INTRODUCTION
1. Necessity of the thesis
The financial crisis broke out in 2008 and shook the global economy, resulting in the collapse of a series of banking systems, stock price depreciation and massive currency devaluation in many countries around the world. Noticeably, the financial crisis brought global growth down to 1.8% in 2008 (4.2% in 2007), then further decreased in 2009 (Tuyet Minh, 2018). The negative impacts of this crisis show the necessity and the important role of state management policy for the commercial banking system of a country. In recent years, much attentions have paid by countries in the world and international financial institutions to nonperforming loan management policies when building credit risk control strategies of commercial banks (Klingelhöfer and Sun, 2018).
Many countries around the world have recently adopted macro measures to protect national financial stability (Ozge and Jane, 2018). In Vietnam, the commercial banking system’s operation is placed under the management of the State Bank. The State Bank’s regulatory and managerial role aims to stabilize the value of the currency, ensure the safety of banking operations and the commercial banking system, and ensure the safety and efficiency of national payments. Hence, for commercial banks, the higher the bad credit balance is, the more often the State Bank plays the role of "the finality". For that reason, the State Bank has always attached importance to the management of operations of commercial banks, particularly in credit quality control, especially in controlling nonperforming loans of commercial banks (Le Ngoc Lan, 2011).
In Vietnam, nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system have always existed since many years ago and tend to increase sharply after the crisis in 2008. In the period 20082010, nonperforming loans of the whole banking system were at a good control level. But, in 201, nonperforming loans started to increase, making up 3.3% of total outstanding loans. This situation caused some commercial banks to start showing unsatisfactory signs about their liquidation ability and tend to increase their risk quickly. In 2012, the nonperforming loan ratio as announced by the Banking Supervisory Authority was 8.6%, while according to Fitch Rating data; Vietnam’s nonperforming loan ratio reached 13% of the total outstanding loans. Lasting until the end of 2013, Vietnam’s nonperforming loan increased alarmingly, with a time increasing by 23.73% over 2012. In fact, at that time, nonperforming loan was a threat to the whole industry and increasingly going beyond the control of commercial banks.
However, from the end of 2014 up to now, Vietnam commercial banking system has made strong strides in wholesomizing the banking system and increasing the strength of competition of the banking system. This is resulted from the proactive efforts to take management measures from the State Bank in implementing solutions to limit and bring the nonperforming loan down to the control level. In the current context of expanding financial market like today, Vietnam commercial banking system is changing in the trend of globalization. Amidst competitive pressure on the path of integration, the credit activities of commercial banks have always been expanded and developed, however the problem of credit risks and nonperforming loans has not really been effectively controlled and handled (To Ngoc Hung, 2013).
Proceeding from the above, we decided to select "State management of non performing loans in Vietnam commercial banking system" as our research topic. The research systematizes and expands further the theoretical basis and the current state of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, thereby proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
2. Research objective and missions
(cid:0) Research objective
The thesis aims to study the theoretical framework and state management of the State Bank of Vietnam over the nonperforming loans of the Vietnam commercial banking system, thereby proposing the views and solutions to enable the State Bank to promote the role of state management towards Vietnam commercial banks in managing and controlling effectively nonperforming loans. Compared with previous research topics, the research thesis is directed to study solutions throughout the process of controlling, managing non performing loans before, during and after their occurrence.
(cid:0) Research missions
Based on research objective, the thesis aims at the following specific research mission:
Literature review and establishing the theoretical background for state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system;
Analyzing the current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system through primary and secondary data from interviews, surveys, research and actual analysis;
Proposing solutions to improve activities of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
3. Research object and scope
(cid:0) Research object
The thesis is intended to propose solutions to improve activities of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system; specifically, research solutions throughout the process of controlling and managing nonperforming loans before, during and after the nonperforming loan occurrence.
(cid:0) Research scope
Research content: issues related to state management of nonperforming loans in credit activities of commercial banks.
Research space: at 35 commercial banks, divided into 3 groups: commercial banks with state capital, commercial banks without state capital, and SOCBs.
Research period: in the period from 2010 to 2019, proposing solutions for the period from now to 2025, with a vision to 2030.
4. Research questions of the thesis
Based on the research objective and missions above, the thesis focuses on answering the following questions: What are the contents of state management over commercial banks’ nonperforming loans? What are the methods of state management over commercial banks’ nonperforming loans? How should we assess the performance of state management over commercial banks’ nonperforming loans? What are solutions to improve activities of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in the future?
5. Expected research results of the thesis
The thesis has made major new contributions in both theory and practice as follows: Firstly, in theory: the thesis systemizes and clarifies the theoretical background of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system.
Secondly, in practice: It clarifies the current situation of nonperforming loans, nonperforming loan management at commercial banks and the State Bank’s management of nonperforming loans at commercial banks in order to assess the capacity of controlling and managing of the state over nonperforming loans of Vietnam commercial banking system in the current context. Proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in the current context. Proposing proposals to the State and commercial banks to improve the legal basis for state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
6. Thesis structure
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis is structured, consisting 04 chapters, specifically:
• Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and research methods • Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical bases for state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system • Chapter 3: The current state of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system • Chapter 4: Proposing some solutions to improve state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION AND RESEARCH METHODS
1.1. Overview of research situation
1.1.1. Studies on nonperforming loan management of commercial banks
There are typical studies such as those by Elmira and Roman (2019), Pham Duong Phuong Thao and Nguyen Linh Dan (2018), Mazzu and Muriana (2018), Lin HueyYeh et al. (2016), Nguyen Thi Hoai Phuong (2012), Doan Phuong Thao and Ta Nhat Linh (2016), Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc (2015), Doan Phuong Thao and Ta Nhat Linh (2014)... However, to delve into the role and impact of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks, there has been almost no research that can be conducted and assessed in a comprehensive manner. Thus, analyzing and assessing the role of state management over the nonperforming loan situation of commercial banks in Vietnam is actually necessary.
