Đôi nét về hoạt động quy hoạch và sử dụng đất công của người Pháp trong khu vực phố cổ Hà Nội cuối thế kỷ XIX đầu thế kỷ XX

DOI N€T V€ HOnr DONG OUV HORCH VR SU DUNG DAT CONG<br /> CUfl NGUdl PHflP TRONG KHU VUC PHO CO HR NOI<br /> CUOI THCKV XIX DRU THCKV XX<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN THI BINH<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> S au chi du ngay 1-10-1888, Ha Npi 1. Loai h i n h d a t cong t r o n g k h u pho co<br /> trd thanh nhUdng dia cua Phap. Tfl Ha Noi niia d a u t h e ky XDC<br /> day, ngUdi Phap bat tay vao cong cupc khai Khu vUc phd' cd (1) Ha Npi hien nay gdm<br /> thac, lam chu Ha Npi vdi nhii'u hoach dinh 76 tuyi'n phd', thupc 10 phUdng: Ccta Ddng,<br /> nhU: thiet lap t h i chi' mdi, sap xep, quy Ddng Xuan, Hang Bac. Hang Bd, Hang<br /> hoach lai dd thi Ha Npi nham bii'n Ha Npi Bdng, Hang Budm, Hang Dao, Hang Gai,<br /> thanh "thu phii eiia xU Ddng DUdng", mpt Hang Ma, L^ Thai Td. Qua nhflng thao tac<br /> "Paris thu nho", "niem tU hao cua mdu so sanh thong tin tfl dia ba, thdng tin dii'u<br /> qud'c Phap". Ni'n tang cd ban cua cong cupc tra dien da cac di tich tren dia ban (xem<br /> quy hoach Ha Npi chinh la chinh sach vi' phu luc 1) ki't hdp vdi phfldng phap ban dd<br /> da't dai. Trong chuyen<br /> luan nay, chung tdi chi Sd dd 1: Ban dd giap cac ddn vi tong dau the ky XIX<br /> trong pham vi khu vUc pho co Ha Npi<br /> tap trung nghiin cflu cac<br /> boat dpng quy hoach va sii<br /> dung loai hinh da't cong<br /> cua ngUdi Phap trong<br /> pham vi khong gian khu<br /> vUc Phd cd Ha Npi. Du chi<br /> nghiin cflu trong pham vi<br /> nhd vdi mpt loai hinh da't<br /> dai kha tiiu biiu: loai<br /> hinh da't cdng cung da cho<br /> thay dUde nhflng dudng<br /> net cd ban nha't trong chii<br /> trUdng, chinh sach ve da't<br /> dai cua ngUdi Phap giai<br /> doan ndy.<br /> <br /> <br /> * ThS. Trung tam Ho^t dpng VSn hda khoa hpc VSn Mieu-Qudc Tfl Giam, Ha Npi<br />  Rghien cuu Ljeh sir, so 7.2014<br /> <br /> Bang 1: Cac loai hinh dat cong trong khu viic pho ed Ha Npi dau the ky XIX (2)<br /> Dcfn ui: m, s, t, t, p<br /> T e n loai h i n h dat c o n g K h u p h o CO H u y e n T h o Xtfdng T;ie%<br /> Dat cong thuoc s3 hflu 190.5.02.6.6.3 30% 209.9.01.3.1.3 12,13% 90%<br /> nha nu6c<br /> Dien tich mat nUdc cong 15.2.11.9.7.0 2,37% 68.2.05.2.4.3 3,95% 22%<br /> Cong tho 286.6.11.6.3.7 46,25% 654.4.07.0.1.8 32.17% 61,6%<br /> Cone dien 0.0.00.0.0.0 0% 576 5.08.9 0.0 33,45% 0%<br /> Than tir Phat tu 38.2.03.0.4.0 6% 92.5.11.1.1.0 6,47% 41,4%<br /> Loai lihac 102.0 05 5 9.0 16,38% 221.1,14 3.3 0 12,83% 46,2%<br /> Tong cong 632.6.04.8.0.0 100% 1722.8.13.9.1.4 100% 36,7%<br /> Tong dien tich dat dai 1161.9.10.8.3.0 3117.8.11.9.3.4 37,25%<br /> <br /> chung ta xae dinh dUpc dia gidi hanh chinh nay va ehiem 36,7% diin tieh da't cong toan<br /> ciia khu vUc nay trong niia dau the ky XIX huyin. Trong do:<br /> (xem sd do 1). - Loai hinh da't tU nhiin gdm: Da't dich<br /> Cd the tha'y khu phd' cd Ha Npi nam trpn xa, bai cat bdi, bai cat trang chua thanh<br /> ven trong 5 ddn vi tdng dau the ky XIX da't, phu sa thang dien... chii'm tdi 90%<br /> gdm: tdng Ddng Thp, tdng Ddng Xuan, tdng dien tich da't tu nhiin toan huyin Thp<br /> Phuc Lam, tdng Thuan My va tdng Vinh Xudng. Loai da't nay thupc quyi'n sd hi3u<br /> XUdng thupc huyin Thp Xudng. Trong do, nha nude nhUng thupc dia phan thon,<br /> dien tich ciia 4 tdng: Dong Thp, Dong Xuan, phudng nao thi do ddn vi hanh chinh do<br /> Phiic Lam, Thuan My nfim trpn ven trong quan \f.<br /> pham vi phd' cd'. Riing tdng Vinh Xudng, • Loai thfl hai do thdn, phudng quan ly<br /> mpt phan diin tich, chinh xae la hai thdn nhu ciia cong va do cpng ddng cU dan sii<br /> Yin Trung Ha va Yen Trung ThUdng nam dung gdm: Cdng hd, Cdng hd pha. Cong ho<br /> trong pham vi khu vUc phd' cd hiin nay, ngoai de, Cdng pha tri, Gii'ng... Loai nay b ><br /> phan cdn lai thupc khu vUc phia Dong Nam khu vuc Phd' cd chii'm 22% diin tich mat<br /> thanh Ha Npi. nudc toan huyen.