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Rau an toàn (RAT) đã trở thành mỗi quan tâm của người tiêu dùng, nhà nước và của bản thân người sản xuất. Trên địa bàn Hà Nội, RAT mới đáp ứng được 8,6% nhu cầu. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá việc cung ứng RAT cho thành phố Hà Nội trên khía cạnh chuỗi cung ứng. 3 hợp tác xã sản xuất RAT, 3 khách sạn ‘5 sao’, 5 siêu thị bán RAT, 2 chợ bán buôn rau là những tác nhân chủ yếu cấu thành chuỗi cung ứng RAT cho thành phố được...

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J. Sci. Dev. 2011, 9 (Eng.Iss. 1): 101 - 107 HANOI UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE Safe vegetables in Hanoi, a supply chain perspective analysis Rau an toàn ở Hà Nội, phân tích trên khía cạnh chuỗi cung ứng Nguyen Quoc Chinh Faculty of Accounting and Business Management Corresponding author email: nqchinh@vnn.vn Received date: 15.06.2010 Accepted date: 23.12.2010 TÓM TẮT Rau an toàn (RAT) đã trở thành mỗi quan tâm của người tiêu dùng, nhà nước và của bản thân người sản xuất. Trên địa bàn Hà Nội, RAT mới đáp ứng được 8,6% nhu cầu. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá việc cung ứng RAT cho thành phố Hà Nội trên khía cạnh chuỗi cung ứng. 3 hợp tác xã sản xuất RAT, 3 khách sạn ‘5 sao’, 5 siêu thị bán RAT, 2 chợ bán buôn rau là những tác nhân chủ yếu cấu thành chuỗi cung ứng RAT cho thành phố được chọn làm đối tượng nghiên cứu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy: Chuỗi cung ứng RAT cung cấp cho thành phố được hình thành một cách tự phát và hoạt động kém hiệu quả; sự phối hợp giữa các tác nhân thiếu chặt chẽ; mỗi tác nhân theo đuổi mục đích riêng của mình mà chưa quan tâm đến lợi ích của toàn chuỗi cũng như lợi ích của người tiêu dùng cuối cùng. Kết quả là chuỗi hoạt động kém hiệu quả và chưa đáp ứng được nhu cầu của người tiêu dùng cuối cùng. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy để đáp ứng được nhu cầu của người tiêu dùng về RAT cần quy hoạch các vùng trồng RAT tập trung cùng với sự giúp đỡ về kỹ thuật và tài chính của nhà nước; khuyến khích sự hình thành và phát triển chuỗi cung ứng RAT; xây dựng các chính sách hợp lý và có chế tài đủ mạnh và tăng nhận thức của cộng đồng về RAT. Từ khoá: Chuỗi cung ứng, rau an toàn. SUMMARY Safe vegetables have become a great concern of consumers, government, and producers. The supply of safe vegetables in Hanoi currently meets only 8.6 percent of its demand. This study analyzed safe vegetables in Hanoi based on supply chain perspective. Three main safe vegetable cooperatives, three five-star hotels, six supermarkets, and two vegetable wholesale markets were chosen as the research sites. The results of the study showed that safe vegetable supply chain has been established spontaneously and operated inefficiently. There was very weak cooperation between and among stakeholders of the chain. Each stakeholder of the chain pursues its own benefits and ignores benefits of the whole chain and ultimate consumers as well. As a result, the development of safe vegetables is very slow and inefficient. Establishment safe vegetable production zone with technical and financial supports, encouraging the development of safe vegetable supply chains, establishing appropriate policies with strong enforcement, and increasing pubic awareness of safe vegetables are the main policy implications of the study. Key words: Safe vegetable, supply chain. safe products were found at open markets, food 1. INTRODUCTION sector and even at producers. People suffering from non safe products have responded by different ways Food safety has recently become national such as changing their consumption habit from concern of the Vietnamese. Food poisoning their favorite goods/products to other products that happened in many parts of the country. The non 101
Safe vegetables in Hanoi, a supply chain perspective analysis they fell safer, consuming food less than their usual Dong Anh district; and Van Duc in Gia Lam use, careful selection of the food before making district, as the study sites. decision to buy them, and doing some treatments The main information collected from these before cooking or use. They also would like cooperatives were: production information government to execute some actions regarding including areas, irrigation sources, soil and water producers, issue appropriate policies and rules with quality, production protocols, pesticide application, strong enforcement that force the producers to production cost, processing facility and its safety, follow production procedures, guidelines, etc. market and marketing channels, price and payment Safe vegetables have also become great methods, awareness on safe vegetable production, concern of consumers, government and producers government policies, safe vegetable certification, themselves. Most vegetables sold daily in the and other related information. markets are unsafe and contains very dangerous Retail sectors chemicals, pesticide residuals, and heavy metal that threat health of millions people nation-wide. The study has chosen six stores to conduct survey including: Citimart - 106 Hoang Quoc Viet For long time the Vietnamese government has street, Fivimart, 94 Hoang Quoc Viet street, made a lot of efforts to address the above problems Intimex Lakeside Supermarket, 26 