Bài giảng Hóa học - Chương 3: The Halogens

GROUP VIIA The Halogens Halogens (Greek hals, “salt”; genes, “born”)

1.Tính chất lý học

2.Tính chất hóa học

3.Điều chế và ứng dụng

4.Hidro halogenua

5.Hợp chất chứa oxi của

halogen

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Group 17 Elements

Also known as Group VIIA Halogens Nonmetals: Nonmetals:

Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl) are gases Bromine (Br) is a liquid Iodine (I) is a solid

Metalloid: Metalloid:

Astatine (At) is a solid

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

s s s p 2 *2 s s

p p 2 z

2 x

*2 x

*2 y

2 y Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

The Lewis dot structure

(cid:0)

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

(cid:0) (cid:0)

X nsns22npnp44ndnd11: : ClFClF33

(cid:0) (cid:0)

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

nsns22npnp55

nsns22npnp33ndnd22: : BrFBrF55

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

nsns22npnp22ndnd33:: IF IF77

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Isotopes Cl-35 makes up about 75% of chlorine atoms in nature, and Cl-37 makes up the remaining 25% the average atomic mass of Cl is 35.45 amu Cl-35 has a mass number = 35, 17 protons and 18 neutrons (35 - 17)

= X-A

Atomic Symbol A = mass number Z = atomic number

AX Z 3535 ClCl 1717

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

• Halogens are fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; Halogens are fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I; and astatine, At. iodine, I; and astatine, At.

• Halogens contain 7 valence electrons. Halogens contain 7 valence electrons.

• As elements, halogens are diatomic. As elements, halogens are diatomic.

• Fluorine is a reactive, pale, yellow gas. Fluorine is a reactive, pale, yellow gas.

• F is used in compounds of carbon to form F is used in compounds of carbon to form fluorocarbons. fluorocarbons.

– Teflon is an example of a fluorocarbon. Teflon is an example of a fluorocarbon.

– Other fluorocarbons include the Freons used as Other fluorocarbons include the Freons used as refrigerants. refrigerants.

– Many fluorocarbons are no longer used Many fluorocarbons are no longer used because of their effect on the ozone layer. because of their effect on the ozone layer.

paper, paper,

used used

in in

is is

• Chlorine is a reactive green-yellow Chlorine is a reactive green-yellow gas.gas. used to purify water and in the – ClCl22 used to purify water and in the textiles, production of textiles, production of bleaches, medicines, and other bleaches, medicines, and other consumer products. consumer products. • Bromine is a red liquid Bromine is a red liquid – Br photographic Br photographic chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and fire retardants.. and fire retardants

• Iodine is a crystalline solid. Iodine is a crystalline solid. sublimes, turns directly from a solid to a – II22 sublimes, turns directly from a solid to a

gas when heated. gas when heated.

compounds compounds used used are are in in

– Iodine is present in brine fields in oil field Iodine is present in brine fields in oil field in California and Louisiana and in sea in California and Louisiana and in sea plants. plants. – Iodine Iodine photographic chemicals and medicines. photographic chemicals and medicines. – Iodine is required by the human body in Iodine is required by the human body in the thyroid. the thyroid.

• All isotopes of astatine are radioactive. All isotopes of astatine are radioactive.

Ionic radii

Anion formation increases e-e repulsions so they spread out more SIZE INCREASES

Cation formation vacates outermost orbital and decreases e-e repulsions SIZE DECREASES

GROUP VIIA

The Halogens

1.Tính chất lý học

2.Tính chất hóa học

3.Điều chế và ứng dụng

4.Hidro halogenua

5.Hợp chất chứa oxi của

halogen

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Tính oxi hóa mạnh nhất

X2(k) = 2X(k) X-X

AA

Tính khử

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Phân tử

Độ dài LK [Å]

EA-A [kJ/mol]

F không có orbital hóa trị

d tham gia liên kết

Orbital hóa trị tăng dần các:

105 72 49 45 43

2.67 3.08 3.92 -- --

Li2 Na2 K2 Rb2 CS2

Năng lượng

Số lượng tử chính: n

151 239 190 149 --

1.42 1.99 2.28 2.67 --

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2

Số nút hàm xuyên tâm: n-l-1

Phân tử

Li2

Be2

B2

C2

N2

O2

F2

Ne2

1 105 2.67

0 0 --

1 289 1.59

2 628 1.31

3 941 1.10

2 494 1.21

1 151 1.42

0 0 --

p EA-A [kJ/mol] lA-A [Å]