1.1.2. Researches on state management over operations of commercial banks
As a whole, researches on state management over credit activities in general and the credit of commercial banks in particular have been carried out a lot both at home and abroad, notably Klingelhöfer and Sun (2019), Danisman and Demirel (2019), Nguyen Thi Thieu Quang, Gan Christopher, Li Zhaohua (2019), Gambacorta and Murcia (2019), Tran Trong Phong and Cao Viet Thang (2014), Thakor Anjan V. (2019), Li Zhaohua et al. (2019), Yazar Orhan H. (2015)... However, considering in practical conditions for the current characteristics of Vietnam commercial banking system and the situation of state management over credit of banks, most studies have not analyzed and assessed deeply the current situation in order to find suitable solutions. Thus, the study is conducted so as to analyze further deeply about the role and impact of state management over the nonperforming loans of commercial banks.
1.1.3. Researches on state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks
There have been recently many studies conducted to build a theoretical basis and practical assessment of the situation of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks both, such as those by Nguyen Le Nguyen Dung (2019), Baudino and Yun (2017), Nguyen Tien Dong (2019), Nguyen Thu Huong (2016), Mazzu and Muriana (2018)... However, only a few case studies have been carried out in recent years, after the economic crisis and complicated developments of bad credit in commercial banks, such as research by Nguyen Tri Hieu (2012) on the issue of Vietnam’s banking restructuring and national non performing loan settlement. Most of these researches were limited, mainly focusing on the guidelines of the State and international credit institutions on assessment standards and codes as well as guidelines for handling nonperforming loans. The research results therefore have not reflected deeply and comprehensively the situation of state management over the non performing loans of commercial banks. On that basis, the research is oriented towards going deeply into the role and impact of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banks in the current socioeconomic context.
1.1.4. Research gaps and problems that the thesis will inherit and develop
Despite the occurrence of quite a few studies related to the topic, in these studies there still exist some certain limitations, as follows:
Firstly, only recently can the role of state policies on commercial banks’ non performing loan be paid attention to by researchers. In the context of Vietnam, many policies and guidelines for nonperforming loan management of commercial banks have changed many times, thus significantly affecting the way and process of state management of non performing loans at commercial banks in Vietnam.
Secondly, studies have raised the basic theories about state management of non performing loans in commercial banking system, at the same time analyzed and assessed in detail the current status of the research problem. However, there has not been any research that has adequately summarized theories about state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system in the current context.
Thirdly, many researches focus on analyzing the limitations, inadequacies and difficulties in state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system. However, up to now, according to our understanding, there are very few studies that specifically and comprehensively analyze the difficulties in state management of non performing loans in commercial banking system.
Fourthly, regarding research methods, most research projects only use a specific research method such as qualitative or quantitative method. The use in combination of these two research methods is still limited, especially for domestic research projects.
Fifthly, studies of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system have not been conducted in specific aspects, not covering all issues related to activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system.
Sixthly, as a whole, according to our assessment, the research works, especially the domestic ones that propose solutions to improve state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system are still general, not yet highly feasible, thus the practical applicability is still low.
1.1.5. Approach angle of the thesis
Proceeding from summarizing, analyzing and assessing the published works, we have found that researches on state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system are limited in both quantity and quality. Up to now, a systematic research on state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, from theory to survey on the current situation, from which to propose views, directions and solutions, is not yet available. Therefore, there are still many theoretical and practical contents that need to be resolved, requiring more indepth research on state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system in the current context. On the basis of recognizing the important role of credit activities and activities of state management of non performing loans in commercial banking system, we have decided to choose this research topic. It can be confirmed that the chosen topic does not coincide with the research results that have been previously published.
1.2. Research methods
1.2.1. Research methodology
That the thesis research methodology is conducted is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research. The main methods we used in the data processing process were: information collection method; statistical method; interview method to get expert opinion;
method of comparison and comparison; method of survey and multiple regression analysis; methods of analyzing, inferring and summarizing.
1.2.2. Collecting and processing secondary data
In this study, secondary data are collected by us from books, newspapers, scientific reports, and domestic and foreign studies related to state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system. In addition, the other important secondary data source for this study are the current legal documents in Vietnam related to state management of non performing loans in Vietnam commercial banks.
1.2.3. Collecting and processing expert interview primary data
To collect primary data, we conducted direct interviews. The purpose of interviewing was to collect opinions and assess the current situation of nonperforming loans in Vietnam’s commercial banks and state management of nonperforming loans in current Vietnamese commercial banking system. With that purpose, we identified the interviewees as experts, researchers on credit risks and bank nonperforming loans at universities, banks, institutes, research centers at home and abroad. The total number of people interviewed for this study was 18. The interview was conducted between October 2019 and the end of December 2019.
1.2.4. Collecting and processing survey primary data
To reinforce further primary data for the study, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banks and the factors affecting this activity. The subjects participating in the survey were Vietnamese banking leaders holding the following positions: Chairman, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors; Member of Supervisory Board; General Director, Deputy General Director; Leaders of Risk Management Division/Section, Legal and AMC. The scale of the survey included all 35 commercial banks in Vietnam. The time for implementing the survey was from January 2020 to the end of February 2020. Questionnaires were sent via email and post to the subjects participating in the survey.
The number of questionnaires distributed was about 200. As the final result, 162 valid questionnaires served as sample of this study. The majority of respondents to the survey were employees/Risk Management, Legal and AMC Departments (72.84%). Regarding types of banks, most of them are joint stock commercial banks (83.33%). Regarding labor size, 37.04% of banks participating in the survey have labor scale from 3 to less than 10 thousand people. Regarding the size of charter capital, the majority of banks participating in the survey have chartered capital of less than VND 5 trillion (33.33%). In terms of bank age, banks participating in the survey with an operating time of 25 years or more make up the majority (50.62%).
