Summary of dissertation on economics: Policy on forest environment lease in national parks in the northern Vietnam case study at Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En national parks

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Researching on scientific base and the state of policies on forest environment lease for ecotourism business to propose a complete solution for leasing forest environment in National Parks in Northern region of Vietnam.

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Nội dung Text: Summary of dissertation on economics: Policy on forest environment lease in national parks in the northern Vietnam case study at Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En national parks

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY This work has been completed at: BUI THI MINH NGUYET NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY POLICY ON FOREST ENVIRONMENT LEASE IN NATIONAL Judge 1: PARKS IN THE NORTHERN VIETNAM CASE STUDY AT BA VI, TAM DAO, BEN EN NATIONAL PARKS SPECIALTY: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Judge 2: CODE: 62.62.01.15 Jude 3 : SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION ON ECONOMICS The Dissertation will be defended at University Doctoral Committee Scientific Instructor: 1. Assoc.Prof.Dr Vu Dinh Thang held at National Economics University at …..hours, on…… 2014 2. Assoc.Prof.Dr Tran Quoc Khanh The Dissertaton can be further referred to at : National Library Library of National Economics University Ha Noi - 2014
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS PREFACE Articles 1. Rationale: Exploiting the benefits from National Park, particularly 1. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2011), Hire special forest environment to develop the value of forest environment services are interested in and experimented by ecotourism in Ba Vi National Park – Situations and Solutions, Journal of many National Park in the world. Vietnam also allows the National Park to Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi. organize proactively in ecotourism business activities to generate investment 2. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2012), Solution to sustainable ecotourism development in income for forest protection and development. A new development trend in Ba Vi National Park, Journal of Forestry Technology and Science, Ha Noi, No recent time is companies, organizations, individuals wishing to rent forest 04/2012. environment in National Parks for ecotourism business. Although the trend 3. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet, Vu Dinh Thang (2013), The impact of policies for has been formed newly, this is a potential development trend and get the leasing forest environment in Ba Vi National park, Journal of Development consensus of society. Besides, the forest environment lease is a method to Economics, Ha Noi. socialize forest environment services which contribute revenues to be 4. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2013), Solution to ecotourism development in Tam Dao National Park, Giải pháp phát triển du lịch sinh thái tại Vườn quốc gia Tam ðảo, reinvested in forest protection and development by their own capital, reducing Journal of Forestry Technology and Science, No 01/2013 investment from the State. Though the State has adopted the policy of forest 5. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2011), The Policies of forest environment lease to environment lease for ecotourism business in National Parks and this policy has ecotourism business in National Parks of Vietnam, The summary record of been evaluated successfully in pilot National Parks for leasing but the policy has workshop by National Economics University. been implemented slowly. One of the main reasons is that the forest environment 6. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet, Tran Quang Bao (2013), Models of exploiting forest leasing policy has been incompleted, scattered in a number of different laws, environmental service for ecotourism service business in Ba Vi National Park, lack of necessary regulations, or some inadequated regulations which cause Ha Noi. Journal of Forestry Technology and Science, No 04/2013. difficulties for the development process. Therefore, the management plans, the legal framework and the policies for leasing forest environment are still an open Reports of Projects question which should be the orientation of the management levels and forestry. 1. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2009), Some solutions contribute to promoting linkages From above issues, the research on the perfect forest environment lease policies between the State, enterprises, farmers and scientists in the forest business in midland areas of northern Vietnam, University Project. in National Parks is necessary and urgent. This is the main reason to choose this 2. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2011), Some solutions in order to improve the policies problem as the subject of my dissertation. for leasing forest environment in Ba Vi, Tam Dao Nation Parks, University 2. Research Objectives: Researching on scientific base and the state of Project. policies on forest environment lease for ecotourism business to propose a 3. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2011), Comparative studies in developing large wood in the mountainous area of the Northern Vietnam, Funded by JICA – Japan. complete solution for leasing forest environment in National Parks in 4. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2013), Research on methods of determining the value of Northern region of Vietnam. land in agriculutural and forestry enterprises, Funded by Ministry of Science and 3. Research Objects: The dissertation focuses on policy research of Technology. 5. Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2013), Research on management policies of National forest environment lease for business purposes in National Parks in Northern Park to ensure sustained growth of Melaleuca in U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha region of Vietnam. National Park, Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology.
