YOMEDIA
ADSENSE
Teaching listening by enhanced inspiring phenomenal songs, a case study of students native Papua in boarding school
14
lượt xem 1
download
lượt xem 1
download
Download
Vui lòng tải xuống để xem tài liệu đầy đủ
Inspiring phenomenal English songs have a great contribution to develop, improve, and increase listening skills. This study aims to analyze the effect of inspiring phenomenal songs to develop students’ listening skill.
AMBIENT/
Chủ đề:
Bình luận(0) Đăng nhập để gửi bình luận!
Nội dung Text: Teaching listening by enhanced inspiring phenomenal songs, a case study of students native Papua in boarding school
- International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 773-781. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_081 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed TEACHING LISTENING BY ENHANCED INSPIRING PHENOMENAL SONGS, A CASE STUDY OF STUDENTS NATIVE PAPUA IN BOARDING SCHOOL Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir Department of English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia ABSTRACT Inspiring phenomenal English songs have a great contribution to develop, improve, and increase listening skills. This study aims to analyze the effect of inspiring phenomenal songs to develop students’ listening skill. In doing it, this study used the descriptive qualitative as approach to get and process the data. Implementing research, it is done in three stages, pre-listening, whilst-listening, and post-listening. The participants were students native Papua who study in boarding school. Totaling were 40 students. The result showed that inspiring phenomenal English songs can raise students’ motivation, vocabulary, cognitive, linguistics, affective, and makes classroom’s atmosphere more comfortable free of boredom. It is implied to be a reference media in developing students’ interest in listening skills which are stating in boarding schools, in particularly. Keywords: Inspiring, phenomenal English songs, listening skills. Cite this Article Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir, Teaching Listening By Enhanced Inspiring Phenomenal Songs, a Case Study of Students Native Papua in Boarding School, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 773-781. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION Listening is one of the integrated four skill in languages. Either mother language, second language or foreign language. It is can be improved by many ways, for instance, diligent in study, tough, more in practices and never stop in persevering. In line with in, listening skills is a crucial thing to teach in the classroom for students. As (I.S.P Nation cited in Harmer, 2009) that teaching listening is an essential thing for classroom activities because needs comprehension and acquisition. It is needed a good way to do well and successful involving cognitive and metacognitive. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 773 editor@iaeme.com
- Teaching Listening By Enhanced Inspiring Phenomenal Songs, a Case Study of Students Native Papua in Boarding School In accordance with Jack. C. Richards (2008) identifies learning about listening and speaking is top up position over the world recently. Everyone wants to grow up and speaking English fluently, it has the reason for English role as an international language had been given priority to find out the most effective to teach English. Furthermore, Richard (2008:2) one way to make listening easier is by applying what we know about their purposes for listening, and if speaking is also a goal of the classroom, using well-structured speaking tasks informed by research. In other words, listening skills can be categorized in two ways, listening comprehension and acquisition. It has meant that learners need to take part in activities that require them to try out and experiment in using newly noticed language forms in order for new learning items to become incorporated into their linguistic repertoire their purposes for listening, and if speaking is also a goal of the classroom, using well-structured speaking tasks informed by research. In other words, listening skills can be categorized in two ways, listening comprehension and acquisition. It has meant that learners need to take part in activities that require them to try out and experiment in using newly noticed language forms in order for new learning items to become incorporated into their linguistic repertoire. As explained above, listening skills is one of receptive skills, (Harmer, 2009). Receptive skills are the ways of people extract meaning the discourse they hear or see. In other words, receptive is a passive process by which the listener receives information sent by a speaker. It is can be develop by everyone depend on contextual and subjects. If he wants to get better in listening the subject of any lesson, he can listen the instruction repeatedly, even if he can play recorded text. In an initial study, Bostrom and Waldhart (1980) laid the groundwork for The Kentucky Comprehensive Listening Test which examines various aspects of listening including long- and short-term listening, and