tuong cho thay rang: viec<br /> nhien lieu cd chiia 10-20%) nude phan tan min tang cudng dang ke qua trinh ddt chay ma<br /> khdng can cd sir thay ddi trong che do nhiet do cua khu vuc chay. Ngudi ta cd the sir dung voi<br /> phun thang ddng it hao tdn, cho phep tiet kiem khdng it hon 5%o nhien lieu.<br /> Mgt trong nhiing van de nghiem trgng nay sinh khi ddt chay mazut dung cho ddt 16 la<br /> trong mazut cd nhieu luu huynh. Lien ket luu huynh cd mat trong budng khi gay nen sir an<br /> mdn sunfat thiet bi va lam ban khi quyen. iTng dung BT3 cd kha nang giai quylt vin dl nay.<br /> Mdt mat viec sir dung BT3 lam giam qua trinh thdi khdng khi, do vay bao dam giam nhiet do<br /> diem tao suong ciia khdi thai. Mat khac tao ra kha nang sir dung chit bd sung lien kit luu<br /> huynh vao trong thanh phan cua BT3.<br /> Vi phan ldn chat bd sung tan dugc trong nude, vi the viec them vao nude nhii tuong nhiing<br /> cau tir re tien vdi ham lugng 1kg/IT dau mazut cho phep bing phuong phap don gian nhit<br /> lien ket luu huynh va sir dung dau mazut chat lugng thip.<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. THIET BI TAN SAC CO HOC<br /> Md hinh thir nghifm cdng nghe san xuit hdn hgp nhii tuong mazut - nude do ITMO va lES<br /> nghien ciiu dugc thiet ke dua tren sir chuyen dich co hgc cua cac ldp nhien lieu lien tuc trong<br /> che do tao bgt khi va dap thuy luc, dan den viec hinh thanh nhii tuong nhien lieu nude phan<br /> tan mdng ddng nhat va dn dinh theo thdi gian. Thiet bi dugc hoan toan tu ddng hda va may<br /> tinh hda gdm 2 thiet bi ddng nhat phan tan ddc lap, dap iing tit ca yeu ciu boat ddng phdng<br /> chdng chay nd cdng suat den 30T/h BT3 (xem hinh 1).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 390<br />  Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hinh 1: Md hinh thit nghiem thiit bi sdn xudt nhu. tucmg mazut-nudc: (a) Md hinh thii: nghiem<br /> thiit bi sdn xudt nhii tuang mazut-nudc; (b) Cdu tgo thiit bi tdn sdc ca hoc ITMO-IES<br /> Thdng sd ky thuat dugc tdng hgp tren hinh 2. Nhii tuong mazut-nudc dn dinh va dong<br /> nhat, khdng bi phan tang, cd the dua nd vao noi bao quan hoac bom vao tec van chuyin din<br /> noi tieu thu.<br /> Cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc vdi thiet bi tan sac co hgc da dugc thir nghiem<br /> tren thuc te tai nha may nhiet dien Minsk 5 cho cac trudng hgp:<br /> - Mazut dua vao Id hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le nude 2,6%), 3%) va 8% khdng<br /> qua xir ly bang may tan sac co hgc;<br /> - Mazut dua vao Id hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le nude 2,0%o, 14,0%) va 16,6%o<br /> cd qua xir ly 1 lan bang may tan sac co hgc.<br /> Ket qua thir nghiem cho thay: su cd mat cua cac phan tir nude dugc them vao mazut lam<br /> cho nhien lieu mazut cd do am vugt gidi ban tieu chuan cho phep bang phuong phap xir ly<br /> qua may tan sac co hgc, khdng dan den viec giam hieu suat cap hoi ciia Id hoi va khdng lam<br /> gia tang nhien lieu tieu hao cua Id (so vdi lugng nhien lieu khdng qua xir ly).<br /> <br /> <br /> '^.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Mazut ngam nu 6c Nhii tu ong mazut-nu 6c<br /> (khoang each giiia cac vach - 100 ^m)<br /> <br /> + La thiet bi cong nghiep dieu chinh duoc, cotinhnang tao bpt khi va thuy dong luc<br /> dung de che bien nhQ tuong mazut-nuoc;<br /> + Pham vi tiet kiem nhien lieu mazut; 3-12 %;<br /> + Vod he so hieu suat 16 hoi tang 0,5-2,5 %;<br /> + Day kich thuoc cac phan tu pha nuoc 1 -5 \mi;<br /> + Cong suat tieu thu: den 50 kW;<br /> + Hieu suat: den 30 tan/h;<br /> <br /> Hinh 2: Thdng sd ky thudt ciia md hinh thit nghiem<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 391<br /> Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> Ket luan cua Hdi ddng nhu sau:<br /> 1) Cdng nghe de xuat va thiet bi mng xam khi de xir ly nhien lieu dam bao ddt hoan toan<br /> mazut, trong dd gdm ca cac loai nhien lieu mazut do luu giii lau ngay cd do ngam