Tự do hóa thương mại ở Trung Quốc trong 10 năm đầu thế kỷ XXI

TLF do hoa thLFang mai & Trung Quoc<br /> trong 10 nam dau the ky XXI<br /> <br /> <br /> PGS.TS. PHAM THAI QUOC<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Thdp ky ddu cua the ky XXI ghi ddu dn ve sir phdt trien vd citng mgnh me trong<br /> thuang mgi qudc te cita Trung Qudc. Tdng kim nggch budn bdn qudc te ciia nudc<br /> ndy dd tdng 5 lan, tu miec 500 ty USD ndm vdo ddu thdp ky dd tdng len 2.500 ty USD<br /> lite gdn cudi thdp kf'. Trong khi dd, xudt khdu ciia Trung Qudc cdn tdng mgnh han,<br /> lir 249 ly USD ndm 2.000 ten 1.429 ty USD nam 2008, tdng gdn 6 Idn. Trong lich sir,<br /> rdt it nudc cd dugc miec tdng nhu Trung Qudc. Vay nguyen nhdn Id a chd ndo? Tim<br /> hieu nhirng mat dugc vd chua dugc trong cdc nd luc thirc hien tit do hda thuang mgi<br /> a Trung Qudc trong thdp nien ddu the ky XXI Id ngi dung chinh cita hdi viet ndy.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Thyc thi chinh sach ty do hoa thuo'ng chinh sach ty gia, khuyen khich tang dau tu ra<br /> mai ciia Trung Quoc nude ngoai. Viec thuc thi chinh sach tu do hoa<br /> Tir dau nhiing nam 1990, Trung Qudc chii thuong mai ciia Trung Qudc dugc the hien tren<br /> truang phat trien kinh te tbi trudng, day manh cac mat sau day:<br /> md cira va tang cuong hdi nhap qudc te. Chii 1.1. Cdt gidm manh mirc thue quan<br /> truong nay the hien rd tren hai phuong dien: thu<br /> Tiep theo nhirng cd gang de dugc gia nhap<br /> hut dau tu nudc ngoai va md rgng thuong mai<br /> WTO, tir sau khi gia nhap, Trung Quoc thirc<br /> qudc te. Trung Qudc da chii truong thiic day<br /> hien nhieu nd lire de day nhanh qua trinh tu do<br /> phat trien thuong mai thdng qua tang cudng tir<br /> boa thuong mai. Tir ngay 1/1/2002, mirc thul<br /> do hoa. Dieu nay the hien d viec Trung Qudc<br /> quan chung tir 15,3%) dugc ha xudng cdn 12%).<br /> md rgng quyen tham gia ngoai thuong, giam rat<br /> Nam 2003, muc thue quan chung nay lai tilp<br /> manh bieu thue quan, da bd nhanh chdng nhieu<br /> tuc ha xudng cdn 1 l%o, trong dd ty le thul quan<br /> hang rao phi thue quan va phat trien nhung<br /> ciia san phim cdng nghiep binh quan la 10,3%o;<br /> cdng cu chinh sach thuong mai gian tiep nhu<br /> ciia san pham ndng nghiep binh quan la 16,8%).<br /> Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri T h i gioi Mirc thue ap dung vdi hang det may cdnT5,2%),<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhdng vin di KINH Jt VA C H I N H TRj JHt GIOI S6 2(178) 2011-<br /> 49<br /> Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Quoc. Pham Thai Qudc<br /> <br /> <br /> hang dien tir giam cdn 9,9%, thiet bi giao thdng kiem soat bang giay phep nhap khau giam tir<br /> cdn 15,9%o, san pham ca khi cdn 8,6%). Nam con sd 26 trong nam 2001 xudng cdn 12 trong<br /> 2005, thuc hien cam ket ciia minh, Trung Qudc nam 2002. Thue nhap khiu cac san pham cdng<br /> da bai bd, cat giam dang ke thue quan. Thue nghiep giam tii' 14.7%) nam 2001 xudng 11,3%<br /> quan binh quan cho hang cdng nghiep ha xudng nam 2002. Tir cudi nam 2004 din thang 6/2005,<br /> 9,3%o; ndng san pham ha xudng cdn 15,6%. hiu hit han ngach va giay phep xuat nhap khau,<br /> Viec thirc hien cam ket ciia Trung Qudc ve cac cung nhu cac dilu kien ddi vdi 377 mat hang cu<br /> hang rao phi thue quan ddi vdi cac hang boa thi da dugc xoa bd. Tham chi, trong mgt sd ITnh<br /> cung rat manh me. Viec kiem soat thue nhap vii'c, Trung Qudc cdn giam thue manh ban mirc<br /> khau dugc ndi Idng, sd hang muc hang boa ma ho cam ket vdi WTO.<br /> <br /> Bdng 1: Ljch trinh c^t giam thue quan ciia Trung Quoc giai doan 2000 - 2008<br /> Dffn vi: %<br /> <br /> Nam JVIuc thue quan chung Thue quan binh quan Thue quan binh quan<br /> san pham cong nghiep san pham nong nghiep<br /> <br /> <br /> 2000 15.6 14,7 21,3<br /> <br /> 2001 14 13 19,9<br /> <br /> 2002 12.7 11,7 18,5<br /> <br /> 2003 11,5 10,6 17,4<br /> <br /> 2004 10,6 9,8 15,8<br /> <br /> 2005 10,1 9,3 15,5<br /> <br /> 2006 10.1 9,3 15,5-<br /> <br /> 2007 10,1 9,3 15,5<br /> 2008 10,0 9,2 15,1<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Thgch Quang Sinh (chir bien, 2004): Kinh te Trung Qudc sau khi gia nhdp WTO,<br /> NXB. Lien hiep Cdng thuang Trung Hoa (Bdc Kinh).