<br /> Dua vao nhflng thong tin k i khai trong - Loai thU ba la cac loai "cong thd" gdm:<br /> dia ba dau thi' ky XIX ciia cac tdng, thdn, Cdng chau thd, Cdng chau thd trdng dSu,<br /> phudng bao gdm toan bp dien tich ciia khu Quan tang thd. Loai nay chiem 51,6% diin<br /> vUe phd ed Ha Npi ngay nay nhu da neu ci tich da't cdng toan huyin. Ve mat hinh thai<br /> tren, chung toi xay dUng bang thdng ke ve sS hflu, loai nay gpi chung la "cong tho"<br /> cae loai hinh da't cdng ciia khu vUe nay, thupc quyi'n quan ly va sii dung (phan<br /> cung so' h i u do dac dupe (xem bang 1). phdi) ciia thon, phudng, nhflng cd mpt dien<br /> Qua bang 1 cd the tha'y: tich nho gpi la "quan tang thd'" la da't trdng<br /> Tong dien tich da't dai trong khu vUc phd' dau cua nha nUdc.<br /> cd Ha Npi theo dia ba la 1161.9.10.8.3.0 - Loai thfl tu la rupng cdng gdm "cong<br /> (1161 mau 9 sao 10 thu6c 8 ta'e 3 phan) dii'n" la rupng cdng, "cdng pha dii'n" la<br /> chii'm 37,25% tdng diin tich da't huyen Tho rupng gd bai cao va "quan hd dii'n" co li \k<br /> Xirdng. Loai hinh da't cong trong khu vuc rupng eanh hd hay thupc pham vi hd trU6c<br /> phd cd Ha Npi la 632.6.04.8.0, chii'm day do td chflc quan sU quan ly. Loai hinh<br /> 54,43% tdng dien tich da't dai ciia khu vUc da't dai nay khong cd trong khu vUc phocd.<br /> BOI n&TChoat ddng guy hoach...<br /> <br /> - Loai thfl nam la "than tfl Phat tU" la Sau khi lam chu dUde Ha Npi, ngudi<br /> rupng da't ciia cac cpng ddng mang tinh Phap bat dau tii'n hanh thii't lap bp may<br /> ch^t tdn giao, tin ngudng gdm chu yeu la hanh chinh chinh tri song song vdi viec<br /> rupng da't cua cac den (thdn tijf thd, than tfl kii'n thii't lai hinh dang cua dd thi nay. Ta't<br /> di^n), rupng chua gpi la rupng "tam bao" ca nhflng tai san thupc quyi'n quan ly va sfl<br /> hay "Phat tu" (3). Chi tinh rieng sd rupng dung ciia nha nude phong kii'n cu dUdc<br /> da't ghi ro rupng da't cua di'n chua thi khu chuyen giao sang tay ngUdi Phap. Nhu vay,<br /> vUc nay chii'm tdi 41,4% diin tich da't den ngUdi Phap chi dupc toan quyen sfl dung<br /> chua ciia toan huyin. Loai rupng di^t cua loai hinh da't cdng thupc sd hflu ciia nha<br /> d^n, chua la loai sd hflu cpng ddng tin nUdc trUdc day, va nhU the thi hoan toan<br /> ngUdng-tdn giao thudng dUde phat canh khong du de phuc vu eho cac "y tudng" cua<br /> hay cho thue hay do tin dd canh tac, dung minh. Bdi vay, Phap da bat tay vao cong<br /> hoa lpi vao cac hoat dpng thd ciing va l i hpi. cupc tang quy dat cong san thupc dia b Ha<br /> - Loai thfl sau bao gdm: Da't tha ma, mp Npi, trong dd cd nhieu boat dpng true tie'p<br /> dia, thd phu (gd dd'ng), da't trung, tich dii'n t r i n dia ban phd'cd.<br /> (rupng sii dung trong nghi li trpng ndng Phd thdnh Hd Noi<br /> cua trii'u dinh). Loai da't nay trong khu vUc<br /> Nam 1805, trii'u Nguyin tii'n hanh xay<br /> phd cd chii'm tdi 46,2% dien tich loai da't<br /> dung thanh Ha Npi - mot tru sd quan sU,<br /> vfla niu trong toan huyin Tho XUdng.<br /> chinh tri ddu nao cua Ha Npi. De'n nam<br /> Vi' cd ca'u loai hinh da't cdng ciia riing 1873, ngay sau khi chii'm thanh Ha Npi,<br /> khu vUc phd' cd, cd thd nhan tha'y, loai da't Garnier da chii'm dung cac cong trinh con<br /> chii'm ti l i ldn nha't la da't cdng thd lai trong thanh. Cac dinh thU cu hi triet<br /> (45,25%), thfl hai la da't tu nhiin do nha pha de la'y chd xay dflng trai linh cung cac<br /> nfldc quan ly (30%), thfl ba la loai hinh da't cdng trinh quan sU khac. Nam 1894, thUc<br /> khac chii'm 16,18%, hai loai hinh da't cdn dan Phap da pha huy phdn cdn lai ciia<br /> lai tdng cpng chii'm 8,37%. NhU vay cd thi' thanh Ha Npi, chi de lai cd'ng Chinh Bac<br /> thay rang, loai hinh da't cdng lang xa do vdi da'u tieh vit dan cdng thanh. Thanh Ha<br /> cpng ddng lang xa quan ly va sii dung so vdi Npi de'n day ma't ban diin mao quen thupc<br /> loEii da't cdng thupc quan ly eiia nha nUde cd trong canh quan thanh phd. Tdi nam 1897,<br /> su chenh lech ldn (chi gdn bang 1/10). thanh va hao thanh Ha Npi bi san la'p hoan<br /> Tdm lai, quy da't cdng trong khu vUc phd toan. Viie pha huy nay da dem lai cho<br /> cd nfla dau the ky XIX da dang nhii'u loai ngUdi Phap mpt quy da't cong nha't dinh<br /> hinh va chii'm mpt niia tdng dien tieh da't phuc vu cho qua trinh quy hoaeh.