4. Research Scope 6. Researching methods - Space: Selected research areas are Ba Vi (Ha Noi), Tam Dao (Vinh 6.1. Methods of Collecting Information Phuc) and Ben En (Thanh Hoa) National Parks. * Method of selecting study object: National Parks chosen in the - Time: Research from 2002 when a pilot scheme of forest environment research locate in various positions in the northern region. They have the lease had been stated in some National Parks of Vietnam. potential to lease environment and deploy forest environment lease activities in - Research contents: various degrees. At each National Park, following information was collected: + Rationale and practice base of policy for leasing forest environment in Information about the basic features of the National Park, the National Park National Park. management, ecotourism activity management and management of forest + The status of policy and policy implementation for leasing forest environment leasing. Besides, information on the status of implementation of environment in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En National Parks, results, restrictions forest environment lease policy in National Park and information about the and causes. participation of the parties in the implementation of forest environment lease + Solutions for completing forest environment lease policy in National policy were also collected. Parks in Northern region of Vietnam. * Methods of collecting information: 5. New Scientific Contributions of Dissertation - Secondary information: Secondary information was collected through - In terms of theory: Systematizing theoretical basis for forest inheriting methods, research at desk, including: The relevant law documents; environment lease policy and leasing for ecotourism business purposes in Information about summary and assessment of policy and the implementation of National Parks. Summarizing the international experience for forest forest environment leasing policy; Documents and research results relating to the environment lease policy and drawing lessons for Vietnam. Synthesizing policy documents that relate to forest environment lease policy in Vietnam, forest environment leasing policy; Reports from different levels of local analyzing the limitations and shortcomings of forest environment lease policy government, the forestry management agencies, the research of National Parks. in national Parks. - Primary information: Information was collected through interviewing - In terms of practice: Assessing the implementation status of forest directly managers, interviewing people and participants who subject to the environment lease policy in National Parks; Evaluating the positive and renting and leasing activities. Consulting ideas from experts through directly negative sides in implementing forest environment lease policy in National interviewing such as interviewing central level managers and scientists. Case Park; Evaluating the appropriateness of policies related to leasing forest study: comprehensive study in 3 National Parks, among them conducting in environment in National Park; offering lessons learned in implementing depth study of Ba Vi National Parks. The number of interview samples forest environment policy in National Park. depends on the number of managing staffs and employees of Ba Vi National - Base on a theoretical and practical basis, proposing solutions in order Park as well as the travel companies, expected number is about 100 people. to improve the policy and implementation of forest environment lease policy 6.2. Information Processing and Analyzing: Information and data are in National Park, Vietnam. aggregated and analyzed for each location and each content of the study.
Specifically, the quantitative information (forms, data …) will be processed 7.2. Research results in Vietnam and integrated by the excel program. The methods of analysis: the method of In Vietnam, there are some research projects related to the topic such as: economic statistics; the synthesis method, the descriptive method; the (1) Forest management system in Vietnam; (2) Forest evaluation comparative method; the expert method. determination; (3) Forest rent. 7. Literature Review These researches point out several related problems, a certain aspect of 7.1. International Researches the policy as well as certain experiences. Because of the demands for the There are only few studies on forest environment lease policy in integration process and economic development, the innovation, perfect National Parks. The dissertation reckoned up research projects related to the theoretical and practical policy for forest environment lease policy is an following areas: (1) Studies on the value of forests, environmental values of inevitable trend in Vietnam today. forests and forest environmental services: The studies confirmed that forests 8. Dissertation structure have many values, these values provide many different benefits, the full Besides Preface, Conclution, List of references and appendices, the assessment of value of forest and forest environment is the basis for dissertation structure includes 3 chapters: exploitation and sustainable forest management. But people are only Chapter 1: Rationale and practice base of policy for leasing forest interested in values of logging while the value of forest environmental environment in National Park. services are really interested in lately. (2) The studies of exploitation of Chapter 2: The state and implement of policy for leasing forest environment in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En National Parks. ecotourism services: The activities of ecotourism business, entertainment tend Chapter 3: Complete solutions for forest environment lease policy in in to rise and have increasingly high proportion of the total values of the forest. National Parks in Northern region of Vietnam. Leasing forest environment for ecotourism business has been considered as one of the important issues of forest management currently. (3) The studies of forest