TIM HIEU NGHE THUAT X U N G HO TRONG<br />
QUAN TRUNG Tif MENH TAP CUA NGUYEN TRAI<br />
<br />
PHAM VAN DUNG (•)<br />
<br />
N<br />
<br />
guyin Trai (1380-1442) kh6ng chi<br />
n6i len trong lich su dan tpc vdi tu<br />
each mpt nha chinh tri, nha quan sy, nha<br />
ngoai giao kiet xuat, dugc UNESCO xep<br />
vao hang danh nhan van hoa the gidi.<br />
Nhac den 6ng la con phai nhac den ve<br />
dep lap lanh eua anh "khue tao", cua tai<br />
nang van chuong toa sang tren nhieu the<br />
loai: tha (ca phan chft Nom va phan chft<br />
Han), van hanh chinh (cac ban eao, chieu,<br />
bieu...), dia ly (Du dia ehi), va d ca mpt<br />
the loai kha ty do la thu tu (Qudn trung<br />
tic menh tap).<br />
De minh chung phan nao ve tai nang<br />
do, chung t6i tap hgp nhung thu tu,<br />
menh dy trao d6i gifta nha Le va nha<br />
Minh trong thdi gian khdi nghTa qua van<br />
ban Qudn trung tic menh tap.<br />
Mgt an tugng rat manh doi vdi ehiing<br />
ta khi dgc Qudn trung tic menh tap chinh<br />
la site thuyet phyc cua moi buc thu. Do la<br />
nhung don can nao ben bi va manh me<br />
gop phan danh thang giac tren mat tran<br />
ngoai giao. Vay lam nen sue thuyit phyc<br />
iy la gi? Nhu chiing ta da biit, dii tugng<br />
ma cac buc thu hudng tdi d day chu yiu la<br />
<br />
cac tudng ta nha Minh, d6i tugng kha<br />
uyen tham ve Han hpc, th6ng kinh bac<br />
su. Chinh vi vay, de thuyet phye d6i<br />
phucmg, ngoai y chi, tu tudng, sy mim<br />
tri phi thudng, tac gia rat can den mpt<br />
v6n Han hpc phong phii. Dieu do trudc<br />
het the hien d kha nang hanh van uyen<br />
chuyen, sac sao thong qua v6n tu vung<br />
phong phli, sy van dyn^ cac cau tnic<br />
ngft phap nhuan nhuyen, thuan thyc.<br />
Qudn trung tic menh tap ehu yeu la<br />
tap hgp nhung buc thu dugc Nguyen<br />
Trai viet nham thuong thuyet gifta quan<br />
ta va quan dich nen hien nhien ham chua<br />
trong do rat nhieu nhiing each xung ho<br />
gifta ta vdi d6i phuang^'\<br />
1. He thong dai tiir nhan ximg<br />
trong Qudn trung tie minh tap:<br />
Theo Lim Canh N6ng trong Hdn<br />
ngit vdn ngdn ngit phdp: Dai tu la tu<br />
dimg de thay the danh tu, dpng tu, hinh<br />
dung tu hay si tu (...). Thay thi danh<br />
xung cho ngudi hoac vat la "dai tu danh<br />
xung", thay the ty xung nhu -i- ngd, ^<br />
(*) ThS. Tmong DH KHXH va Nhan van, HN.<br />
<br />
17<br />
<br />
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (104) - 2011<br />
<br />
ngd, -^ du, ^ du; thay d6i xung nhu >Jc<br />
nhit, M nhi, ^ nhugc, lb ndi; thay the<br />
tha xung nhu - i ehi, A ky, '4.. hi, A<br />
phu [1: tr.55]. Qua thong ke, chiing t6i<br />
thiy cac loai dai tu nhan xung trong<br />
Qudn trung tit menh tap cung phong phii<br />
kh6ng kem (Dai tu thay the ty xung gom<br />
co: % ngd, ^ ngd., '^ du, ^ ^ ngd<br />
ddng, ^ md', thay the doi xung gom co:<br />
^ nhi, 1 ^ ^ nhT ddng, ^ J ^ nhT ehung,<br />
ji" nhit, }ji:^ nhit ddng, 75 ndi; thay the<br />
tha xung g6m c6: .2L chi, ^ ky, ^ bi),<br />
vdi t6ng s6 lan xuat hien la 297 lan tren<br />
t6ng s6 19419 chft cua cac van kien,<br />
chiem 1,52%. Trong do, ^ ngd la dai tu<br />
nhan xung chiem s6 lugng nhieu nhat<br />
(118/297 lin, chiim 39,73%), thu din la<br />
% ky (52 lin/297 lin, chiim 17,5%), rii<br />
den ^ nhT (39 lan/297 lan, chiem<br />
13,13%); %• ngd (28 lin/297 lin, chiim<br />
9,42%,); 1^ Jif (16 lin/297 lin, chiim<br />
5,38%); n^<br />
nhT ddng (11 lin/297 lin,<br />
chiim 3,7%), ^k nhit (7 lin/297 lin,<br />
chiim 2,35%); ^ bi (6 lin/297, chiim<br />
2,02%); :z, chi va ^ J? nhT ehiing (diu<br />
xuat hien 5 lan/297 lin, chiim 1,68%));<br />
^ ^ ngd ddng va 75 ndi (deu xuit hien<br />