<br /> dai ciia dia ban phd co, ti li can bftng vdi "...Thanh phd se eo dUdc 6 ndi dd nhflng<br /> diin tich da't tU. Cd the noi, day cung la khoang da't cua mpt be mat dien tieh quan<br /> mpt trong nhflng dii'u kien thuan ldi de trpng, t r i n do thanh phd cd the vUdn rpng<br /> ngUcfi Phap tii'n hanh cac quy hoach, sap ra theo hUdng hd Tay va vUdn Udm. Nd<br /> xi'p lai dd thi Ha Npi trong dd eo khu vUc eiing se dem lai cho quan dpi mpt sU thoang<br /> phd CO. khi td't hdn va nhflng toa nha mdi cd tien<br /> 2. Nhiing boat dpng quy hoach va sii nghi. NgUdi ta si tha'y ma't di nhflng d lay<br /> dung dat cong cua ngUM Phap trong nhiem tao nin bdi nhflng dudng hao bao<br /> khu pho CO Ha Noi bpc tudng thanh chfla day thfl nfldc tu<br /> 34 Hghien eiiru Lich sir, so 7.2Q14<br /> <br /> dpng, dan chung se tim dUpc qua dd nhflng Nhu vay, sau khi thanh Ha Npi hi pha<br /> viic lam, vi chi riing viec pha tudng thanh huy, ngoai viec hinh thanh nhflng phd' mdi<br /> cung can din hang nghin thd thuyen..." (4). nhu Phung HUng, Ciia Dong, Bat Sfl, Bat<br /> ThUc te la, mpt loat nhflng con phd' va cac Dan... cac xdm nha cd san cung dfldc cai tao<br /> cong trinh mdi b khu vUc nay da dUdc hinh theo quy hoach thanh phd', trd thanh cac<br /> thanh trong dd cd mpt so' con phd' nam trong phd' Rue Feitshamel (Nha Hda), Rue des<br /> khu phd CO Ha Npi ngay nay nhu phd' Phung Forgerons (Ld Ren)... Cac con phd' nay trd<br /> Hung. Tfl nam 1894-1897, do ngfldi Phap thanh nhflng khu phd' mdi, xay dung theo<br /> pha thanh, la'p hao, phd' Phung Hiftig dUdc kieu Men dai, nghia la cd via hi, long<br /> Wnh thanh. Tuy nhien, cho den nam 1910, dudng rpng, nhii'u cay xanh va he thing<br /> phd'nay mdi cd 2 doan ngan. Khoang dat dpc cdng ranh thoat nUdc...<br /> cky cau vin bo tro'ng. TU sau Chien tranh Lap ho ao, lap song<br /> thd gidi thfl Nha't (1918), cung vdi da md Ha Npi dupc m i n h danh la thdnh phd'<br /> mang Ha Npi, phd' Phung Hung dUpc xay sdng ho cd le bdi mpt h i thd'ng hd ao rpng<br /> dung nhanh ehdng. De'n nam 1920, dien mao ldn phu day len be mat canh quan do thi.<br /> phd Phung Hung hoan thanh ve cd ban. Sau khi lam chii dUde Ha Npi, ngUdi Phap<br /> Ngoai ra, khi ciia ehinh dong tudng da khang dinh quyi'n sd hflu da't dai ciia<br /> thanh va con hao khdng con (nam 1897), minh bang mpt loat cac nghi dinh, thdng tU<br /> ngudi Phap cho md mpt con dudng mdi dan dfldc lien tii'p ban hanh. Trong Nghi dinh<br /> thang ra khu phd'budn ban. Con dUdng mdi ngdy 26-5-1891 ciia Todn quyin Bong<br /> dd dUdc dat ten la Rue General Biehot (nay Diidng, quyi'n sd hflu da't hd, ao trin dia<br /> la phd C^a Ddng). Phd' Cfla Ddng la mpt ban Ha Npi eiia thuc dan Phap dUdc ghi r6:<br /> dudng phd' mdi md d sat khu quan sU trong "Dieu 1: NhQng da't ao, ho d vi tri sau<br /> thanh, lai la chd tUdng va hao cu, nen da't dupc khang dinh thupc tai san cdng cua<br /> cdng d day dUdc dem phat mai, ban cho thanh phd'Ha Npi:<br /> nhflng chii da't hau hi't la ngUdi Tay va mpt Gifla phd' Cau Gd, phd' Hang Manh, phd<br /> sd Hoa kieu lam giau nhe) cac quan h i vdi Hang Bac va Hang Dao<br /> ngUdi Tay. Gifla phd Hang Bac, Ma May, Hang<br /> Rue des Tasses (Phd' Bat Sfl) la mpt Budm, Hang Ngang<br /> dudng giao thdng cii di tfl khu vUc Ciia Bac Gifla phd'Hang Dau, d i va Hang Than<br /> xuo'ng, eon dUdng di dpe theo bd hao cii. Gifla phd' nha ThUdng Khach cua Hang<br /> Sau khi bd hao bi pha, con dudng eu nay trd Than, pho' Hang Bun<br /> thanh lo^i di chinh di qua canh chd Ddng<br /> Thanh va co t i n la phd' Bat Sfl. Dii'u 4: Thanh phd' Ha Npi danh thue<br /> Mpt phan cya phd' Bat Dan (Rue Vieille nhflng ngfldi chii'm dung da't ao, hd cing,<br /> des Tasses) ngay nay cung mdi dUdc md nhflng ngfldi nay ed nghia vu thUc hiin viic<br /> mang vao khoang tfl nhflng nam 20 ciia thi' la'p ao trong thdi han 1 nam dUdc tinh tfl<br /> ky XX sau khi ngfldi Phap pha huy khu vflc khi chuyen nhupng" (5).<br /> thanh Ha Npi. Khu vflc nay gan cdng thanh Vdi nghi dinh nay, thUc dan Phap da td<br /> nin cd nhflng ciia hang eua Nhat va Hoa chflc la'p hd, ao trong toan bp khu vUc Phocd.<br /> kii'u md phuc vu cho khach hang la binh Trong cdng bao ciia Thanh phd' Ha Npi nam<br /> linh Phap. 1916 cd de cap vi' cae dU an la'p hd ao nay:<br /> Bdi n& ve hoaf ddng guy hoaeh..