Dissertation abstracts: Determination of optimal protein level in exotic fattener pig’s diet bases on balancing some amino acids

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Objective of study determining diet formula for 4-breeds exotic hybrid with optimal protein level bases on balancing some essential amino acids includes: lysine, methionine and threonine in order to improve grow capacity, feed utilization efficiency and to reduce urinal and faecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretion; formulating some formulas base on the local ingredients with optimal protein and amino acids level to ensure production efficiency of exotic 4-breeds hybrid and to reduce environment pollution in pig production.

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Nội dung Text: Dissertation abstracts: Determination of optimal protein level in exotic fattener pig’s diet bases on balancing some amino acids

1 INTRODUCTION 1. The demand of the research study Currently, in order to adequate domestic consumption as well as export market demand for pork consumption, beside increasing of rearing local swine breeds and hybrid of exotic with local breeds, it’s a tendency that to keep hybrids with 4 – 5 exotic swine breeds which attracts more attention of farmers to expand their production. A part from improvement of the breed in term of productivity and quality, it also requires improvement in term of nutrition for animals, especially research on requirement of protein and amino acid for growing pigs. The modern opinion on animal nutrition considers that protein requirement is the requirement of amino acids. If there is inadequacy of essential amino acids supplement (in term of quantity and amino acid balance) then it would lead to retard of grow in animal which would affect production and economic efficiency. On the other hand, though it is enough protein or even surplus protein in pig diet but this is unbalanced of essential amino acids then digestibility and feed utilization efficiency of the diet will be reduced. Thus, the reduction of protein level in the diet and supplement of synthesized amino acids are the best solutions to adequate animal requirement of amino acids and also reduce environmental pollution in pig production. When calculate protein requirement in pig diet, the calculation of protein levels are usually based on the studies on protein requirement or just adopt the published standard for the main amino acids requirements such as lysine and methionine, however, other amino acids requirement is not estimated. In order to meet amino acids requirement for pig. Pig producers and feed processing companies usually use the formula with high level of protein to formulate feed without taking into account the insufficient of protein utilization due to the surplus of amino acids which leads to a surplus of nitrogen and sulfur excreted into environment. In addition, the price of protein sources of animal and plant origin such as soybean meal, fishmeal etc. increases rapidly, which negatively affect economic efficiency of pig production. With the development of biotechnology, it is possible to produce amino acids from mirco-organism and from chemical elements with lower price, especially the production of essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine. The advanced of amino acids production technology creates opportunity to carry out and apply the studies on essential amino acids requirement in order to adequate amino acids requirement for pig, efficiency utilization of protein, reduction of environment pollution, and also normal growth of animals. Based on the above reasons, we undertake the study: “Determination of optimal protein level in exotic fattener pig’s diet bases on balancing some amino acids” 2. Objective of study - Determining diet formula for 4-breeds exotic hybrid with optimal protein level bases on balancing some essential amino acids includes: lysine, methionine and threonine in order to improve grow capacity, feed utilization efficiency and to reduce urinal and faecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. - Formulating some formulas base on the local ingredients with optimal protein and amino acids level to ensure production efficiency of exotic 4-breeds hybrid and to reduce environment pollution in pig production.
2 3. The effective of study 3.1. In term of practice effectiveness The study has proposed 2 diet formulas with an optimal protein level and a balance of some synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) for exotic fattener swine. The diet formulas have ensured the good performance of pig, the formulas not only saved protein but also reduced environment pollution. Results of study have been applied in commercial production at Dai Minh feed processing company – Song Cong Town, Thai Nguyen and other intensive pig production farms in the area. 3.2. In term of scientific effective The results of study has provided some scientific data to prove the efficiency of synthetic amino acids utilization to balance diet on the “Ideal protein” principle in order to reduce the total protein level but ensure production efficiency and reduce environment pollution. 4. Scope of study - Objects of study + Commercial hybrid of 4 exotic pig breeds between male F1 (Pietrain x Duroc) x female F1 (Landrace x Yorshire)], Starting bodyweight of experimental units was from 18.15 - 18.22 kg/pig (equivalant to 56 day of age). + Feed ingredients to formulate experimental diet include yellow maize, soybean meal, rice bran grade 1, fish meal, vegetable oil, L-lysine, DL- methionine, L-threonine, premix vitamin + trace minerals, dicalciphosphate and lime stone powder. - Place of study + The experiments were carried out at several intensive exotic pig farms included Cương Hường Farm - Tích lương - Thái Nguyên, Hùng Chi Farm - Lương Sơn - Sông Công, Thái Nguyên. + Cage experiments were carried out at the experimental unit of Institute of Life Sciences, Thai Nguyen University. + Feed, pork analysis and nitrogen, sulfur in urine, faeces measurement were undertaken at Institute of Life Sciences, Thai Nguyen University. + Complete feeds for experiments were produced and supplied by Dai Minh feed processing company – Song Cong Town 5. New contributions of the study - The study has determined the protein and some essential amino acids level in local ingredients based complete feed for exotic 4-breed hybrid which ensured well pig performance, high percentage of lean meat and good feed utilization efficiency. - The utilization of diet with optimal protein and amino acids level for exotic 4- breed hybrid has reduced urinal and faecal nitrogen and sulfur excretion, contributed to environment pollution reduction. 6. Thesis structure The thesis consists of 107 pages, includes introduction part, 3 chapters and conclusion part, of which there are 28 data tables, 10 graphs/picture for illustration, 132 references, of the references, there are 54 Vietnamese references, 74 English references, 02 French references and 02 German references.