Năng lượng liên kết cộng hóa trị Echt

Độ xen phủ của các orbital hóa trị lớn khi: - Miền xen phủ rộng và mật độ e ở miền xen phủ lớn. - Z’ đối với orbital hóa tị lớn. - Số lượng tử chính n nhỏ. - Hiệu năng lượng các orbital hóa trị trong nguyên tử và giữa các nguyên tử tham gia liên kết là nhỏ. - Số nút hàm xuyên tâm của của orbital hóa trị là ít (số nút = n – l -1). - Ở miền xen phủ có nhiều orbital hóa trị tham gia.

 Echt tăng dần.  Echt giảm dần

Yếu tố quyết định năng lượng liên kết là bậc liên kết. Khi bậc liên kết bằng nhau nhưng Echt khác nhau là do độ xen phủ các orbital hóa trị là khác nhau. Trong 1 chu kỳ, từ trái qua phải: - Z’ đối với các orbital hóa trị tăng dần - Hiệu năng lượng các orbital hóa trị, Enp-Ens, giảm dần Tổng Echt sẽ là giá trị cạnh tranh giữa 2 xu hướng này.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Trong 1 phân nhóm A, từ trên xuống: Trong 1 phân nhóm A, từ trên xuống: - Năng lượng các orbital hóa trị cùng dạng tăng dần. Năng lượng các orbital hóa trị cùng dạng tăng dần. - Số lượng tử chính n của các orbital hóa trị tăng làm số nút hàm xuyên Số lượng tử chính n của các orbital hóa trị tăng làm số nút hàm xuyên tâm tăng. tâm tăng.  EEchtcht giảm dần. giảm dần.

F 2

SiO 2

+ SiF O 4 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

(

Kr Xe Rn n ,

;

2, 4, 6)

XeF n

nF 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

FF22

thap bongtoi

+ F H

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

268.6

kJ mol /

no o t =- 0 s 298,

thuong

+ F H O

+ HF O 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Năng lượng liên kết F-F nhỏ Năng lượng liên kết F-F nhỏ Ái lực với electron lớn Ái lực với electron lớn Năng lượng liên kết của F với nguyên tố khác lớn Năng lượng liên kết của F với nguyên tố khác lớn Khả năng hidrat hóa của ion F-- lớn lớn Khả năng hidrat hóa của ion F

298,sHD

+ X H

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

XX22

HFHF -268.6

HClHCl -92.31

HBrHBr -36.23

HIHI 25.9

ΔH0 298,s [kJ/mol]

Đặc điểm Nổ ở nhiệt độ thấp và trong tối

Nổ khi đun nóng hoặc ánh sáng tử ngoại

Bắt đầu ở 2000C, trên 7000C có phản ứng nghịch

Bắt đầu ở 2000C, là phản ứng thuận nghịch

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

nguoi

KOH

KClO KCl H O

100

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

KOH

Cl 3

2 + KCl H O 3

KClO 3

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

XX22

FF22/F/F-- [V] 2.872.87

εε00

/Cl-- ClCl22/Cl 1.361.36

BrBr22/Br/Br-- 1.071.07

II22/I/I-- 0.540.54

Cl 2

Br 2

- - (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Br 2

- - (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Tính khử

Cl 2

nau Iot bien mat

- - (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

HCl

Cl 2

H O 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

HIO 3 Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

XX22

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

GROUP VIIA

The Halogens

1.Tính chất lý học

2.Tính chất hóa học

3.Điều chế và ứng dụng

4.Hidro halogenua

5.Hợp chất chứa oxi của

halogen

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Fluorine (Latin fluo, “flow”), symbol F, chemically reactive, poisonous gaseous element. The atomic number of fluorine is 9.