<br /> <br /> "Du an A: La'p nhflng cai ao b phia Bac ni'u ma la'p dfldc, thi toa quan ldn ca'p cho<br /> Ha Npi da dupc bat dau tfl nam 1915. Cong van tich va dia dd cho la da't tu. Lai hfla<br /> viic nay phai dupc hoan thanh vao nhflng mdng 5 thang nay, tha'y dng canh sat<br /> nam tii'p sau de la'y da't phan ca'p thanh trudng de'n b cki hd a'y truyen rang la'p di,<br /> tflng sua't, dam bao cho sfl Iflu thdng nUdc mpi ldi lam vay. Nay nha tdi dudng sau gan<br /> ve phia nhflng con pho bao quanh ehung. hd cdng xin la'p 1 doan cai hd a'y, chflng 100<br /> Cung di dam bao viic lUu thdng nUdc song thudc vudng tay, vay xin quan ldn xet eho<br /> bang cac cong trinh khac bang viic thay ma eho toi van tU lam bang de tdi la'p thi<br /> the nhflng ao hd cd trUdc kia lam thanh cam dn quan ldn lam lam" (7).<br /> nhflng vung dim. Nhu vay, thUe dan Phap da co nhii'u<br /> Cudi nam 1915 da la'p hi't 50000m^ da't chinh sach Uu dai de khuyin khieh nbiJng<br /> va tieu hi't 13000 ddng bac. Viie ca'p 15000 ngUdi dan giau cd td chflc la'p ao, hd trong<br /> ddng bac vfla dUdc cha'p thuan cho viie tii'p khu pho'CO. NgUdi dan bd tii'n cua, cdng sflc<br /> tuc mpt vai cdng trinh: k i n h dan nfldc, cdu, ra la'p ao, hd thi nha nudc se cap chflng<br /> den bu chiem dung da't... nhan da't ao san la'p a'y thuoc sd hflu cong<br /> Dfl an B: Du an nay bao gdm viic la'p ao nhUng tu nhan dupc quyi'n sfl dung. Cd le<br /> Sdm Cong va xay dung cdng. Dd'i vdi cdng do chmh sach Uu dai nay ma chi trong mpt<br /> trinh nay, neh nhac lai, ngudn nUdc cua ta't khoang thdi gian ngdn, di'n gifla the ky XX,<br /> ca khu phd' bao gdm gifla phd' Hdng Budm dien tich mat nUdc ao hd trong khu vUc phd'<br /> va Hang Gao (nay la phd Chd Gao - TG), cd dUdng nhu bii'n ma't hoan toan.<br /> phd Hang Ngang va phd' Hang Bac, di'u Rd rang, mue dich cua cae du an la'p hd ao<br /> chay vao Sam Cdng, ao "dong kin" va chi nay nham md rpng diin tich da't dai thupc sd<br /> can nUdc bang each bay hdi. Khdng can hflu cdng. Dat cong dfldc phan 16 ban da'u gia<br /> phai he lp ve tud'i tac ciia nhflng cai ao nay, hoac lam quy da't quy hoach, xay dUng cac<br /> ta't ca nhflng gi thanh phd quan tam la vi" cong trinh cdng cpng cua thanh pho'.<br /> sfl dpc hai va sU ban thiu ma chung gay ra Viic san lap diin tieh mat nUdc hd, ao,<br /> cho dan cU va nhflng ngoi nha. sdng d khu phd cd trong giai doan nay da<br /> Vi vay, cai ao nay si bi lap va si bi trUng tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac phd mdi<br /> dung, di' cho phip md 6 dd mpt trong nhflng dUde hinh thanh va eac khu phd cu dflpe<br /> cai quang trfldng cdng rpng ldn ehe di cai "lot xae". Nam 1897, khi tudng thanh Ha<br /> khuyi't dii'm ciia Ha Npi. Cdng viie la'p da't, Npi bi pha, hao bi lap, mpt khoang da't<br /> quy hoach quang trfldng va nhflng con dfldng tro'ng xen lan cac hd, ao nho Idy lpi c6 lac cd<br /> CO tdng so tii'n la 15000 ddng bac" (6). ten la hd Xae Tre. Mudi nam sau (1907),<br /> Ngoai ra, thflc dan Phap eon khuyen phdn ldn hd ao d day dUdc lap bang. Sau dd,<br /> khich ngUdi dan trong cac khu pho thue chinh quyi'n thanh pho cho Dufourq thui<br /> hipn viec la'p ao, hd. Theo thu giii quan Ddc chd da't nay de trdng hoa va rau. Ddu nam<br /> ly ngay 9 thang 3 nam Thanh Thai thfl 9 1920, chinh quyen ddi khu da't khac d phia<br /> (1907) cua Nguyen Van Tran la Kinh lieh cl sau hd Halais (hd Thie'n Quang) cho<br /> tinh HoSng Hoa, ed nha d sd 54 phd Hang Dufourq va tie'n hanh sfla sang khu vflc<br /> Bd thupc hp thfl 2 cho biet: "Bdi vi toi dfldc phia sau chd d Rue des Cuirs (pho Hang<br /> loi quan ldn yi't thi rang pham nhflng nha b Da) thanh khu phd nha d. Thflc dan Phap<br /> trong thanh pho ma nha nao gan hd cdng, chia da't thanh Id ban cho tu nhan de xsiy<br />  Rghien emi XJch sii". sd' 7.2014<br /> <br /> dung va hinh thanh nhflng dudng phd' mdi Hang Lupc thi quat l i n theo hUdng Tay<br /> nhu: Rue de Nguyin Trai (phd' Nguyin Van Bac. Ngay trudc, ngUdi dan bac mpt cai eau<br /> To' ngay nay). Rue de Pham Phu Thfl (phd' tre d chd quat dd de tien di lai. Sau dd, do<br /> Nguyin Quang Bich ngay nay)... nudc sdng Td da can kiet, cau tre dUdc thay<br /> Sau khi hd Thai CUc (hd Hang Dao) bi the bang mpt cai cong to. Sau khi la'p sdng,<br /> la'p, hai ngd di vao cac xdm cU dan b chung thUc dan Phap tii'n hanh md mang, cai tao<br /> quanh hd: mpt ngd tfl Hang Bac vao va mpt khu dat cd ven sdng trd thanh pho' xa sam<br /> ngo tii phd