Le Thai To such as establishment of production zone; issues street; Metro in Co Nhue, Tu Liem; Unimart, Pham safe vegetable procedures and requirements; Ngoc Thach, Dong Da; General Company of Fruits training and agricultural extension services; and Vegetables, 2 Pham Ngoc Thach, Dong Da, technological transfer; audition and enforcements; Hanoi. building infrastructure; credit and fund supports, public awareness; etc. Although government has The needed information collected from these done a lot of efforts, the improvement in food stores were sources of safe vegetable supply, price safety in general and safe vegetables in particularly negotiation and payment methods, transportations, is still low and facing many difficulties. delivering time, quality management, awareness on The main objectives of the study were to give safety of vegetable, and other related information. briefly description of the existing supply chain; Food services sector analyze vegetable supply to Hanoi market based on Three five-star hotels in Hanoi were selected supply chain management perspective (tracing to conduct survey. The necessary information were back stakeholders along vegetable chain from awareness of food and vegetable safety, sources of consumer demand back to producers and their safe vegetable supply to their hotels, price suppliers to check their awareness on safe negotiation, price premium and payment methods, vegetables; analyze the main activities of each quantity of safe vegetable bought by the hotels stakeholder, the cooperation and benefit sharing daily. between and among the stakeholders and limitation of each stakeholder and the whole chain as well). Wholesale markets Two wholesale markets, namely Long Bien 2. METHODOLOGY and Hoang Mai, were chosen to conduct survey. The necessary information gathered was quantity 2.1. The selection of samples and types of vegetable supply, supply sources, To collect necessary information, all quality management, etc. stakeholders among vegetable supply chain were These information were colleted by direct chosen to conduct survey. These are: interviewing cooperative leaders; hotel purchasing Safe vegetable producers directors; supermarket and wholesale market There were many communes of the suburban managers. districts of Hanoi producing vegetables. However, Local authorities and government staff only some of them have long experiences and large The government authorities at commune, production areas for safe vegetable production. district, and province levels were also chosen to Thus, the study has chosen 4 main cooperatives that collect idea on their safe vegetable plan, policies usually supply safe vegetables in Hanoi Market, and audition and safe certification. viz. Van Chu, Cooperative No 5, Minh Hiep in 102
Nguyen Quoc Chinh 2.2. Methods of analysis set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, The research applied statistical descriptive so that merchandise is produced and distributed at method to describe supply chain and safe the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the vegetables in Hanoi market based on supply chain right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs aspects, stakeholders involved in the safe vegetable while satisfying service level requirements. supply chain regarding their function, benefit The simple supply chain includes input sharing between and among stakeholders, their suppliers, assembly manufactures, distribution difficulties and expectations. centers, retailers, and customers. The SCM takes The perception method was applied to have into consideration every facility that has an impact perception of each stakeholder on safe vegetables on cost and plays a role in making the product and related aspects by direct interviewing conform to customer requirements. The objective stakeholders. The perception concentrated on of SCM is to be efficient and cost-effective across quantity and quality of safe vegetables, level of the entire system. vegetable safety, safe vegetable certification, the SCM include two types of stakeholders: The premium price, current government policies and direct and indirect stakeholders. The direct other related aspects. stakeholders include the stakeholders that directly involved in production or distribution processes 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION like input suppliers, producers, processors, 3.1. Supply chain concept wholesalers, retailers, etc and indirect stakeholders such as government, credit suppliers, information The term “supply chain management -SCM” service centers, etc. was first used by Oliver and Weber in 1982: Safe vegetables are considered as a supply Management of materials flow across chain that is the combination of stakeholders organizational borders. Tan et al. (1998) also involved in providing the final consumers the right defined: SCM encompasses materials/supply product, at the right quantity, at the right quality; at management from the supply of basic raw materials the right place, at the right time, as efficient as to final product (and possible recycling and re-use). possible. Un-safe vegetables can occur at any SCM focuses on how firms utilize their suppliers’ stages from the raw input supply to production, pre- processes, technology and capability to enhance processing, distribution to end consumers. The end competitive advantage. It is a management consumers can get safe vegetables if whole chain is philosophy that extends traditional intra-enterprises safe and reverse. Thus, the strong cooperation and activities by bringing trading partners together with commitment between and among stakeholders the common goal of optimization and efficiency. along supply chain is necessary. According to Simchi-Levi et al. (2003), SCM is a Customers Product, material flow Retailers Information flow Distribution centers Assembly manufactures 1st suppliers 1st suppliers 2nd suppliers 2nd suppliers Figure 1. Integrated supply chain Figure 1. Integrated supply chain 103