FF22

Fluorine occurs naturally in the combined form as

1886 1886

, cryolite- fluorite-CaF22, cryolite- fluorite-CaF , and apatite- NaNa33AlFAlF66, and apatite- CaCa55(PO(PO44))33FF. Fluorite, from which most fluorine

French chemist French chemist

Henri Moissan. Henri Moissan.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

compounds are generally derived, is commonly mined in the United States from large deposits in northern Kentucky and southern Illinois. Fluorine also occurs as fluorides in seawater, rivers, and mineral springs, in the stems of certain grasses, and in the bones and teeth of animals. It is the 17th element in order of abundance in the crust of the earth.

FLUORITE, "The Most Colorful Mineral in the World"

CaFCaF22

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

NaNa33AlFAlF66

Cryolite, mineral, sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6). Cryolite has Cryolite

a hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of about 3. It crystallizes in the monoclinic

system (see Crystal). It is colorless and ranges from transparent to translucent. It

has a waxy appearance, making it almost invisible when powdered and suspended

in water. Cryolite was found in abundance only at Ivigut, Greenland. However, that

deposit has been exhausted since 1987. The mineral is still found in small

quantities in Colorado, USA; Sallent, Huesca Province, Spain; Miask, Urals, USSR;

and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is used chiefly as a solvent of alumina in the

electrolytic preparation of aluminum. Because of its scarcity, this mineral has been

replaced in industrial processes by artificially produced sodium aluminum fluoride.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

CaCa55(PO(PO44)F)F

Apatite (Greek apate, “deception”), mineral so named because it resembles Apatite

various other minerals for which it might be mistaken. It consists chiefly of phosphate of lime. Apatite is a distinct mineral of composition Ca5(PO4)3F in which some or all of the fluorine may be replaced by chlorine (chlorapatite). The mineral crystallizes in the hexagonal system (see Crystal) and has a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 3.2. When pure, apatite is colorless and transparent, but it may exhibit various degrees of color and opacity. These mineral phosphates of lime were often used in the preparation of fertilizers, but they have been replaced by phosphate rock.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

The preparation of fluorine as a free element is difficult and seldom

done, since free fluorine is very reactive. However, gaseous fluorine

FF22

electrolytic can be prepared by electrolytic

, HF – techniques (KHF22, HF – techniques (KHF

100 00CC, and liquid fluorine may be prepared by passing the 100

gas through a metal or rubber tube surrounded by liquid air.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Fluorine compounds have many applications. The chlorofluorocarbons, odorless and

Freon-CFCl33, are used as a

nonpoisonous liquids or gases such as Freon-CFCl dispersing agent in aerosol sprays and as a refrigerant. In 1974, however, some scientists suggested that these chemicals reached the stratosphere and were destroying the earth's ozone layer. With confirmation of these findings by the late 1980s, the production of these chemicals began to be phased out (see Environment). Another Teflon, a fluorine plastic that is very resistant to most chemical action, chemical, Teflon is widely used to make such products as motor gaskets and dashboard accessories in the automobile industry. Teflon is also used as a coating on the inner surface of frying pans and other kitchen utensils to reduce the need for fat in cooking. Many organic fluorine compounds developed during World War II (1939-1945) showed extensive commercial potential. For example, the liquid fluorinated hydrocarbons derived from

lubricating oils. Uranium

petroleum are useful as highly stable lubricating oils gaseous hexafluoride, the only volatile compound of uranium, is used in the gaseous diffusion process to provide fuel for atomic power plants diffusion

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Chlorine, symbol Cl, greenish-yellow gaseous element. In group 17 (or VIIa) of the periodic table, chlorine is one of the halogens. The atomic number of chlorine is 17.

ClCl22

CARNALLITE

Elementary chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who thought that the gas was a compound; it was not 1810 that the until 1810 that the British chemist Sir British chemist Sir Humphry Davy proved Humphry Davy that chlorine was an element and gave it its present name.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

KMgCl3 - 6H2O, Hydrated Potassium Magnesium Chloride

HALITE

NaCl, Sodium Chloride

KCl, Potassium Chloride

NaCl

NaOH Cl

H O 2

dienphan comangngan

dunnhe

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

H O MnCl Cl

+ HCl MnO 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

The gas has an irritating odor and in large concentration is dangerous; it was the The gas has an irritating odor and in large concentration is dangerous; it was the first substance used as a poison gas in World War I (1914-1919) (see Chemical first substance used as a poison gas in World War I (1914-1919) (see Chemical and Biological Warfare). and Biological Warfare).

