Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P65

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Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P65: The transmitter encodes the information into a suitable form to be transmitted over the communications channel. The communications channel moves this signal as electromagnetic energy from the source to one or more destination receivers. The channel may convert this energy from one form to another, such as electrical to optical signals, whilst maintaining the integrity of the information so the recipient can understand the message sent by the transmitter....

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Nội dung Text: Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P65

Index 303 LAN port 186 Servers: MAN port 186 embedded web servers 237 RS: network time servers 190 RS-232 189, 239 print servers 188 RS-485 189 first-come first-served basis 188 serial and parallel printers 188 Satellites 255–61 remote access servers 189 advanced communications technology global positioning system (GPS) 190 satellite (ACTS) 255 PPP or SLIP 189 advantages, satellite networks 258–9 Radius, Kerberos or secureID 189 applications, satellite systems 259 stand-alone devices 190 bulk information broadcasting 260 terminal servers 188 full-duplex-based protocol 264 connect multiple 188 GEO satellites 256 serial devices 188 geo synchronous earth orbit (GEO) 255 thin servers 189, 239, 242 geostationary earth orbit (GEO) 256 DIN rail package 189 GLOBALSTAR 256 Ethernet LANs 239 information retrieval 260 port redirector 189 IRIDIUM 256 signal-channel terminal servers 189 LEO satellites 256 thin server applications 239 methods of optimizing, TCP/IP over universal thin servers 239 satellite channels 266 Session layer 26, 29 avoidance techniques 267 network connection 26 congestion avoidance 267 Shannon, formula 7 large window extension (TCP-LW) 266– Shannon-Hartley law 7 7 Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) 77, random early detection (RED) 267 133, 154 selective acknowledgment (TCP-SACK) client 155 266 data command 155 MobileLEO 256 processes 154 point-to-multi-point link 255 quit command 155 remote control and login 259 server 154–5 satellite-to-satellite linking 256 SMTP commands 155 spoofing 267 TELNET connection 155, 195 telecommunications 256 Simple network management protocol three-way handshake 264, 266 (SNMP) 150–1, 153–4, 176, 210–1, 220, very small aperture terminal (VSAT) 255 241 video conferencing 259 basic commands 151 Security considerations 216 basic components 151 6-bit pseudo-random code 219 GetBulk operation 153 access control lists (ACLs) 220 GetNest operation 153 authentication 219, 229 Inform operation 153 hackers 216–8 interoperability 154 information security policies 225–6 protocol data unit (PDU) 154 network security policies 233 proxy agents 154 network-sniffing device 217 management information base (MIB) 151 PIN number 219 hierarchy 152 secure ID tag 219 object 151 security advisory services 226 standards organizations 152 security breaches 218
304 Index network-management systems (NMSs) host-to-host layer 76, 122 151–4 initial sequence number (ISN) 124, 129 set operation 153 IP and TCP headers 128 SNMP security 153 major drawback 131 masquerading 153 non-connection-oriented protocol 131 modification of information 153 PHS bit 128 security threats 153 positive acknowledgment 125–6 trap operation 153 pseudo-random sequence number 127 Simplex 8 sequence number 124–5, 127 transmission 8 sliding window 125–6 Sockets 124, 131 streaming audio 131 Stop bit 10 streaming video 131 Supervisory control and data acquisition synchronization parameters 131 (SCADA) 234, 241–2 TCP connection phase 126 Ethernet compatible SCADA systems 241 unreliable protocol 131 factory automation systems 236 satellite see Satellite java-based SCADA 241 simple mail transfer protocol see Simple stand-alone SCADA systems 234 mail transfer protocol TCP/IP based factory automation 242 system components 