Vài nét về bộ sách giáo khoa bậc sơ học của Trần Trọng Kim

L|CH sO Vdl N H A TRUdNG<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VAI NET VE BO sACH GIAO KHOA<br /> BAC SO HOC ClJA TRAM TROIVG KIM<br /> • • •<br /> PHAN TRONG BAU"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> LTS: Bd sdch gido khoa hdc set hgc do Trdn Trgng Kim vd cdc cdng sii biin sogn ra ddi<br /> vdo (hdp niin 60 ciia thiky XIX. Daang thdi ndi dung hd sdch mang "gid tri ddn tdc<br /> dich thiic" vd nhdm biin sogn dOng ddu Id Trdn Trong Kim duac ddnh gid Id nhSng<br /> nhd su pham sdng gid, nhd biin sogn sdch gido khoa mau miic ciia mdt giai dogn<br /> lich sv[ gido due. Bd sdch Id tdi Uiu tham khdo hihi ich cho viic hiin sogn sdch gido<br /> khoa d Viit Nam hiin nay. Tda sogn trdn trgng gidi thiiu vai ddc gid bdi viet cua<br /> tac gid Phan Trpng Bdu.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> B g saeh giao khoa bfic sd hoc cua<br /> Trtfn Trpng Kim chu bien mfi chung<br /> tdi mutfn ndi d day lfi nhdng cutfn: SU ky Dia<br /> dung cua sfich phai phd hpp vdi tam sinh 1^<br /> cua ldp tre vtfn chi quen hoc d^o IJ eiia ntfn<br /> gifio dye Nho giao. Thdi kJ dtfu chda cd<br /> du gido khoa thu, Ludn ly gido khoa thU vfi sfich giao khoa ho da phai cho hpe sinh<br /> Qudc vdn gido khoa thu cua cac ldp ddng fi'u ddng td "Gia Dinh bao" Ifim sach tfip dpc.<br /> (Idp nfim), dd bj (ldp td) sd ding (ldp ba) do Mdt thdi gian sau hp l^i mang sach td<br /> Nha Hoc ehinh Ddng Phap quan IJr. Ngofii Phap sang nhung vi khdng hpp vdi nfing<br /> Trtfn Trpng Kim cdn cd cfic dng NguySn Vfin lyc ciia giao vien vfi trinh dtf cua hoc sinh<br /> Ngpc, Dfing IHnh Phuc vfi Do Thgn. ndn ktft qua rfi't h ^ chtf. Cho dtfn nhiing<br /> Chung ta hay nhin l^i vfii ndt vtf sach nfim 80 cua thtf ky XDC, Trddng Vinh Ky vfi<br /> giao khoa td dtfu. mdt stf gifio vign ngddi Vi$t vfi ngddi Phap<br /> 1. Sfich gifio k h o a b&c sd h p e t r d d c d cd quan hoc chfnh Nam K^ da bidn soan<br /> T r a n T r p n g Kim hogc djch mdt stf sach gifio khoa titfng Phap<br /> Td khi mdi to chdc ntfn giao dye d Nam di day trong cac trddng tiiu hoc. Nhiing<br /> Ky (1861) eho dtfn trddc eai cfich gifio dye sach nfiy dtfn d d ^ btf sung them mtft stf<br /> Itfn thd nhfi't (1906) nhfi ctfm quytfn Phfip quyln khac vfi dfi thfinh nhdng saeh day<br /> dfi gfip mgt v&'n dtf nan giai lfi sfich giao trong cac trddng t i i u hoc luc dd (1).<br /> khoa, vi khdng cd ngUdi du nfing l^c d l Da so nhdng saeh nfiy ho$c b^ng chd<br /> bien soan da dfinh, mfi cdn sao eho ngi qudc ngd mdi d thdi k J dtfu sd khai, ho$c<br /> <br /> <br /> 'Vign Sd hpe<br /> VAi n6i v& bp sAeh glAo hhoa..