comprehension. Their findings indicated that short-term listening ability was more closely related to measures of oral performance, and lecture- comprehension listening was more closely related to measures of general mental ability. As mentioned above, listening skill could be developed by anyone in anyway. Here, inspiring songs phenomenal chosen as the most relevant way for the students in the boarding school. It is inspiring and motivating them to listen anymore. Additionally, Song is expressing of soul can inspire, and motivate people. (Gugliemino, 1986 cited in Kevin Schoepp) states, “Adults sing at religious services, bars, in the shower, and listening to the car radio even while cooking in the kitchen. Songs have become an integral part of our language experience, and if used in coordination with a language lesson they can be of great value”. It is implied that cannot be separated from human being. 2. METHODS Overview of each learner‟s development during the activities, this study implemented qualitative approach. It concerns with increasing students‟ motivation to learn English, and how the inspiring English songs phenomenal can be as a leaning media to improve listening skills. Totaling of participants were 40 students. To collect data, it is done in six time practices or in two periods. In the first period, students followed workshop with accompanied by their English teacher. Afterwards, classroom activities divided into three stages, pre- listening, whilst-listening, and post-listening. In supporting deepest result, and to enrich the primary data, the researcher conducted interview with ten informants randomly relevant to determine whether the influence of listening English song could motivate them, or nothing at all the effect of listening skills for them. Similar research methods (Emiliana et al., 2018; Julianto, 2018; Martha et al., 2018) are also used as a reference for this study. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 774 editor@iaeme.com
- Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. English songs phenomenal can enrich vocabulary In line with the initial observation, phenomenal English songs used as media in this study. Researcher applying it in three activities below: 3.1.1. Pre-Listening In the first meeting, to begin activities, researcher warming-up them by asking for students sang together. It aims to stimulate, to dig-up whoever has hobby in singing. Five students embarrassed raising their hands. It showed that they had hobby in singing but felt lack confidence to say. Hence, researcher asked them questions taken from sound tract “Titanic” with the title “My Heart Will Go On” which is popularized by phenomenal international artist, Celine Dion. Its song quite inspire many people in cross generation. R: Have you ever heard the song? S: Never R: Did you know the singer who popularize it? S: I didn‟t know 3.1.2. During-Listening This song purposely chosen by considering it is a kind of phenomenal songs. It is also known by the people cross generation, from the 80(s) and 90(s), until now this song most popular and phenomenal. During this activity is running, teacher asked for students to fill blanks, or complete the empty song lyrics with the suitable and correct answer refer to information listening to. My Heart Will Go On By Celine Dion (1) I see you, I feel you, That is how I know you go on Far across (2) And spaces between us You have come to show you go on (3) Wherever you are I believe that the heart does go on Once more you open the door And (4) in my heart And (5) Love can touch us one time And last for (6) And never let go (7) Love was when I loved you One true time I (8)… http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 775 editor@iaeme.com
- Teaching Listening By Enhanced Inspiring Phenomenal Songs, a Case Study of Students Native Papua in Boarding School In my life we'll always go on Near, far, wherever you are (9) Once more you open the door And you're here in my heart And my heart will go on and on You're here, (10) This stage has done in six time practices or two period times. Firstly, it is implementing while doing workshop, and then, continuing in evaluation. This song played for the students, and they were just listening to, without do anything, started beginning until the end of song lyrics. Afterward, replayed the song while asking for them to take note. Last, song replayed again so that students a little bit understood about that song lyrics they have just listened. In the second period, the same activities have done in evaluation phase. The aim of the evaluation is to see the progressing or students’ developing in listening. It is repeatedly in three times, and the result showed us that a third of students could follow the long lyrics although in a few sentences. It is a good students’ progress in listening compare with previous observation. 