<br /> <br /> 1.2. Md' rdng quyen tham gia ngoai thuong tdi thieu ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep san xuit ciia<br /> Giua nam 2003, Bd Thuong mai Trung Qudc Trung Qudc la 0.5 trieu nhan dan te (NDT), cdn<br /> ban hanh thdng tu ve nhimg nguyen tac quan ly mirc nay ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep khinh doanh<br /> quyen xuat nhap khau, trong dd cd dieu chinh khdng tham gia san xuit la 1 trieu NDT. Vdi<br /> tieu chuan va dieu kien xuat nhap khau. Thang cac doanh nghiep mien Trung va Tay, mirc nay<br /> 8/2003, Trung Qudc da tirng budc cat giam mirc la 0,5 trieu NDT. Thang 4/2004, Qudc hdi<br /> vdn dang ky tdi thieu ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Trung Qudc thdng qua Luat Ngoai thucmg sira<br /> Trung Qudc mudn tham gia boat ddng ngoai ddi. Luat mdi dua ra quy dinh vl quyln kinh<br /> thuang. Den dau nam 2005, muc von dang ky doanh dugc cap tir ddng qua mdt quy trinh<br /> <br /> <br /> 50 • Nhdng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj TH^ GIOI So 2(178) 2011<br />  Pham Thai Qu6c Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc.<br /> <br /> <br /> chung cho tat ca cac ca nhan. td chirc trong Quyen kinh doanh the hien d qu)'en dugc<br /> nudc va nudc ngoai cd hieu luc tir nga}' dua hang hoa vao Trung Qudc - khdng bao gdm<br /> 1/7/2004. quyen dugc ban hang boa d Trung Qudc va<br /> quyen dugc dua hang Trung Qudc ra nudc<br /> Cudi nam 2006, Trung Qudc da bd nhiing ngoai theo cac quy dinh ciia Trung Qudc ve<br /> ban che ve quyen sd hiru, kinh doanh va hinh xuat nhap khau. Trung Qudc da thuc hien tu do<br /> thirc thanh lap bao gdm cac chi nhanh va giay hoa ve quyen kinh doanh, xoa bd co che phe<br /> phep cho vay ddi vdi ngan hang cd \'dn dau tu duyet quyen nay, thuc hien trao quyen kinh<br /> nude ngoai. Ngoai viec chap hanh nhiing cam doanh tu dgng, day dii cho tat ca cac doanh<br /> ket ve cap giay phep kinh doanh, Trung Qudc nghiep Trung Qudc. cac doanh nghiep nudc<br /> cdn xoa bd ban che vdi ngan hang nude ngoai ngoai va ca nhan ngudi nudc ngoai. Trudc day,<br /> ve ddi tugng khach hang, nhu sau 5 nam cho mudn dugc tham gia xuat, nhap khau, cac<br /> phep lam dich vii ngoai hdi vdi doanh nghiep va doanh nghiep Trung Qudc phai dap ii'ng mdt sd<br /> ngudi dan Trung Qudc. cho phep cac td chitc yeu cau nhu: vdn diing ky tdi thieu, tinh hinh<br /> tien te phi ngan hang ciia nudc ngoai dugc cho thii'c hien xuat khau, can ddi ngoai hdi, can ddi<br /> vay tieu diing de mua xe hoi... Trong nganh du thuong mai... Tir thang 12/2004, Trung Qudc<br /> lich. tir 1/1/2003 cho phep phia nude ngoai xoa bd hau het nhung ban che nay.<br /> khdng die cd phan, tii' thang-12/2003 cho phep<br /> thanh lap cdng ty du ljch 100%o vdn nudc ngoai Tren thuc te, Trung Qudc da thuc hien nhieu<br /> vdi dieu kien phai boat ddng nghiep vu du lich nd luc de thuc day tu do boa thuang mai, dd la<br /> la chii yeu va cd thu nhap toan ciu tren 40 trieu thuc bien cac cam ket WTO qua 2 giai doan:<br /> USD/nam; cho phep thanh lap cdng ty 100% - Giai dogn I, tu thdng I2/200J den thdng<br /> vdn nudc ngoai va xoa bd ban che khu virc sau 12/2004, Trung Qudc hoan thien he thdng luat<br /> 6 nam... Ve dich vu khach san nha bang. Trung phap, bai bd nliihig luat cu, sira ddi, bd sung luat<br /> Qudc cho phep lap cdng ty chung vdn nudc hien cd, ban bd them luat mdi cho phii hgp vdi<br /> ngoai khdng che cd phan, nam 2005 xoa bd han cac quy tac, dinh che ciia WTO. Ddng thdi,<br /> che ve hinh thirc thanh lap va ty le quyen cd Trung Qudc phai ha thap mirc thue quan va dd<br /> phan, cho phep lap cdng ty 100% vdn nude bd dan cac rao can phi thue quan theo quy dinli.<br /> ngoai. Ve phan phdi tieu thu hang boa, cac nha Nhiing nganb cd thdi gian bao bd ngan hon nhu:<br /> kinh doanh nude ngoai dirge ban le tat ca cac det, do choi, do gia dung, san xuat rugu, bia...<br /> san pham ciia Trung Qudc va nude ngoai. chi ket thiic thdi ky qua do trudc. Trong thdi gian<br /> ban che vdi mdt sd san*pham: bao, tap chi. dugc nay, cac nganh dich vu nhu: bao hilm, ngan hang,<br /> pham, thudc ndng nghiep, dau thanh pham (nam ban le. vien thdng, van tai, giao due... ciing thao<br /> 2004), phan hoa hgc (nam 2006). Ve dich vu bd dan nhiing ban che, tang dan miic do md cira<br /> van tai, nam 2002 cho phep doanh nghiep cd cho sir tham nhap cua dau tu nudc ngoai.<br /> vdn nudc ngoai khdng che cd phan dugc kinh<br /> - Giai dogn 2, tu thdng 12/2004 din thdng<br /> doanh van tai duong bd, nam 2004 cho cdng ty<br /> 12/2006: giai doan ket thuc thdi ky qua do.