<br /> <br /> md phdng sach giao khoa tiiu hpe Phap, Sii ky dia dU gido khoa thU ldp Sd ding<br /> hofic trinh dg dich cdn non ytfu ndn cfiu ehd lfi cutfn sfich dtfu tien chdng tdi mutfn gidi<br /> lung cung, each dien d^t ngi dung cd p h i n thigu. Cutfn nfiy do 2 dng Trtfn Trpng Kim<br /> han chtf. Cdng do md phong nen 82 bfii vfi Dfing Dinh Phdc bidn soan. Md dfiu cfic<br /> trong "Sach tfip hpe" cua Pottaux (Sfii Gdn tfie gia vitft: "Theo qui chtf mdi thi ldp Ding<br /> 1875) thi 70 bfii lfi khoa hpe thudng thdc vl fi'u khdng d^y sd, cdn ldp Dd bj sd kJ chi day<br /> dja ly (ndi non, sdng biln, cac nddc tren dja nhdng truygn co tfch, truygn kj' sy vfi nhdng<br /> cfiu...), cd khf may mde (cac nguydn ly may truygn eua cfic danh nhfin trong ljch sd theo<br /> mde, dudng sfit, xe iCla...) cdn 1^1 Ifi 12 bfii cd dung ehUdng trinh da djnh. Dtfn ldp Sd ding<br /> ngi dung xa hoi nhung lfi cua nddc Phap thi mdi day sd kJ vfi khdng day Id loi tdng<br /> nhieu hdn lfi cua Vigt Nam (Ong Montyon, truyen mpt nhU d ldp Dd bj nda; tit ddu din<br /> Chuyen mgt cdng chda Ifim phddc, Nhiing cudi bdi ng lien lac vdi bdi kia vd cdc sU bii'n<br /> ngddi tu trdn nui St Bernard...). Sau cai cdldn diu quan he vdi nhau" (3).<br /> each giao dye Itfn thd nhfi't (1906) sfich gifio Do dd ta thtfy mdn Sd ky ldp Du bj lfi<br /> khoa vfin chda ddpc eai thign lfi bao nhidu. nhdng truyen SPn Tinh, Thuy Tinh, Phd<br /> Sach each tri vfi ngay ca sfich dja dU eiing do Dong thien vddng danh gific An, Le Ldi<br /> mgt stf ngddi Phap bidn soan vfi ngddi minh dfinh qufin Minh... Cdn Sd kJ ldp Sd ding<br /> djch lai (2). Nhu vfiy vigc bien soan mdt bp ddpc chia Ifim 6 chddng, gdm:<br /> sach gifio khoa phd hdp vdi trinh dp ciJa hpe<br /> ChUdng mgt: Thdpng co thdi dai ndi ve<br /> trd sd hoc lfi rtft ctfn thitft vfi cfi'p bach.<br /> nguon gtfc dfin tpc, sd tich Lac Long Quan,<br /> 2. T r a n T r p n g Kim v a b p s a c h giao Au Cd; 18 ddi vua Hiing...<br /> khoa h a c sd h o c ChUdng hai: Bfic thudc thdi dai, vdi<br /> Theo qui chtf cua cai each giao dye Itfn nhiing eupc dtfu tranh gifinh ddc Ifip dfin tdc:<br /> thd 2 (1917) thi bfic t i i u hpe ed 5 ldp (dong Itfn thd nhfi't ktft thiic hing cudc khdi nghia<br /> fi'u, dd bj sd d ^ g , ldp nhi vfi ldp nhfi't) dtfn Hai Bfi Trdng; Itfn thd hai ktft thuc vdi cudc<br /> 1925 lai cd them ldp nhl de nhfi't edng lfi 6 gifinh dgc Ifip cua Ly Bdn thfinh Ifip nhfi<br /> nfim. Bfic tiiu hpe dupe chia Ifim 2: sd hoc Titfn Ly; Bic thudc l i n thd ha ktft thuc bing<br /> lfi 3 ldp dddi dong fi'u (ldp nfim), dd bj (ldp sy dfi'y nghigp cua Khuc Thiia Dy.<br /> td), sd dfing (ldp ba) vfi tieu hgc lfi 3 ldp Chuang ba: chfi'm diit ba l i n Bic thuge<br /> tren (nhl d^ nhfi't, nhi dg nhj, ldp nhfi't). Ba hdn nghin nfim md dfiu cho "td chii thdi<br /> ldp dudi ddpc day hofin tofin b4ng chd quoc dai" vdi cac vo cdng vfin trj cua cfic trieu<br /> ngfl, chi cd trUdng nfio day tofin cfi'p (tiiu Ngd, Dinh, tien Le, LJ, Trtfn, Lg.