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND ON STATE MANAGEMENT OF NONPERFORMING LOANS IN THE COMMERCIAL BANKING SYSTEM
2.1. Overview of loans of commercial banks
2.1.1. Concept, causes and classification of nonperforming loans
In Vietnam, according to the State Bank of Vietnam, nonperforming loans are loans classified into group 3 (substandard loan), group 4 (doubtful loan) and group 5 (loan capital loss) based on criteria regulated in the Circular No. 02/2013/TTNHNN of the State Bank of Vietnam. Nonperforming loans in commercial banks’ credit activities arise due to the following reasons: objective factors of the surrounding environment; macroeconomic factors; subjective reasons.
2.1.2. Indicators that reflect nonperforming loans of commercial banks
To measure and assess nonperforming loans, commercial banks base on the following criteria: total nonperforming loan; ratio of nonperforming loans to total outstanding loans; irrecoverable loan over total outstanding loan or irrecoverable loan over nonperforming loan ratio; ratio of writeoffs in the year to total outstanding loans...
2.1.3. Impact of nonperforming loans on the safety of commercial banks’ operations
Firstly, nonperforming loan increases the bank’s operating costs, resulting in a decline in profitability. Secondly, nonperforming loan disrupts the capital source for bank lending. Thirdly, the increase in nonperforming loan makes banks lose capital and liquidation ability. Fourthly, nonperforming loan reduces the financial capacity of commercial banks. Fifthly, nonperforming loan makes the reputation of the bank decline. Sixthly, nonperforming loans negatively affect the banks’ ability to access customers.
2.2. State management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system
2.2.1. Concept and operation of State management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks
State management over nonperforming loan at commercial banks is the organized impact, in the nature of public power of the central bank and its agencies, through the legal and policy system to regulate behaviors and credit process of commercial banks, with the aim of ensuring the safety, efficiency and sustainable development of the banking system.
State management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks is necessary objectively due to: Firstly, the general function of the state. Secondly, the important role of commercial banks in the economy. Thirdly, business performance characteristics. Fourthly, the role of the state’s macromanagement over finance and banking. Fifthly, the request to ensure effective state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system.
2.2.2. Methods, tools and objectives of state management over credit activities and non
performing loans of commercial banks
Currently, there are a number of methods that are commonly applied in state management over credit activities and nonperforming loans of commercial banks, such as administrative methods, state coercive methods, methods of persuasion, economic methods, operational management methods, targeted management methods, inspection methods… (Phan Trung Hien, 2009).
There are five main groups of tools for state management over credit activities and nonperforming loans of commercial banks, including: (i) group of tools showing management objectives, (ii) group of tools showing the standards of behavior of commercial banks, (iii) group of tools expressing the state’s ideology and viewpoints in regulating credit activities and nonperforming loans of commercial banks, (iv) group of material tools serving as motivation acting on commercial banks, and (v) group of tools using the above tools (Phan Trung Hien, 2009).
There are four objectives of state management over credit activities and non performing loans of commercial banks: Firstly, maintaining the safety and healthiness and sustainable development of the banking system. Secondly, encouraging and supporting operations of the commercial banking system. Thirdly, creating a favorable environment for commercial banks to develop. Fourthly, to orient, guide and regulate the operation of the banking system, creating a macro balance in the economy and preventing nonperforming loans.
2.2.3. Contents of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks
2.2.3.1. Establishing a legal environment for commercial banks’ credit activities
(cid:0)
Promulgating the legal system and legal documents related to the credit operations of the commercial banking system.
(cid:0)
Developing strategies, plans, schemes and action and development programs related to credit activities of commercial banks
(cid:0) Orientation and strategy for structural adjustment of commercial banks
2.2.3.2. Issuing nonperforming loan standards in the credit activities of commercial banks
(cid:0)
Classifying nonperforming loans (cid:0) Measuring nonperforming loans (cid:0) Model of credit rating (credit score)
(cid:0) Credit risk provisioning
2.2.3.3. Organizing to inspect and supervise credit activities and non performing loans of commercial banks
(cid:0)
Checking and assessing regulations on nonperforming loan standards issued by commercial banks themselves;
(cid:0)
Examining and assessing the implementation of credit granting, loan management and policy on risk provisions of commercial banks;
(cid:0)
Examining, inspecting, supervising and urging and speeding up the implementation of loan classification, provisioning and using provision money in credit risk handling.
(cid:0)
Submitting to the Governor of the Central Bank to promulgate specific guidance documents on credit loan classification...
2.2.3.4. Handling commercial banks when having nonperforming loans exceeding the threshold in credit activities
(cid:0) Restructuring the commercial banking system;
(cid:0) Improving financial capacity, governance and management of commercial banks
2.2.4. Criteria for assessing the effectiveness of state management of nonperforming loans
in commercial banks
2.2.4.1. Quantitative criteria
(cid:0) Ratio of legal/charter capital to risk weighted assets
(cid:0) Ratio of tier 1 charter capital to riskweighted assets
(cid:0) NPLs net of provisions to capital
(cid:0) Nonperforming loan on total outstanding loans
2.2.4.2. Qualitative criteria
To evaluate the effectiveness of state management activities, the 3Es model is commonly applied in the world. In Vietnam, the basic criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of state management activities include: effectiveness or compliance, efficiency and suitability (Nguyen Thi Ngoc Diem, 2018). In this thesis, we combine the use of four criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of state management activities over nonperforming loans of Vietnam commercial banking system: validity or compliance; efficiency; performance or feasibility; suitability.
2.3. Proposing model, hypothesis and research scale
2.3.1. Theoretical research model and hypotheses
From the theoretical basis presented above, we propose a model for theoretical research on activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks as follows:
Figure : Research model on the state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks
Corresponding to the above model, we propose the following four research hypotheses:
(cid:0)
H 1 : A synchronous and appropriate legal environment established and regulated by the central bank for commercial banks’ credit activities has a positive
correlation with the performance of activities of state management of non performing loans in commercial banks.
(cid:0)
H 2 : The nonperforming loan standards set and issued by the central bank in a timely and appropriate manner for commercial banks have a positive correlation with the performance of activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks.