3 CHAPTER 1: SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW 1.1. Scientific basis of study 1.1.1. Scientific basis of protein digestion and absorption in pig 1.1.2. Protein and amino acids metabolism in pig 1.1.3. Requirement and method to balance protein and amino acids 1.1.4. Ideal protein in fattener diet 1.2. Related research in domestic and in abroad - Domestic related research Research and studies in order to determine nutrients requirement for animals are regular the tasks that require the continuous investigation. Although nutrients requirement for fattener was undertaken in early time and this study has resulted in a number of reports, however, with the state of the art of breeding technology, pig breeds are also being improved with higher percentage of lean meat which requires the accordingly increased in nutrients requirement. In addition, now a day, due to synthetic amino acids are produced intensively that allows not only research on protein requirement but also amino acids requirement for pig. Research results are mostly focused in: - Research on optimal protein and amino acids level: Results on protein and amino acids supplement from different feed ingredients are differed for every pig breed. The principle of reducing crude protein level with supplementary of some synthesis amino acids has the advantage of using low dietary protein level with supplementary of synthesis amino acids which not only improves animal performance but also positively favors environment protection. However, if dietary protein level is too low, then regardless of adequacy supplementation of synthesis amino acids, pigs still show depressed in growth. This issue was proved by study done by Nguyen Nhi et al. (1995), Nguyen Bach Tra et al. (1995)… - Research results on amino acids/energy were reported by several authors such as Ngoc Hung et al. (2000), Vu Thi Lan Phuong (2001)… - Research on protein and amino acids digestibility was undertaken by: Tran Quoc Viet et al. (2001) who used crome oxide as marker to determine digestibility has reported that nitrogen digestibility in pig at bodyweight (BW) from 20-50 kg was 75.67% - 77.54% - 78.82% in response to dietary crude protein ranged 17-16-15%, respectively. At period of 50-100kg of BW , nitrogen digestibility was 85.81% - 86.03% - 86.22% response to crude protein level of 15 - 14 - 13%. It could be concluded that if dietary protein level in the diet decreased by 1% then nitrogen digestibility increased by 0.19% - 1.87% which depended on BW. Hồ Trung Thông (2006) also reported that protein intake affects protein digestibility and N excretion of grower 3-breed hybrid pig of male Pietrain x female (Durroc x Landrace). Increased dietary protein level from 4.58% - 30.02% (Dry matter basic) the apparent protein digestibility increased gradually and tends to reach its maximum value. Therefore, dietary protein level in the formulated diet should not lower than 14%. Protein digestibility is calculated by true protein digestibility which is protein digestibility after subtract endogenous protein. True protein digestibility is not depended on protein intake. The faecal and urinal N excreted increased when protein intake
4 increased, however, the total N excretion increased is mainly caused by the increased of urinal N excretion. - Related research topic in Abroad Scientist around the world mostly focused in: - Protein and essential amino acids requirement for pig; phosphorus in amino acids. The current research tend to determine nutrients requirement for pig is to determine the optimal amino acids level of the ideal protein level. - The balancing relationship between essential amino acids and amino acids requirement for growing pig. - Research on effect of dietary protein and amino acids level in pig diet on environment issue. - Research to apply synthesis amino acids supplementation in pig production. Hence, gathering information of related domestic and abroad research topic on reasonable reduction of dietary protein level bases on balancing essential amino acids to grow performance of lean pork production and to environment protection has revealed that guidelines on protein and amino acids level for growing pig at different stages in order to exploit maximum growth trait of the lean pork breed and also reduce environment pollution has been well and synchronically undertaken and documented by many researchers all over the world. However, in the climate and ecological condition of Viet Nam, these research are still scattered and unsynchronized. Based on the actual lean meat pig production of Viet Nam in open housing condition, it’s a demand to have a comprehensive research on reduction of dietary protein level bases on balancing some essential amino acids to growth capacity of pig and to contribute to environment protection is an urgent demand. To solve this urgent scientific matter not only to ensure the normal growth of pig but also to save the expensive protein sources in order to reduce production cost, especially, this research contributes for environment protection which is now under a number of pollution threats, of which, intensive animal production wastes is also in account. CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. MATERIALS - Animals Commercial exotic 4-breeds hybrid pig of male F1 (Pietrain x Duroc) x female (Landrace x Yorshire), Initiate BW in average 18.15-18.22kg/pig (equivalent to 56 days of age), experiments were last for 90 days. - Materials Feed ingredients to formulate experimental diets include: yellow maize, soybean meal, rice bran class 1, fish meal, vegetable oil, L-lysine, DL- methionine, L-threonine, premix vitamin + trace minerals, dicalciphosphate and fine ground lime stone. The experiments were combined at 3 intensive pig farm in Thai Nguyen and the experiment diets were produced and supplied by Dai Minh Feed Processing Ltd Company. 2.2. RESEARCH CONTENTS 1. Determining effect of dietary protein and essential amino acids level in complete diet on 4-breeds exotic hybrid pig.