Chapter 1 environment lease policy for ecotourism business in National Parks: awareness RATIONALE AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF FOREST of forest evironmental value has been getting more attention, which lead to ENVIRONMENT LEASE POLICY IN NATIONAL PARKS changes in policy of forest management and forestry. State policies related to 1.1. Forest environment rent in National parks forest environment lease are not really suitable for practical requirements, 1.1.1. The concept and role of forest for society specific policy. Therefore, the implementation of forest environment lease is 1.1.1.1. The definition of forest: The forest is an ecosystem including small and spontaneous. (4) The studies of evaluation of forest service values and forest, wild animals, forest micro-organism flora, forest land and other determination of forest environment lease price: quantify this value is relatively environmental factors. complex, specific assessment methods can be applied depending on types of 1.1.1.2. The forest for society: Forest has 3 main roles including: (1) goods and environmental services provided by. Providing forest products and non-timber forest products; (2) Protection role,
protect ecological environment and provide forest environment services; (3) 1.2.2. The basic elements forming policy for leasing forest environment: Role of society. Determination of policy objectives, the text of the policy, certain rules for the 1.1.2. National Parks and their features in Vietnam implementation of the policy documents. 1.1.2.1. National Park: National Park is a part of special purpose forest, its 1.2.3. Organization system of forest environment lease policy in National Park: functions are nature, natural landscape and biodiversity conservation. Government, Ministry of Agriculture and relevant Ministries, 1.1.2.2. Features of National Park:(1) National Park is a part of special people’Committee of province, National Park. purpose forest; (2) in undevelopment areas; (3) The majority of the National 1.2.4. The nature of forest environment lease policy in National Park: As a Park has a dual role (conservation combining entertainment, tourism. specific policy in forestry policy system, directly related to a specific object 1.1.2.3. National Park system in Vietnam: total of 128 forest purpose which is National Parks, but it is related to many other policies. Putting on forests, including 30 National Parks, 48 nature reserves, 12 protected species real – life content of laws, state policies for forestry, forest socialization; areas, 38 protected landscape areas. Mobilizing the resources of society for forest protection and development, 1.1.3. Forest environment and forest environment rent in National Parks particularly attracting components of non-state organizations; Ensuring 1.1.3.1. The concept of forest environment and forest environment employees, who are directly involved in the production, can be paid for the services creating value by themselves and inccordance with the true value of the forest; * The concept of forest environment: “Forest environment includes Improving capacity and effectiveness of management, forestuse and protection components of forest ecosystem: plants, animals, microorganisms, water, soil, for forest owners; Exploiting the resources of forestry, forest environment (own air, natural landscape”(Decree No. 99/2010/Nð-CP). resources) to develop new carriers in the economy (ecotourism). * The concept of forest environment services: “Forest environment 1.3. Experience in developing and implementing forest environment lease services is to provide the use value of forest environment to meet the needs of policy in the world and Vietnam society and people’s lives” (Decree No. 99/2010/Nð-CP). 1.3.1. Practical experience lessons in the world: Managing and developing 1.1.3.2. The concept of forest and forest environment rent: “As a form consistent policy with National Park, combining state and private sectors in of forest land use and forest of National Park, natural conservation area for forest and land management, exploiting forest environment values in National organizations” (Decree No 104/2007/Qð-BNN). Park, sustainable development of ecotourism in National Park, experience of 1.2. Forest environment lease policy in National Park valuable determination of forest environment services, development and 1.2.1. The concept of forest environment lease policy: Forest environment completion of forest environment lease policy in National Park. lease policy is a set of policies, views, solutions, tools for impact on 1.3.2. Practical experience lessons in Vietnam in perfecting forest operations of forest environment lease in National Park to achieve environment lease policy in National Park: The National Parks of Vietnam proposedcriteria on the basis of ensuring the exploitation of forest have abundant natural resources, beautiful scenery, diversity of fauna and environment service value for ecotourism business. flora, combining with human ecotorism resources. Therefore,potential of
ecotourism development is very great. At present, most of National Parks are Ben En National Park was established on August 9th 1986, under MARD, this having ecotourism business which is the first step to create the economic and National Park was transferred to people’committee of Thanh Hoa province. social benefit. However, ecotourism in National Park ’have not been 2.2.2. Status of land and tourism resources in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En commensurated with the available potential while the nature of tourism National Parks: The research National Parks have a large area of land, huge development is spontaneous. With that existing problem, the policy of the ecosystem diversity, many beautiful natural sceneries, rich human travel resources. state is to attract the various components of exploitation of forest environment However, to exploit them to meet the development of tourism, it need to invest funds to service to enhance the forest value, looking for revenue sources for build, develop and embellish these resources. conservation, reduce the burden on the State. However, implementation is 2.2.3. Evaluation of own potential exploitation for ecotourism development very difficult and having many problems. Many National Parks stop at in Tam Dao, Ba Vi, Ben En National Parks: The National Park has great programs and schemes because the activities are very new and in fact there is potential for ecotourism development through exploitation of the natural not much appreciated attention to have practical experiences. elements, biological diversity, natural lanscape and human tourism resources. 