94<br />
<br />
NG6NNGC&fleBs6NG<br />
<br />
s i 10 (240)-2015<br />
<br />
CAU TRUC CUA PHAT NGON N G f VI NHd TRONG<br />
TIENG HAN HBEN D^J ^ 6 l CHIIEU V d l TIENG VEgT)<br />
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCE OF FAVOUR-ASKING IN<br />
MORDEN CHINESE (COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE)<br />
NGUYEN THI H A O<br />
(ThS; Bgi hpc Ngogi ngtt, BHQG H i Nfi)<br />
Abstract: The speaker of "speech acts of favour-askuig" often uses one performative utterance<br />
with one core element - the performative expression and one or some extension elements. TMs paper<br />
analyzes and compares the structure of performative utterance of favour-asking In Chmese and<br />
Vietnamese with the aim of Identifying the sunllarltles and differences between those that should he<br />
paid utoost attention m translation and language teaching.<br />
Key words: Chmese; Vietnamese; the speech acts of favour-asking; perfoimatlve utierance of<br />
favour-asking, structure; comparative analysis.<br />
1. Nhftng vin de chung<br />
dyng BTNV nhd dl ktoi vdl cdcflidnhphin md<br />
Nhd Id mft trong nhtog hdnh vl cd tto suit rfng (TPMR). Trong dd, BTNV «A* cd vai Irt<br />
xuit Mfn cao nhit trong cufc stog thutog ngdy. trung tdm, vd thutog li khdng thl ving mft, bdi<br />
Theo phto logl cfla Joto Searle, rihd thufc nhdm vl neu flulu nd thl ngudi nghe sS khdng cd cdn cd<br />
hdnh vi "khuyin Ifnh" (directives), kM fliyc Mto dl hii ddp. Cdc TPMR cfla PNNV nhd rk da<br />
hinh vl niy flil ngudi ndi(SPl) bfc If mong muin dgng, cd thl Id ldi hd gpi khdng ddng gdp gl vio<br />
ngudi nghe (SP2) thyc Mto mft hdnh vl nto dd cd nfi dung mfnh dl ( NDMB) md chl cd Unh chit<br />
lpi cho SPl. Nfi dung nhd nto tiong mfnh dl Hto cd nhto tiong hfi thogi, ctog cd thl Id nhQng<br />
fliutog d mflc df khdng Ito lfim vd vifc dupc thyc thdnh phin cd chdc ntog ctog cd, bifn mmh, giii<br />
Mfn hay khdng dupc thyc Mfn diu phii phy fliufc Uiich,... cho BTNV nhd timg tdm. VI dy vl mft<br />
vio SP2. N6 khdng phdi Id nhtog cdng vifc thufc phdt ngdn nhd cd thdm cdc thdnh phin md rfng:<br />
ngMa vy md SP2 bufc phdi ldm, SP2 cd quyin<br />
Mft ldi xe dang di xtog thl d td bj chit mdy,<br />
quylt djnh sS hpp tdc hay td chil.<br />
anh ta muto nhd ngudi til xl cda xe bdn cgnh<br />
Dl fliyc Mfn mft hdnh vi ngdn ngft (HVNN), kdo xe cda minh ra tigm sto xe gin diy; (1) ffff<br />
Spl dua la mft phdt ngdn trong giao tilp, phdt<br />
ngdn ndy gpi Id phdt ngto ngft vi (PNNV). Kit ciu<br />
181 < ^ tiimg cfla PNNV Id mft biiu didc ngir 500 ^m. ( Anh cri, phi^ anh kto giUp xeciat&iSh<br />
vi(BTNV). BpfV Id cdch thic sd dung ngdn ngd uvn sda xe g^ day duvc khdng, chi khoang SOO mft<br />
(lua chpn, kit hgp) hay chtnh Id nhiing Ihi thuc ndi fliSi).<br />
ndng di thvc hiin mpt HVNN, cdn PNNV Id su<br />
hiin thuc hod BTNV trong giao tiip. Trong dd,<br />
dfng td ngft vl li mft diu Mto dfc bift, ddnh diu<br />
cho mft si BTNV tiitog mmh. Bfng tit ngft vi Id<br />
dpng tit khi dUpc sd dung d chdc ndng ngtt vi, Spl<br />
cM cin phdt ngdn nd ra Id ttiyc Mfn dupc hdnh<br />
dfng md nd bilu flij. BTNV cd dfng til ngft vi<br />
dtog trong chto ntag ngtt vi Id BTNV tutog mmh,<br />
BTNV khdng cd dfng tii ngft vl li BTNV him Sa<br />
Theo quan nifm cfla D 8 Hto Chda PNNV li sy<br />
md rfng cfla BTNV. Trong giao tilp htog ng^,<br />
khdng phii ldc nio ngudi ta ctog dtog BTNV nhd<br />
tiitog mmh vd BTNV nhdhhm In - nhtog khudn<br />
mlu dl ngudi ndi sd dyng vd ngudi nghe nhfn bilt<br />
vl hdnh vi nhd, mi di fliich hpp vdl vd vto tinh<br />