5 2. Research on relationship between different dietary level with balancing some essential amino acids in complete feed and faecal and urinal nitrogen excretion. 3. Choosing several local ingredient based feed formulas and experiment in exotic pig production farms at mass production scale. 2.3. METHODS 2.3.1. Study 1: Determining effect of dietary protein and essential amino acids level in complete diet on 4-breeds exotic hybrid pig 2.3.1.1. Overall methodology of experimental design and conduction. - Experimental methodology: The experiment was conducted based on plots comparison which taken into account the uniformity of breed, age, BW, sex, health status, nutrition and care condition, hygiene and ambient environment condition. Each experiment was conducted triples. Feed and feed processing: Feed ingredients were chemically analysed before processing and were stored through out experimental period. Experimental feed formulas were calculated by OPTIMIX software from Institute of Biology and Vet Pharmacology Research – Czech Repubic. Feed processing: Raw ingredients were finely grounded, feed supplements or additives were bought from commercial providers. Complete feeds were formulated and mixed base on “oil spills” method (for trace additives) and then mixed by vertical mixer with capacity of 500 kg/batch, each mixing has ensured provide enough feed for 5- 7 days consumption. - Feeding and animal care: Pigs were housed in open air housing condition, concrete/solid floor, ensured warm in winter and well ventilation during summer, semi-automatic feeder and nipple drinker were used. Experimental pigs were accessed to feed ad libitum feed was provided 2 times a day morning and afternoon. 2.3.1.2. Experimental design The experimental design to employ 297 pigs which divided to 9 experimental units with 9 complete feed formulas, each experimental unit housed 11 pig and repeated triples at the same time. Initiate BW approximately 18 kg/pig equivalent to 56 days of age, the experiments lasted for 90 days. The experiment was designed with 2 simultaneous factors design consists of 3 dietary protein levels, there were 3 lysine levels in accordance with each dietary protein level. Both experimental factors were reduced in accordance to stages of grow of pig as follow: - Growing period: There were 3 dietary protein level which were 18-17-16% based on metabolic energy of 3200 Kcal ME/kg. For each dietary protein level was lysine levels of 11-10-9 g/kg. Lys/ME ratio was 3.44 - 3.13 and 2.81 g/1000 Kcal respectively. - Fattener period: There were 3 dietary protein level 16-15-14% respectively base on metabolic energy level of 3100 Kcal ME/kg. For each dietary protein level there were 3 lysine levels 10 - 9 - 8 g/kg respectively. Lys/ME ratio was 2.81 -2.50 2.19 g/1000 Kcal respectively. Of all experimental diet formulas, essential amino acids levels were: Threonine and Methionine were balanced by Lysine (ARC. 1981), as detailed follow: Lysine: 100; Threonine 65 and Methionine+cystine 55(%). In order to ensure amino acids content as designed, we supplied some synthesis amino acids such as: L-lysine,
6 DL-methionine và L-threonine. Experimental diet formula of each experimental unit was shown in Annex 2. 2.3.1.3. Dissection method to evaluate meat yield and meat quality. Dissection to evaluate meat yield and meat quality was undertaken at each finishing period of stage of grow by USSR Dissection and Evaluation Method (Nguyen Van Thien et al., 1998); Viet Nam Animal Husbandry Association (2002). 2.3.1.4. Results Interpretation Assessing effect of each experimental factor by turn with following parameters: BW gain, feed utilization efficiency, pork quality and environmental efficiency, to figure out the most optimal formula with protein and amino acids level base on evaluation and comparison of random pairs. 2.3.2. Study 2: Research on the relationship between different dietary protein level with balancing some essential amino acids in complete feed effects on urinal and faecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. 2.3.2.1. Experimental design In this study, we conducted cage experiment. 9 female pigs of 4-breeds exotic hybrid with similar breeding formula with study 1 were selected. Initial BW was 30kg/pig. Pigs were housed individually in each cage with automatic feeder and drinker. All cages were align in environment controlled chamber with constant temperature of 20-220C, relative humidity of 75-80%. Experimental diet was grower diet which formulated to 9 complete formulas similar to study 1 in accordance to 3 dietary protein level 18 -17-16% respectively, each dietary protein level was divided into 3 lysine levels là 11-10-9 g/kg complete feed respectively. Experimental diets were hand mixed on “oil spill” principle and sufficiently enough through out the experiment. 2.3.2.2. Experiment conduction: During adaptation period, all 9 pigs were fed ad litbitum with basal diet for 7 days to allow the animals to acclimatize to cage experiment. Animals were monitored carefully for feed intake, urination and defecation time to plan collection of excretion. Experimental period: The triples experiment were conducted in order to collect repeatly data of each formula. Each experiment period lasted 6 days, of which the first 3 days animals were fed with designed experimental diet to adapt then urine and faeces were collected during the rest 3 days (from 6 o’clock of 4th day to 6 o’clock of 7th day). Urine and faeces collection method: The excretes were collect from 5 meals/day pig at: 6h30 - 10h - 13h30 – 17h - 20h30. Accuracy estimation actual feed intake by subtract provided feed to refusal feed. + Faeces collection: Faeces was collection in 24h/day from 7h AM previous day to 7 AM of the next day. All excreted faeces of each day was collected (kg/24h) and store in refrigerator, when faeces of 3 days were collected then faeces were mixed together and sampling about 200 gr from each pig to store at 40C. At the end of each faeces collection period of each pig, faeces was vacuumed dried at - 860C, after that it was analysed for phosphorus and nitrogen content by CNS apparatus from LECO -2000 (USA).
7 + Urine collection: Similar to faeces collection, urine was also daily collected and store in plastic container with pre-addition of 50ml H2SO4 50% to maintain urinal pH ≤ 2. At the end of experimental period, collected urine was weighed for each pig, shake well urine container and sampled about 5% of total weight to analyse for S and N2 by the same apparatus mentioned above. 2.3.2.3. Analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in feed, faeces and urine. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in feed, faeces and urine were analysed by Multi- elements TruSpecR CNS apparatus produced by LECO USA 2000. Based on results of N and P contents in excretes (urine and faeces) it can be calculated total urinal and faecal N and P excretion per animal per day (g). Compared that of N and P in feed, it can be calculated percentage of N and P excretion for each experimental diet with different dietary protein and amino acids levels and also estimated total N and P that 2.3.3. Study 3: Selection of 3 highest effective experimental diet formulas on desired parameters to trial in actual pig production at several intensive pig farm in Thai Nguyen. 2.3.3.1. Layout of experiment: Based on research results of study 1 and study 2, we selected diet formula of experimental plot 1 named as formula 1 (CT2a), plot 2 named as formula 2 (CT2b) to compare with control plot fed with basal diet (CP) in mass production trial. The experiment employed hybrid of 4 exotic breeds, each unit employed 100 pigs, test was in duplo. The mass production trial was conducted at intensive exotic pig farms: Cuong Huong - Tich Luong, Hung Chi - Luong Son, Thai Nguyen, Thang Loi - Song Cong - Thai Nguyen. Đại Minh Feed Processing Company ltd- Khuynh Thạch – thi xa Song Cong was the company to process and supply feed for mass production trial, after the trial, all scientific, economic and practice assessments were taken into account to select the final diet formula to produce complete feed in pellet form and supply to market demand from the area. 2.3.3.2. Evaluation of gas emission in experimental pigs Gas emission was measured by imported apparatus from USA at Environmental Monitoring Centre – Environmental Protection Agency Thái Nguyên to sample, to measure and to analyse H2S, NH3 emission of mass production trial. Methodology: Used H2S and NH3 absorption apparatus early in the morning to collect sample. Sample collection repeated 3 times at 3 different places in the barn before barn cleaning, the collection point was 50-80 cm above floor level, then samples were brought to LAB for analysis. 2.3.4. Chemical analysis for Amino acids content of feed and pork The chemical analysis and amino acid contents in feed and pork were undertaken comply with Viet Nam Standard by the state of the art apparatus system at Institute of Life Sciences - TNU. Parameters measured: Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash, calcium, phosphorus, amino acids content. Sampling feed ingredients comply with TCVN 4325-2007 (ISO 6497:2002) for animal feed. Dry matter content measured comply with TCVN 4326 : 2001 (ISO 6496:1999). Protein content in feed measurement comply with Việt Nam 4328-1: 2007 (ISO 5983-1:2005) adapted Kjeldahl on Gerhardt analysis system, Germany.