Cdu Gd vao dUdc ndi vdi nhau uSit, ta'p nap va dat t i n la phd' Sdng Td Lich<br /> va md rpng thanh dUdng phd'. NgUdi Phap (Rue du Sdng Td Lich). *<br /> dat ten la phd' Od'endhal (phd' Dinh Liet). Phd' Hang Ca tii'n than la trai Tiin NgU,<br /> Con lach thdng gifla hd Thai Cflc vdi hd nam t r i n bd sdng Td Lich. Ngudi dan d day<br /> Gudm cung hi san la'p, bien thanh mpt con chuyin nghe danh ca va budn ban ca. Sau<br /> phd' nhd t i n la phd' Hoan Kii'm. Doan pho' khi la'p sdng Td, nghe ca d day bii'n ma't,<br /> tu nga tu Ma May - Dao Duy Tfl di'n nga tU ngU dan di tan khap ndi. Ndi day chi eon<br /> Ta Hiin la doan phd' mdi cd sau khi hd Ngu nha ciia ciia nhflng gia dinh giau cd din<br /> Vong dupe san hang cflng thdi gian nay. mua da't xay dUng va nha b cua cac cong<br /> nhan, viin chflc lam viec cho Phap. Cung<br /> Hay con phd' Lfldng Ngpc Quyi'n - Ma<br /> nhu phd Hang Ca, phd Hang Rudi nkm bin<br /> May cho di'n nhflng nam dau thi' ky XX, cd<br /> bd phia tay sdng Td Lich, chii yeu dUdc<br /> t i n gpi la Lang Chai bdi khu vflc nay vkn<br /> thanh lap sau khi sdng Td bi la'p. Do viy,<br /> cdn da'u vi't nhii'u hd ao da't trung day bio<br /> da sd cdng vien chflc nha nUdc sd'ng tap<br /> tay, dan b do sd'ng mpt phan nhd d nghe<br /> trung d phd'nay.<br /> danh bat torn ca. Sau khi chinh quyi'n<br /> thanh phd' cho la'p h i t hd ao, vach dfldng Nhin chung, viic la'p sdng, hd, ao giai<br /> phd theo qui hoach tren da't Lang Chai cfl, doan nay da lam bie'n ddi hoan toan canh<br /> phd' mdi md cd t i n la phd' Galet. quan tu nhien trong khu vUc 36 phd'phudng.<br /> Tom lai, vao nhflng nam sau Chii'n tranh NhGng khung canh dam tinh cha't nong thon<br /> thi' gidi I (1920), bin trong khu tfl giae tfl CO truyen nhu vo gao nia rau giat qudn ao<br /> phd Hang Budm, Hang Ngang - Hang Dao, bin hd ao, hay nhflng ehii'c cau gd, edu tre<br /> Hang Be, Cau Gd mdi that su la'p hi't hd, ao. bac qua lach, qua song... hoan toan dUdc<br /> TU nhflng da't ao hd bi la'p nay hinh thanh thay the bdi cac eong trinh xay dflng cing<br /> nin eac dfldng phd Dinh Liet, Gia Ngfl, cpng hoac nhflng toa nha kii'u mdi. Dd nhfl<br /> Trung Yin, Ma May, Ta Hiin... mpt da'u net dat gia phan anh nhip dp do thj<br /> Di'n cudi thi' ky XIX, vao nam 1888, hoa d khu Phd' cd giai doan nay.<br /> khuc sdng To Lieh chay trong khu vUc 36 Chii'm dung ddt cua dinh, din,<br /> phd phudng bi thuc dan Phap san la'p hoan chiia, mie'u<br /> toan. Nhflng lang xdm ven bd sdng dfldc md Ngoai ra, de lam tang t h i m quy dat cdng<br /> rpng dien tieh, cai tao thanh nhflng phd' cua thanh phd eung nhu thuan ldi cho viic<br /> dong due nhu phd Hang RUdi, Hang Ca. trUng dung da't dai trong cac du an quy<br /> Hang Lupc... hoach, ngfldi Phap da dung mpi "biin phap"<br /> Phd Hang Ludc con cd t i n gpi la Cong lam chii da't dai eiia dinh, di'n, chda, mie'u.<br /> cheo Hang Lupe. Ddng sdng To Lich tfl chd Day la loai hinh da't thd cung nhu da niu b<br /> Gao chay theo hUdng Ddng Tay di'n sd 14 tren, thupc quyi'n quan ly cua nha nfldc<br /> Bfli n6t ve hoat dong guy hoach..<br /> <br /> nhUng quyi'n sd hflu va sfl dung cua cpng Hdi dd thdi t i n Vd Thiin Thuat lam Thi<br /> ddng lang xa thdi phong kii'n. Ngudi Phap Trudng, t i n Bui Nhuan lam trfldng phd,<br /> mudn nam quyen lam chu va sut dung loai trinh xung rang, chd a'y la da't ciia cdng<br /> hinh da't dai nay da yeu cau nhdm cpng dan, Dmh a'y tfl thud vua Gia Long tdi bay<br /> ddng cfl dan phai trinh gia^y td chflng minh gid. Nhflng ke mua ban vang bac (hiin nay<br /> quyi'n sd hflu. Ni'u khdng cd gigiy td thi se di'u chi't ca), quyin gdp tien bac ma lam<br /> hi Thanh phd sung cdng vao cac muc dich Dinh a'y, de lam chd thd dng Tiin sfl bdn<br /> xay dung cdng cpng ma khdng dUdc de'n bu. nghe va de due bac nen va bac lupng la khi<br /> Ket qua la hdu het cac cong trinh thupc sd nao cd viec cdng, thdi hpi chd a'y, tfl ma'y<br /> hflu tu nhan hi sung cdng trong thdi k;^ nay nam nay tiiu dung gi din nhflng bae ddng,<br /> la nhflng dinh vpng, thd cac dng thanh thdi chd a'y khong cd due bac nfla, lai ich cd<br /> hoang lang hoac dng td nghe do nhflng hpi hiip Dinh ay chi giao cho t i n Li Van<br /> ngUdi tfl cac tinh xa di cU din thu dd lam Che lam tfl d gifl phung thd.