3.1.3. Post-listening In this stage, tested the students whether they understood of what they have listened or not. Trying to test whether they were understanding or not, researcher asked for students by some questions which related to the song lyrics, even the information about singers. R: Can you guess who the name of singer is? After listening to the song lyrics as have discussed above, there were three students appropriately answered “Celine Dion”. It proved that English song lyrics can develop students‟ listening. Actually students in the classroom did not know about the singer, but in post-listening activities, they could imagine and guess of singer‟s name. R: What does the singer‟s nationality? A half students answered in wrong information. Ten students gave true information about singer‟s nationality. It is proven by listening English song lyrics, students could guess the appropriate information which related to song. R: do you know the messages from the song? One student could not give information. Teacher asked for them randomly, and they answered in short or simple messages but it is true. It is also proven that by listening English song, students understood what the song implied is. R: any student could repeat the song? Giving them the opportunities to repeat or sing the song. One of them raised her hand and she was ready for sung it, but her problem is, she was afraid to sing by herself, therefor asked for other students to help her, then they repeat the song in front of classroom. But, sometimes they sang with incomplete lyrics. It proved after they have listened the good accent from singer while they were listening to, a half students could repeat it even though done together. R: Do you like that English song? Students replied the question that they were like English song absolutely, but they did not have enough facilities to supporting them. From the excerption given interpretation that while listening classroom activities was running, students understood what they heard but difficult in spoken. It is implied English song lyrics could develop students‟ understanding of meaning the words. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 776 editor@iaeme.com
- Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir English song lyrics phenomenal can improve students‟ mastery of vocabulary. From the song, students got new vocabularies, even knew other synonym of the words. An English word has more than one different meaning. In this study, the word ‟forever‟, asked for students to looking for its synonym. It has same meaning with „eternal‟, ‟everlasting‟. Therefore, the word ‟see’ its synonym ’find’, ’feet’. It is similar with (Tri Listiyaningsih, 2017) concluded that people who learn the English language should master the listening skill. To improve listening skill, people can exercise through listening English song because listening English song has the benefit to improve listening skill. 3.2. Inspiring English songs phenomenal as media to develop students’ pronunciation When learning English language, especially in listening, there are many media to help learner to improve the ability of listening skill such as video, movie, and song. Song as media that can improve listening. Song can be the media to improve the listening skill because it is easy to get song and it can train our ears to listen (Tri Listiyaningsih, 2017). In a similar vein, (I.S.P Nation cited in Harmer, 2009) stated that teaching listening is an essential thing for classroom activities because needs comprehension and acquisition. Listening is one of the integrated four skill in languages. Either mother language, second language or foreign language. It is can be improved by many ways, for instance diligent in study, tough, more in practices and never stop in persevering. In line with in, listening skills is a crucial thing to teach in the classroom for students. This study focused on song lyrics which is phenomenal inspiringly. A song lyrics could be said phenomenal weather extremely successful or special, especially in a surprising way (Cambridge Dictionary). It is chosen by writer on purpose slow rhythm, easy to understand, and pronounce clearly. By listening its lyrics, students can distinguish pronunciation correctly by native singer or British style, for instance, see /s i/ has meaning verb [use eyes]. Compare it with sea /s i/ has meaning noun a large area of salt water that is partly or completely surrounded by land], then, she /ʃi/ has meaning pronoun [female], (dictionary.cambridge.org). By listening this song, students listened lyrics clearly and repeatedly until they could distinguish its pronunciation. 3.3. Raising-up students’ Motivation. How learner is motivated? Motivation is the reason for people's actions, willingness and goals. Motivation is derived from the word motive which is defined as a need that requires satisfaction, (Ryan et al, 2000). Additionally, (Eady and Wilson cite in Hilda F Israel) confirm that various studies prove that music does contribute to a learner‟s academic achievement, motivation and creative development. They conclude that music helps one to learn more, and more effectively. Music contributes to all of education. The learner benefits by enhancing key developmental goals such as self-esteem and creativity. Music inspires and soothes, and people who are musically talented seem to have an enhanced aptitude in the learning of foreign languages in addition, ( Hilda F Israel, 2013) clearly claims that music inspires and soothes, and people who are musically talented seem to have an enhanced aptitude in the learning of foreign languages. However, a student who have music competence, ones he listen to music, and then, he will repeatedly easier. As mentioned above, this study demonstrated whilst-listening activities, 1 student automatically repeated this song because she has music competence, and aptly her hobby is singing and listening to music. Clearly, inspiring phenomenal English songs could be inspiring, enlivening, life being more motivated after listen that songs. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 777 editor@iaeme.com