8 Lipid content measurement comply with Việt Nam (TCVN 4331: 2001) (ISO 6492: 1999). Total ash (minerals) measurement comply with Việt Nam (TCVN 4327:2007) (ISO 5984: 2002). Total fibre measurement comply with TCVN 4329: 2007) (ISO 6865: 2000). Calcium content measurement comply with TCVN 1537:2007 (ISO 6869:2000). Phosphorus content measurement comply with TCVN 1525:2001 (ISO 6491:1998). - Amino acids analysis: Amino acids content was measure on Automatic Amino acid Measurement apparatus BIOCHM 20, a product from Sweden. Determine the gross energy analysis system of South Africa CAL2K Calorimeter at laboratories - the Institute of Life Sciences. Metabolic energy (ME) (kcal / kg) is determined by material and energy calculations based on documentation of La Van Glass (2003). 2.3.5. Parameters measured 2.3.5.1. Parameters of study 1 - Grow parameters: + Accumulative gain (kg/animal): is BW of pig at several determination times: Initiate BW, 15 day-of-age, 30 d-o-a, 45 d-o-a, 60 d-o-a, 75 d-o-a and 90 d-o-a. Animals were weight individually in the morning before feeding. Same weighing scale and same personnel. + Absolute gain: comply with TCVN 2-39-77 (1997). - Parameters on feed utilization efficiency: + Feed intake - FI( Kg/animal/day): Monitored feed provided daily and calculate the average intake: + Feed conversion ratio: FCR = Total feed intake (kg)/total weight gain (kg) + Protein/ kg gain (g) = Pr(g) / kg feed x total feed intake (kg)/ total gain (kg) + Protein Efficiency Ratio – PER = gain (g)/ Protein intake (g) + Lysine/ kg gain = Lys (g) /kg feed x intake (g)/ gain (kg) + ME)/ kg gain = ME/ kg feed x feed intake (kg)/ gain(kg) + feed cost / 1 kg gain: = total feed intake (kg) x price per 1kg feed(đ)/ gain (kg) Total feed cost (đ) = total feed intake (kg) x price per 1 kg feed (đ/kg) - Carcass: carcass percentage, pork percentage, lean meat %, fat %, bone %, skin %, sirloin area…. Nguyễn Văn Thiện et al. (2002). - Pork quality: Chemical contents of lean ham, shoulders of pig during growing and finishing period: DM content, total protein, Ash, lipid: comply with TCVN. 2.3.5.2. Parameters of study 2: - Percentage of urinal and faecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretions: Subtraction of intake and excreted nitrogen and phosphorus to calculated percentage of excretion. - Correlation between dietary protein level and urinal and faecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretions: Results analysis of N and P in excretes to calculate correlation of the these parameters and the dietary protein level by statistic software STATGRAPH of Statistics Department USA, version 4.0. - NH3, H2S emission in the barn: Results were displayed on gas emission measure apparatus, data were statistically analysed by statistic software STATGRAPH of Statistics Department USA, version 4.0.
9 2.3.5.3. Parameters measured in mass production trial Accumulative gain (kg/animal), FCR, economic efficiency, results were calculated similar to study 1. 2.3.6. Statistical analysis Statistic analysis was undertaken by statistic software STATGRAPH of Statistics Department USA, version 4.0. and MS Exel 2003. Data obtained from the results of experiments 1 and 2, Candidate have used combinatorial methods to rank as A, B, C, D to determine the percentage of dietary crude protein and amino acid levels difference to growth, feed efficiency, yield, meat quality and the environment. CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Effect of dietary protein and some essential animo acids level on commercial exotic pig production 3.1.1. Effect of dietary protein and some essential animo acids level on grow performance 3.1.1.1. Accummulative gain The commercial hybrid lines have a rapid growth potential, especially during growing period. The optimal protein level in the diets bases on balancing essential amino acids would adequate requirement of animal which on one hand, improves production efficiency from relying on the saving of protein source and on the other hand reduces surplus of N excretion in to environment. Results of observation on growth capacity of pig is illustrated in Table 3.1. We analysed the data in 3 directions as follows: Table 3.1. Accummulative growth of experimental pigs through periods(kg) (n=33) Catego 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c (18-16/ (18-16/ (18-16/ (17-15/ (17-15/ (17-15/ (16-14/ (16-14/ (16-14/ ries 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) Ex 18.15 18.10 18.22 18.22 18.21 18.22 18.20 18.21 18.21 initiation 0.49 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.51 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.41 28.37 27.95 27.68 28.23 27.86 27.30 27.88 27.53 26.53 15 days 0.75 0.72 0.65 0.71 0.64 0.59 0.63 0.56 0.55 39.04 38.25 37.53 38.62 37.86 36.68 37.87 37.12 35.09 30 days 0.89 0.76 0.73 0.88 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.65 0.56 50.85a 49.65abc 48.46bc 50.09ab 48.87abc 46.98c 48.94abc 47.71c 44.63d 45 days 0.81 1.05 0.86 0.61 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.70 Comparis 100 97.64 95.30 100 97.56 93.79 100 97.49 91.19 on % 63.22 61.93 60.23 62.65 61.11 58.81 60.11 58.50 53.60 60 days 0.95 0.97 1.03 0.98 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.95 1.12 76.47 74.88 72.98 75.43 73.65 70.67 71.98 69.70 64.02 75 days 0.96 0.98 1.23 1.16 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.09 90.33a 88.10ab 86.12b 88.76ab 86.45ab 82.95c 85.06b 81.87c 75.86d 90 days 0.96 1.00 1.02 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.12 1.25 Compar.% 100 97.53 95.34 100 97.40 93.45 100 96.25 89.18 Overall 100 97.53 95.34 98.26 95.71 91.83 94.17 90.63 83.98 comp.(%) a, b,c,d Identical subdescription letters in the same row is not significantly different (P > 0,05)