Safe vegetables in Hanoi, a supply chain perspective analysis 3.2. Vegetable production in Hanoi and in surveyed These were in the retail sector and the food service cooperatives sector. The bigger Cooperative had a totally different marketing strategy. Like the two smaller In 2007, total vegetable cultivated area was ones, it also sells to supermarkets. However, the 7,900 ha of which safe vegetable areas were 1,930 volume is very small, only 5-6 percent of its total ha. There were 112 communes producing sales. Instead, most of the product is sold through vegetables. In these communes, DARD and Hanoi traders. sub department of crop protection have sent their All three Cooperatives reported that the sales staff to guide producers on safe vegetable of safe vegetables to dedicated outlets yielded a production techniques. Average safe vegetable premium over the sale of conventional vegetables. yield was 19.6 tons per ha or 37,828 tons per year, Depending on the outlet, the premium varied equivalent to 8.6% total demand of safe vegetables. between 20 and 300 percent. Sales to the open This means that total demand for safe vegetable market do not attract a premium. On average, was 439,860 tons per year (Hanoi DARD, 2008). across all outlets, safe vegetables receive a By 2008, DARD had granted certificate to 33 premium of 20 percent. Payment arrangements cooperatives that apply safe vegetable production from the different outlets varied. Generally, there is protocols and 9 cooperatives having adequate quite a lag between the timing of the sale and the conditions for pre-processing. Daily demand for receipt of the money. All three Cooperatives had vegetable in Hanoi was 1,200 tons (Hanoi DARD, contracts. 2008). The three Cooperatives noted a number of In all three Cooperatives, all members had common issues. All complained about the lack of received training on the production of safe funds to construct green houses and cool storages vegetables. All three have at least two certificates – and to acquire processing equipment and one for safe production and one for pre-processing refrigerated vehicles. The attitude towards cooperative. All three have undergone at least three supermarkets was mixed. Two Cooperatives unannounced audit inspections in 2008 alone. None complained of the difficulty of complying with of the three Cooperatives had cool stores. Two of their high standards. the three Cooperatives had a small area of approx 40 m2 dedicated to sorting, washing, and packing 3.3. Safe vegetable in Hanoi the vegetables. Transportation is an issue. None of 3.3.1. Stakeholders involved in safe vegetable production the three Cooperatives had a refrigerated vehicle. There was a distinct difference in the way by The vegetable supply chain in Hanoi is which the three Cooperatives marketed their safe complicated including many stakeholders: input suppliers, vegetable farm households, pre-processing vegetables. The two smaller Cooperatives marketed directly to penultimate customers, that is, the organizations/households, and distribution networks outlets before consumption by the final consumer. (Figure 2). Information flow Input suppliers Distribution Final consumers - Seed - Supermarket - Fertilizer - Wholesaler Farm Processing - Pesticides - Retail shop households organization - Herbicides - Street vendor - Bag - Canteen - Other inputs - Others Physical flow Figure 2. Safe vegetable supply chains 104
Nguyen Quoc Chinh Input suppliers truck can not enter Hanoi capital in daytime. Thus, some cooperatives use seven seat car to transport There are many of input suppliers such as state safe vegetable to the market at daytime. For long owned companies like seed, agricultural material distant markets (Central provinces) the middle men companies; input limited companies (seed, or commercial agents use long truck for fertilizer, pesticide Co ltd); and private companies. transportation. There were no cool cars found in Some other vegetable inputs imported… from Hanoi areas. The farm households or cooperatives China illegally through the borders. The were in charge in transportation function. government recently could not efficiently control the input markets for agricultural production in Distribution system general and for vegetable production in particular. The safe vegetable was distributed to markets Thus, farmers still used un-safe inputs for their via different marketing channels. Farmers can sell vegetable production. Farmers can early buy inputs their product directly to open markets, wholesale for their vegetable production at any sources that markets, cooperatives, or