(cid:0)
H 3 : The quality of the central bank’s organization for inspecting and supervising commercial banks ‘credit and nonperforming loan activities has a positive correlation with the performance of activities of state management of non performing loans in commercial banks.
(cid:0)
H 4 : The central bank’s strict activity of handling against commercial banks with nonperforming loans exceeding the permissible threshold has a positive correlation with the performance of activities of state management of non performing loans in commercial banks.
2.3.2. Variable measurement
We developed 35 observed variables of 4 independent variables corresponding to the central bank’s four mainstream activities of state management over commercial banks’ non performing loans, and 3 observed variables of the dependent variable on the performance of activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks.
2.4. Factors influencing the state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks
2.4.1. Environmental factors
(cid:0) Government institutions and economic development policies
(cid:0) Legal environment
(cid:0) Economic environment
(cid:0) Competitive industry environment
(cid:0) Market demand for credit (cid:0) World financial system
(cid:0)
The trend of global integration and integration of commercial banks into the world financial system
2.4.2. Factors related to the central bank
(cid:0) Monetary policy of the central bank
(cid:0) Development of the banking system
(cid:0) The central bank’s credit management qualifications and competence
2.4.3. Factors related to commercial banks
(cid:0) Credit management mechanism of commercial banks
(cid:0) Technology level of commercial banks
(cid:0) Human resources of commercial banks
(cid:0) Bank size
(cid:0) Ownership structure of commercial banks with state participation
2.5. Experiences in state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system of some countries and lessons for Vietnam
2.5.1. Experience of some countries
The thesis analyzed experiences of some countries in state management of non performing loans in commercial banking system such as European Union, China, Japan and United States. Based on these, lessons are collected for Vietnam
CHAPTER 3: THE CURRENT SITUATION OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF NON PERFORMING LOANS IN VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKING SYSTEM
3.1. Overview of the State Bank of Vietnam and Vietnam commercial banking system
3.1.1. Overview of the State Bank of Vietnam
The Law on the State Bank of Vietnam in 2010 stipulates that the State Bank of Vietnam has two main functions, namely (i) undertaking state management over currency, banking operations and foreign exchange; (ii) issuing money and banking services to credit institutions and providing monetary services to the Government. Under the Decree No. 16/2017/NDCP, the State Bank of Vietnam has 26 affiliated units, of which 20 units are responsible for assisting the Governor of the State Bank in performing the State management function and the central bank function, 6 units are nonproductive organizations.
3.1.2. Vietnam commercial banking system
At the end of 2019, Vietnam had 35 commercial banks, including:
• 04 SOCBs: Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank), Construction One Member Limited Bank (CB), Ocean Bank Limited (OceanBank), Global Petroleum Bank Limited (GP Bank).
• 35 joint stock commercial banks (see Appendix 2), in which there are 03 state owned commercial banks accounting for over 50% of which are Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam (Vietcombank), Joint Stock Commercial Bank. Industry and Trade of Vietnam (VietinBank).
Regarding the staff of banks, VPBank is a joint stock commercial bank with the largest number of employees with 25,628 people. Most of Vietnam’s commercial banks have charter capital of less than 5 trillion VND and staff size of less than 3 thousand people.
(cid:0)
04 SOCBs: Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank), Construction Commercial One Member Limited Liability Bank (CB), Ocean Commercial One Member Limited Liability Bank (OceanBank), Global Petroleum Commercial Joint Stock Bank (GP Bank).
(cid:0)
35 joint stock commercial banks (see Appendix 2), in which there are 03 state owned commercial banks, accounting for over 50%, including Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam (Vietcombank), Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank Industry and Trade (VietinBank).
Regarding banks’ personnel, VPBank is a joint stock commercial bank with the largest number of employees of 25,628. Most of Vietnam’s commercial banks have charter capital of less than VND 5 trillion and staff size of less than 3 thousand.
3.1.3. The nonperforming loan situation of Vietnam commercial banking system
According to data released by the State Bank of Vietnam, the total number of non performing loans in the banking system increased in size over the period 20102018. That
increase in nonperforming loan shows that banks are having difficulty recovering interest and capital on their loans in the context the country’s economy is expanding in scale. In 2010, the total outstanding loans of Vietnam’s banking system were only about VND58 trillion, just 2 years later in the period affected by the world financial crisis in late 2012, this number doubled, of about VND 118 trillion. Current nonperforming loan tends to increase in some commercial banks, thereby affecting credit growth of the economy and reducing lending interest rates.
During the period 20102019, changes in the NPL index of the banking system in Vietnam were divided into two distinct periods. From the sides of the State and credit institutions, there have been timely measures to prevent the nonperforming loan situation from increasing, causing instability to the financial system. Despite the fact that in the problem of dealing with nonperforming loans in this period many progresses have been made, nonperforming loans of Vietnam’s banks are still a matter of concern.
Figure 3.4: Total nonperforming loan of Vietnam’s banking system in the period 2010 2018 Source: SBV
Figure 3.5: The ratio of NPLs to the total outstanding loans of the banking system in the period 20102019 Source: SBV’s annual reports
In addition to actively handling nonperforming loans, commercial banks are strengthening risk management by increasing capital adequacy ratios under the Basel II treaty. To date, commercial banks such as Vietcombank, VIB, MB, ACB, TPBank, VPBank and OCB have been recognized by the State Bank as meeting Basel II standards according to the Circular 41/2016/TTNHNN. As reported by the State Bank, from 2012 to the end of March 2019, the whole system of credit institutions has handled VND 907.33 trillion of non performing loans.
3.1.4. Role of the State Bank of Vietnam in state management of nonperforming loans in
commercial banking system
The role of the State Bank in state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banking system is reflected in the creation of the legal framework for the operations of commercial banks in Vietnam. In order to ensure the safety and strictness in the operations of commercial banks, the State Bank has established and implemented projects on structure and control of nonperforming loans in commercial banks divided into 2 main periods 20112015 and 20162020. In order to supervise and control nonperforming loans of commercial banks, the State Bank also attaches importance to building and organizing the management apparatus for commercial banks’ operations in Vietnam, developing a contingent of professionally qualified officers and civil servants meeting the requirements and duties of the State Bank of Vietnam in investigating and assessing nonperforming loans of commercial banks. In addition, activities of inspecting, supervising commercial banks in the field of nonperforming loans are still maintained by the State Bank on a periodic basis.