10 a. Effect of different dietary protein level bases on balancing the same essential amino acids in the diet on grow performance of commercial hybrids. Results in Table 3.1. have shown that, when decreased dietary protein level in the diet from 18 - 17 - 16% but remained high level of first 4 essential amino acids (equivalant to 11 gam lysine/1 kg feed, at unit 1a, 2a and 3a), then BW of pig tends to decrease. BW at 45 days of experiment is in experimental units order were 50.85 – 50.09 and 48.94 kg/pig, with a rate of decrease was 1.48% (unit 2a) andà 3.76% (unit 3a) compared to that of unit 1a; however, this different was not statistical significant (P>0,05). Decreased of BW of pig at finishing stage of fattening period (after 90 days) between units 2a and 3a in comparison to that of unit 1a was 1.74 - 5.83% respectively. This different was not significant when decreased 1% protein level, however, this different was significant (P0.05); The significant difference in reduction of BW was seen when continue to decreased this level to a lower level (calculated base on lysine was 9 g/kg feed) (P
11 For the diets with similar average dietary protein level, when decreased essential amino acids level (ex units 2a, 2b and 2c), it showed a tendency of decreased of BW in experimental pigs (50.09 - 48.87 - 46.98 kg/pig during 45 days of experiment; 88.76 - 86.45 - 82.95 kg/pig during 90 days of experiment in those experimental units 2a, 2b and 2c). The magnitude of BW decreased in comparison to that of pig fed with high dietary level diet was higher which was 2.44 - 6.21% during growing period and 2.60 - 6.55% during fattening period. Similar to that of high dietary protein level, the statistical analysis didn’t show the significance when decreased amino acids level base on lysine from 11 - 10 gam/kg feed (P>0.05); The significant difference in reduction of BW was seen when continue to decreased this level to a lower level (calculated base on lysine was 9 g/kg feed) (P0.05); The significant difference in reduction of BW was seen when continue to decreased this level to a lower level (calculated base on lysine was 9 g/kg feed) (P
12 Results of grow performance of experimental pigs are illustrated in Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. c. Effect of simultaneous decrease of dietary protein and essential amino acids levels in the diets on pig performance. Effect of simultaneous decrease dietary protein and essential amino acids levels in the diets on animal performance have seen in exp. units 1a, 2b and 3c (With protein and lysine levels were 18% - 11 gam/kg feed; 17% - 10gam/kg and 16% - 9 gam/kg feed, respectively). Pig BW in these exp. Units at the end of growing period were 50.85 - 48.87 - 44.63 kg/pig; The difference in comparison to unit 1a of units 2b and 3c were 3.89% - 12.24%, respectively. That at the end of experiment period were 90.33 - 86.45 - 75.86 kg/pig; the difference were 4.29% and 16.02% respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant different on grow rate seen in 1a and 1b exp units when simultaneously decreased dietary and essential amino acids levels in the diets (P>0.05), however, there was significant different in grow rate of 1a and 1b when compare to that of 3c unit (P 0,05) In general, the trend of absolute BW gain of exp. Pig was similar to accumulative BW gain. Pigs fed with high dietary protein level diets or average protein level diets at lysine level 11 - 9 g and 10 - 8 g/kg feed had higher BW gain. Growers fed with 18 - 16% dietary protein level diets and with 11- 9 g lysine /kg feed still gained up to 802.00 g/pig/day (unit 1a). Come in second was growers fed with diets contain 17 - 15% protein and 11 - 9 g lysine/kg feed, reached 783.78 g/pig/day (unit 2a); Come in third was growers fed with diets contain 18 - 16% protein and 10 - 8 g lysine/kg feed, reached 777.78 g/pig/day (unit 1b); come in fourth was growers fed with diets contain 17 - 15% protein and 10 - 8 g lysine/kg feed, reached 758.22 g/pig/day (2b). The supplement of CP needs to take into account the amount of supplement and the balance of amino acids which should meet pig requirement. The other authors have discovered that the supplementation of first limit and second limit
13 amino acids (lysine, threonine) brought the best results. Our results are supported by findings from Nguyễn Nghi et al. (1995); Van de ligt et al. (2002); Hoàng Nghĩa Duyệt et al. (2002); Phùng Thăng Long et al. (2004). Conclusion: With respect to grow performance of commercial exotic hybrid, the following diet formulas could be utilized effectively without interference on pig performance (Ranked in accordance to final BW at the end of experimental period): (1) Diet contains 18 - 16% protein and lysine base amino acids of 11 - 9g/kg feed; (2) Diet contains 17-15% protein and lysine base amino acids of 11 - 9 g/kg feed; (3) Diet contains 18-16 % protein and lysine base amino acids of 10 - 8g/kg feed; (4) Diet contains 17-15% protein and lysine base amino acids of 10 - 8g/kg feed; 3.1.2. Effect of dietary protein and amino acids level on feed utilization efficiency 3.1.2.1. Feed intake Results in Table 3.5 showed that, at both priod of rearing (growing and fattening periods), the daily feed intake of the fatteners decreased with the decrease of dietary protein and lysine based essential amino acids level (g/kg feed). Fatteners fed with diets contain the same dietary protein level of 18-16%; feed intake decreased at 1.906 - 1.891 - 1.883 kg (0.79 - 1.21%) when decrease essential amino acids level. The similarity also observed in fatteners feed diets with 17-15% protein, feed intake decreased by 1.31 - 2.57% (1.904 - 1.879 - 1.855 kg/pig/day) when amino acids level decreased. For those fed with diets with 16 - 14% protein, the decreased in feed intake was more obvious when amino acids level decreased, this decrease by 1.64 - 3.23% (1.890 - 1.859 - 1.829 kg/pig/day). 3.1.2.2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Results in Table 3.6 and Figure 3.5 showed that, the FCR was increased when dietary protein and amino acids levels in the diets decreased. When dietary protein level was decreased but amino acids level remained constant then FCR increased by 2.26 - 7.02% for the lysine level 11-9 g/kg feed); increased by 1.95 - 7.94% for the lysine level 10 - 8 g/kg feed and increased by 1.74 - 14.26% for the lysine level 9 - 7 g/kg feed. Statistical analysis showed no significant different when reduced lysine level at 1g/kg feed, but dietary protein level remained (P>0.05); however, the difference in FCR was significant when decrease 2 g lysine/kg feed (P