<br /> 5n budn ban. Phan ldn cae cdng trinh tin Nha tdi phuc xet chd ay, thud dau nhflng<br /> ngudng nay nam trong khu vUc phd'co. ke mua ban vang bac (la nhflng hat ngu tai<br /> Dudi day la mpt bang chflng ve hoat phd ay ma mua ban) quyin gdp tii'n bac ma<br /> dpng "trflng dung" da't thdn tfl Phat tu cua cat lam ehd ky, vd'n lam eho de ma nhom<br /> ngUdi Phap: nhflng ma'y ngudi thd due bac, nhdm a'y lai<br /> dat lam chd thd ong Tiin sU bdn nghe, may<br /> "Thu ngay 18 thang 6 nam Thanh Thai nam nay tieu xai nhflng bac ddng, l;hdi<br /> 3 tflc ngay 23 thang 7 nam 1922 nhflng thd due bac nd thay b cho khac, thdi<br /> Hoang Cao Khai la Kinh lUdc Bae Ky, ehd a'y lai giao cho 1 ngudi lam tfl coi gifl,<br /> kinh tra ldi quan ldn Thd'ng sfl td xet. Trudc hien nay da nhii'u hu nat, nghi Ung lUdng<br /> day toi cd tii'p ldi quan ldn tu (ve so' thU cho tii'n bac, khii'n chung no dem bai vi<br /> 2158) ring, cd quan Ddc 1^ Thanh phd'trinh Tiin su hiep vdi mii'u phd khac ma thd, cdn<br /> rang xin dem dinh, miiu cu d Hang Vdi, da't dy cung 3 cai nha ngdi sap vi' thanh<br /> Hang Khay, Hang Bac, sap ve thanh pho', phd'gifl lam" (8).<br /> tfl xin to xit eac chd a'y, sfl tieh the nao,<br /> La thu nay tudng chflng nhfl la mpt<br /> nhan dan thd tu the nao ma nay hien tinh<br /> minh chflng cho tinh cdng khai, khach<br /> li nao cd ung sap ve Thanh phd' hay khdng<br /> quan va dan chu cua ngUdi Phap trong viie<br /> phuc lam mpi le.<br /> trUng dung da't dai. ThUc cha't, no la mpt<br /> Nha toi tu hdi, cfl huyin Thp XUdng khai biin phap cfldng ep, chii'm doat da't cdng<br /> ba'm chua rd, cd xin sai quan doc cong la cua dan lang bie'n thanh dat cdng ciia<br /> Balula, hpi ddng vdi viin ngoai nha tdi la Thanh phd', sau dd ban lai eho tfl nhan, mpt<br /> Nguyin Thuat va huyin ay tdi cac chd a'y hinh thflc "bie'n cdng vi tU" ma ldi nhuan<br /> kham that cfl biin tinh hinh mpi le. Nha tdi rdi vao tui cua nhflng ngUdi cam quyen.<br /> lai xit chd nao nghi the nao, liic ra sau nay<br /> Co rat nhieu la ddn khieu nai trUdc<br /> kinh tra ldi xin th^m.<br /> hanh dpng xam thuc da't dai b nhflng chd'n<br /> Unh thiing nhU dinh, di'n, chua, mieu.<br /> Hp 3. Phd Hang Bae (vi' thon Dung Thp, TrUdng hdp nhan dan lang Bach Bdi Thi<br /> cd mpt mii'u da't, dai 16 thflde tay, rpng 4 (tflc phd' Hang Dao) vie't ddn khii'u nai, to'<br /> thudc 4 ta'c, cd 3 cai dinh da gin hu nat). cao la mpt vi du cu the:<br />  Rghien curu Uch sii-. sd T.2Q14<br /> <br /> "Kinh bam cflng quan Doc ly Ha Npi vo ich, nhii'u ngUdi tha'y thi' cat la'y lam<br /> Chiing eon la Ky muc, chflc sac, dan cdng phan cho chung con bao cho each lam<br /> lang Bach Bd'i Thi, thupc ve phd' Hang Dao giay minh oan, nhung khd'n ndi di di'n dau<br /> (nguyin quan la lang Chfnh Kinh, Tdng cung deu bi xua duoi vao trong vdng kii'm<br /> KhUdng Dinh, dai ly Hoan Long) di'n kiu chi'ba't cdng cua hp. Cai ly luan eiia mpt ke<br /> quan ldn mpt viec nhfl sau: manh hdn bao gid cung hdn, hp cUdp ngdi<br /> (finh cua dan chung con mpt each vd ly,<br /> Mong ngai la'y lUpng hai ha ma minh xet<br /> nhung khdng dUde phan tran, khdng dUdc<br /> cho chiing con. minh oan.<br /> Nguyin trUde kia, hdi nam 1922, chinh<br /> Bam lay quan ldn xin quan ldn xet cho<br /> phu Phap da lay quyen hanh ba't cdng, ba't<br /> nhflng ndi khd thd'ng ciia dan Viet Nam<br /> chinh ma ap, bach chung con rdi bo ngdi<br /> trong vdng dd hp ciia mpt nude manh hdn,<br /> dinh cua chung con de chii'm doat la'y rdi<br /> ehi true ldi, chi uy hie'p ma thdi, Sau vi thi'<br /> dem ban da'u gia cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat<br /> cd, ngan cd khong keu dUdc, nen dan lang<br /> bang mpt gia cflc ky vd y nghia.<br /> ehung con gat li, ma bo so' tie'n ra de chupc<br /> Tren mpt thfla da't rpng 400 thUdc lai ngdi dinh de la'y chd ma thd kinh nhUng<br /> vudng, d ngoai la ngdi nha so 49 pho' Hang ac nghiep thay, tan bao thay, hp khdng cho<br /> Dao hiin thdi, chinh la Tu thd cua dan lang mua, hp cfl ban cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat vi<br /> Bach Bd'i Thi cua chung con. Tren khu da't ten nay hdi dd lam Nghi Viin, quyi'n hanh<br /> dd, do 200 nam ve trUdc, tii'n to ciia chung va than mat vdi ngudi Phap lam..." (9).