hotels and canteens. In are convenient for them through oral contract or some cases farmers can also sell their products at direct buying without contract. field for middle men or traders from other provinces. The distribution of safe vegetable was Safe vegetable households and cooperatives found varied from one cooperative to another. The The safe vegetables are produced by cooperative No.5 products were sold to canteens individual households or cooperatives that were (50%), supermarket (33%) and shops (17%) while formed by certain numbers. The cooperative takes in Minh Hiep, vegetable was sold to canteens charge in marketing function while the individual (37%), supermarket (14%), restaurants (22%), and households are in charge of production. The safe shops (27%). In contrast, most of vegetables in Van certificate is given to cooperative, not individual Duc were sold through traders. It was estimated households. This is taking advantages of sharing that around 30% of its output was sold to private the certification fee that individual household could traders operating from other communes within not pay for it. All households in safe vegetable Hanoi; another 30 percent sold directly to cooperative have been trained on safe vegetable households locally and in Hanoi and around 40 production and were inspected by sub department percent was sold into other provinces (Grant and of crop protection. Farmers are also responsible for Chinh, 2008). their product quality. The vegetable sale to supermarkets, high star Pre- processing organizations and cooperatives hotels and restaurants and big traders was done orally or based on contracts. There were few cases A large quantity of safe vegetables in Hanoi found that used written contracts. The prices were area produced in to Hanoi areas are sold directly to negotiated between the cooperatives/households the market without processing. The safe vegetables with the buyers. In most cases, prices were made after harvesting are washed, removed the damaged based on market prices. Farmers could get their leaves and then sold directly to markets or middle payment immediately or after one to two weeks men. Most of the individual households did this depending on the negotiation skills. activity at home or irrigation canal located nearby their production areas. Some cooperatives have 3.3.2. Cooperation and benefit share between stakeholders their own processing houses, about 40 m2. There was very weak cooperation between Vegetables usually are harvested in the afternoon, stakeholders in vegetable supply chain in Hanoi then pre-processed and transported to Hanoi market area. Farmer’s production was estimated based on at night or early next day. A small quantity of safe their experiences. There was no guarantee that vegetables was sold to processing companies to their product would be sold with expected prices. produce processed products. There were no cool Farmers bought their production inputs at any storages found in all pre-processing houses. input companies, small traders, cooperatives that Transportation organizations/households the prices were acceptable and was convenient for them. The vegetable traders could buy vegetables All safe vegetables produced in Hanoi are at any farmers with negotiated prices and transported to the markets by various transportation quantities. The traders could go directly to field, means including bicycle, motor bike, and by truck observed the vegetable and made decision without at night time or tourist car at daytime since the 105
Safe vegetables in Hanoi, a supply chain perspective analysis prior or advanced contract or negotiation (Grant cooperatives but they still worried about the quality and Chinh, 2008) of safe vegetables. In contrast, some cooperatives complained that the supermarkets used their bag for The food sector could also buy vegetables by non safe vegetables. Thus, they were not willing to oral or by telephone contracts whenever they sell their product to them. demand or only one to two days in advance. The There was the fact that people bought oral or telephone contracts may not be implemented. In some cases, they bought their vegetables from some supply sources without any needed product at wholesale markets. Some high certification and they believe that what they had star hotels carefully selected vegetable from bought is safe. In contrast, a lot of people buying different suppliers. They bought fresh vegetables at vegetable from sources with safe vegetable trusted shops or growers with high prices and certification did not believe what they had bought bought other convention vegetables at open or are safe or not. Thus, trust is every important factor wholesale markets with low prices to maximize determining the demand for safe vegetable (Garnt their benefits (Van Duc Cooperative report, 2008). and Chinh, 2008). There were no leaders found in vegetable Government intervention at all levels supply chain in Hanoi area. The chain was The government plays very important role in established and operated automatically. Each the development of safe vegetables. Government has stakeholder maximized their own benefits and did made great efforts for the development of the safe not care about the benefits of other counterparts. vegetables in Hanoi areas, such as establishment