1.3.3. Learned lessons in pefecting policy of forest environment lease: Through However, the exploitation of this potential depends on many factors such as experience research in management of National Park, ecotourism activities, geographical location, the attractiveness of natural resources, diversification of forest environment lease in Vietnam and the world, the dissertation drawn 14 tourism products, local policies, the seasonality of tourism, linkage in tourism research issues. organizations. Chapter 2 2.2.4. The basic activities in research National Parks: Main activities are STATUS OF POLICY AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF Management of forest protection, development, exploitation and management FOREST ENVIRONMENT LEASE IN BA VI, TAM DAO, BEN EN activities. In reality, the National Parks focus primarily on operations of forest NATIONAL PARKS protection and development, management activities of one career units while 2.1. Overview of National park in the Northern Vietnam other activities are not interested to develop, especially exploiting forest National Park in the northern region accounts for 50% of environment services to raise revenue for the National Parks. Vietnam’National Parks, diverse ecosystems, beautiful natural scenery, and 2.3. The policy of forest environment lease in research National Parks rich human resources which having specific features of each regions. 2.3.1. Background of the forest environment lease policy in National Parks: 2.2. Characteristics of Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En National Park which Forest environment for rent in National Parks is one of the new points of the affecting policy implementation for forest environment rent and lease policy to encourage investment and development of special purpose forest. This 2.2.1. History of research National Parks policy is being completed by the Ministry of Planning and Investment and Ba Vi National Park was established on January 16th 1991, under the MARD to exploit the forest environment services to raise revenue for forest Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). Tam Dao National workers, increase re-investment, reduce the investment of the State and improve Park was established on January 24th 1977, under MARD on June 15th 1996. implementation of social mobilization in forest protection and development.
2.3.2. The policy, the view of the Party and the State for forest environment environment, Mechanism of investment for National Park, Provision of lease in National Park: Forest environment lease in National Parks began in organization for ecotourism activities in National Park, the degree of impact on 2002 through the scheme “pilot of using special purpose forest environment forest environment in National Park, determining the rate of forest land area in for ecotourism development and vocational education” which is assigned to National Park to build infrastructure, objects of hiring and lease for forest MARD to implement by the Prime Minister. The view of the Party and the environment, the term of forest environment lease, price of forest environment State... “to encourage the development of activities for forest environmental rent, regulations of revenue use from ecotourism activities, regulations of project services, ecotourism business in National Park suitably provisions of the law development for forest environment lease, regulations of sequences, procedures, to create revenue for National Park, replacing investment of State budget”. authority for forest environment lease in National Park, regulations of check and 2.3.3. The goals of forest environment lease policy for ecotourism business in supervision. National Park: Socializing forest environmental services in National Parks 2.4. The status of the implementation of forest environment lease policy helps to reduce the burden of the State; to ensure that the workers are paid in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En National Parks the forest value by their creation and people who are responsible for forest 2.4.1. The propaganda activities of plan development for forest environment management can increase income; increasing the efficiency of the forest in research National Parks: sector through the receipt of management skills and the investment from the The propagation and dissemination of policy, plan development and plans for private sectors; the development of ecotourism business based on the hiring remains slow. When implementing plan, it need to develop full contents foundation of assets under public ownership, the equity capital of the of the plan as a business plan. National Park; increasing income for local people. 2.4.2. Identifying and selecting organizations for forest environment lease in 2.3.4. The system of legal documents relating to forest environment lease for research National Parks: The National Parks will provide criteria for hiring ecotourism business in National Park: The law of forest protection and objects. Important criteria are capcity (financial, experience) ofensuring devlopment dated on February 3rd 2004 by National Assembly; Decision No. principles for operating lease (forest protection and development, conservation 18/2007/Qð-TTg dated on February 5th 2007 by Prime Minister; Decision No. of natural resources and human resources, attracting community, local 57/2012/Qð-TTg dated on January 9th 2012 by Prime Minister; Decree No. contributions,...). 