<br /> 100% vdn nude ngoai dugc kinh doanh. van tai<br /> Trong giai doan 2, mdt phin Idn nganh nghi<br /> dudng bd, doanh nghiep cd vdn nudc ngoai<br /> phai ket thiic thdi ky qua do, khdng cdn dugc<br /> klidng che dugc kinh doanh van tai dudng sat. bao hd, thuc hien cam ket sau ciing ciia viec<br /> nam 2007 cho cdng ty 100% vdn nudc ngoai gia nhap WTO. Tir nam 2005, cimg vdi viec<br /> dugc kinh doanh van tai duang sat. Day la cham dirt bao hd mdt sd nganh nhay cam,<br /> nhung bieu bien cu the ve tir do boa thuong mai cung tirng budc xoa bd ban cbl khu vuc, sd<br /> d qudc gia cd dan sd Ion nhat the gidi nay. lugng, quyln cd phieu ciia diu tu nudc ngoai,<br /> <br /> <br /> iMhCrng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TR| TH^ GIOI S6 2(178) 2011- 51<br /> T u do hda thuong mai d Trung Quoc. Pham Thai Quoc<br /> <br /> <br /> va thuc hien nhiing cam ket cudi cimg vao xuit nhap khiu mdt sd mat hang. Bdn Id, can cu<br /> cudi nam 2006. Trong thdi ky sau ciia giai vao cam kit ciia "Bao cao nhdm cdng tac gia<br /> doan qua do, 9 Imh vuc dich vu Idn la thuong nhap WTO ciia Trung Qudc", sau khi gia nhap<br /> nghiep, xay dung, vien thdng, ban le, giao WTO, Trung Qudc dilu chinh cbl do cap phep<br /> due, mdi trudng, tien te, du lich va van tai vdi tu ddng cua Trung Qudc phii hgp vdi quy dinh<br /> "Hiep dinh vl trinh tu cip phep nhap khau" cua<br /> khoang tren 90 nganh nghe se md cira rgng rai<br /> WTO. c i p phep tu ddng chi mang tinh luu trii<br /> cho vdn dau tu nudc ngoai, hinh thanh thi<br /> hd so nhim muc dich giam sat tinh hinh xuat<br /> trudng khdng Id. Sau khi ket thiic ca hai giai<br /> nhap khiu. Do dd, Luat Ngoai thuong sira ddi<br /> doan, tat ca cac nganh dii la nganh nghe<br /> da bd sung them ngi dung Nha nudc can cu vao<br /> truyen thdng (det may) hay nhung nganh nhay nhu ciu giam sat tinh hinh xuat nhap khau, thuc<br /> cam (tai chinh tien te) deu md cira rgng rai hien quan ly cip phep xuat nhap khau tu ddng<br /> cho dau tu va kinh doanh nudc ngoai. doi vd'i mgt sd hang hoa dugc tu do xuat nhap<br /> Trong giai doan 2000 - 2007, Trung Qudc khau. Ndm Id, Luat Ngoai thuong mdi da bd<br /> dieu chinh manh me he thdng luat phap lien sung them chuong "Bao bd quyen sd hiiu tri tue<br /> quan den thuang mai. Dien hinh la sii'a ddi Luat lien quan din ngoai thuang", la mdt trong ba tru<br /> Ngoai thuang vdi nhung ndi dung chinh nhu: cdt chinh ciia WTO. Ngoai ra, Luat Ngoai<br /> Mdt Id, Luat Ngoai thuong mdi sira ddi da md thuang mdi sira ddi cdn bd sung them ndi dung<br /> rdng pham vi ddi tugng kinh doanh ngoai duy tri trat tu kinh doanh xuat nhap khau, ho trg<br /> thuang den ca nhan dugc tien hanh boat ddng va xiic tien doanh nghiep vira va nhd trien khai<br /> kinh doanh ngoai thuong theo phap luat. Hai boat ddng ngoai thuong, xay dung he thdng dich<br /> Id, theo quy dinh tai Khoan 1 Dieu 9 ciia Luat vu thdng tin cdng cgng, dieu tra, hd trg ngoai<br /> Ngoai thuang cii, viec xuat nhap khau hang boa thuong... Luat Ngoai thuong sira ddi da dugc ap<br /> va ky thuat phai dugc co quan cbii quan Qudc dung trien khai thuc hien tir ngay 1/7/2004.<br /> vii vien cap phep. Trong thdi gian 3 nam sau<br /> khi gia nhap WTO, Trung Qudc xda bd viec cap 1.3. Tw do hod thuong mgi ff Trung Qudc tit<br /> phep ve quyen kinh doanh ngoai thuo'ng, md sau khi ket thiic thoi ky qud dp gia nhap WTO<br /> rdng quyen kinh doanh ngoai thuang trong Tir nam 2007 den nay, nhung nd lire tu do<br /> thuong mai hang boa va ky thuat. Luat Ngoai hoa thuang mai ciia Trung Qudc dugc thay d<br /> thuang mdi sira ddi da hiiy bd viec cap phep ddi cac khia canh sau day:<br /> vdi quyen kinh doanh xuat nhap khau hang boa<br /> Mgt Id, tiep tiic thirc hien cdc nd luc nhdm<br /> va ky thuat, chi yeu cau ddi tugng kinh doanh thitc day he thdng thuang mgi da phuang, ddng<br /> ngoai thuang tien hanh dang ky luu hd so. Ba thdi day manh ky ket cac hiep dinh thuong mai<br /> Id, can cit vao quy dinh tai Dieu 17 ciia Hiep tu do khu vuc hoac thuang mai song phuong<br /> dinh chung ve thue quan va mau dich (GATT, (FTA) vdi cac ddi tac thuong mai ciia minh.