14 Table 3.6. Feed conversion ratio Exp. units 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c categories FCR of grower phase 1.783 1.822 1.858 1.831 1.868 1.935 1.882 1.925 2.065 comparison (%) 100 102.19 104.21 100 102.02 105.68 100 102.28 109.72 FCR of fattener phase 2.867 2.931 3.007 2.922 2.976 3.093 3.108 3.243 3.523 comparison (%) 100 102.23 104.88 100 101.85 105.85 100 104.34 113.35 Overall FCR 2.350a 2.405a 2.468b 2.403a 2.452b 2.551c 2.515c 2.596c 2.820d Comparison (%) 100 102.34 105.02 100 102.04 106.16 100 103.22 112.13 Compare to 1a (%) 100 102.34 105.02 102.26 104.34 108.55 107.02 110.46 120.00 a, b,c,d Identical subdescription letters in the same row is not significantly different (P > 0,05) In order to have more precise assessement on effect of dietary protein and amino acids levels in the diet on FCR, the regression equation was used to determine the correlation between these factors. The results were shown in Table 3.7 and 3.8. Table 3.7 showed that the correlation between the decrease of dietary protein level and FCR during grower phase was negative correlation (-) which were - 0.65; - 0.65 and -0.88 for lysine levels 11 gam, 10 gam và 9 gam/ kg feed, respectively. During fattener phase this correlation coefficients were - 0.86; - 0.88 và - 0.92 for lysine levels 9; 8 và 7 gam/kg feed respectively. The negative correlation between these factors can be interpreted that decrease of protein level in the diet led to increase in FCR. The correlation coefficient of these factors also increased with the decrease of lysine level in the diets, it can be inferred from the results that when decrease dietary protein level with supplementation of essential amino acids to meet the requirement then the FCR would not significantly affected. 3.1.2.3. Energy / BW gain In addition to FCR parameter, we calso calculated energy and weight gain ratio. The results were showed in Table 3.9. Conclusion: When consider energy/weight gain ratio, the following diets showed the positive results(Ranked from the lowest to the highest) (1) Diet with 18 - 16% protein and lysine based 11 - 9g/kg feed (2.35 kg and 7,370 Kcal ME/kg BW gain) (2) Diet with 17-15% protein and lysine based 11 - 9 g/kg feed (2.403kg and 7,536.36 Kcal ME/kg BW gain) (3) Diet with 18-16 % protein and lysine based 10 - 8 g/kg feed (2.405 kg and 7,541.93 Kcal ME/ kg BW gain) (4) Diet with 17-15% protein and lysine based 10 - 8 g/kg feed (2.452 kg and 7,689.55 Kcal ME/ kg) . 3.1.2.4. Protein/BW gain
15 Results of protein and amino acids for each kg BW gain were showed in Table 3.10. Table 3.10 showed that: Protein for each kg weight gain was differed compare to that of FCR and energy for gain. The decrease of protein level, protein for each kg gain decreased for lysine based amino acids lysine 11 - 9 và 10 - 8 g/kg feed respectively; however, this phenomenon was not true when amino acids level decreased to 9 - 7g/kg feed. Therefore, protein for each kg gain depended on dietary protein and amino acids levels in the diet. The higher dietary protein level in the diet, the higher protein used for each kg gain. The lower amino acids level in the diet, the higher protein used for each kg gain, this even goes higher protein used for each kg gain if protein level is low. This can be concluded that, for commercial exotic hybrid, those produce higher percentage of lean meat, that require adequate provision of amino acids. If they are fed with high dietary protein level diet, there would be a surplus amount of unutilized nitrogen. In contrast, if they are fed with lower dietary protein level diet, there would be shortage of amino acids to meet the requirement, which lead to depressed in grow and increase in FCR. 3.1.2.5. Lysine / kg BW gain Lysine utilization for each kg gain is a detail for protein used for each kg gain since protein requirement in animal is specifically that requirement for amino acids. Our results were showed in Table 3.11. Table 3.11 showed that lysine for each kg gain was higher with decrease of protein level but amino acids level remained and that spend was lower when decrease amino acids level but protein level remained constant. The was no significance different in spending lysine for each kg when simultaneously decreased both protein and amino acids levels in the diet. This results showed that lysine spent for each kg gain was differed compare to that in protein used for each kg gain. The lower protein level, the lesser spent for each kg gain, however when lower this level to a certain low level, then this phenomenon was in vice versa. The decreased of amino acids level in the diet, the increased in protein spent for each kg gain. Whereas lysine spent increased with the decreased of protein level and this decreased when amino acids level in the diet dereased. This occurrence need to pay more attention from scientists when take into account the cost of production and subsequent, the price of the products. 3.1.2.6. Feed cost for each kg BW gain Feed cost/kg gain is the economic assessment tool to evaluate economic efficiency of animal production. Results of this finding were shown in Table 3.12 and were illustrated in Figure 3.6. The results showed that the decreased of dietary protein level but amino acids level constant, the increased feed cost for each kg gain. The decreased of amino acids level but protein leven constant, the decreased in feed cost for each kg gain at the first decreased, however, this increased when continue to decrease amino acids level. When simultaneously decreased protein and amino acids levels in the diet, feed cost for each kg gain was not increased when the change at 1% different, this increased when the changes were higher.