174 TCP/IP Ethernet-based systems 234–5 modern network devices 175 web compatible SCADA systems 242 TCP/IP protocol suite Vs ARPA model 75 Switches 182–3, 236, 238, 251 firmware 75 cut-through vs store-and-forward 183 network interface layer 75 packet destination address 183 serial line internet protocol (SLIP) 76 packet errors 183 switched multimegabit data service full-duplex switches 183 (SMDS) 76 Ethernet NIC 183 TCP/IP stack 77 full-duplex Ethernet 183 troubleshooting see Troubleshooting layer 2 switches vs layer 3 switches 183 user data protocol see User data protocol data link layer 183, 186 user datagram protocol (UDP) 131 node to switch 65 Telecommunications network (TELNET) 77, non-buffered switches 70 134, 136, 140–3, 154–5, 195, 205, 220 switch applications 183 carriage-return character 140 standard Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 185 concurrent connections 140 VLAN ID number 186 IAC-IP (or 255-244) 141 VLANs and deterministic Ethernet 185 interpret as command (IAC) 141 switch-to-switch, full-duplex 65 network virtual terminal (NVT) 140 Synchronous 3, 11, 14, 31, 33 Token 40 data frame 14 active monitor (AM) 41 synchronous data link control (SDLC) 3 data packet see Packet synchronous optic network (SONET) 33 network architectures 41 transmission 11 node to node 40–1 block 11 probabilistic access method 41 post-amble 11 standby monitors (SMs) 41 token ring network 41 TCP/IP 30, 74–5, 80, 91, 116–7, 107, 133, Topology 33–4, 41, 115, 177–8 146, 149–50, 154, 158–59, 167, 170–1, 186, broadcast point-to-point topologies 33 191, 201, 203, 205, 207, 216, 220, 222, 224, broadcast topologies 33 234–7, 241, 244, 246, 249–50, 255, 258–61, bus topology 35, 39, 41 263, 265–67 advantages 35
Index 305 disadvantages 35 network congestion 253 point-to-point system 35, 37 ping command 253 component topologies 35 packets/second 249 hybrid topologies 35 percentage utilization 249 logical and physical topologies 34–6 with TCP/IP utilities 251 logical bus topology 48 hardware problems 253 media-access methods 34 intermittent problems 253 mesh topology 39 netstat-i 253 network topologies 33 queue field 253 nodes see Node spray command 253 physical topology 48 point-to-point topologies 34 Unconfirmed connection oriented service ring topology 36, 37 (UOS) 31 advantages 37 UNIX operating systems 140 disadvantages 37 User data protocol (UDP) 76, 96, 122, 131–2, star topology 36, 39, 49 137, 156, 137–8, 150, 159, 167, 264–5 advantages 36 checksum procedure 132 disadvantages 36 datagram 131 star-wired ring topology 38 frame format 131 advantages 38 pseudo header 132 disadvantages 38 zero transmitted checksum 132 multistation access units (MAUs) 38 Utilities: tree topology 39 DOS ping command 165 advantages 39 HOSTS file 173 daisy-chained 39 windows hosts file 173 disadvantages 39 ICMP echo 162 distributed bus 39 IPCONFIG 168 hybrid physical topology 39 host 168, 172–3 Transmitter 2–3, 8, 18 multi-homes host 168 to convert 2 PCMCIA 168 Transport layer 26 PPP adapter 168 distributed star topology 38 NBTSTAT 167 outgoing packets 26 netstat options 167 protocols see Protocols protocol statistics 167 subnet layers 26 packet internet groper (ping) 162 subnet service classes 26 ping utility 163 upper layer 26 ROUTE 172 utilities see Utilities time to live (TTL) 164 Troubleshooting 249–50 TJPingPro 165, 171 bridges or switches 251 TRACE Rou Te 170 CPU utilization 250 user-friendliest option 171 CRC/alignments 250 WINIPCFG 169 CSMA/CD Ethernet system 251 windows IP configuration 169 disk I/O 250 errors/second 250 Virtual private network (VPN) 20 Ethernet card 251 encryption techniques 20 frame check sequence (FCS) 251 packet switched links 20 jabbers 250 kilobytes/second 249 Wide area network 17–20, 30, 120, 163, 186, memory usage 250 188, 202–4, 212
306 Index WINS 149–50, 158 World wide web 193, 196–7, 212–3, 266 IP address mapping 149 name registration 150 name resolution 150 client 150 database 150 proxy agents 150 TCP/IP configuration 149, 168 WINS server 149