nude<br /> cao (hon 15%), ciing nhu triet tieu lugng nude cd san tich tu trong cac be chiia nhien lieu<br /> mazut. Cac thdng sd lam viec cua thiet bi Id hoi trong qua trinh ddt mazut cd ham lugng<br /> nude cao hon tieu chuan cho phep va dugc xir ly bang thiet bi tan sac tot hon so vdi khi<br /> ddt mazut thdng thudng;<br /> 2) Khi them nude va hon hgp mazut (den 15%o tdng do ngam nude), cd qua xir ly bang thiet bi<br /> rung xam khi (tan sac co hgc) dam bao che do lam viec dn dinh cua thiet bi Id hoi khdng lam<br /> giam nang suat cap hoi cua Id, giii nguyen hieu suat va lugng tieu hao nhien lieu.<br /> 3)<br /> 4. K H A N A N G ITNG D U N G CHO CAC N H A M A Y NHIET DIEN TAI VIET NAM<br /> Theo thdng ke [4] trong tdng sd 915 Id hoi cdng nghiep dang sir dung d 8 nganh cdng<br /> nghiep la Giay, Co khi-gdm sii, San xuat vat lieu xay dung - khai khoang; Det may; Hoa chat<br /> - dugc pham - phan bdn; Rugu bia nude giai khat; Che bien luong thuc - thuc pham va San<br /> xuat hang tieu dimg thi 51%) la Id ddt than, 47%) ddt dau FO va DO, chi cd 2% ddt khi. Ngoai<br /> ra, d cac nha may nhiet dien than ludn phai sir dung dau FO de du phdng va thudng xuyen<br /> phai dot kem dau khi phu tai thap. Do vay, viec chuyen giao cdng nghe da thir nghiem thanh<br /> cdng cua de tai hgp tac nghien ciiu giiia ITMO-IES se mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao, ddng<br /> thdi giam dang ke d nhiem mdi trudng.<br /> Nhdm de tai dudi su chi dao cua Vien sy Martunhenco O.G. hien dang tiep tuc xay dung<br /> quy trinh ky thuat va hudng dan van hanh thiet bi trong thuc te. Du kien den thang 10/2010 se<br /> thdng qua Hdi ddng qudc gia Belams ve tieu chuan va quy pham ky thuat sir dung nhien lieu.<br /> So dd cdng nghe du kien ap dung tai Viet Nam dugc trinh bay tren hinh 3.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Ghi chu: 1 - Thung chua; 2 -Bd gom; 3-Bg lgc; 4 - Thiit bi tdn sdc ca hgc; 5 - Bam cung cdp; 6 - Ddng hd<br /> nuac; 7 - Voi phun; 8 - Duong cdp nu&c.<br /> Hinh 3: So do kiin nghi cho hi thdng thiit bi sie ly mazut<br /> Theo so dd tren cd the thiy ngoai thiit bi tan sic co hgc, cac thiit bi cdng nghe khac diu<br /> thdng dung d Viet Nam. Ngay ban than thiet bi tan sac co hgc nganh co khi Viet Nam ciing co<br /> thi tu cbl tao theo thiet ke cua nhdm de tai. Vi vay, chi phi diu tu se giam dang kl, tinh kha<br /> thi cua viec sir dung d nude ta la rat cao.<br /> <br /> <br /> 392<br />  Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 5. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> 1. OTHCT O HayHHO-HCcneaoBaxejibCKoM padoxe «noBbimeHHe HaaoKHOCxn<br /> 3HepreTHHecKoii cncxeMbi 3a cnex aHBepcH(|)HKauHH ncnojitsyeMbix BH.aoB xonjiHsa:<br /> paapadoxKa xexHOJiornH KOHBepcHH .ijjiHHHOiienoHHbrx MOJicKyji acH^KHx<br /> yrjieBO.ziopo;iHbix MaxepnajiOB npn HHxeHCHBHbix aKycxHHecKHX n MexaHnnecKHx<br /> BOSZieiicTBHax)) /l^oroBop c BPOOH M T08B-003 ox 01.02.2008 r., 3xan 4, HaynnbiH<br /> pyKOBOflHxejib, 3aB. ox^aejieHHCM 3Hepro4)H3HKH, aKajieMHK O.F.MapxbiHeHKo;<br /> 2. AKX npoBeaeHHH HcnbixaHHii no xexHonorHH npeaBapuxejibHoii odpadoxKu<br /> odBoaHCHHoro MasyxHoro xonjinsa na BHdpoKaBuxaiiHOHHoii ycxanoBKC «BKH-BKr»<br /> Ha MHHCKOII T3L1 5 PYH «MHHCK3Hepro», 27 anpejia 2010 ro^a;<br /> 3. "Ndng cao do tin cdy cita hi thdng ndng lugng tren co sd biin ddi thudc tinh ddu<br /> ndng bdng cdng nghe chuyin hod phdn tu hydrocacbon Idng mgch vdng ddi dudi tdc<br /> ddng tich cue cua sdng dm vd co hoc ", Bao cao tdng ket nhiem vu HTQT nam 2008-<br /> 2009 cua Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng vdi Vien Trao ddi nhiet - chat mang ten Lukov<br /> A.V. thudc Vien Han lam khoa hgc Belams nam 2008-2009 (Chii nhiem de tai: TS.<br /> Ngd Tuan Kiet)<br /> 4. "Nghiin cdu, ddnh gid tinh trgng phdt thdi khi cd hgi tit cdc Id hai vd Id gia nhiet<br /> trong mdt sd ngdnh cdng nghiep Viet Nam ", Bao cao tdng ket de tai NCKH cap Bg.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 393<br />