16 Table 3.12. Feed cost per 1 kg of BW gain 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c Categories (18-6/ (18-16/ (18-16/ (17-15/ (17-15/ (17-15/ (16-14/ (16-14/ (16-14/ 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) 11-9) 10-8) 9-7) 1. Grower phase Feed cost/kg gain (đ) 8227.04 8105.45 8242.98 8552.73 8347.15 8463.07 8998.00 8738.96 9055.89 2. fattener phase Feed cost/kg 12,120.7 11,576.6 11,822.4 12,482.2 12,020.7 12,190.6 13,520.9 13,267.8 14,076.3 gain (đ) 3. Overall Feed cost/kg 10,264.4a 9,929.7a 10,143.7a 10,613.8b 10,283.1a 10,446.2b 11,334.1c 11,061.5c 11,656.1c gain (đ) Compare of similar Pr (%) 100 96.74 98.82 100 96.89 98.42 100 97.60 102.84 Overall comparison(%) 100 96.74 98.82 103.40 100.18 101.77 110.42 107.77 113.56 a, b,c,d Identical subdescription letters in the same row is not significantly different (P > 0,05) When protein level decreased, feed cost for each kg BW gain increased from 10,264.41đ - 10,613.77đ - 11,333.12đ (increased by 3.4 - 10.42% in comparison of 2a and 3a with 1a exp. units). Similarly, this cost increased from 9.929,66đ - 10.283,12đ - 11,061.53đ (increased by 3.55 - 11.39% in comparison of 2b and 3b with 1b exp. units); The increased from 10,143.67 - 10,446.23 - 11,656.09 đ (by 2.98 - 14.91% in comparison of 2c and 3c with 1c unit). There was no significant difference of the first pairs comparison (P>0.05), however, of the other pairs comparison, the difference was significant (P
17 Table 3.15. Carcass quality at the end of grower phase (49-50kg) (n=3) ( X  m X ) Back fat Categ Live weight Carcass Lean meat Sirloin cross thickness Exp. units (kg) (%) (%) section (cm2) (cm) a 1a (18/11) 50.00± 0.29 68.10± 0.22 62.19 ± 0.26 1.02± 0.03 31.00±1.16 1b(18/10) 50.67± 0.88 67.14± 0.62 62.31a± 0.09 1.02± 0.01 30.33± 0.88 1c(18/9) 49.57± 0.99 67.64± 0.38 61.14ab± 0.89 1.04±0.03 27.50±1.26 2a(17/11) 49.17± 0.44 66.32±0.92 62.15a±0.58 1.02±0.06 33.33±0.67 2b(17/10) 49.83± 0.93 67.72± 0.15 61.98a± 0.47 1.03±0.06 26.67± 2.40 2c(17/9) 49.23± 1.01 66.85± 0.62 61.31ab± 1.42 1.05± 0.02 26.67± 2.40 3a(16/11) 49.00± 0.5 67.84± 0.37 60.49ab± 0.66 1.02± 0.01 31.00± 0.58 3b(16/10) 49.23± 1.01 67.71± 0.39 59.65b± 0.24 1.03± 0.01 26.33±1.33 3c(16/9) 49.67±1.33 66.82± 0.69 58.89b± 0.41 1.04± 0.02 26±1.53 a, b,c,d Identical subdescription letters in the same colum is not significantly different (P > 0,05) Results of meat yield evaluation showed that there was no significant difference of carcass quality during grower and fattener phases when dietary protein and amino acids levels in the diet decreased. Carcass percentage at grower phase was 66.82 – 68.10%; that of the fattener phase was 74.03 – 74.83%. Table 3.16. Carcass quality of fattener at the end of fattening period (87-90kg) (n=3) ( X  m X ) and (See annex 3 ) Categ. Live Back fat Sirloin cross Carcass (%) Lean meat (%) Exp unit weight (kg) thickness (cm) section (cm2) 89.67± 1a (16/9) 74.30± 0.58 58.16a± 0.18 2.03± 0.23 61.73± 4.80 0.67 88.50± 1b (16/8) 74.30± 0.40 58.12a± 0.35 2.11± 0.08 61.67± 2.17 0.29 1c (16/7) 88.00±0.57 74.03±0.12 57.62a±0.11 2.97±0.58 61.70±0.57 89.33± 2a (15/9) 74.27±0.23 58.14a±0.26 2.27±0.28 60.87±3.92 0.88 87.67± 2b (15/8) 74.13±0.14 57.87a±0.07 2.30±0.06 60.97±2.31 0.88 86.67± 2c (15/7) 74.07±0.32 57.47ab±0.43 2.22±0.04 57.53±4.97 2.31 89.00± 3a (14/9) 74.83±2.77 57.93ab±2.18 2.22± 0.06 60.56± 2.57 0.57 3b (14/8) 87.00±1.15 74.73±1.52 56.96ab±1.30 2.25±0.11 60.07±2.08 3c (14/7) 87.00±0.58 74.07±0.17 56.44b±0.21 2.37±0.09 57.30±4.21 a, b,c,d Identical subdescription letters in the same colum is not significantly different (P > 0.05)
18 Alongs with the decreased of lean meat percentage, fat in meat increased. This can be inferred that amino acids level in the diet has significant effect on lean meat percentage, especially this effect is more significant at lower level of amino acids and protein diet. Our finding is also supported by reports of Nguyen Thien et al. (2005), Nguyen Văn Thang and Đang Vu Binh (2006), Phan Văn Hung and Đang Vu Binh (2008), Vu Đinh Ton et al. (2008). 3.1.3.2. Chemical composition of pork To evaluate the influence of protein level with balanced of essential amino acids to chemical composition of meat, we analyzed the chemical composition of lean meat collected from hum and shoulders, results are presented in Table 3:17 to 3:18. Table 3.17. Chemical composition of pork in grower phase (% in fresh pork, n=3) ( X  m X )(see annex 3.12) DM CP C. lipid Ash exp Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder 1a 23.49 23.52 20.86 18.97 1.12 3.25 1.19 1.04 1b 23.25 23.39 21.22 19.02 1.20 3.32 0.99 1.01 1c 23.37 23.49 21.13 19.21 1.14 3.14 1.03 1.09 2a 23.45 23.25 21.04 18.72 0.93 2.89 1.17 1.12 2b 23.21 23.87 21.15 18.54 1.07 3.42 1.11 1.06 2c 23.51 23.68 20.98 18.94 1.12 3.38 1.15 1.19 3a 23.49 23.99 21.47 20.01 0.89 2.47 1.17 1.14 3b 23.34 23.78 21.06 18.56 0.95 3.75 1.12 1.18 3c 23.27 23.83 21.00 18.86 1.03 3.68 1.13 1.21 Results analyzed the chemical composition of pig meat products of growth period (Table 3.18) showed no difference in the composition of dry matter, protein, fat and ash of lean hips and shoulders of pigs fed diets with protein and the proportion of different amino acids. This suggests that the reduction ratio of dietary protein that retains some of the essential amino acids did not significantly affect the chemical composition of lean meat. Bảng 3.18. Chemical composition of pork in fattener phase (% in fresh pork, n=3) ( X  m X )(see annex 3.12) DM CP C. lipid Ash exp Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder Hams Shoulder 1a 26.37 26.27 22.45 21.91 2.51 3.06 1.24 1.07 1b 26.25 26.04 22.05 21.61 2.55 3.15 1.20 1.15 1c 26.08 25.89 21.69 21.35 2.59 3.27 1.25 1.10 2a 26.12 25.15 21.74 20.77 2.87 3.09 1.17 1.13 2b 26.49 25.31 22.49 20.84 2.81 3.22 1.12 1.08 2c 25.95 26.65 21.79 20.88 2.92 4.01 1.20 1.18