- Teaching Listening By Enhanced Inspiring Phenomenal Songs, a Case Study of Students Native Papua in Boarding School This study demonstrated 10 ten songs more inspired and motivated students, that are, “We are the Champions” popularized by Queen. Researcher purposely chosen it because its lyrics” And bad mistakes I’ve made a few I’ve had my share of sand kicked in my face; But I’ve come through” it motivated, told, reminded us that we may all have had bad days and felt that everything bad was above us. But think about how your struggle goes through all that, and how you have learned from what has happened to you. Its entitled” We are the Champions” implied us or students that everyone is the champion, the winner in everything we are doing, just depended on our way to be the winner, there is no limitation. It also often be heard in the end of a competition, event, contest, or tournament. Similarly, motivated lyrics comes from legendary singer, Jhon Lennon, entitled,”Imagine”. Proven by “You may say I am a dreamer, but I am not the only one, I hope someday you’ll join us, and the world will be as one. Thus, Horn cited in Hilda F Israel (2013) claims that music “is a form of language, using tones, pitch, timbre and rhythm as a universal language. Both language and music are „communicative modes, aurally and orally transmitted, containing phonetic, syntactic, and semantic components, develop early in life and are socially interactive media”. Lyrics of “Imagine” stated that others can be judged of us as a dreamer but we are not the only one, more importantly, how can we reach our dream come is. By supporting information got from students that they were more motivated in listening to English song versions. They are interested in doing practices from YouTube, soft copy listening materials researcher given. More details as drawn in the following table 1: Table 1. Negative statements Negative statements Participants There is no feedback from the English songs 1 Some difficult questions are understood 8 Listening material is difficult to understand. 11 There is no new vocabulary 4 Lack of practice 6 Limited Infrastructures 10 Discussing of table 1 above, it is clearly seen that 1 student stated that there is no feedback from the English songs, 8 students felt there are some questions difficult to understand, and then 11 had difficulties in understanding of listening materials. Afterward, 4 participants stated there is no new vocabularies, 6 of them answered they had lack practice, and the rest stating limitation of infrastructures. Furthermore, after students got listening materials in hard and soft copy from researcher, brought it home, it is meant they could be practice at their dorms. It results significantly satisfied 30 students felt more motivated in to listening English anymore. For further explanation and information, details clearly seen in the table 2. Table 2. Positive statements Positive statements Participants 30 the practice provides motivation. I am increasingly critical in listening the text 2 I can answer questions directly 2 There is a variety of text listening material 2 I understand the implicit meaning of listening material 2 Increasingly interested in listening module. 2 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 778 editor@iaeme.com
- Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir Based on the students‟ statement in the table 2 provided above, clearly shown that listening practice thorough songs English phenomenal could raise their motivation to listening in many times. How can it works?. Learners as subject in this study who did not come native speaker were 30 having motivation to do practices in many time after they got workshop. They were having great desire to listen English song lyrics, even to sing although they did not know understand its meaning. Meanwhile, two students stated that they were increasingly critical in listening the text, two of them could answer questions directly, and then two stated that there is a variety of text listening material. Two students understood the implicit meaning of listening material, and the rest, increasingly interested in listening module. In line with (Tri Listiyaningsih, 2017) claimed that listening English song can improve the pronunciation. She also said while people were listening English song, they could alter the words which similar in pronunciation but really distinguish. In addition, Jeremy Harmer (2008) states that music is a powerful media or stimulus for students because it can amuse or entertain, even change the atmosphere in the classroom to the new world of learning listening. Indeed, media could be provided by play film, or music recorded. Based on his experienced that students given the chance to choose and brought their favorite songs into the classroom. Someone‟s favorite song can be motivated him to listen it in many times cause of easier understanding by student deals with meaning, additional vocabularies, and its correct pronunciation. 