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Most chlorine is produced by the electrolysis of ordinary salt solution, with sodium hydroxide as a by-product. Because the demand for chlorine exceeds that for sodium hydroxide, some industrial chlorine is produced by treating salt with nitrogen oxides or by oxidizing hydrogen chloride. Chlorine is shipped as a liquid in steel bottles or tank cars. It is used for bleaching paper pulp and other organic materials, destroying germ life in water, and preparing bromine, tetraethyl lead, and other important products.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

BrBr22

- -

Cl 2

Br 2

Bromine has been used in the preparation of certain dyes and of dibromoethane (commonly, ethylene bromide), a constituent of antiknock fluid for leaded gasoline. Bromides are used in photographic compounds and in natural gas and oil production.

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

II22

Thyroid Gland, endocrine gland found in almost all vertebrate animals and so called because it is located in front of and on each side of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. It secretes a hormone that controls metabolism and growth.

Iodine is medicinally very important because it is an essential trace element, present in a hormone of the thyroid gland that is involved in growth-controlling and other Without iodine, metabolic functions. Without iodine, stunted growth and conditions stunted growth and conditions such as goiter can result. Thus in such as goiter can result areas where iodine is not sufficiently abundant naturally, iodine-containing salt serves to make up the deficit. In medicine, iodine-alcohol solutions and iodine complexes have been used as antiseptics and disinfectants. Radioisotopes of iodine are used in medical and other fields of research. More broadly, various iodine compounds find use in photography, the making of dyes, and cloud- seeding operations. In chemistry, various iodine compounds serve as strong oxidizing agents, among other uses.

- - - -

H O I

IO 3

HSO 3

HSO 4

2 SO 4

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Astatine (Greek astatos, “unstable”), symbol At, radioactive element that is the heaviest of the halogens. The atomic number of astatine is 85.

AtAt22

Originally called alabamine because of early research with the element at Alabama Polytechnic Institute, it was prepared in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with high- energy alpha particles. The first isotope synthesized had an atomic weight of 211 and a half-life of 7.2 hours. Subsequently, astatine-210 was produced and found to have a half-life of about 8.3 hours. Isotopes of astatine with mass numbers from 200 to 219 have been cataloged, some with half-lives measured in fractions of a second.

Astatine is the halogen that behaves most like a metal and that has only radioactive isotopes. It is highly carcinogenic: Mammary and pituitary tumors have been induced in laboratory animals by a single injection.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

GROUP VIIA

The Halogens

1.Tính chất lý học

2.Tính chất hóa học

3.Điều chế và ứng dụng

4.Hidro halogenua

5.Hợp chất chứa oxi của

halogen

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

0GD

HXHX

+ H aq X aq

HX aq .

(cid:0)

0 hG +

HXhG-

0 hG -

D D D

LKGD aq

HX k ( )

H k ( )

X k ( )

+ H k ( )

X k ( )

HIGD aq XAGD

= - 0

+ D

- (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

0 LK

0 I

0 G h

+ D 0 G h HX

+ D 0 A X

D D -

0 G h H Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

HFHF 565

HClHCl 431

HBrHBr 364

HIHI 297

EH-X [kJ/mol]

HXhG-

LKGD

HIGD

XAGD

0 hG +

0 hG -

23.9 535.1 1320.2 -347.5 -1513.6 18.1

-4.2 404.5 1320.2 -366.8 -1393.4 -39.7

-4.2 339.1 1320.2 -345.4 -1363.7 -54.0

-4.2 272.2 1320.2 -315.3 -1330.2 -57.3

0GD

D D

+ HF H O

+ H O 3

- (cid:0) -

5.1

HF 2

= 7.2 10 ﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈ = K ﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈ H bonding

- -

HF là axít yếu HF là axít yếu

HCl, HBr, HI là các axit mạnh HCl, HBr, HI là các axit mạnh

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

MnCl

+ KCl H O 8

+ HCl KMnO 4

+ 2 +

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

T T r r ừ ừ H H F F

+ HBr H SO 4

H O 2

Cl 5 2 + SO Br 2 2 + +

HI H SO 4

H S 2

I 2 +

H O 4 2 +

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

FeCl

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

, , t t í í n n h h k k h h ử ử

FeCl 3

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

t t ă ă n n g g d d ầ ầ n n H H C C

l l , ,

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

H H B B r r , ,

H H

I I

H O 2 ] ]