3.2. The current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
3.2.1. The current situation of legal environment for credit activities and nonperforming
loan management of commercial banks
Firstly, according to survey results, the State has issued the legal system and legal documents related to the credit operations of the commercial banking system synchronous and conformable to reality. The average score of this criterion according to the survey results is 3.235.
Secondly, the strategies, planning, development plans and programs related to the credit activities of commercial banks built and oriented by the State Bank are highly feasible and practical. The survey results show that the average score of this criterion is 3.142.
Thirdly, according to the survey results, in general, the orientations and strategies for adjusting the structure of commercial banks of the State Bank are built in accordance with the context and practical situation. The average score for this criterion is 3.173.
3.2.2. The current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam
commercial banking system
Firstly, according to survey results, with an average score of 4.031, the State Bank has expressly and appropriately regulated loan classification for commercial banks. This is the criterion for achieving the highest average score in the content of organization for implementing State management over nonperforming loan of Vietnam commercial banking system.
Secondly, the State Bank’s continued issuance of credit rating regulations (credit scoring) for commercial banks is essential and contributes positively to the safety and sustainable development of commercial banks. The average score of this criterion according to the survey result is 3.796.
Thirdly, the State Bank’s regulations on provisioning for credit risks for commercial banks are very necessary and conformable to the general difficult context of the economy, to increasing credit risks. This is evidenced by the survey results when the average score of this criterion reaches 3.765.
Fourthly, the survey results show that the NPL standards issued by the State Bank for commercial banks have a positive contribution to the safety and sustainable development of commercial banks. The average score for this criterion is 3.840.
3.2.3. The current situation of state management over credit activities and nonperforming
loans of commercial banks
Firstly, according to survey results, in recent years, the State Bank has performed very well activities of inspecting and evaluating regulations on commercial banks’ NPL standards, compliance and quality of implementation to meet these standards. The average score for this criterion is 4.185, the highest among the three criteria related to the inspection and supervision of the State Bank towards credit activities and nonperforming loans of commercial banks.
Secondly, with an average score of 3.796, it can be seen that the inspection and assessment of the State Bank of the implementation of credit granting, loan management and policy on risk provisions of commercial banks are in line with the credit granting standards and regulations.
Thirdly, according to survey results, with an average score of 4.068, the State Bank has performed well activities of auditing, inspecting, monitoring, supervising and speeding up the loan classification, provisioning and use of reserves for handling credit risks of commercial banks. The inspection agency of the State Bank is making efforts to effectively implement so as to promptly detect mistakes, rectify and overcome the consequences in order to build a strong financial environment for commercial banks as well as the financial market of Vietnam.
3.2.4. The current situation of handling violations of the State Bank against commercial banks with nonperforming loans exceeding the threshold in credit activities
Firstly,
according to survey results, the State Bank has well implemented administrative handling measures against commercial banks that violate the law on credit granting and nonperforming loan management. The average score for this criterion according to the survey result is 4.099.
Secondly, regarding the State Bank’s restructuring activities of the commercial banks system in recent years, the average score for this criterion is 3.648, indicating that the State Bank has paid attention to and performed well the restructuring of the commercial banks system.
Thirdly, the survey results show that the State Bank has effectively implemented its adjustment and support activities to improve the financial capacity, governance and management of commercial banks in recent years. The average score for this criterion is 3.630. In order to improve the financial, governance and operating capacity of commercial banks in recent years, the State Bank has checked, reviewed and improved the legal system of banking operations, thereby creating a foundation for ensuring security and efficiency for credit operations of the banks.
3.3. Quantitative analysis testing research models and hypotheses
3.3.1. Testing scale
3.3.1.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for 13 observed variables of 4 independent variables showed that our EFA analysis is appropriate. At the Eigenralue value > 1, EFA analysis has extracted 4 main components with 13 observed variables and with cumulative variance reaching 80.860% (> 0.5). This means that the 4 main factors explain 80.860% of the total information of the 13 observed variables, so the element analysis is satisfactory.
With the same method as above for 5 observed variables of the dependent variable, the results of the main factor analysis get KMO = 0.786 (> 0.5) with significance level Sig = 0.000 (<0.05), showing that EFA analysis is satisfactory. Eigenralue value = 2.950 > 1, the only main factor achieving the cumulative variance of 73.741% (> 0.5), or explaining up to 73.741% of the total information of the 5 observed variables, therefore the factor analysis is satisfactory.
3.3.1.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
The result of EFA analysis testing the scale and reliability coefficient of Cronbach’s Alpha show that 13 observed variables of 4 independent variables and 5 observed variables of the dependent variable in the theoretical research model ensure convergence and intrinsic consistency. This result allows us to test the research model and hypotheses.
3.3.2. Testing the research model and hypotheses
3.3.2.1. Correlation analysis
Analytical results allow confirming differentiating values between independent variables or research concepts achieved with 95% confidence; multicollinearity between independent variables in the research model can be eliminated.
3.3.2.2. Multiple regression analysis
From the results of SPSS multiple regression analysis, it allows us to conclude as follows: there exists no multicollinearity phenomenon between the independent variables; multiple regression models explain or reflect 63.90% of the reality or the total information of 4 independent variables included in the model.
Table 3.12: Results of multiple regression analysis
Unstan dardize d Coeffici ents
t
Sig.