<br /> 1994) va dieu 8 Hiep djnh chung ve thuang mai Trung Qudc da ky FTA vdi Chile, Hiep dinh cd<br /> dich vu, cho phep cac ben ky ket dugc xay dung hieu lire tir 1/10/2006; FTA giiia Trung Qudc va<br /> hoac duy tri thuong mai qudc doanh trong Pakistan cd hieu lire tir 1/7/2007; Hiep dinh ve<br /> thuong mai qudc te, tire la ddi vdi mdt sd ITnh thuang mai dich vu giiia Trung Qudc vdi<br /> virc thuong mai hang boa, cho phep mgt sd ASEAN cd hieu lire tir 1/7/2007. Ngoai ra, cac<br /> doanh nghiep xuat nhap kliau nhat dinh dugc hiep dinh FTA giiia Trung Qudc vdi cac ddi<br /> thuc hien viec kinh doanh, doanh nghiep cu the tac: Uc, Uy ban Hgp tac viing Vinh, Iceland,<br /> cd the la doanh nghiep nha nudc hay tu nhan. New Zealand dang dugc dam phan chd ky ket'.<br /> Do dd, Luat Ngoai thuang mdi sira ddi da bo<br /> sung them ngi dung Nha nudc cd the thuc hien<br /> ' WTO, Trade Policy Review (2008): China. Reported hy<br /> quan ly thuong mai qudc doanh ddi vdi viec<br /> the Secretarial. WT/TPR/S/199, 16 April, P.24.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 52 - Nhdng vin di KINH T^ VA C H I N H TRj T H ^ GIOI S6 2(178) 2011<br /> Pham Thai Qudc Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc.<br /> <br /> Hai Id, Trung Qudc dan phuang thuc hien 1/1/2006 din 11/9/2007, Quoc \ai vien Trung<br /> nhieng ddi xu iru ddi trong trao ddi mdt sd san Qudc da chap thuan phe chuan 22 luat, bao gdm<br /> pham vdi 39 nudc cham phat trien nhat. Dii cdn ca 5 luat sira ddi, va 8 quyet dinh lien quan den<br /> nhirng tdn tai ve the che, tuy nhien, Trung Qudc luat phap, xoa bd 2 luat. Trong ciing ky, Hdi<br /> da tiep tuc thuc hien cac bien phap tang tinh ddng Nha nudc Trung Qudc da ban hanh 48<br /> minh bach trong boat ddng thuang mai ciing quy dinh quan ly hanh chinh (bao gdm 8 quy<br /> nhu trong cac chinh sach lien quan den thuang dinh dugc sira ddi), da xoa bd 24 quy dinh.<br /> mai. Trung Qudc da dua ra quy dinh ve thdng (Hien nay d Trung Qudc, chinh quyen 31 tinh,<br /> tin md ciia Chinh phii nham tang cudng tinh thanh phd true thudc trung uang va khu tu tri,<br /> minh bach; Trung Qudc da thanh lap Ciic ciing chinh quyen 49 thanh phd Idn cd quyen ban<br /> Chdng tham nhung Qudc gia ngay 13/9/2007. hanh cac quy dinh ciia dia phuang. Tir 1/1/2006<br /> Ke tir nam 2006, Trung Qudc da ban bd them den 11/9/2007, uy ban nhan dan cimg hdi ddng<br /> mdt sd luat mdi nhu: Luat Tai san, Luat Thue thudng true cac dia phuong tren da chinh sira 287<br /> thu nhap doanh nghiep, Luat Chdng ddc quyen quy dinli ciia dia phuong, 16 quy dinh cua cac<br /> va Luat Pha san doanh nghiep. Gan day, Trung khu hanh chinh dac biet (SAR), 72 cac quy dinh<br /> Qudc da cd budc tien trong cao bang, tao ra san rieng khac ddng thdi xoa bd 85 quy dinh, da ban<br /> choi chung cho cac doanh nghiep trong nudc va hanh 105 quy tac. Trong nam 2006, cd 1.579 cudc<br /> cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai. Nam 2005, Van thao luan td da dugc td chirc d 29 chinh quyen dia<br /> phdng Hdi ddng Nha nudc Trung Qudc da cdng phuang vdi su tham gia ciia 45 ca quan true thudc<br /> bd quan diem ve day manh cac xuat ban pham Hdi ddng Nha nudc Trung Qudc .<br /> ve quan ly banh chinh ciia Chinh phii. Thang<br /> Tir ngay 01/12/2008, Thdng tu sd 36 cua IJy<br /> 4/2007, Hdi ddng Nha nudc Trung Qudc cdng<br /> ban Thue quan ciia Qudc vu vien Trung Qudc<br /> bd Quy dinh ve Thdng tin chinh phii md - cd<br /> chinh thirc cd hieu lire. Theo dd, khung dieu chinh<br /> hieu lire tir 1/5/2008 vdi muc tieu la giam dan<br /> mirc thue xuat khau va pham vi chiu thue xuat<br /> tham nhung thdng qua duy tri chinh phu md va<br /> khau ddi vdi mdt sd mat bang xuat khau (gdm<br /> minh bach trong thirc thi quyen lire. Theo cac<br /> thue tam thai va thue dac biet), cu the nhu sau:<br /> CO quan cd tham quyen, den cudi nam 2006, tat<br /> ca 73 CO quan chinh quyen cap qudc gia va dia Mdt la, xda bd thue xuat khau, thue dac biet<br /> phuang ciia 31 tinh, thanh phd true thudc trung ddi vdi mdt sd mat hang, chu yeu ddi vdi cac<br /> uong va khu tu tri cd bao cao trirc tiep len Hdi loai san pham gang; cac loai san pham luong<br /> ddng Nha nudc. Cd 323 trong sd 330 thanh phd thuc nhu ngd va cac loai luong thuc khac va san<br /> va 80%) chinh quyen cac dja hat (Idn ban pham bdt dugc lam tir luong thuc... Tdng sd san<br /> huyen) da thanh lap trang web rieng, dua thdng pham dugc xda bd thue xuat khau gdm 102 loai<br /> tin cdng khai len mang. Trung Qudc da dua ra san pham.