+ HF SiO 2 + HF SiF 4 + HF SiO 2

SiF 4 [ H SiF 6 [ H SiF 6

H O 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Hydrogen Chloride, colorless, corrosive, nonflammable gas, Hydrogen Chloride formula HCl, with a characteristic penetrating, suffocating odor. It melts at - 114.22° C, boils at - 85.05° C, and has a density of 1.268 (air = 1.000). Hydrogen chloride dissolves readily in water: 1 vol. of water at 20° C absorbs 442 vol. of hydrogen chloride gas at atmospheric pressure. The resulting solution—hydrochloric acid—contains 40.3 percent hydrogen chloride by mass and has a specific gravity of 1.20. This solution fumes strongly in moist air, but dilution stops the fuming. Hydrogen chloride becomes less soluble in water as the water temperature rises, and it is less soluble in alcohol, ether, and in other organic liquids.

In solution in water, the molecules of hydrogen chloride ionize, becoming positively charged hydrogen ions and negatively charged chloride ions. Because it ionizes easily, hydrochloric acid is a good conductor of electricity. The hydrogen ions give hydrochloric acid its acidic properties, so that all solutions of hydrogen chloride and water have a sour taste; corrode active metals, forming metal chlorides and hydrogen; turn litmus red; neutralize alkalies; and react with salts of weak acids, forming chlorides and the weak acids.

Hydrogen chloride is produced industrially as a by-product of the reaction of chlorine with hydrocarbons to produce organic chlorides. Hydrochloric acid may be made by the reaction of sodium chloride with sulfuric acid or by combining hydrogen and chlorine. Crude industrial hydrochloric acid is called muriatic acid. It is used in large quantities in the preparation of chlorides and for cleaning metals and in industrial processes such as preparation of corn syrup and glucose from cornstarch. Small amounts of hydrochloric acid are secreted by cells in the lining of the stomach to aid in food digestion.

Hydrobromic acid is a solution of hydrogen bromide gas, formula HBr, and water. The gas is colorless, Hydrobromic acid with a penetrating odor, boiling point - 67° C. Hydrobromic acid is formed by the direct union of hydrogen and bromine in the presence of a catalyst, such as platinum; another method is to brominate phosphorus to form phosphorus tribromide, which hydrolyzes in water to form phosphorous acid and hydrobromic acid (see Hydrolysis). Hydrobromic acid, like hydrochloric acid, is a strong acid. It reacts with metals, some salts, and bases to form bromides.

Hydriodic acid is a solution of hydrogen iodide gas and water, with the formula HI. The gas is colorless, Hydriodic acid with a penetrating odor, boiling point -35° C. Hydriodic acid is formed in the same manner as hydrobromic acid. It is less stable than any of the other acids described above, and it decomposes readily into iodine and hydrogen. Hydriodic acid is often used as a reducing agent.

(

)

CaF H SO dac 2

CaSO 4

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

+ RCl HCl

burn

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

+ RH Cl + H Cl

HCl

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

HFHF HClHCl

= X Br I ,

HOH

H PO 3 3

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

HXHX

GROUP VIIA

The Halogens

1.Tính chất lý học

2.Tính chất hóa học

3.Điều chế và ứng dụng

4.Hidro halogenua

5.Hợp chất chứa oxi của

halogen

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Covalent Oxides

F2O, Cl2O and Cl2O7

Các hợp chất này đều không bền và ít có ứng dụng trong thực tế

F2O(g) + H2O(l) (cid:0)

2HF(aq) + O2(g)

2HOCl(aq)

Cl2O(g) + H2O(l) (cid:0)

Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l) (cid:0)

2HClO4(aq) O

O O Cl2O7(g)/(l)

O Cl2O7(s)

Prefixes Root Suffixes Chlorine Bromine Iodine

] [ BrO4

] ] [ IO4

per “ ” ate perchlorate perbromate periodate [ ClO4 “ ” ate chlorate bromate iodate ] [ ClO3