23/2006/Nð-CP dated on March 3rd 2006 by Government; Decree No. 2.4.3. Determining rent price and terms of contract for forest environment lease 117/2010/Nð-CP dated on December 24th 2010 by Government; Decision No. in research National Parks 186/2006/Qð-TTg dated on August 14th 2006 by Prime Minister; Decision No. a) Determination of rent price for forest environment: Ba Vi National 104/2007/Qð- BNN dated on December 27th 2007 by MARD; Decision No. Park has established a Board of building plan to calculate rent price of forest 24/2012/Qð-TTg dated on June 1st 2012 by Prime Minister. The legislative environment based on Decree No. 48/2007/ND-CP on March 28th 2007 of documents proposed the following contents: Regulations on management and Government, in 2008 price is determined at 409.408 dong. Ben En National Park use of special purpose forest, regulations on hiring special purpose forest has been using the comparative method to determine the rent price of forest
environment. The unit that is chosen to compare is the Ba Vi National Park and e) Result of signing a contract between the National Park and units of the rent price is determined to be 606.247 VND/ha/year. The dissertation has forest environment lease: Ba Vi National Park has selected 6 units those are taken a number of exiting method for determining rent price of forest eligible for forest environment lease and determined the boundary of these environment. units. However, so far the Park has signed with only two organizations. One b) The order and procedures of implementing forest environment lease reason for the delay in signing the contract between the National Park and the policy in research National Parks: Ba Vi National Park is the first unit travel companies is that the conditions in the contract with the travel companies assigned to pilot lease policy for forest environment. Ba Vi National Park has are not close while there is no coordination between the National Park and done a lot of work with many different procedures. The procedure is local Goverment, not accurately assess the financial strength of the companies performed to ensure compliance with legislation and ensure strict legal. Ben receiving rent. Two travel companies have sighned contracts comply with En National Park has implemented more simple procedures than Ba Vi contractual commitments as acreage, protection and conservation of natural National Park but basically still ensured necessary order and procedure. resources, construction area of infrastructure. c) The provisions in implementing forest environment lease policy in 2.4.4. The inspection and supervision of the implementation of forest research National Parks: Ba Vi National Park has made provisions in detail environment lease policy in research National Park: The contents of in implementing forest environment lease policy, including: area for leasing, inspection include: the implementation of the park of planned contents, digital regulation on building of lease schemes, area measurement, inventory and content of protection, afforestation and construction of infrastructure. The assessment of the status of forest and land; records of land use planning in the unit that are assigned to perform inspection is park rangers. They must have lease area, the construction of buildings, ecotourism business organization, an annual report on the forest environment lease activities in the area, while monitoring,... The povisions in implementing forest environment lease policy in arisen problem must be reported immediately to the leaders of park to solve. Ben En National Park base on experience of Ba Vi National Park. Therefore, they are 2.4.5. The result of the implementation of forest environment leaw policy for more adequate, especially regulations of ecotourism organization, local attraction, ecotourism business in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Ben En National Parks compliance of the national and local povisions, cultural value protection of local... 2.4.5.1. Ba Vi National Park However, these povisions need to be more detailed and include specific criteria to a) The number of units of forest enviornment lease in Ba Vi National Park: ensure favorable conditions for the inspection and supervison. The contents of National Park has allowed six units for pilot leasing forest environment on the ecotourism organization need to be detail, such as: implementation activities, area that used to be assigned to protect forest previously. Among six organization, capacity,environmental impact assessment, using local labor and companies, two companies have implemented business activities well, while contributing to local,... other companies are in the phase of investing in infrastructure so they have d) The terms of forest environment lease: Area, term, location, levels of not got adequate facilities to conduct business activities. impact, price and method of payment for lease, settlement of the relevant b) The area and location of forest environment lease in Ba Vi National Park: assets, rights and obligations of each party. Total area of ecotourism zone that receives forest environment rent in Ba Vi