<br /> cac bien phap day manh minh bach trong thuc Hai Id, giam thue xuat khau ddi vdi mdt sd<br /> thi hon 280 luat le va cac quy dinh hanh chinh san pham chii yeu ddi vdi mdt sd san pham<br /> ciia nudc nay. Cudi nam 2007, Trung Qudc da phan bdn, hda chat va nguyen lieu, mdt sd san<br /> thuc hien tdt hon cac Ddi xir qudc gia vdi cac pham nhdm va tieu mach, gao va bdt lam tit<br /> doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nudc ngoai (FIEs). luong thuc, gdm 23 loai san pham. Giam thul<br /> Tir 1/1/2008, Trung Qudc da thdng nhat mirc xuat khau dac biet ddi vdi phan dam, phan<br /> thue thu nhap doanh nghiep 25%) ap dung cho Phosphorus... va mdt sd nguyen lieu khac.<br /> tat ca cac doanh nghiep - ke ca cac FIEs phu<br /> Ba Id, nang mirc thue xuat khiu ddi vdi cac mat<br /> hgp vdi Luat Thue thu nhap doanh nghiep.<br /> hang Apatite va Silicium, gdm 05 loai san phim.<br /> Chinh vi vay, tat ca cac uu dai thue deu dugc ap<br /> diing nhu nhau giiia cac doanh nghiep ndi dia<br /> - WTO, Trade Policy Review (2008): China, Reported by<br /> va doanh nghiep cd vdn nudc ngoai. Tir<br /> the Secretariat. WT/TPR/S/199, 16 April, P.24.<br /> <br /> <br /> NhCfng vin di KINH Jt VA CHINH TRj T H ^ GIOI S6 2(178) 2011- 53<br /> Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc. Pham Thai Qu6c<br /> <br /> Bdn Id, thuc hien thu thue xuat khau ddi vdi nghien cim phuong T a y \ Trung Qudc da cd<br /> mgt sd san pham. chii yeu la cac mat hang nhieu nd lire trong tu do hoa thuong mai, tuy<br /> Natural barium sulphate. Impure magnesia. nhien. ciing cd mdt sd ITnh vuc ma viec thuc thi<br /> Talc, Brown corundum, Tetrxide three cobalt. tu do hoa dugc cho la chua hoan thien. Bao cao<br /> Fluorides.... gdm 15 loai san pham. tuan thu cam ket WTO bang nam - trudng hgp<br /> Trung Qudc lan thu 7 ciia Dai dien thuang mai<br /> Ciing theo thdng tu nay, cac san pham luong<br /> My (USTR) (vao thang 12/2008) da chi ra mgt<br /> thuc va bdt lam tir luong thirc xuat khau sang<br /> sd ITnh vuc lien quan nhu nhiing khiem khuyet<br /> Hdng Kdng. Ma Cao, Dai Loan de phuc vu cho cua Chinh phii Trung Qudc trong duy tri hieu<br /> ddi sdng nhan dan thi tiep tuc khdng thu thue qua ciia che do tang cudfng guyen sd hiiu tri tue<br /> xuat khau. Ddi vdi luong thuc thudc vien trg (IPR), trong cac chinh sach cdng nghiep va tieu<br /> khdng hoan lai cua Trung Qudc ra nudc ngoai chuan qudc gia nham thuc day cac cdng ty<br /> ciing thudc dien mien thu thue xuat khiu. Trung Qudc (khi ap dung phan biet ddi xir ddi<br /> Mdt trong nhirng chinh sach dieu tiet vT md vo'i cac cdng ty nudc ngoai), nhiing ban che ddi<br /> ciia Nha nudc Trung Qudc ma du luan qudc te vdi quyen tham gia thuong mai va phan phdi,<br /> bet sire quan tam la chinh sach tai chinh tien te, dac biet ddi vdi cac san pham lien quan den IPR<br /> nhu phim anh, sach bao, am nhac, nhiing quy<br /> dac biet la chinh sach tv' gia. Sau khi Trung<br /> dinh ve nhap khau va phan biet ddi xir va lien<br /> Qudc trd thanh thanh vien ciia WTO, nhieu nha<br /> quan den an toan ve sinh va sue khoe (dac biet<br /> kinh te cho rang ty gia giua ddng NDT va ddng<br /> la cac san pham ndng nghiep). mdt sd quy djnh<br /> USD se dugc ndi Idng bien do va se dugc tha<br /> va ban che lien quan den dich vu (ke ca yeu cau<br /> ndi hoan toan ciing vdi viec Trung Qudc thuc<br /> qua muc ve vdn dau tu), cung nhu mgt sd<br /> hien day dii cac cam ket ve tu do boa thuong<br /> khiem khuyet trong tinh minh bach ciia cac quy<br /> mai, dac biet la tu do hoa tai chinh trong khudn dinh va luat thuong mai.<br /> khd WTO. Tuy nhien, sau khi gia nhap WTO.<br /> Trung Qudc da nhieu lan tuyen bd se giii' dn Bao cao WTO ciia USTR vl Trung Qudc<br /> dinh gia tri ddng NDT so vdi ddng USD trong thang 12 nam 2008 chi ra ring, thieu sdt ciia<br /> mdt thdi gian dai (1 USD = 8,277 NDT). My, Trung Qudc khi tuan thii mdt sd ITnh vuc chinh<br /> Nhat Ban ya EU deu da nhieu lan yen cau trong cam ket vdi WTO da di ngugc lai, can trd<br /> Trung Qudc buy bd chinh sach kiem soat hdi sir chuyen ddi sang kinh tl thi trudng. Mdt bg<br /> doai va tha ndi ddng NDT. Den 21 thang 7 nam phan cd y nghTa ciia nen kinh tl, bao gdm he<br /> 2005. Trung Qudc da dinh lai gia ddng NDT thdng ngan hang va cac doanh nghiep nha nudc<br /> cao hon trudc khoang 2.1% (8,11 NDT/1 USD) (DNTs'N) van bi chinh quyen Trung uong kilm<br /> va ngay 2/12/2005 lai tang gia mdt iin nira soat. Mac dii, Trung Qudc ddng y huge cac<br /> (8.06 NDT/ 1 USD) sau khi da nhilu iin tuyen DNNN boat ddng theo cac