Multicollinearity
Beta
Toleran ce
VIF
Model 1
B (Consta nt)
0.193
4.832
0.000
X1
0.051
0.267
5.201
0.000
0.545
1.835
X2
0.055
0.149
2.742
0.007
0.484
2.066
X3
0.050
0.174
3.482
0.001
0.575
1.739
X4
0.055
0.278
5.017
0.000
0.467
2.141
Q3
0.041
0.260
5.488
0.000
0.639
1.564
Q5 Q6
Standar dized Coeffici ents Standar d deviatio n 0.932** * 0.267** * 0.149** * 0.174** * 0.278** * 0.225** * 0.013 0.018
0.063 0.044
0.013 0.026
0.207 0.415
0.359 0.358
2.784 2.797
0.836 0.679 R = 0.799; R2 = 0.639; F value = 47.491***; Sig (F) = 0.000 Notes: * statistical significance level p < 0.05 ** statistical significance level p < 0.01 *** statistical significance level p < 0.001
3.3.3. Testing the research hypotheses
Variable X1 The legal environment for commercial banks’ credit activities has a positive impact (B = 0.267) on the performance of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks in Vietnam with a confidence threshold of 99% (Sig. = 0.000). In other words, the legal environment established and regulated by the State Bank for commercial banks’ credit activities is more synchronous and appropriate, the higher the performance of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks. Hypothesis 1 is confirmed as being correct.
Variable X2 Standards of nonperforming loan standards in commercial banks’ credit activities, reaching Bvalue = 0.149 and Sig. = 0.007, showing a positive relationship between this variable and the performance of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks with the confidence threshold of 99%. This result confirms hypothesis 2.
Variable X3 – Organization for inspecting and supervising credit activities and non performing loans of commercial banks has a positive impact (B = 0.174) on the performance of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks with a confidence threshold of 99% (Sig . = 0.001), thereby confirming that hypothesis 3 is correct.
Variable X4 – Activities of handling commercial banks with nonperforming loans exceeding the permitted threshold, reaching B value = 0.278 and Sig. = 0.000, showing a positive correlation between this variable and the performance of state management of non performing loans in commercial banks with the confidence threshold of 99%. Thus, hypothesis 4 is confirmed as being correct.
3.4. The current situation of factors influencing state management of non performing loans in commercial banks
3.4.1. Factors belonging to the environment
According to the survey results, with the average score of 4.228 the highest among the 09 environmental factors belonging to the environment, the market demand for credit is the most powerful factor influencing activities of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam’s commercial banks.
3.4.2. Factors belonging to the central bank
With the average score of 4.605, the level and capacity of the central bank’s credit management for commercial banks is the factor that belongs to the central bank with the strongest impact on activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks in Vietnam.
3.4.3. Factors belonging to commercial banks
According to survey results, credit management mechanism is the factor that has the strongest impact among the five factors belonging to commercial banks on activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks in Vietnam.
3.5. General assessment of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
3.5.1. Achievements
The research results show some achievements accomplished in state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, specifically as follows: Firstly, the State Bank has synchronously implemented solutions to deal with nonperforming loans in parallel with measures to control and prevent newly arising nonperforming loans. Secondly, by the end of the second quarter of 2018, the nonperforming loans handled across the whole system of credit institutions of Vietnam have increased substantially. Thirdly, the inspection and supervision of commercial banks’ activities have regularly been maintained, the State Bank has promptly detected the mistakes of commercial banks. Fourthly, the State Bank has brought into play the efficiency of restructuring the commercial banks system. Fifthly, the State Bank has checked, reviewed and improved the legal system in the banking sector.
3.5.2. Limitations
In addition to the achievements, in activities of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, there still exist some certain limitations, which are: Firstly, activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks have not really brought about efficiency. Secondly, the limitations in state management in terms of law in the process of handling collateral, handling nonperforming loans. Thirdly, the State Bank’s organizational structure of inspection and supervision from the central to local levels is considered rather cumbersome. Fourthly, the methods of check, inspection and supervision of violations by commercial banks still tend to checking compliance with legal regulations on banking operations. Fifthly, the legal environment for nonperforming loan management of commercial banks of the State Bank is still limited.
3.5.3. Causes of limitations
Objective causes
Firstly, in recent years, Vietnam’s economy has still faced many difficulties and challenges. Secondly, at present, Vietnamese businesses are mainly small and medium enterprises, with limited financial potential. Thirdly, in Vietnam’s macroeconomic policies there still exist many shortcomings. Fourthly, in Vietnam, at present, the bank is still the main funding channel for investment and development activities as the capital market is not really developed.
Subjective causes
Firstly, at present, at some commercial banks, the credit process is not really tight. Secondly, the project of restructuring the credit institution system in the past 5 years has not thoroughly resolved the weaknesses of the commercial banking system. Thirdly, the tools and policies to support commercial banks with financial capacity, management and handling of nonperforming loans in State Bank have not brought into full play. Fourthly, the professional ethics of a number of bank officers also constitute one of the important reasons.
CHAPTER 4: PROPOSING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE STATE MANAGEMENT OVER NONPERFORMING LOAN OF VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKING SYSTEM
4.1. Forecasts about the context and development of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
4.1.1. Domestic and international credit background
International credit background
SinoUS trade tensions are casting a shadow over the global economy and financial conditions in many regions. Confronted with such a situation, central banks are prepared to stimulate growth and global borrowers can continue to enjoy fairly good credit conditions. In order to overcome trade tensions, central banks have cut policy interest rates, added liquidity and acted as the ultimate lender to consolidate the interbank money market. In addition, the central banks have taken the necessary interventions to stabilize the financial market.
Domestic credit background
Regarding monetary policy management, the State Bank in recent years has actively implemented monetary policy tools to stabilize the money market, thereby controlling inflation at a low rate of 3.54% and supporting economic growth at a high level of 7.08 %.
Regarding credit management, as announced by the State Bank, the current credit growth is in line with the macro balance and meeting the capital needs of the economy.
4.1.2. Forecasts about nonperforming loans of Vietnam commercial banking system
The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on the quality of banks’ assets has revealed the potential of the nonperforming loans. It is forecasted that the nonperforming loans in Vietnam the banking system will increase to 3% by the end of 2020 and in 2021 will increase to 4%. A deteriorating customer quality signal, coupled with a continued low ambient temperature, continues as the aftermath of the pandemic gradually shifts across the platform over the next few years.
