
218
BIRD
+
ANATOMY
CHICKEN SKELETON
Callus
gallus
Bird
characteristics:
Body always covered
with
feathers; feet (toes
and
usually
tarsometatarsus) covered
with
scales (thickened
skin).
Aquatic
birds
have webbed toes.
No
teeth;
horny beak.
Lightweight
skeleton
in
flying
birds
(many
hollow
bones),
with
keel
on
sternum
for
attachment
of
flight
muscles
(pectoral
muscles).
No
keel
in
large
flightless
birds
(ostrich,
emu, rhea). Completely bony
ribs
(no rib
cartilage).
Clavicles fused
into
single
bone,
the
furculum (wishbone).
Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies
by
species) provide
great neck
flexibility.
Some
of the
middle
thoracic vertebrae fused
in
some species
(chicken);
posterior
thoracic,
all
lumbar,
and all
sacral ver-
tebrae fused
into
synsacrum, which
in
turn
is
fused
to the
pelvis.
Short,
flexible
tail
terminates
in
stout
bone
(pygostyle)
for
support
of
highly
mobile
long
tail
feathers.
Wing (arm) skeleton modified
for
flying
(ostrich
and
penguins
evolved from
flying
ancestors). Wrist
joint
automatically
straightens
when elbow
joint
is
straightened; conversely, wrist
joint
automatically
bends when elbow
joint
is
bent.
Individual
hand
and
finger
bones
reduced
in
number
and
largely
fused
together
for
support
of
primaries
(outer
flight
feathers). Three
digits
present;
small
third
digit
nonmov-
able.
Short
alular
feathers attach
to
movable
first
digit.
Secondaries
(inner
flight
feathers) attach
to
rear edge
of
ulna.
Three
toes
point
forward
and one
points backward
in
most species
(e.g.,
chicken,
hawk,
crow),
or two
toes forward
and two
back
(e.g.,
woodpecker,
parrot).
Ostrich
has two
toes
per
foot.
Toes
terminate
with
claws. Male chicken
has
bony spur covered
with
horny sheath
on
tarsometatarsus.
(all chicken drwings fro speimevs)

BIRD
»
ANATOMY
219
CHICKEN
MUSCLES
AbdAlu
Abductor alulae; AbdDi2 Abductor
digit!
II;
AbdDi4 Abductor
digit!
IV;
AbDiMa
Abductor
digit!
majoris;
Ad
Man
E
Adductor
mandibulae
externus; Ascend
Ascendentes;
BicBra
Biceps brachii;
BicSli
Biceps slip; BivCer Biventer cervicis;
Brach
Brachialis;
Complx
Com
plexus; CutCos
Cutaneus
costohumeralis;
DepCau
Depressor
caudae; DepMan Depressor mandibulae;
EDLon
Extensor digitorum
long
us;
EHL
Extensor hallucis
long
us;
ExAbOb External abdominal oblique;
ExBrD4 Extensor brevis
digit!
IV;
ExLDiM
Extensor longus
digit!
majoris;
ExMetR
Extensor
metacarpi
radialis;
FCrL
Flexor cruris
lateralis;
FCrM
Flexor
cruris
medi-
alis;
FCU
Flexor carpi
ulnaris;
FDLon
Flexor digitorum longus;
FDMin
Flexor
digiti
minoris;
FDP
Flexor digitorum
profundus;
FDS
Flexor digitorum
superficialis;
Femtib
Femorotibialis;
FHB
Flexor hallucis brevis;
FHL
Flexor hallucis longus;
FibBrv
Fibularis brevis; FibLon Fibularis longus;
FlxTen
Flexor tendons; GasEx
Gastrocnemius,
external head;
Gasln
Gastrocnemius,
internal head; GasTen
Gastrocnemius
tendon; IlioCr
Iliotibialis
cranialis;
Iliofib
Iliofibularis;
IlioLa
Iliotibialis
lateralis; IntDFl Intermediate
digital
flexors;
Intert
Intertransversarii;
IntVen
Interosseus ventralis;
LaDCau
Latissimus
dorsi
caudalis; LaDCra
Latissimus
dorsi cranialis;
LatCau
Lateralis caudae;
LevCau
Levator caudae;
LoCoVe
Longus
colli
ventralis;
ManEpi
Mandibutaris
epibranchialis;
PecTho
Pectoralis
thoracis;
PronPr
Pronator profundus; PronSu Pronator superficialis;
PubcEx Pubocaudalis externus;
RecAbd
Rectus abdominis; ReCaDo Rectus capitis
dorsalis;
ReCaLa
Rectus capitis lateralis;
ReCaVe
Rectus capitis ventralis; ScapCa
Scapulohumeralis
caudalis;
SerSuC
Serratus superficialis caudalis; SpiCer
Spinalis
cervicis; TenPro
Tensorpropatagialis;
TibCra Tibialis cranialis;
TPLT
Tensor
propatagialis long tendon; TPST
Tensor
propatagialis
short
tendon; TriBrH
Triceps
brachii, humeral head; UlnimD Ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis; UlnimV
Ulnimetacarpalis
ventralis.

22O
BIRD
>
ANATOMY
CHICKEN
SKELETON
FRONT
VIEW
AddAlu
Adductor
alulae;
AdManE
Adductor
mandibulae
extemus; BicBra Biceps
brachii;
BicSli
Biceps slip; Brach
Brachialis;
Complx
Complexus;
DeltMa
Deltoid
major;
DeltMi
Deltoid minor;
Ectep
Ectepicondyloulnaris;
EDC
Extensor digitorum
communis;
EDLon
Extensor digitorum longus;
EHL
Extensor hallucis longus;
ELDM
Extensor longus
digiti
majoris;
ExBrAl Extensor brevis
alulae;
ExBrDB
Extensor
brevis
digiti
III; ExBrD4 Extensor brevis
digiti
IV;
ExLoAl Extensor longus
alulae;
ExMetR
Extensor
metacarpi
radialis; ExMetU Extensor
metacarpi
ulnaris;
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris;
FDMin
Flexor
digiti
minoris;
FibBrv
Fibularis brevis;
FibLon
Fibularis longus;
FlxTen
Flexor tendons;
Gasln
Gastrocnemius,
internal
head;
IlioCr
Iliotibialis
cranialis;
IlioLa
Iliotibialis
lateralis; IntDor Interosseus
dorsalis;
Intert
Intertransversarii;
IntVen Interosseus ventralis;
LoCoVe
Longus
colli
ventralis; PecTho Pectoralis thoracis;
ReCaDo
ffecfus
capitis dorsalis;
ReCaLa
Rectus
capitis lateralis; ScapCa Scapulohumeralis caudalis; Supcor
Supracoracoid;
Ten
Pro
Tensor
propatagialis;
TibCra
Tibialis cranialis;
TPLT
Tensor
propatagialis long tendon; TPST
Tensor
propatagialis short tendon; TriBrH
Triceps
brachii, humeral head;
TriBrS
Triceps
brachii, scapular head; UlnimD
Ulnimetacarpalis
dorsalis.

BIRD
*
ANATOMY
221
CHICKEN MUSCLES
CHICKEN MUSCLES