4 lin/297 lin, chiim 1,34%); ^ md xa<br />
}k^ nhic ddng chiem s6 lugng ft nhit (1<br />
lin/297 lin, chiim 0,33%).<br />
Ve chuc nang ngft phap cua dai tu<br />
nhan xung, theo Hdn ngic sic, dai tu nhan<br />
xung giai doan thugng c6 co sy phan<br />
c6ng ve chuc nang ro rang: -^ du ,^ du<br />
(chi khac nhau vi hinh thuc viit) chu<br />
yiu dung lam chu ngft va tan ngft, rit it<br />
diing lam dinh ngft. -# ngo chu yiu lam<br />
chu ngu va dinh ngft, rit it dung lam tan<br />
ngft. ^ ngd vua dung lam chu ngft va<br />
tan ngft, vua co thi dung lam dinh ngft.<br />
<br />
PHAIVI VAN DUNG<br />
<br />
Neu -i- ngd va ^ ngd ding thdi xuat<br />
hien trong mpt cau, khi ^ ngd dung lam<br />
tan ngft, -i- ngd se lam chu ngft, khi ^<br />
ngd lam dinh ngft, ^ ngd se lam chii<br />
ngft, hai cai d6 co sy phan cong lan nhau.<br />
Tuy nhien trong cau phu dinh, -i- ngd co<br />
the dung lam tan ngft. ik nhit thudng<br />
dung lam chu ngft va tan ngft, ciing co<br />
the lam dinh ngft. M nhT ciing vay. 75<br />
ndi chi dimg lam dinh ngft vao thdi Chu<br />
Tan, den ddi Han co the lam chu ngu,<br />
nhung tuyet doi kh6ng lam tan ngft. .SL<br />
ehi ehi lam tan ngu, i ky noi chung<br />
dung lam dinh ngft [2: tr.207 - tr.209].<br />
Khao ve chuc nang ngft phap cua dai<br />
tu nhan xung, ehiing ta thay trong Qudn<br />
trung tic menh tap, "^ du chi dam nhiem<br />
chuc nang chu ngft trong cau. Vi dy:<br />
1^ M A ^ i^ J t , i t ^ ^ lib [7:<br />
tr.214] Die vdn nhdn hOu nam bdc, dgo<br />
vd bi thic: Ta nghe noi: Ngudi con co ke<br />
nam ngudi bac, nhung dao thi chang the<br />
nay the khac.<br />
i l ehi lu6n lam tan ngft:<br />
Vi dy: ik % His, X J^ ^ ^ ^<br />
^ [7: tr.l91] Phue vgng liet vi dgi nhdn<br />
sdt nhi huu chi: Ciii mong cac ngai xet<br />
r5 ma lugng thu cho.<br />
75 ndi chi dam nhiem vai tro dinh ngft:<br />
Vi dy: 75 ?IL 75 5C i& M M *i "M<br />
[7: tr.246] Ndi td niii phu ndng thdu<br />
thdnh hieu thudn: Ong cha cac nguai da<br />
het long gang sue.<br />
•i- ngd, ^ ngd, Wi nhT, }k nhit, ^<br />
ky dam nhiem ca 3 chuc nang chu ngft,<br />
tan ngft, dinh ngft, trong do ^ ky lam<br />
dinh ngft nhiiu nhit, -i- ngd, ^ ngd, ^<br />
nhT, jic nhit lam chu ngft va dinh ngft<br />
nhieu ban.<br />
<br />
TIM HI£U NGHE THUAT XU^NG HO TRONG QUAN TRUNG Tif MENH TAP ...<br />
<br />
Vi du: - -i- ngd lam chii ngft: J - ^h<br />
M ^-i: ^ a ^t. .S Jf - i ^-^ [7: tr.239]<br />
Ngd khung nhT chi sT tdt nhdt dg tu qui<br />
ehi thiet: Ta e sT tit cua cac 6ng ngay<br />
dem thiit tha mong vi.<br />
<br />
huu dd...: Niu cac nguai cho la thanh<br />
cao hao sau, luong thyc lai nhieu...<br />
<br />
- ik nhit lam dinh ngft: fit ^ ^ Be.<br />
tb ^ # ^ ^^2 8E, I'J<br />
^ifLik^myi<br />
^ "f f^... [7: tr.216] NhT ddng nhugc<br />
ndng xudt thdnh die ngd hda thdn, tde<br />
- # ngd lam dinh ngu: ^ #^ ^ ^<br />
ngd thi nhit nghTa do huynh de cdt<br />
R , ?^ JX # ^ [7: tr.228] Cdnh khi<br />
cudng ngo ddn, du dTphi nghTa: The ma nhue...: Neu cac nguai biet keo quan ra<br />
lai con mu6n lua d6i dan nudc toi, dy d6 thanh, cung ta hoa hao than tinh, thi ta<br />
coi cac nguai nghTa nhu anh em rupt<br />
nhftng dieu phi nghTa.<br />
- ^ ngd lam chii ngft: -^ # ^X {<br />
— thit...<br />
k^'A,i- ^ j^lfP ? [7: tr.200] Dgi<br />
X<br />
nhdn khdi bdt tri nhi ndi thinh gian thu<br />
Md Ky, tdn tdt Phuang Chinh ehi ke nhi<br />
tri nghi do du dT bdt quyet da? Dai nhan<br />
ha khong biet ma lai nghe ke cua ten Ma<br />
Ky gian hen, ten tan t6t Phuang Chinh<br />
ma h6 nghi, do dy khong dam quyet<br />
sao?; i^ ^ m-i^,<br />
Hi^l 1^ i i t i€ ^<br />
^k "^ -ft H? m ?t [7: tr.246] Duy Ddng<br />
Quan nhdt thdnh, tde cic Vuong Thdng<br />
II<br />
<br />