Bài giảng Quản trị công: Chapter 3 - PGS.TS. Sử Đình Thành

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Bài giảng Quản trị công - Chapter 3 presents the public policy and public analysis. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Understanding the definition of public policy, understanding the steps of public analysis.

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Nội dung Text: Bài giảng Quản trị công: Chapter 3 - PGS.TS. Sử Đình Thành

CHAPTER 3 PUBLIC POLICY and PUBLIC ANALYSIS SU DINH THANH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understanding the definition of public policy Understanding the steps of public analysis
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY & ANALYSIS Public policy and policy analysis focus on researching on what governments do. The public Th bli administration d i i t ti concern with ith how h th operate, they t and in using empirical methods to analyse policy. Definitions of public policy found in the literature range from ‘declarations of intent, a programme of goals, and general rules covering future behaviour to important government decisions, a selected line or course of action, the consequences of action or inaction, and even all governmentt action’ ti ’ (Lynn, (L 1987)
Definition… Definition It is easy eas to find that public p blic policy polic is to be regarded here as the output of government and policy analysis is an empirical approach to deriving deri ing and explaining e plaining policy.
POLICY ANALYSIS Public P blic policy polic began with ith the systematic s stematic analysis anal sis of data for governmental purposes. Empiricall methods h d were to be b usedd to aid id decision- d ii making in public policy.
Empirical methods Some of the empirical methods used in policy analysis include: (i) benefit–cost benefit cost analysis (optimum choice among discrete alternatives without probabilities); (ii) decision theory (optimum choice with contingent probabilities); ((iii)) optimum p level analysis y ((findingg an optimum p policy p y where doing too much or too little is undesirable); (iv) allocation theory (optimum - mix analysis) and (v) time optimization models (decision - making systems designed to minimize time consumption) (Nagel, 1990).
Empirical methods Empirical methods undoubtedly ndo btedl would o ld improve impro e the making of policy. However, there are relatively few m ndane problems. mundane problems Public policy is usually complex and has no easy answers.
Policy process model Patton and Sawicki Sa icki (1986) put p t forward for ard a six-step si step model of policy process : Step 1: Verify, f define d f andd detail d l the h problem bl Before starting to look at any policy problem, the first step is, of course, to specify what the problem actually is.
Policy process model Step St 22: E Establish t bli h evaluation l ti criteria it i This step allows other evaluation criteria to be considered id d instead i t d off always l referring f i to t cost. t Other valued criteria could include effectiveness, political li i l acceptability bili or even votes andd equity. i The criteria may derive from the statement of the problem, or from whom the analysis is being carried out for
Policy process model Step St 3:3 Identify Id tif alternative lt ti policies li i Once the goals are known and evaluation criteria specified, ifi d it should h ld beb possibleibl to t develop d l a sett off alternative ways of getting to the known goals. Al Alternatives i may also l beb identified id ifi d through h h ‘researched ‘ h d analysis and experiments, through brainstorming techniques and by writing scenarios techniques,
Policy process model Step St 4:4 Evaluate E l t alternative lt ti policies li i Once alternative policies are identified, each can be rigorously i l evaluated, l t d by b deciding d idi the th particular ti l points i t in i favour or against each of the alternative proposals. Th evaluation The l i stage shouldh ld identify id if those h alternatives l i that are feasible and those that are not; those that will be expensive or politically impossible. expensive, impossible At this point more data may also have to be collected or the original problem redefined. redefined
Policy process model Step St 5:5 Display Di l andd select l t among alternative lt ti policies li i The results of the evaluation may be presented to the client li t as a list li t off alternatives, lt ti or a preferred f d alternative. lt ti No alternative is likely to be perfect, instead, all of the alternatives l i will ill have h good d points i and d bad b d points i
Policy process model Step St 6:6 Monitor M it policy li outcomes t No policy is complete at this point. There are often unintended i t d d consequences, possible ibl diffi lti difficulties i in implementation or changes in circumstances. M i i or evaluation Monitoring l i off progress is,i or should h ld be, b fundamental to any policy
LIMITATIONS OF POLICY ANALYSIS Quantitative Q tit ti methods th d Numbers are useful and provide information to decision- makers k butb t public bli policy li gives i th them t much too h emphasis. h i It is very easy to decry formal mathematical approaches as being unrealistic if applied to the world of policy and politics,
LIMITATIONS … Separate S t public bli policy li discipline di i li Public policy discipline should connect with the di i li off public discipline bli administration. d i i t ti If not, t public bli policy li was unrealistic.
LIMITATIONS … Over O emphasis h i on decisions d ii The absence of personality is a problem for public policy models. d l A faulty model of science There is reason to believe that public policy analysis is based on a faulty, or at least old-fashioned, model of science The derivation of empirical methods from those of political science was both a strength and a weakness