nguyen tic thi<br /> bd se tha ndi ddng tien khi thich hgp. Din thang trudng tu do khi gia nhap WTO nhung cac quan<br /> 10/2008, ddng NDT dimg a mirc 6,85 chirc My van khing djnh ring cac DNNN van<br /> NDT/USD. Cudi nam 2010, dirng d mirc 6,6 dugc trg cip, dac biet thdng qua he thong<br /> NDT/ 1 USD. ngan hang ... Them nua. Trung Quoc dang cd<br /> gang day manh phat triln mdt so nganh cdng<br /> 2. IVIot so han che ciia Trung Quoc trong nghiep (nhu nganh thep, d td, vien thdng, cac<br /> ty do hoa thuong mai san pham cdng nghe cao...) nhiing nganh ma<br /> Trung Qudc. trong cac tai lieu nghien ciru da<br /> cdng bd. khdng he hoac rat it dl cap din han • Wa\ ne M. Morrison (2009): China - US Trade Issues.<br /> clie ciia hg trong thuc hien tu do hoa thuang CRS 3 June. p. 16.<br /> mai. Dii \'a>. theo quan diem ciia mdt sd nha ^ Wayne M. Morrison (2009): China - US Trade Issues<br /> CRS 3 June. p. 16.<br /> <br /> <br /> 54 NhCrng vin di KINH TE VA CHJNH TRj TH^ GIOI S6 2(178) 2011<br /> Pham Thai Qu6c Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc.<br /> <br /> Chinh phii cho la quan trgng ddi vdi tuong lai Qudc ddng y vdi WB khi cho rang, cac hanh vi<br /> phat trien kinh tl Trung Quoc, va da thuc hien bao bd thuong mai trong ngan han cd the mang<br /> nhieu chinh sach vira thuc day phat trien vira den nhiing thuan lgi nhat dinh cho nhiing nudc<br /> bao hd nhiing nganh nay. Khi gia nhap WTO, khdi xudng bao hd, nhung ve lau dai se can trd<br /> Trung Qudc da chap nhan budc cac DNNN nen kinh te the gidi phdn thinh, dac biet se anh<br /> phai van hanh theo cac nguyen tac thi trudng, hudng rdng tdi cac nudc cd thu nhap thap va<br /> nhung cac cdng ty nay den nhiing nam gan cac nudc dang phat trien.<br /> day van tiep tuc nhan dugc sir chi dao va cac<br /> WTO ciing phe phan mdt sd chinh sach ciia<br /> khoan trg cap.<br /> Trung Qudc nham kiem che xuat khau cac san<br /> Sau khiing hoang toan cau, trong bdi canh pham sir dung tai nguyen tap trung va cac san<br /> gia tang chii nghTa bao hg, phat bieu tai le khai pham gay d nhiem mdi trudng nhu: danh thue<br /> mac Dien dan chau A d Bac Ngao ngay xuat khau, ha thap miic mien trir thue xuat<br /> 10/4/2010, Phd Chu tich Trung Qudc Tap Can<br /> khau, cam xuat khau, giay phep va han ngach<br /> Binh keu ggi cac nudc chau A md cira ban nUa<br /> xuat khau... Rang cac chinh sach nay dua den<br /> thi trudng va quyet tam chdng chii nghTa bao bd<br /> ket qua la ha thap mirc gia ndi dia. De tang xuat<br /> thuong mai dudi mgi hinh thirc. Theo WTO,<br /> nam 2009 da xay ra tdi 250 vu kien chdng ban khau, tir 1/6/2009, Trung Qudc tang mirc mien<br /> pha gia va 41 vu kien chdng trg cap, tang tuong giam thue xuat khau cho hon 2.600 mat hang,<br /> img 20% va 193%o so vdi nam 2008. Cdn theo trong do cd hang ndng san che bien, may mdc,<br /> Trung tam Nghien cuu Chinh sach Kinh te cd giay, mii, dd choi... day la lan tang mirc mien<br /> try sd tai Anh, Trung Qudc la nan nhan Idn nhat giam thu 7 ke tir thang 8/2008 nham tang xuat<br /> ciia chii nghTa bao hd thuong mai. Da cd tat ca khau, ddi phd vdi sir suy giam do tac ddng cua<br /> 61 ddi tac thuong mai thuc hien 160 cac bien khiing hoang toan cau. Thue ddi vdi mdt sd san<br /> phap mang tinh bao hd chdng lai Trung Qudc pham nhu tivi transmitter, may khau dugc tang<br /> trong thdi gian tir thang 11/2008 den thang mirc mien giam den 17%), vdi thuc pham ddng<br /> 1/2010. My da tien hanh "vu chdng trg gia cac hop, nudc hoa qua, giay, mil va dd choi hudng<br /> san pham dng dan dau ciia Trung Qudc thang mirc mien giam 15%o. Vdi san pham nhua, gdm<br /> 9/2009" va "vii Idp xe ciia Trung Qudc"; den<br /> sir, thuy tinh, thuy san la 13%o trong khi cac san<br /> ngay 30/12/2009, My phe chuan viec thu thue<br /> pham thep nhu keo hudng miic giam 9%o, rugu<br /> tir 10 den 16%o vdi dng thep dau khi nhap tir<br /> 5%o. Muc mien giam thue binh quan cua Trung<br /> Trung Qudc.<br /> Quoc vao thang 6/2009 la 12,4%)-\<br /> Tuy nhien, khdng phai vi the ma Trung Qudc<br /> ciing boa theo trao luu nay, nhan thay bao hd Vi sao Trung Qudc cd nhiing han che trong<br /> thuang mai khdng cd lgi cho phat trien, ngugc tu do boa thuong mai?