19 3a 26.28 26.95 22.01 22.00 2.96 3.66 1.21 1.12 3b 26.57 26.69 21.85 21.35 2.35 3.82 1.14 1.13 3c 26.06 25.88 21.50 20.77 3.03 3.91 1.12 1.15 For fattening period (Table 18.3), percentage of lean protein buttocks reached from 21.69 to 22.49% in lean shoulder is 20.77 to 22.0%. Lipid ratio was 2.51 to 2.96% of lean meat as a 3.06 to 4.01%. We have not seen any research published about how the chemical composition of pork when fed the lower protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids. Therefore, the results of our study is a scientific literature for references used in scientific research and training. 3.1.4. General summary of experiments on the effect of the protein and amino acids levels The percentage of dietary protein 18-16% and 17-15% with balanced of essential amino acid levels (by lysine is 11-9 and 10-8 g / kg feed) had similar effect on grow performance, feed intake and and feed cost / kg BW gain. However, these protein diets have lower levels (17-15%), protein / kg gain lower than that of high protein levels (18- 16%). No differences were seen in dissection results. However, the proportion of dietary protein and amino acid levels lower, the percentage of lean meat is declining markedly at the lowest protein and amino acids (16-14% protein and 9-7 g lysine / kg diet) while the rate increased fatty meats. No differences in chemical composition of pork when fed diets with protein and the proportion of different amino acids. Besides the results of research on the impact of the level of protein and amino acids in the diet on the growth, feed efficiency and meat yield and quality. In the farm industry, environmental pollution problems in the pig is now mostly due to the use of inappropriate diet and balanced nutrition leads to excretion of substances that the body can not use. Therefore, to assess the specific impact of dietary protein and amino acid levels to different environments, from which to draw the dietary proportion of protein and amino acid levels on the rational aspects of life growth, meat quality, economic efficiency and environmental impact, we conducted a second experiment 3.2. Results of study the relationship between the proportion of different protein with balanced of some essential amino acids in feed mixtures for elimination of nitrogen, sulfur in the urine and faeces Experiments conducted on gilt at growth stages. Results of monitoring of nitrogen, sulfur ingested and excreted in urine and faeces are presented in Table 3.19 and Figure 3.9; 3.10. Research results showed that nitrogen, sulfur emissions in the feces and urine were reduced under way to reduce the rate of protein and amino acid levels. For pigs fed diets with different protein ratio while maintaining the same level of four essential amino acids is the first release of nitrogen in dung and urine decreased substantially. At the amino acid lysine is 11g/kg by food, the amount of nitrogen excreted in feces (g / head / day) by way of reducing the rate of protein, decreased from 9,12 - 8.21 to 7.47 (corresponding lots 1a, 2a and 3a, a decline from 9.97 to 18.09% when compared lot 2a, 3a with 1a). Similarly, at the amino acid lysine is 10g/kg by food, the amount of nitrogen excreted in feces (g / head / day)
20 decreased from 8,31 - 6.90 to 5.92 (with lots of 1b, 2b and 3b, a decline from 16.67 to 28.76% when compared lot 2b, 3b with 1b) at the amino acid lysine by a 9 g / kg feed from 6,66 - 5.92 to 5.95 (with lots of 1c, 2c and 3c, the decrease 11.11 - 10.66% when compared lot 2c, 3c to 1c) the difference in the amount of nitrogen discharged in the middle of the diets is statistically significant (P 0,05) For the same dietary protein level but have different levels of amino acids, nitrogen excreted in urine (g / head / day) also significantly reduced. The rate is 18% protein, nitrogen emissions are 23,83 - 22.19 to 19.08 g / head / day (with lots 1a, 1b and 1c; decrease from 6.91 to 19.33% Lot 1b and 1c when compared with 1a). Similarly, the percentage of protein is 17% 22,48 - 18.80 to 15.74 g / head / day (with lots of 2a, 2b and 2c and the decrease from 16.37 to 29.98% when compared Lot 2b with 2a and 2c) from 20,41 - 16.57 to 16.28 g / head / day (with lots 3a, 3b and 3c; decrease from 18.80 to 20.22% when compared with plots 3b and 3c 3a). The difference in the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine of these blocks is statistically significant (P