] [BrO3

] [ IO3

m o t a O

f o . o N

“ ” ite chlorite bromite iodite ] ] [ IO2 [ ClO2

] [ BrO2

hypo “ ” ite hypochlorite hypobromite hypoiodite [ ClO ] [ BrO ] [ IO ]

NAMING OXOANIONS EXAMPLES

HOCl HOCl

Kali clorat Kali clorat Thuốc nổ

Axit Hipocloro Axit Hipocloro Kém bền Kém bền Nước Javen Nước Javen

KClOKClO33 Thuốc nổCaOCl CaOCl22

+ HCl HOCl

ﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈ

+ 2Cl HOH

HOCl

HCl O 2

anh sang mat troi xuc tac, chat khu

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

2HOCl

CaCl chat hut nuoc

dun nong, de xay ra

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

HOCl

+ H O Cl O 2 + HCl HClO 3

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

+ HCl HOCl

ﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈ

+ 2Cl HOH

HOCl HOCl

2NaOH

+ NaCl NaOCl

Hipoclorit Hipoclorit Nước Javen Nước Javen

H O 22

Điện phân không Điện phân không màng ngăn dung màng ngăn dung dịch nguội NaCl dịch nguội NaCl

NaOH nguoi (

)

Cl 2

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

CaOCl22 CaOCl

Cl Ca OH

(

)

H O 2

OCl

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

HOCl có tính chất oxi hóa mạnh nên nước Javen HOCl có tính chất oxi hóa mạnh nên nước Javen

ứng dụng để tẩy trắng và tẩy uế và CaOCl22 ứng dụng để tẩy trắng và tẩy uế và CaOCl

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

KClOKClO33

dun nong, de xay ra

HOCl

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Axit cloric chỉ tồn tại Axit cloric chỉ tồn tại trong dung dịch trong dung dịch không quá 50 %, là không quá 50 %, là axit mạnh, chất oxi axit mạnh, chất oxi hóa mạnh hóa mạnh + HCl HClO 3

OH nong 6 (

- - -

Cl 23

ClO 3

H O 2

80 80 00CC Cl ) 5

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

Điện phân không Điện phân không màng ngăn dung màng ngăn dung dịch KCl nóng dịch KCl nóng

chất oxi hóa mạnh chất oxi hóa mạnh

- -

+ H

Cl 5

Cl 3

+Z 3

ClO 3

H O 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

- - -

+ H

ClO 3

H O 2

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Ion clorat oxi hóa Cl--, Br Ion clorat oxi hóa Cl

trong môi trường axit , Br--, I, I-- trong môi trường axit

Không xảy ra trong môi trường trung tính, kiềm Không xảy ra trong môi trường trung tính, kiềm

P, S, C P, S, C

KClO r ( )

+ KCl O 2

MnO 2 o C 250

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

nhietkocao

Ngòi nổ Ngòi nổ Pháo hoa Pháo hoa Diêm (50 % là KClO33)) Diêm (50 % là KClO

KClO r ( )

KClO KCl 4

(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)

Axit pecloric là axit mạnh nhất trong các axit Axit pecloric là axit mạnh nhất trong các axit

Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT

• Inorganic compounds are substances not considered to be derived from hydrocarbons • The rules for naming, or nomenclature, of simple inorganic compound is covered now (organic nomenclature is covered later)

• Binary compounds are compounds comprised of two different elements

• The goal is to be able to convert between the

chemical formula and the name

• The first element in the formula is identified

Chemical Name as Name as Symbol Stem First Element (A) Second Element (B) O ox oxygen oxide S sulf sulfur sulfide N nitr nitrogen nitride P phosph phosphorus phosphide F fluor fluorine fluoride Cl chlor chlorine chloride Br brom bromine bromide I iod iodine iodide

by its English name, the second by appending the suffix –ide to its stem (eg. compound AB)

• The number of each type of atom is

Greek Prefixes mono di tri tetra penta

= 1 (often omitted) hexa = 6 = 2 hepta = 7 = 3 octa = 8 = 4 nona = 9 = 5 deca = 10

Examples: PF5 = phosphorus pentafluoride HCl = hydrogen chloride N2O5 = dinitrogen tetraoxide

Note: many compounds have common names, like water for H2O.

specified with Greek prefixes