<br /> lai, Trung Qudc lai day manh mua sam hang Theo chiing tdi, nhiing ban chi tren mgt<br /> hoa ciia My va chau Au. Chinh vi vay, theo sd phan do co che kinh te cua Trung Qudc vin<br /> lieu ciia Tdng cue Hai quan Trung Qudc, trong dang trong qua trinh chuyen ddi, khdng tranh<br /> thang 3/2010, Trung Qudc da chiu tham hut khdi anh hudng tac ddng, su tdn tai dai ding<br /> thuong mai 7,24 ty USD, lan dau tien sau 6 nam ciia CO che cii. Tuy nhien, ciing phai thira nhan<br /> lien tiep duy tri thang du thuong mai. Ong Long mdt phan nhung ban cbl tren xuit phat tir cho<br /> VTnh Dd cho rang trong thdi ky hau suy thoai, Trung Qudc phai ddi phd vdi khimg hoang toan<br /> chii nghTa bao hd thuong mai tiep tuc buy hoai<br /> CO sd cua sir lien ket kinh te va cung cap nhiing<br /> tin hieu khdng chinh xac, can phai tiep tuc tu do ' China raise tax rebates to shors up exports by Xinhua<br /> writer Chao Xiao<br /> hoa chir khdng phai lam dieu ngugc lai. Trung<br /> http://news.xinhuanet.com/engIish/2009-06/08.<br /> <br /> <br /> NhCrng vin de KINH T ^ VA CHJNH TRj T H ^ GIOI S6 2(178) 2011-<br /> 55<br /> T u do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc. Pham Thai Quoc<br /> <br /> <br /> cau va phai ddi mat vdi nhieu tranh chap tri sd mat hang bu-ldng. dinh dc ciia Trung Qudc.<br /> thuong mai tir sau khi gia nhap WTO, dac biet Thuong mai giua EU va Trung Qudc da biing nd<br /> la cac van de lien quan den hang xuat khau ciia trong nhung nam gan day khien EU trd thanh<br /> Trung Qudc va tranh chap thuong mai giiia diem den hang dau cho bang hda xuat khau Trung<br /> Trung Qudc vdi mdt sd nudc Idn ma dien hinh Qudc, trong khi Trung Qudc la ddi tac thuang mai<br /> la: vu sua nhiem ban dac biet trong nam 2004 Idn nhat ciia EU chi sau My. Tranh chap giua<br /> va thirc an cho vat nudi nhiem ban nam 2007. Trung Qudc va EU ve cac bien phap chdng pha gia<br /> dugc Brussels ap dung ddi vdi hang nhap khau bu-<br /> Ben canh dd, cdn mdt sd vii nhu: thudc danh<br /> ldng, dai dc tir Trung Qudc. Vu tranh chap nay nd<br /> rang san xuat tir Trung Qudc bi phat hien cd<br /> ra sau quyet djnh cudi cimg ciia EC hdi thang 1<br /> chira boa chat glycol va viec sii' dung syro ho<br /> nam 2010 ve viec ap thue nang trong klioang tir<br /> gay chet hang tram ngudi d Panama nam 2006.<br /> 26.5% tdi 85%o ddi vai hang nhap khau mdt sd loai<br /> Sau dd, nam 2007, hai nhan thudc danh rang<br /> bu-ldng, dai dc, sat thep tir Tmng Qudc.<br /> Trung Qudc da bi cam luu hanh d Cdng boa<br /> Dominica, thang 5/2007. Thang 5/2008. lan dau tien Trung Qudc<br /> thanh lap Trung tam Nghien ciru ve co die giai<br /> Trong tranh cliap thuang mai Trung Qudc -<br /> quyit tranh chip WTO (CWTODSMC). Trung<br /> phuong Tay (dien binh la My), cac nha xuat<br /> khau d cac nudc phuong Tay cho rang, Trung tam nay cd trii sd d Thugng Hai, do Vien Ngoai<br /> Qudc thu'c7ng cd nhirng chinh sach khdng cdng thuong Thugng Hai va Trung tam Tu van cac<br /> bang de thiic day tieu thii bang hoa Trung Qudc van de ve WTO ciia Thugng Hai (mdt td chirc<br /> d nudc ngoai, trong khi dd lai thuc hien cac phi chinh phii) cimg hgp tac thanh lap. Theo<br /> chinh sach ban che su xam nhap ciia cac san Phd giam ddc Trung tam Gong Baihua, Trung<br /> phiini nudc ngoai vao thj trudng Trung Qudc. tam se dua ra nhung kien nghi va giai phap cho<br /> Thang 8/2009, WTO ra phan quyet rang, Bic cac tranh chap thuong mai giira Chinh phii ciing<br /> Kinh da vi pham quy dinli thuong mai qudc te nhu giua cac nha kinh doanh ciia Trung Qudc<br /> klii budc cac nha san xuat san pham nghe nhin vdi nudc ngoai. Theo mdt trong 5 chuyen gia tu<br /> ciia My thuc hien cdng viec kinh doanh thdng<br /> van cua CWTODSMC cho biet, Trung tam se<br /> qua cac cdng ty nha nudc. Quyet dinh ciia V/TO<br /> giiip Chinh phii va cac doanh nghiep Trung<br /> dua ra da nghieng phan thang ve cac hiep hdi<br /> thuo'ng mai dai dien cho nhieu hang thu am My Qudc lam quen hon, van dung thanh thao hon<br /> nhu Sony Music Entertainment, EMI; cac vdi cac quy tac ciia WTO va hgc each ddi phd<br /> xudng phim Hollywood nhu Warner Bros., vd'i nhung tranh chap''.<br /> Disney, Paramount, Universal va 20th Century<br /> Trong vdng 10 nam tdi, Trung Qudc se tilp<br /> Fox... cac hang xuat ban nhu McGraw Hill va<br /> tiic hoan thien the che kinh tl thi trudng, ddng<br /> Simon & Schuster''. T it khi Trung Qudc gia<br /> thdi day nhanh tien trinh tir do boa thuong mai<br /> nhap WTO din thang 6/2009, My da kien<br /> va hdi nhap qudc te. Theo kl hoach - nhu dugc<br /> Trung Qudc 7 vu \a Trung Qudc kien My 4 vu.