<br /> con ed dUng lin mpt ngoi dinh hang nam<br /> van nop thui' thd trach b Dd'c ly nhfl Mdt la ddn trinh bay dudng nhu da lam<br /> thudng, chung con khdng hiiu vi duyen cd sang to nhflng "gdc khua't" trong chinh sach<br /> gi vao hdi nam 1922, ehinh phu Phap ddi quy hoach va sfl dung dat cdng cua ngUdi<br /> hdi Van tu dia dd, chung con vi lau ngay, Phap.<br /> trong vdng 200 nam gidi, cd danh tha't lac 3. Ket l u a n<br /> di ma't nhflng gia'y ma can thii't, nhUng<br /> Toan bd cac hoat ddng quy hoach ciia<br /> ehung con cd bang chflng la hang nam vdn<br /> ngUdi Phap trong khu vUe phd'co Ha Npi co<br /> nop thue tu thd cf Dd'c ly nhfl thfldng, ehung<br /> the dii'm qua nhU: pha thanh Ha Npi, la'p<br /> con khdng hieu vi duyen cd gi, chinh phu<br /> hd ao, trung dung da't thd tu... di'u nham<br /> Phap vien le la khdng du chflng cd, rdi bat<br /> muc dich dau tien la tang ngudn vd'n da't<br /> bupe chiing con phai rdi bd ngdi dinh do rdi<br /> cdng. Nhflng hoat dpng quy hoach ciia<br /> ban eho t i n Le Thuan Khoat.<br /> ngUdi Phap da phan anh ro net mpt ehinh<br /> Tin Li Thuan Khoat hdi dd lai lam Nghi sach dat dai mang nang tu tudng thflc dan.<br /> viin hieu ro sfl thflc, la ngdi dinh dd cd mpt Ngudi Phap dung mpi hoat dpng di' tang<br /> dia diim ra't thuan ldi, cho viee budn ban, quy da't cong da cd s i n tfl trfldc trong khu<br /> tflc la trung tam diem ciia mpt dd thi. phd'cd nghia la tang quy tai san'thupc dia,<br /> Vi ham lpi, chang nghi gi de'n viec chii'm song ehi sfl dung ehung vao cac muc dich<br /> mua dinh chua la can vao tpi, Qud'c te li quy hoach t r i n binh dien diem b nhflng vi<br /> nghi, cfl bo tii'n ra mua bang mpt gia ri't re, tri quan trpng va ich ldi dd'i vdi ho. Day<br /> khi dupe tm ban da'u gia ngdi dinh lang chinh la cd sd, ni'n tang cua ta't ca mpi hoat<br /> chung con, chung con ra't la dau khd, tieng dpng sau nay nhfl; khai thac kinh ti', quy<br /> keu oan da vang Iflng gidi da't, nhung cung hoach dien mao dd thi, s i p xi'p lai trat tU<br /> Bfli n6t ve hoat dOng guy hoach.. 39<br /> <br /> do thi, bidn ddi ddi song van hda xa hpi ciia dd" va day la "mpt phUdng tiin tuyet vdi<br /> dd thi Ha Npi... Die'u nay dfldng nhu la mpt nha't dam bao sfl dn dinh cho nen dd hp cua<br /> chu trUdng chung trong cdng cupc chii'm cfl ehung ta" (10).<br /> thupc dia cua thUc dan Phap, ba't ke thupc Cae hoat dpng nay da anh hudng tdi khu<br /> dia kieu gi, b chau My, chau Phi hay chau Phd cd Ha Npi cudi the ky XIX ddu the ky<br /> A. "Nam 1894, trong Thdng tU gLii Toan XX. Nhflng anh hfldng tuy khdng manh me<br /> quydn cac thupc dia, Bp trudng thupc dia dfl dpi song nd cung the hiin dUdc mpt qua<br /> Delcasse bay to y kii'n ve va'n de khai thac trinh van dpng chuyen minh cua khu vUc<br /> ndng nghiip thupc dia nhu sau: "Khai thac buon ban sdm ua't cd truyen nay tU dien<br /> nhflng vung lanh tho rpng ldn ma chung ta mao, canh quan dUdng phd' tdi ddi sd'ng kinh<br /> da chiem dfldc, thii't lap 6 dd cac ddn dii'n ti', van hda, xa hpi ciia cU dan ndi day "gid'ng<br /> phat trien sflc san xua't cua thupc dia va nhfl mpt cd gai cdi bd chii'c ao nau sdng de<br /> bang chinh eon dfldng dd phat trien mdi khoac lin minh chii'c ao hoa".' Ta't ca di'u b i t<br /> quan he ve thUdng mai vdi ehinh qudc...". dau mang hdi hudng, dang hinh cua dd thi<br /> Nam 1903, mpt tac gia vii't: "Ni'u mue dich hiin dai kieu phUdng Tay, van hanh theo<br /> la md rpng nhflng anh hfldng cua dan tpe di hinh thai kinh ti' tU ban ehu nghia vdi mpt<br /> xam chii'm thupc dia thi qua thflc, sU ddi sd'ng van hda Au hda song ehi dflng lai b<br /> nghiip ddu tiin la khai thac da't dai. hinh thflc ben ngoai va khdng trai di'u toan<br /> ThUdng mai va cdng nghiep chi ra ddi sau bp khdng gian khu phd' cd.