National Park is 743.4 ha, including natural resources, planted forest, land without d) Results of forest protection and development of forest environment rent forest in ecological restoration zones. units in Ba Vi National Parks: Forest development is interested in by rental units. c) Revenue from ecotourism activities in Ba Vi National Park: Income Empty land area was planted supplementally by rental units from their own fund. from forest environment lease in Ba Vi National Park tends to increase but with After 8 years (from 2003 to 2011), the total forest area in the region has increased small proportion. In contrast, revenue from ecotourism activities of leasing by 40,2%. A large part of empty land area has been replanted (207ha) and the organization has increased which shows professionalism and the effect of remaining of 16ha has been used to build the infrastructure (accounting for 2,18%). investment of travel companies on contributing to make revenue of the Leased forest environment units have private security forces in conjunction with companies for forest environment lease. Park rangers so forest protection is done very well. The total cost of the annual Unit: Million dong forest protection of forest environment rent units is 690 million dong used to maintain full-time team of forest management and fire preventation. e) Result of tourist attraction in Ba Vi National Park: The number of visitors to the park increased tremendously after implementing forest environment lease policy. Implementation of tourism companies is more professional,especially companies have the financial resources to invest in Figure 2.1. Income from forest Figure 2.2. Income from Ecotourism at Ba technical infrastructure, creating beautiful man-made lanscape, investing forest environmental lease at BaVi National Park Vi National Park of tourism companies regeneration so the number of visitors tend to increase over years. Sourses: Ba Vi National Park [46] Sourses: Ba Vi National Park [45] Unit: Visitors Revenue structure of the tourism companies are various, mainly from landscape ticket fees and accommodation services. The structure of income is different between the units of environment rent relating to the situation of investment and objectives of the business. Unit: % Figure 2.4. Number of visitors at Ba Figure 2.5. Number of visitors at Vi National Park Ecotourism Companies Sources: Ba Vi National Park [46] The number of visitors to the tourist areas have significant differencies (Figure 2.4). Attracting visitors to the resort depends on many factors, including Figure 2.3. Revenue structure of Thien Son-Suoi Nga and Thac Da Ecotourism Companies rental location, financial capability and experience of business owners is crucial. Sources: Ba Vi District [45]
f) The result of jobs and income generation for local people in Ba Vi in ecotourism business activities, so looking for rental and investable units in National Park: Forest environment lease policy has created job for 1576 the park is difficult. local people with stable earnings, including 490 employees in the regular 2.4.5.3. Tam Dao National Park: Tam Dao National Park has many payroll of the ecotourism area, 305 employees with infrequent work contract. advantages in terms of location and tourist potential, but at present forest Besides, creating thousands of indirect employment opportunities for local environment lease policy is still a part of the plan, although MARD agreed in the people as sales, travel guides, catering services,... which helping people policy, due to the ojective and subjective reasons. increase their income, diverse revenue from contribute to the reduction of Now, only Ba Vi National Park has already been implementing policy forest. of forest environment lease, the policy implemented over a long period, g) The actual use of funds for forest environment lease in Ba Vi sufficient basis to assess performance results and draw policy the lessons National Park: The total collected money from forest environment lease learned to improve policy. activities from 2008 to 2011 is 1.5582 million dong. Although thefunding 3.5. Assess the impact of forest environment lease policy in Ba Vi, Tam Dao, from activities of forest environment lease is not much it does help the park Ben En National Park have more funds to cover conservation and maintenace of park operations. 3.5.1. The positive impacts: The result of implementation of forest environment h) Status of coordination between stakeholders in the implementation lease policy in Nation Park shows that the policy have had positive impacts on process of forest environment lease policy in Ba Vi National Park: Ba Vi all aspects of economic, society and environment such as: Reducing the National Park has participated in managing and guiding of ecotourism investment of the State, contributing to forest development and protection owned activities of forest environment rent units; People’Committee of Ba Vi district, by the State, helping to develop local livelihoods, impacting human resources in communes have ecotourism sites to perform the management function of the the region, contributing to job creation and income generation for local people, State of economic, social, technical activities that affect forest; Households changing structure of revenue in National Parks. and individuals in the area are involved in service activities at the resort. 3.5.2. The negative impacts of forest environment lease policy and causes However, to ensure the success of the policy, it requires closer collaboration 3.5.2.1. The negative impacts: Awareness of the forest environment lease through a co-management mechanism to enhance the accountability of the policy is incomplete in the Board of National Park Management. The policy has parties related to issues of forest resources management and use at the Park. not provided enough motivation to achieve its objectives. The regulations going 2.4.5.2. Ben En National Park: Ben En National Park has made a plan along with the policy are not enough and may not have created positive impacts to lease forest environment and ecotourism area and has implemented specific on forest land and resources while they still fail to promote the role of activities to ensure the policy such as lease area planning, determination of stakeholders in the policy implementation. The process of policy implementation rent price, looking for travel business units, determination of conditions for meet difficulties because preparation part has not been done well, leading environment lease. However, the position of Ben En National Park is less tonecessary conditions to implement have not been ensured while rent price and favorable than Ba Vi National Park. In the area there are not many enterprises use of funds is not reasonable.