of They even treated each other. Thus, some safe the safe vegetable production zone, irrigation support production households bought non safe vegetable for safe vegetable cooperatives (up to 70% of from other communes whenever they have big infrastructure cost for irrigation system, greenhouses, contracts and sold them with safe vegetable prices. cool storages, etc); technical transfer, agricultural Thus, the quality of safe vegetables could not be extension services, credit supports, safe vegetable controlled efficiently. Government may only control certificate, auditing, public awareness and relevant the quality at production stage; other stages of the policy application, etc. chain were not under control by the government. To date there were hundreds of policies and 3.3.3. Trust between stakeholders regulations issued to address to safe vegetable There was no or very limited trust among and problem. However, the development of safe between stakeholders of the chain. The results from vegetables is still facing with many problems. It needs the survey showed that the final consumers do not much more efforts not only by producers but also by believe in safe vegetables. This is due to the fact all stakeholders along the supply chain and societies. that most of vegetables sold in the wholesale or 3.4. Policy implications for further development open markets, even in supermarkets and safe of safe vegetable vegetable shops have no labels or bags to ensure the safety of vegetables. Many consumers even do In order to further development of safe not believe the safe certification given by vegetable, some following solutions should be in government bodies. place: Some high star hotels, like Hitlton five star - Establishment of safe vegetable zones and hotel in Hanoi imported most vegetables from providing financial and technical, and training Thailand and Taiwan, the rest was bought from Da support to ensure the safety of products. Lat which was supplied by one trader without any - Supporting the development of safe certification. They did not buy vegetables from safe vegetable supply chains and efficient management. cooperatives in Hanoi with safe vegetable Without doing this way, consumers still can not get certificate. Other high star hotels, like Melia and safe vegetable. Sofitel five star hotels also bought vegetable from - Safe vegetable should be produced by safe trusted sources (Grant and Chinh 2008). vegetable cooperatives to take advantages of the The retail sector like supermarkets also did not cooperatives in supply power and to reduce safe believe safe vegetables even they do business in vegetable certification cost per households. safe vegetables. Result from the survey also - Encouraging the involvement of the third indicated that some supermarkets said that although party in giving safe vegetable certificate, they sold vegetable supplied by safe vegetable 106
Nguyen Quoc Chinh - Establishment of appropriate policies and establishment of safe vegetable production zone their enforcement to ensure the policies are with technical and financial support, encouraging efficiently implemented. the development of safe vegetable supply chains and third party involvement in safe vegetable - Increasing public awareness on production certification, establishing appropriate policies with and consumption of safe vegetables for both strong enforcement, and increasing pubic producers and consumers. awareness on safe vegetables. 4. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Food safety in generally and safe vegetables in particular become national concern, and the Simchi-Levi (2003). Logic of Logistics, theory, demand for safe vegetable is increasing over time. algorithms, and application for logistic The government has spent a lot of efforts to solve management. Second Edition. Springer Series in the un-safe vegetable problems. However, the Operations Research, 2004. development of safe vegetable is still facing many Grant Vinning and N.Q. Chinh (2008). Safe problems. vegetables in Hanoi: Background, supply, Most of safe vegetables are produced by demand, prices. TA 4927 project, MARD, 2008. households in safe vegetable cooperatives having Nguyen Quoc Chinh and G. Vinning (2008). Safe certificate on production procedures following safe food in select Hanoi Retailers: A rapid market vegetable production and pre-processing houses. appraisal. TA 4927 project, MARD, 2008. However, both customers and consumers do not Grant Vinning and N.Q. Chinh (2008). Safe believe in safe vegetables even the vegetable growers vegetables cooperatives: A marketing have safe certificate given by government bodies. perspective. TA 4927 project, MARD, 2008. Supply chain of safe vegetable in Hanoi has Van Duc Cooperative (2008). Annual vegetable established spontaneously and operated inefficiently. production report of Van Duc Cooperative, The cooperation between and among stakeholders 2008. of the chains is every weak. Each stakeholder of the Hanoi Department of Agriculture and Rural chain tries to maximize its own benefits that reduce Development - DARD (2008). Report of safe benefits of whole chain and final consumers. vegetable production in Hanoi, 2008. The following policy implications are suggested: 107

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