3.4. To provide a relaxed classroom atmosphere. Pertaining to Murray cite in Hilda F Israel, 2013) aptly points out that songs “provide us with a window into a world that is not our own, a world that we glimpse and remember thanks to the power of music.” Music is an integral part of our lives today –it‟s in our cars, homes, cell phones, MP3s, shopping malls, radios, television programs. Students walk around campus with earphones plugged on for the entire day, listening to their personal music selections. This is an ideal context for the language teacher, who should explore as many ways as possible to formally integrate music into the classroom. Afterward, (M. Fadlillah, et al., 2014:43-45 cited in Muti‟ah 2017), investigated the using of song in the teaching process is creating, enlivening classroom atmosphere. This study played the song “Black or White by Michael Jackson”. Hysterical students made classroom‟s atmosphere significantly changed. Why? This song trust in many people cross generation is phenomenal, hypnotized children, teens, and adults. Its rhythm able to arouse spirit and soul, supported by music and characteristic‟s dance of singer, or, which is called ”walkmoon”, made classroom more amazing. Absolutely, researcher concluded this song enliven classroom atmosphere. 3.5. Linguistic Aspects In accordance with Schoepp (2001) investigates that colloquial is there a reason for using the English songs in the classroom, besides automatization . his study also clarified that English songs provide linguistics aspect, such as, grammatical structures, semantics: (vocabulary creates meaning and understanding). Phenomenal English song, like “killing me softly” by Jessie J, contains some phrases” killing me softly with his song, “Strumming my pain with his fingers”, “telling my whole life with his words”. The song lyric” killing me softly with his song” this study analyzed from semantics‟ perception, killing means cause death, murder (online dictionary). But, from culture‟s perspective its meaning makes our local cultures value is cooling down, decreasing caused by western life style, and modernization. On the hand local culture is extinct. Focused on grammatical structures, Strumming, telling, killing, those http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 779 editor@iaeme.com
- Teaching Listening By Enhanced Inspiring Phenomenal Songs, a Case Study of Students Native Papua in Boarding School are examples of “base (verbs) form + suffix ing”. This sample can be modified became sentences in vary. This study demonstrated those words to students, asking them find out other samples, and then, undoubtedly they create sentences easier. In similar, another song lyrics investigated another refer to semantic‟s perception, the song lyrics “I am sailing by Rod Stewart”. Similarly (Kevin Schoepp , 2001) clarified that song through cognitive reasons. His study also states its lyrics emphasized repetition. I am sailing, it is indirectly explained about sentence structures, present progressive tense. In contrast, as continuing of Kevin Schoepp‟s statement, this research investigated it by linguistics‟ aspect, semantics in particularly. In line with it, semantics in general talks about meaning (Hoffmann, 1993). Song lyrics of I am Sailing stated that the singer explains his way to reach his dream of (contextual meaning), and then, he also wants to be a bird cross the sky to get freedom (connotative meaning), thus, its lyrics” we are sailing, we are sailing, home again,” it is stated that he is not alone but work together which have same dream, ambition or destination (connotative). More clearly, the word “Sailing” derived from “base form (verbs) sail + suffix ing” (grammatical structures). 3.6. Cognitive Reasons An activity in singing involving music, by music enhances some activities, one of them, that is, cognitive. She also explains that music and action (body movement) are spontaneous and natural occur. But, is not simple, this action needs the ability for feeling and paying attention so that they are in one harmonious. Melody and rhythms and action be in unity. For it, needs of cognitive aspect. It is demonstrated, while students heard popular music, jazz, and classical music, their response also be automatically changed. During this study, and then classroom observation, researcher played song from king of pop, Michael Jackson, unconsciously students nodding head, jump-up, and tapping table as if they were holding drummer sticks. This action is not realized or unconsciousness as cognition process as well. Researcher states ”bombastic reflection”. Similar studies, evidence that in the human brain, one of the most powerful sources of auditory stimulation is provided by music (Sacks, 2006 cite in T. Sarkamo 2008). Thus, more importantly, listening to music “beyond involving a wide-spread bilateral network of frontal, temporal, parietal and subcortical areas related to attention, semantic and music-syntactic processing, memory and motor functions” (Bhattacharya et al., 2001; Janata et al., 2002; Koelsch et al., 2004; Popescu et al., 2004 cited in T. Sarkamo 2008). Research also be evidenced after listening activities, often students could memorize song lyrics without meaning comprehending. 