4.2. Orientation and perspective on state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
4.2.1. Orientation for state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial
banking system
Firstly, the orientation for the development of the supervision system in the banking industry. Secondly, the orientation for management innovation and human development in risk management. Thirdly, the orientation for the modernization of the technology system in risk management. Fourthly, the orientation for the development of commercial banks managing risks according to the world’s trends and standards to minimize the risk of non performing loans arising. Fifthly, the orientation for the development of VAMC to really become the center in nonperforming loan handling activities associated with the restructuring of the system of credit institutions. Sixthly, orientation for completing the legal mechanism for the purchase, sale and handling of nonperforming loans in Asset
Management Company. Seventhly, the orientation for building a secondary market for non performing loan trading in Vietnam.
4.2.2. Perspective on state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial
banking system
Firstly, the state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks is completely based on legal and practical foundations. Secondly, activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks must be based on the views, guidelines and orientations of the Party and the State. Thirdly, activities of state management of non performing loans in commercial banks must be based on the clear definition of functions, powers and obligations between the State Bank of Vietnam and other organizations. Fourthly, activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks must aim at efficiency, ensuring the centralized and unified direction. Fifthly, credit growth must always be accompanied by credit quality control. Sixthly, the most central activity of the State Bank for nonperforming loan management of commercial banks is the internal inspection and control of commercial banks. Seventhly, activities of managing the nonperforming loan of the State Bank regarding the nonperforming loan of commercial banks do not affect the business operations of commercial banks. Eighthly, the perspective of the State Bank on commercial banks in nonperforming loan management is that commercial banks are proactive in preventing nonperforming loans at banks.
4.3. Proposing some solutions to improve state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
4.3.1. Group of legal environmental solutions to credit activities and nonperforming loan
management of commercial banks
Firstly, solutions to building and completing the legal framework for the operations of commercial banks and state management: Completing regulations and policies on credit activities; The State Bank should focus on building and completing the legal framework for commercial banking operations in accordance with international standards and practices...
Secondly, solution to improving monetary policy tools in managing operations of the commercial banking system: Consolidating and developing the money market; improving the efficiency of currency collection, forecasting, analysis and forecasting available capital of commercial banks...
Thirdly, solutions to promulgating and enforcing safety principles and standards related to credit activities in order to ensure compliance with international practices and standards as well as the practical situation of Vietnam.
Fourthly, solutions to coordinating with relevant agencies and organizations to conduct research to improve the VAMC’s organizational, operational and financial regulations. At the same time, to complete legal documents on issues related to organization, operation, finance and authority of VAMC.
Fifthly, solutions to consolidating and developing the money market: The State Bank needs to evaluate the achieved results, point out the shortcomings, limitations and causes of such shortcomings and limitations, so as to draw experiences and have more specific measures for the development of the money market in the period 2014 2020 in accordance with the set principles...
4.3.2. Group of solutions to organize the implementation of state management of non
performing loans in Vietnam commercial banking system
Firstly, solutions to continue raising the independent status of the State Bank towards becoming a modern central bank. To improve the efficiency of state management, the prerequisite is that the State Bank must have an independent status in the management, supervision and regulation of commercial banks’ activities.
Secondly, solutions to speeding up the restructuring of the commercial banking system. The efficiency of state management over the operations of commercial banks will be low, if the restructuring process of the banking system is prolonged. Thus, it is necessary to focus on speeding up the process of restructuring the commercial banking system according to the proposed roadmap and plan.
Thirdly, solutions to focusing and handling nonperforming loans for commercial banks. In order to effectively solve the nonperforming loan problem, it is necessary that the following general solutions should be seriously implemented: To solve the nonperforming loan problem in parallel with the implementation of measures to prevent the risk of non performing loan arising; to settle nonperforming loans and handle collateral securities according to the State Bank’s policies...
Fourthly, solutions to dealing with crossownership in the commercial banking system. The State Bank should have a full assessment of the crossownership situation in the commercial banking system, then review legal regulations to amend, supplement or develop new regulations to control mechanism, preventing negative effects of crossownership on commercial banks.
Fifthly, solutions to completing the inspection and supervision mechanism for commercial banking activities: completing the legal framework related to the inspection and supervision of commercial banks; completing the monitoring mechanism; completing the operating mechanism for banking inspection and supervision; building and completing infrastructure to support effective inspection and supervision of commercial banks...
4.3.3. Group of solutions to checking and monitoring nonperforming loans and handling
violations by Vietnam commercial banking system
Firstly, to renew the steering mechanism for banking check, inspection and supervision; synchronize and unify the systematic management from central to local levels and create compatibility with the current trend towards centralized risk management of commercial banks.
Secondly, the State Bank proactively builds and recruits, trains highly qualified human resources, improves professional competence, political ideology and professional ethics to promptly adapt to the development of the banking and financial system under deeply integrated economic conditions. Strengthens the implementation of personnel exchange or intensive training programs in countries with developed financial and banking systems, improves learning capacity and applies technology to activities of inspecting and supervising nonperforming loans of banks.
Thirdly, in order to improve the quality of managing nonperforming loans of commercial banks, the State Bank needs to renew its methods of banking inspection and supervision, promoting the efficiency of the banking inspection system from central to local levels.
Fourthly, the State Bank should continue to expand international cooperation in the banking sector. From there, strengthen the close cooperation relationship between the State Bank and international monetary and financial institutions, expand and maintain bilateral cooperation with banking institutions in other countries. Through which to learn experiences in the management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks. Effectively exploit and utilize foreign resources through technical assistance, policy advice and training support from other countries to improve the quality of managing nonperforming loans of commercial banks.