huing giao tilp khic nhau, ngudi ta fliutog sd<br />
<br />
Tiong vl dy bdn, •t&mm&tsnBmsaKm<br />
<br />
m«im^ " li BTNV nhd tiimg tim, B « li ti<br />
xung hd, fliufc TPMR li ldi hd gpi; 4.St 500 *<br />
i s li TPMR, flidng qua vifc chi flilch flidm vi<br />
mdc df khd khto nhim lim glim bdt nhtog lo<br />
liing nggi ngin cia SP2 da Igo dilu kifnfliufnl(rl<br />
cho vifc chip diuto giip dd td pMa SP2.<br />
2. Biln thdc ngtt vinAdNhd ctog nhu mft s i HVNN khdc, din cd<br />
mft kilu ciu tide nhit djnh. Cto cd vdo cdch fliic<br />
bilu thj nfi dung nhd md chtog tdi chiarattiinh<br />
bilu flite BA* tryc tilp vd bilu flito ngft vi nM<br />
gito tilp. Trong khudn khi cia bdi vilt nly,<br />
ching tdi chi dl c|p din bilu didc nMtryc tilp.<br />
Trong bilu flidc nhd tryc tilp cd ttil chiarabieu<br />
<br />
s i 10(240^-2018<br />
<br />
95<br />
<br />
N G 6 N NGfABftlSpNG<br />
<br />
thto nhd tutog minh (cd sd dyng dfng tft ngft vi)<br />
vd Mlu ttito nhd hdm in (khdng sd dyng dfng tii<br />
ngftvl).<br />
21. Biiu Ihdc ngii vi nhd tirdng minh<br />
Cdng fliic khdi qudt cto mft BTNVNTM d<br />
dgng diy dd Id;<br />
ISPl-l- BTNV iiA»fSP2-l-NDMB ll*d|<br />
Trong mft so trutog hpp cd ngft cinh thay<br />
flll, thdm vio dd, hifn tupng thfli lupc chd ngtt<br />
vin lit phi blln trong tilng Hto hifn dgi, ndn cd<br />
flll xuiflilto BTNVNTM dgng nit gpn nhu sau:<br />
JBTNV nhd -fSPJi-fNDlMa) nhSj<br />
Trong dd:SPl; ngudi thyc hito hdnh vi nAd<br />
SP2: ngudi tilp nhto> ding thdi Id dil tupng<br />
nhdtiongBTNVNTM<br />
DTNV nhd-. dfng tii bilu flij hdnh vl nhd<br />
dupc sd dyng vdl chdc nfing ngft vl<br />
NDMD nhd-. ndu sy vifc, hinh dfng mi SPl<br />
mong muin SP2 thyc hifn trong tucmg lai<br />
Nhu trin dS chl ra, DTNV l i diu hifu dfc<br />
bift, ddnh diu cho BTNV tirdng minh, bdi vilt<br />
se di sdu phto tich mft s i DTNV nhd tiong<br />
tilng Hto hifn dgi. DTNV nhd thufc nhdm cdc<br />
dfng td ndi ntog, bilu thj hinh vi nhd vd cd thl<br />
si dyng vdl chdc ntog ngft vl. Nghta Id SPl<br />
ding thdi thyc Mto ngay hdnh vi d Idi nhd mi<br />
dfng td bilu thj. Y nghta khdi qudt cia cic dfng<br />
tit bilu flij J nghta nhd li: SPl mong muin SP2<br />
thyc Mfn mft hdnh dfng tiong tuong lai cho<br />
minh vd hdnh dfng dd cd Ipi cho SPl khi SP2<br />
thyc hifn. Theo quan dilm cda Austin, DTNV<br />
nhd, ctog nhu cdc dfng tft ngft vi khdc dupc col<br />
Id dfng td ngft vl khi nd thda mto cdc dilu kifn<br />
sau: chfl thl nhd Id ngdi thd nhit (si It hofc s i<br />
nhilu), b i ngft cda dfng td nhd phii d ngdi thd<br />
hai, thdi dilm nhd l i flidi Mfn tgi v i khdng cd<br />
nhtog tft chl thdi gian hofc nhftng tft tinh thdi<br />
chl ttidl flll nhu: dS, s6, dang, vin... Nlu khdng<br />
flida mfa nhftng dilu kifn tidn till cdc dfng td<br />
mang ) (AMy.bfic Luu, ch5.t6ic6n miy Ifi thir cua<br />
d$c gifi t6i chua bi Ifri kjp, bfic giap t6i tia Ifri nh^.<br />
Cfic thfin tir hd gpi trgn mang d$m sfic thfii khiu<br />
ngtt, cd phin thofii mfii, dl dSi, Ifim cho hfinh vi<br />
nhd trd ngn dd gfiy &p lyc n$ng nl cho cfi hai phfa<br />
chl c6 tb& nh& ch6 thdi, diii tlm m$t ngiriri c6 tb§ giiip (£»hon. Tuy nhidn, can hit sttc luu y ngtt cfinh vfi d6i<br />
dti^ nAd* h? ia ph6 mua giup chikg ta mQt ft dd n&y).<br />
tupng sil dyng. Cfic vf dy trfin , mdi quan h$ cila<br />
(15) fii5feMSI^*-^ . S # - J S 3 § S 5 W , g?5fe SPl vfi SP2 Ifi .gin gui, Afin thuOc (vf dy 16 Ifi b^n<br />
K^iHi^o ( ' V S . S M )(Anhcu-dig9ianhtachotdi thfin, vf dy 17 Ifi d6ng n ^ ^ p ) , cdn nlu diing trong<br />
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