4. CONCLUSIONS Starting from beginning, during, to the end of activities, this study absolutely claimed that 70% students agreed that inspiring phenomenal English song as a learning media provided benefits for understanding listening skill courses. It is also be supported by interview result in the evaluation, it implied that listening skill can be developed by using inspiring phenomenal English songs. They are increasingly motivated to read more listening materials, inspiring, enliven, they also have enthusiasm to sing it in front of the classroom. Interestingly however, 6% students want to be a famous singer. In accordance with it, 20% students have new habits in listening activities by used recorded text and YouTube. This study in vain with (Tri Listiyaningsih, 2017) clarified that listening English song can be as a learning media to improve listening skills. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 780 editor@iaeme.com
- Ranta Butarbutara and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir Last but not least, it is expected to be a reference media in developing students‟ interest in listening skills which are stating in boarding schools, in particularly. Knowing stayed at boarding school make some students feeling boredom because having similar daily routines for certain time. However, nobody can guarantee that this study appropriately implied to each students because every student has different learning styles. Study shown there are 4% students did not show any advances. It caused of students‟ internal factors, on the hand, it is called as a limitation of this study. Hopefully, it is being a topic will do in the next research. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank Rector of Musamus University for facilities, supports and publications. This project was supported by Internal Department of Research and Community Services (LPPM), Musamus. REFERENCES [1] Anderson, A. & Lynch, T. 1988. Listening. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [2] Bostrom, R. N., & Waldhart, E. S. 1980. Components of listening behavior: The role of short-term memory. Human Communication Research, 6(3), 221-227. [3] Cullen, B. November 1999. Song Dictation. The Internet TESL Journal. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kevin_Schoepp2/publication [4] Emiliana B. Rahail and Marlyn Jane Alputila, 2018. Penal Mediation in Indigenous Dispute Settings in the Regional Region of Malind Anim Merauke District, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), pp. 184–191. [5] Harmer, J. 2007. The Practice of English Language Teaching, Fourth Edition, England:Pearson Education Ltd [6] Hilda F Israel, 2013. Language Learning Enhanced by Music and Song, LiteracyInformation and Computer Education Journal (LICEJ), Special Issue, Volume 2, Issue 1. [7] Julianto Jover Jotam Kalalo, 2018. Protection of Indigenous Legal Community Rights in the Border Area of the South Papua, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), pp. 212–219. [8] Kevin Schoepp, 2001. The Internet TESL Journal, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 2.http://iteslj.org/Articles/Schoepp.Songs.html [9] Martha Betaubun, Suwarsih Madya and Margana, 2018. Description Of English Language Learning In The Border Of Merauke - Papua New Guinea, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11), pp. 990–994. [10] Richards, J.C., Platt, J., Platt, H. 1992. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Longman Group UK Limited. [11] Richards. Jack C. 2008. Teaching Listening and Speaking. New York:Cambridge University Press. [12] Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. 2000. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 25 (1): 54–67. [13] T. Sarkamo et al, 2008. Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke, Brain, 131, 866 – 876. doi:10.1093/brain/awn013 https://watermark.silverchair.com [14] Tri Listiyaningsih, 2017. The Influence of Listening English Song to Improve Listening Skill in Listening Class, Academica, 1(1). http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 781 editor@iaeme.com
ADSENSE
CÓ THỂ BẠN MUỐN DOWNLOAD
Thêm tài liệu vào bộ sưu tập có sẵn:
Báo xấu
LAVA
AANETWORK
TRỢ GIÚP
HỖ TRỢ KHÁCH HÀNG
Chịu trách nhiệm nội dung:
Nguyễn Công Hà - Giám đốc Công ty TNHH TÀI LIỆU TRỰC TUYẾN VI NA
LIÊN HỆ
Địa chỉ: P402, 54A Nơ Trang Long, Phường 14, Q.Bình Thạnh, TP.HCM
Hotline: 093 303 0098
Email: support@tailieu.vn