4.3.4. Group of solutions to handling violations by Vietnam commercial banking system
Firstly, the State Bank of Vietnam and the State management agency need to continue to improve the state management institutional system for commercial banks, especially the system of legal documents on handling violations by Vietnam commercial banking system. In the coming time, the State Bank should complete the synchronizing of system of documents guiding the implementation of the Law on the State Bank of Vietnam and the Law on credit institutions in 2010, a number of areas that need to be paid attention to in order to create the foundations for handling violations by commercial banks.
Secondly, need to continue promoting the communication and transparency in activities of handling violations by commercial banks in Vietnam. Having both a basis for handling violations and a basis for reporting the results of handling violations by commercial banks, the State Bank needs to develop and implement a communication strategy related to the handling of violations at commercial banks, gradually formulate and publish inflation reports, financial stability statements and a number of periodic reports on financial and other operations of the commercial banking system.
Thirdly, improve efficiency and quality in implementing the restructuring of the commercial banking system. Accordingly, the State Bank, when restructuring the commercial banking system, must place in a close relationship with the economic restructuring and growth model innovation in order to create consensus and suitability in handling violations by commercial banks in Vietnam.
Fourthly, maintain the point of continuing improving the efficiency of state management over the operations of commercial banks in Vietnam, especially in activities of handling violations by commercial banks. In the process of handling of violations by commercial banks should bring into full play the domestic resources and at the same time take advantage of the external support and cooperation to improve the quality of handling violations by commercial banks.
Fifthly, the State Bank needs to build and complete the prerequisites for the system of handling violations at commercial banks to be effective. In which, the State Bank should give priority to renovating the organizational operating model of the SBV’s inspectorate; at the same time perfecting the legal framework for banking supervision.
Sixthly, the State Bank proactively develops and implements the recruitment and training of highly qualified human resources, improving professional competence and professional ethics to meet the requirements in the area of handling violations by commercial banks.
Seventhly, to improve the quality of activities to manage and handle violations at commercial banks, the State Bank needs to continue to improve its position. Accordingly, in order to promote effectively activities of handling violations at commercial banks, the State
Bank needs to assert its role and position in the banking system as well as in the state management apparatus.
4.4. Recommendations to the Vietnam Government
Reforming state management over credit institutions in general and commercial banks in particular in the current period is a key factor.
The Vietnam Government should continue to accelerate the process of equitization arrangement and restructuring stateowned enterprises, with a focus on state corporations and groups.
Synchronously carrying out the contents of economic restructuring, promoting the process of restructuring public investment and restructuring stateowned enterprises.
The Vietnam Government need to strengthen coordination between Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy.
The Prime Minister should request the Ministry of Justice to early issue a circular guiding the auction of loans and collateral securities, in order to create a legal corridor for the VAMC.
The Vietnam Government should direct the investment in building a centralized information infrastructure in finance, banking, securities and insurance.
The Vietnam Government needs to invest in building a centralized information infrastructure in key areas including finance, banking, securities and insurance.
The Vietnam Government should early promulgate decrees and detailed provisions on the Law to create a legal basis for state management activities.
The Vietnam Government should implement and synchronize nonperforming loan management solutions and handle violations by commercial banks.
The Vietnam Government needs to build a public national information system to serve the needs of using information of the State Bank and the commercial banking system.
The Vietnam Government needs to promote and improve the efficiency of international economic integration. The Government should strengthen the relationship and coordination with the State Bank; bring into the fullest play the efficiency of state management over the commercial banking system.
CONCLUSION
This study attaches importance to analyzing and evaluating the current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in recent years. The main content of this study focuses on three main contents, including: (1) Theoretical and practical basis of state management of the State Bank over nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system, (2) The current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, and (3) Some proposals to improve the effectiveness of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
To begin with the thesis, we outline the domestic and foreign research situation related to the research topic, from which to assess research gaps and issues that the thesis will inherit and develop. Then, we systematize the theoretical and practical bases of state management of the State Bank over the nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system. Proceeding from that, we go into the main content of the thesis, i.e. to analyze and assess current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.
We analyze four main contents on the current situation of state management of non performing loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, including: (1) The legal environment for credit activities and nonperforming loan management of commercial banks, (2) The current situation of organizing for the implementation of state management of non performing loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, (3) The current situation of inspection and supervision of credit activities and nonperforming loans of commercial banks, and (4) The current situation of handling violations by commercial banks with non performing loans exceeding the threshold in credit activities. In this thesis, we also study the current situation of factors influencing state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banks. Based on our study, the thesis proposes a number of solutions to increase and improve the efficiency of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in the coming time.
Based on the research results, the thesis has some certain contributions both in theory and practice, as follows:
Firstly, the thesis has outlined the research situation at home and abroad related to activities of state management of nonperforming loans in commercial banks. From there, we identify the research gap. This is also the basis for future researchers to find a research direction to clarify this issue.
Secondly, the thesis systematizes important theoretical issues related to state management of the State Bank over nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system. In addition, the author synthesizes the experience of state management for nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system of some countries and draws lessons for Vietnam.
Thirdly, the thesis has clearly indicated the current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in recent years. The situation has focused on main issues such as: legal environment for credit operations and non performing loan management of commercial banks; organization for the implementation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system...
Fourthly, the thesis has identified and assessed the current situation of factors influencing state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banks in recent years. At the same time, the thesis gives general assessment of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system, specifying the achievements, limitations and causes of these limitations.
Fifthly, based on the research results, the thesis proposes a number of solutions to increase and improve the efficiency of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system. The thesis also proposes recommendations to the State Bank and the Government on nonperforming loan management of Vietnam commercial banking system in the coming time.
In addition to new contributions to science and practice, the thesis still has some certain limitations due to different objective and subjective causes. The thesis has only focused on some basic theoretical issues related to state management of the State Bank over nonperforming loans of the commercial banking system but has not studied thoroughly other related issues. Besides, due to time and qualification constraints, a number of issues about the current situation of state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system in recent years have not been thoroughly studied. In consideration of the limitations above, we hope that future studies will focus on deeper research on state management of nonperforming loans in Vietnam commercial banking system.