<br /> trinh bay trong bao cao ciia Bd Thuong mai<br /> Giua Trung Qudc vdi EU cung cd mr)t sd Trung Qudc cdng bd ngay 18/4/2010, din nam<br /> tranh chdp. Trung Qudc la nudc san xuat dinh dc, 2020, Trung Qudc se trd thanh mdt cudng qudc<br /> buldng, dai dc. dc vit va vdng dem Idn nhit tbl thuong mai. Ddng thdi, Trung Qudc cung se trd<br /> gidi. Trong nam 2007. EU da nhap khiu tdi 575 thanh mdt ngudi quyet diiili luat choi tren thi<br /> trieu euro (tuong duong 762 trieu USD) tdng gia trudng qudc te, khi dd tong gia trj thuong mai<br /> <br /> Trung Quoc kluing cao pluin (/ii]-el cua li'TO. Trung Qiioe khang ccio phim c/iiycil cua WTO,<br /> 22/09/200CJ. hUp:,'Avw\v.maivoo.com''Tin_The_Gioi 22/09/2009, hup://www.maivoo.com/Tin The Gioi<br /> World news. World news.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 56 NhCrng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE GIOI 36 2(178)2011<br /> Pham Thai Qudc Tu do hda thuong mai d Trung Qudc.<br /> <br /> hang hda va dich vu ciia Trung Qudc udc tinh se Idn lao dem lai tir tit do hoa thuang mai. Trung<br /> dat 5.300 ty USD, gip 2 iin con sd hien nay, Qudc da va dang nd luc khang dinh vi tri cudng<br /> trong dd thuong mai hang hda dat 4.300 ty USD, qudc ciia minh, va do vay, tu do hoa thuong<br /> mirc xuat khau dat 2.400 ty USD va nliap khau<br /> mai tiep tuc la xu hudng se dien ra d Trung<br /> dat 1.900 ty USD - chilm tuong img hon 10% va<br /> 8% tdng mii'c ciia the gidi - dimg thir nhat va thir Qudc trong nhieu nam tdi. Tuy nhien, muc do<br /> 2 the gidi, thang du thuong mai dat 500 ty USD. tu do hoa se manh hay yeu cdn tuy thudc vao<br /> Klii dd, tdng gia tri xuat nhap khau dich vu ciia nhiing dien bien trong qua trinh phat trien ciia<br /> Trung Qudc se dat 500 ty USD, chiem 8% va ban than nen kinh te, chieu hudng tien trien cac<br /> 9% tdng mirc ciia the gidi, xep thir 2 the gidi . van de chinh tri - xa hdi d Trung Qudc cung<br /> Chiing tdi cho rang, nhung gi dien ra trong nhu phan irng ciia qudc te, ma chu yeu la ciia<br /> thap nien dau the ky XXI cho thay, Trung Qudc cac nudc Idn ddi vdi su trdi day manh me ve<br /> duoc loi rat nhieu va ho hieu rd nhieu loi ich thuang mai ciia Trung Qudc*<br /> <br /> <br /> Tai lieu tham khao:<br /> 1. IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics and Global Trade Atlas.<br /> 2. Wayne M. Morrison. China' Economic Conditions, Bao cao ciia Ban nghien ciiu phuc vu<br /> qudc hdi My, 5/5/2009.<br /> 3. Tdng ciic Hai qutm Trung Qudc - Li Wei, Hgc viec Tliuong mai Qudc te va Hgp tac Kinh te<br /> Tmng Qudc.<br /> 4. WTO. Worid trade Report 2009.<br /> 5. Tdc do tang trudng thuong mai dich vu ciia Trung Qudc- cao hon the gidi, ti le cdng<br /> nghiep tdng the thap hon trinh do trung binh ciia cac nudc dang phat trien<br /> http://vietnamese.cri.en/421/2009/l 1/24/lsl32628.htm, 2009-11-24<br /> 6. Iittp://www.vietchinabusiness.vn.<br /> 7. China raises tax rebates to shore up exports by Xinhua writer Chao Xiao.<br /> 8. bttp://news.xinhuanet.coni/english/2009-06/08/,'www.chinaview.cn 2009-06-08.<br /> 9. Trung Qudc khang cao phan quyet ciia WTO, 22/09/2009, http://www.maivoo.com.<br /> 10. China Launches First Research Center on WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism, Xinhua,<br /> 2008-05-12,<br /> http://sms2.mofcom.gov.cii/aarticle/photonews/200805/20080505526321.btml.<br /> 11. Wayne M. Morrison, China - US Trade Issues, CRS 3/6/2009, tr. 16.<br /> 12. Thach Quang Sinh (cbii bien): Kinh te Trung Qudc sau khi gia nhap WTO, Nxb Lien hiep<br /> Cdng thuong Trung Hoa (BK), 2004.<br /> 13. WTO, Trade policy review. Report by Secreteriat, China (Revision), 12 August 2008,<br /> 14. Xinhua News: littp://news.xiiihiianet.com/fortiine.<br /> 15. Xu hudng tieu dimg tai TQ nam 2020, http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/index.php.<br /> 16. China plans to become a trading power by 2030, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/<br /> 90001/90778/90861/6956024.btml 16:28, April 19, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> China Launches Firsi Research Center on WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism. Xinhua, 5/12/2008.<br /> http://www.sms2.inofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/photonews'200805/20080505526321.html).<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhu'ng vin di KINH Jt Mk CHINH TRj JHt GIOI S6 2(178) 2011- 57<br />