3.5.2.2. Causes of the negative impacts: Causes arising from policy 3.1.2. Context of home and world influences to the complement of forest development: No specific legal framework, many slow documents, incomplete environment lease policy in National Park guidelines, no specific criteria to ensure the necessary relations between lessee 3.1.2.1. Advantages of the complement of forest environment lease and lessor. Causes of the policy implementation such as: no staff trained to policy for ecotourism business in National Park: National Park management manage the rent operations, contracts not close,... trend is changing gradually to combine conservation and exploitation of forest economic benefits, carry out commercial activities to support Chapter 3 conservation activities; The values of forest environment services are SOLUTIONS FOR PERFECTING FOREST ENVIRONMENT LEASE increasingly appreciated and is a part of the general strategy of Government; POLICY IN NATIONAL PARKS IN THE NORTHERN VIETNAM Many National parks in the world and Vietnam have sucessfully exploited 3.1. Base of perfection for forest environment lease policy in National forest environment services for ecotourism business; The implementation of Park in the Northern Vietnam forest environment lease policy has adopted pilot projects of forest 3.1.1. The policy of the Party and the State affects the completion of forest environment lease for ecotourism business in some National parks. These environment lease policy in National Park: The policy of the Party and the projects were assessed successfully and concluded not to affect the function State are presented in the development strategy of Vietnam’s forestry, of conservation. strategies of exploitation and use of special purpose forest, the Law of forest 3.1.2.2. The difficulties in improvement of forest environment lease protection and development, the Law of biodiversity and concretized in the policy for ecotourism business in National Park in Vietnam: Because the underlaw. These policies confirm the low forest growth forestry, not to particular nature of management, legal system, social and economic exploit the full value of forest, especially forest environment searvices. conditions differ between countries, the National Parks, it is difficult to have National Parks are wasting potential, relying too heavily on State, having low a common partern or make a general rule; the opinion of conservation is investment funds,... The view in next time: Forestry development from narrow and has no change in the management; the management boards of management, protection, development and rational use of forest resources; parks are not dynamic, not interested in exploiting the value of forest forestry development based on accelerating and deepening the policy of forest environment services and still rely on the State. The policy of forest industry socialization, attracting investment resources for forest protection environment lease is incomplete, not really suitable, has not many models to and development; increasing revenue from forest environment services; study, and need to learn from experience to complete the policy of forest increasing revenue, diversing form of exploitation organization of forest environment lease in National Park in Vietnam. Besides, some difficulties are environment services in National Park, offseting const, increasing revenue for peculiar nature of Vietnam such as investment restriction for National Parks, force of forest management and protection, reducing pressure on the State diversity of management subjects, no methods to create incentives for budget, people protect forest directly who receive benifits from exploitationn National Park manager, capacity of officials,... of services, but ensure the povisions of law, regulations of protected area.
3.1.2.3. Awareness of the lessee and the lessor for goals, contents of on the basis of higher level, based on consistent basis effect object to be forest environment lease policy in research National Park: Inadequate National Park. Policy should ensure the following requirements: ensuring awareness for forest environment of forest managers, assessment of the majority policy harmonization between conservation and development; Creating a of them on environment services has not exploited fully, the value of tourism legal framework to ensure encourages for investors to combine travel and and entertainment are just exploited, the consensus opinion of the policy content forest protection, especially in the private sector; The policy must address the has made relatively clear. However, at evaluation time many relevant legal potential conflicts among the goals of resources conservation and travel. documents were enacted and Ba Vi National Park has also built regulations for Needing to build relevant policies synchronously as: land policy, benefit forest environment lease of the Park. policy, buffer management policy, benefit sharing policy, investment policy, 3.2. The goals of complement of forest environment lease policy in conservation policy, policy to attract the social sectors to participate in National Parks in northern Vietnam: Strengthen State management for conservation and exploitation of the available benefits of the park,... forest environment lease activities in National Park, ensuring sustainable 3.1.3. Complement of the content of forest environment lease in National development of forest in National Park, changing awarness of management Park: The construction and complement of policy content should be based on an levels and strengthen coordination of stakeholders, encouraging non-state assessment and a thorough analysis on the basis of field surveys and experience elements exploit potential of National Park. lessons in development and implementation of forest environment lease policy in 3.3. Some methods of complement for forest environment lease policy for National Parks in the world, base on the specific conditions of Vietnam, in each ecotourism business in National Parks in northern Vietnam area region, especially the lessons learned from the pilot project of forest environment 3.3.1. Solutions related to policy development lease has been summarized and evaluated. 3.3.1.1. Determination of policy goals: Exploitation of environment 3.3.1.4. Research, modification, additional regulations, guidance of policy factors for lease in order to increase income for the forest management Boards implementation: Regulations on forest environment lease subjects; Regulations and the forest workers; Performance of socialization of forest environment on the lease term, the lease termination; Regulations on the lease quota; services in the framework of forest environment services; Generating revenue, Regulations on methods of determination and the cost to lease; Money reducing the burden of the State in forest protection and development for the management and use from forest environment lease; Rights and obligations of forests where have multiple environmental services; Ensuring the natural the lessee and the lease of forest environment; Sequence and procedures for resources and human resources conservation and development, biological forest environment lease; Mechanism of transfer of forest environment lease; diversity and environmental function of forest; Linking to community Implementing organization for forest environment lease; the organization support, poverty reduction. regulations for monitoring and content of monitoring. 3.3.1.2. Ensuring uniformity in policy building: Building a system of 3.3.1.5. Addition and complementation of legal documents: Need a uniform policies for policy promulgating level. Policies issued at different separate policy for forest environment lease activities. Reviewing documents levels to ensure uniform legal, unification under a common goal, lower level related to add, build guidable documents as Decree, circular of MARD, the