<br /> <br /> Bang dieii each Ihon phirdng nira diiu the ky XIX tirtmg ung vdi khu virc phu co Ha Nui hien nay<br /> qua dieu tra khao sdt di tich<br /> Ten thOn/phydng n i h i d a u the k y X I X | Pho hien nav<br /> I. T 6 n g Odng T h o<br /> DiCn Hirnc (phirfmi;) Hiina NaanE<br /> DQnK'nio(lh6n) HiinE Bac. Ma Mflv, Ta Hifin<br /> DflfiE Yen (ihfln) Nauv^n Huu Huan<br /> GiiiNEif{ih6n) Gia Ngu. Dinh L i 6 i<br /> Ha Kh^u(phu'ctnK) M J May. Ta H i i n . Dflng Thai. Nguyen Van Sifiu. HiiiiE Bu6m<br /> HuiTng M m h (ihfin) Dinh L i c l . Htnmg M i n h<br /> NamHoadhOn) Hang Be<br /> NhiSm Thuong (ih6n) Hang Diiu. CAu C f l<br /> Ngir Vong (Lh6n) Luong NKOC Ouye'n<br /> LTuNEhiadhon) H^nE Chinh, Luang Ngoc Ouvfin. N g u y i n Hihi HuSn<br /> 11. T u n g D o n g X u d n<br /> Cd Litona (ihfin) Ngo Gach. Hang Giay. Nguyen Van Si6u<br /> D6naThuiin (ihfln) Hiing Cii, Chii Ca<br /> £Wna Xuiin (phuftng) Hiing Giilv. Cau Dflng. mfll phdn Dona Xuan<br /> Oi^c Mfln (ihdn) Han a Dudng<br /> HoaTruna(lh6n) D6ns. XuAn<br /> Huvdn ThiCn (ihOn) Hang Khoai<br /> Huona Biii (ihAn) O Ouan Chudng<br /> NKhTa U D Uhdn) Hilna Dau<br /> TiinTrunedhfln) Nguyen Thi6n Thuat<br /> Thanh Hii (ihdn) HimeChiCu. Thanh Ha<br /> P h i Ttr (thOn) Hang Lutfc. Giim Cau<br /> VTnh Hanh (phufma) Hiing Ducma. Hiing M a , Hang Ruoi<br /> V i n h TrO (th6n) Hang Khoai, HiinE Luoc<br /> Yfln Phd (thdn) Hiing Ma, Hana Ruoi<br /> 40 Hghien curu Lieh 5i3r. s6 7.2014<br /> <br /> m . Tong Phuc Lam<br /> Huong Nghta (ihfln) Dao Duy T£f. Cho Gao. TrSn Nhat Dual<br /> Nguyen Khie'f Ha (ihOn) Tran Nhat Dual<br /> Nguyen Khie! Thuang (ihfln) Cao Thdng. Tran Nhal Duai<br /> Phuc Lam (thon) Hang Dau, Gdm C&u. Phiic Lam<br /> Trang U u (thfln) Hang Thiing<br /> Trilna TTianh (Ihfln) Hang MuSu Hang Tre<br /> TriJng Thanh Trung Siii Dong (ihon) Nauyen HiJli Huan,<br /> IV. Tong Thuan MJ<br /> Dai l_ai (phudng) Hang Dao<br /> Dflng Ha(phudng) 0 Quan chudng, Hang Gai<br /> Dflng Thanh Thi (ihfln) Bai SiJ. H^ng Biil, Hang Phen, Thuoc Bac, Hang Vai i<br /> D6ng Lac(phudng) Hang Dao<br /> Hffu Dflng Mfln (ihfln) Dudng Thiinh. Himg C^n<br /> Kim C6 (thfln) Hang Gai. Dudng Thanh. Hang Manh. Hang Bong<br /> Nhan Nfli (ihOn) Thudc Bac, Bai Dan, Hang Bo<br /> Tan U p Tan Khai (ihfln) Hang Vai. Himg Chai, L.d Ren, Hiing Col, Himg Gii. Ci!ra D6ng<br /> Thuan M?(thOn) Hang Oual<br /> Thuong (ihfln) Hang Hdm<br /> Td Tich (Ihfln) TdTich. Hang Quat, Luang Van C ^<br /> Xuan Yen (ihfln) Hang Can. Luang Van Clan, Hang Bo<br /> Y6n Nfli (thfln) Hang Da. Hang Dieu. Hang Thiec. Nha Hoa<br /> Yen Nfli Dflng Thanh (Ihfln) Hang Non<br /> Yen Thai (Ihfln) Yen Thai. Hang Miinh<br /> V. Tong Vinh Xuong<br /> Yen Trung Ha (thfln) Ha Trung. Ngo Tram. Nguyen Van Td<br /> Yen Truna Thuona (ihfln) Nguyen CJuang Bich, Hang Bong<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> * Nghien CLIU nay duoc tai trcf bSi Quy Phat tu". Loai ghi chung "thd trach vien tri, than<br /> trien Khoa hpc vk Cong nghe Qud'c gia tCr, P b ^ t tu".<br /> (NAFOSTED), trong De tai ma so IV 3.2-2011.11. (4). De Lanessan, EM colonisation francaise en<br /> (1). Khai nifim khu pho co, khu pho buon ban, Indochine, dkn theo Nguyin Thiia Hy, Tu lieu vdn<br /> khu 36 pho phuong duoc diing deu n h i m muc dich hii'n Thdng Long - Hd Noi: Tuyen tap tU liiu<br /> chi khu vUc phia Dong t h a n h Ha Npi, giap vdi song phuang Tdy, sdd, tr. 712-713.<br /> Hong, ngay nay la bp phan quan trong nhat cua (5). Ho so so' 28, Phong S6 dia chinh Ha Npi tai<br /> qulln Hoan Kiem cung nhu ciia Thii d6 Ha Npi. Trung tam Luu t r d Quo'c gia (TTLTQG) 1, trich<br /> Khu vuc pho' cd, theo Quyet dinh so 70 BXD/KT trong td 8: "Nghi dinh ngay 26-5-1891 ciia Toan<br /> ng&y 30-03-1995 ciia Bp xay ddng duoc gidi han quyen Dong Duong".<br /> nhu sau: Phia Bic: pho Hang Dau; Phia Tay: pho (6). Bulletin municipal de la ville de Ha Npi<br /> Phung HUng; Phia Nam: pho' Hang Bong, Hang 1916, p. 357 (Cong bao Thanh pho Ha Npi nam<br /> Gai, Ciu Go, Hang Thiing; Phia Dong: pho Tran 1916 ky hieu J 329 tai TTLTQG I).<br /> Quang Khai, Tran Nhat Duat. (7). Ho sd so 358, Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Ndi<br /> tai TTLTQG 1.<br /> (2). Bang tho'ng ke sii dung so lieu trong cuo'n<br /> (8). Ho so so 29463, Phong Tda Doc IJ Ha Npi,<br /> Dia ba cd Hd Ngi, tap 2, Nxb. Ha Npi, Ha Npi,<br /> 2010 do GS. Phan Huy Le chu bien. TTLTQG I.<br /> (9). Ho sd sd 759. Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Npi.<br /> (3). Trong mot so' dja ba khong tach biet dat a TTLTQG L<br /> (tho trach vien tri) vdi da't den (than tfl), da't<br /> (10). Ta Thi Thiiy, Don diin cua ngUiJi Phdp d<br /> chda (tam bao hay Phat tU) ma ghi chung vao<br /> Bdc Ky 1884-1918, Nxb. Th^ gidi, Ha Npi, 1996,<br /> mpt loai goi U "thd trach vien tri, than t\X, PhSt<br /> tr.ll.<br />