text of the directly manage units as National Park. Some additional contents investors and tourists; Aware education of forest protection and coordination such as policy of investment source mobilazation for special purpose forest, of the community participation. buffer management policy, regulations on National Park’s capacity, 3.3.2.4. Preparation of the necessary procedures to implement forest regulations on infrastructure building for ecotourism development of National environment lease policy for ecotourism business in National Park: Ensuring Park, regulations on training support of human resources for ecotourism legal and coherence of forest environment rent contract; Amending, supplementing development, specific rules of compensation level for infrastructure the regulations and guidances to implement the policy. investment business in ecology forest when the State recovers land for other 3.2.3.5. Mobilizing stakeholders to exploit the forest environment on projects and the level of business’compulsory investment for forest the basis of solving harmony of interests between stakeholders and ensuring conservation to be effective, coordination and regulation of relationship sustainable development of the forest environment: There should be building between the participants to use the forest sustainably, regulations of provisions to ensure the join between the parties involved in the forest income and expenditure mechanism related to forest enviroment lease. environment lease policy on the basis of combination of rights and 3.3.2. Group of implementation solutions for forest environment lease responsibilities of each party’rights; Solving the economic relationship policy for ecotourism business in National Park between stakeholders. 3.3.2.1. Decentralized administration of National Park: Need to 2.2.3.6. Collaboration and benefit share between the park management develop decentralization mechanisms, creating a financial mechanism for Board and local government in forest management and benefits exploitation National Park, ensuring responsibilities associated with specific tasks and from forest: create appropriate mechanisms to encourage the participation of powers for each level. In particular, it need to be strengthened to attract and stakeholders in the local management of the park. The collaboration between increase accountability at all levels of government, specially districts and people and communities is essential and through propaganda, education for communes. people living in the buffer zone participate forest protection and development. 3.3.2.2. Review and implementation for certificate of land use rights for The collaboration between the National Park management Board and local National Parks : Certificates of land use rights help the Parks to have the legal authorities on the basis of ensuring the benefit of the two sides. basis for implementation, signing contract with organizations, individuals 3.2.3.7. Well organized inspection and monitoring for forest wishing to rent forest environment. environment rent units: Forest environment rent units are checked, guided, 3.3.2.3. Preparing the necessary conditions for policy implementation consulted regularly to comply the approved plans through specialized in the Park: Completing the National Park structure, determining the rights department. When policy implementation needs to have the required impact and responsibilities of the Park management Board for activities of forest assessment of ecotourism activities to conservation, economic and social environment lease. Training human resources in ecotourism development; development in the region. The assessment must be carried out regularly and Building infrastructure in National Park area to attract investor to rent forest immediately after signing the lease contract, in build of projects for forest environment; Conservation of biodiversity in order to generate attraction for environment lease. Ensuring to limit the risk of natural resource conservation.
At all stages of the process of policy implementation need to be checked, following issues: management decentralization mechanism of National Park monitored closely to ensure not to cause adverse effects to the forest based on responsibilites and certain powers, fitted with approciate investment environment and diversity in National Parks. mechanisms for National Park; Issuing cerficates of land use rights for the Parks; Completing the management structure at the Parks on a a consistent basis tend to CONCLUSION associate with protection and exploitation of the value of forest. Strengthening On the basis of the research contents, the author has completed the dissemination of policy to related objects; Mobilizing participants to exploit the research objectives and the following conclusions: forest environment, especially the private sector; Education and awareness of 1. Ecotourism business in National Park is a method of forest forest protection and coordination of the implementation of forest environment environment value exploitation, has been being applied in many countries in lease policy of local communities; Training human resources in ecotourism the world. Confirming the type of ecotourism is responsible for environment development; building infrastructure in the park area to attract investors, conservation and to improve livelihood of local communities. strengthening inspection and supervision of the forest environment lease 2. Forest environment lease for ecotourism business is piloted in a organization and ensuring legality and stricture of forest environment leases; co- number of National Parks in Vietnam and had certain results initially, ordination and benefit sharing with local governments. contributing to reduce the burden on the state budget, creating financial sources to bring sustainable nature of National Park and attracting resources of private sector to invest in forest development and protection. 3. In Vietnam, there has not been separate legislation of forest environment lease for ecotourism business in National Park, creating a new legal framework for the initial pilot implementation of this policy, however the policy is revealed many limitations and inadequacies and have not met the practical requirements. 4. The policy of forest environement lease for ecotourism business in National Park should focus on the following contents: definition of policy objectives, ensuring main contents of policy (objects, limitation, price, limit, fund management and use, the rights and obligations of each party, order, procedure, contract transfer, implementation of activities, monitor, inspection for lease. 5. The solutions of formulation and implementation of forest environment lease policy for ecotourism business in life needd to focus on addressing the