<br /> hoc hi t h l hay kiem bi) thi mdi d?y chd Titfp theo lfi chddng bon cd tieu dtf "Nam<br /> Phfip. Bp saeh gifio khoa cua Trtfn Trpng Bfic phan tranh thdi dai" vdi nhdng cugc<br /> Kim ddng cho ba ldp nhd ta da bitft gIm: ngi chitfn lien mifin gida Trinh - Mae rdi<br /> - Si ky dia dU gido khoa thU ^ o n g fi'u, Trjnh Nguyen vfi cudi cdng lfi khdi nghia<br /> Tfiy Sdn, chfi'm diit mgt thdi gian dai ndi<br /> dubi, soding).<br /> chitfn vfi chia cfit.<br /> - Lu&n ly gido khoa thU (Dong fi'u, dd bj, Nhiing eudc thtfng nhfi't thUe sd vfi hofin<br /> sd ding). tofin phai dtfn sau khi Nguyin Anh dfinh<br /> - Qude vdn gido khoa thU (Dong tfu, dU t h i n g nhfi Tfiy Sdn. Do dd chUdng ndm lfi dtf<br /> bj, sd ding). muc cua ITidhg nhdt thdi dgi vdi cac trieu<br />  Bghian cdu Lich sJr. atf 7.8Q18<br /> <br /> Gia Long, Minh M^ng, Thi$u Trj vfi efie sd Thdn tuy phdn nhiiu Id. ngiidi co nghia khi<br /> bitfn lo^n dddi tritfu Ty Ddc. Cu6i cdng lfi nhdng thtf Idc khdng du Ifiu ngfiy cOng phai<br /> chUdng sdu "Ngddi Phfip sang bgn ta" vdi tan ca" (5).<br /> cfic hda dde 1862, 1885 rdi "Cfic cdng cugc Dd lfi vtf sd kJ, edn vtf dja dd, cutfn sfich<br /> ngddi Phfip Ifim d nddc Nam" nhd "dpp lo^n" trinh bfiy cfic vtfn dtf dja IJ cua 5 xd Bic KJ,<br /> (thdc ehfi't lfi dfin fip cfic cugc khdi nghia ciia Trung KJ, Ai Lao (Lfio) vfi Cao Midn<br /> nhfin dfin ta), xtfp dtft vigc cai trj, xfiy ddng (Campuchia). Tuy rtft n g i n gpn nhdng hoc<br /> kinh ttf, md mang y ttf vfi hpe hfinh... sinh cdng cd t h l phfin bigt ddpc nhiing ygu<br /> Cudi sach cdn cd nidn bilu ehdp td hp ttf cfi'u thfinh dja IJ cua tdng xd hinh t h l (vj<br /> Hing Bfing dtfn 1926 lfi nfim vua Bfio D^i tri, gidi h^n, di^n tfeh) khf hgu, sdng ngdi;<br /> ldn ngdi. chfnh trj; kinh ttf; edng ngh$; giao thdng<br /> thuy bg, cfic thfinh phtf ldn... Tuy nhidn tae<br /> Ta thfi'y cutfn sach trtnh bfiy khfi hpp IJ.<br /> gia cQng ldu J: "trddc khi hpe dja dd tofin xd<br /> Tac gia da tdm tfit ctft ldi cua ljch sii, vitft<br /> cin cho trd hpe dja dd tinh nd d vfi cfic tinh<br /> htft sde ngfin gpn, sd kign cuoi edng eua<br /> lfin cgn". Tfie gia dfi Itfy tinh Hfi Ddng Ifim vl<br /> mgt chddng thddng lfi nguydn nhfin md dtfu<br /> dy vfi vitft titfp: "Ong thtfy theo nhiing bfii tfy<br /> cho chUdng sau. Vf dy: Ngd Quytfn dfinh<br /> mfi dgt nhdng hfii mlnh phai d^y" (6).<br /> tan qufin Nam Han dfi chfi'm ddt thdi Bic<br /> thuge, md dtfu cho thdi kJ ty chii; hofic lpi Ludn ly gido khoa thU ldp Sd ding lfi<br /> dung Idc nhfi Tfiy Sdn suy ytfu, Nguyin cutfn thd 2. Td nfim 1917 khi dang Ifim chu<br /> Anh da danh b ^ nhfi Tfiy Sdn, chfi'm ddt nhigm td Hoc bdo lfi ngi san hudng din<br /> thdi kJ chia cit, md d i u thdi kJ thtfng nhtft phddng phap sd pham vfi npi dtmg giang<br /> dtft nudc. d^y bge sd d i n g tiiu hoc cho mai dtfn sau<br /> nfiy, T r i n Trpng Kim vSn ludn ludn gid muc<br /> Tuy vitft cho hpe sinh nhd tuoi nhUng tfie<br /> Lufin kJ vfi Lich sd Vigt Nam. Nftm 1925<br /> gia cung da cho cae em tfip Ifim quen vdi sd<br /> cutfn Lu&n ly gido khoa thU ldp Ddng tfu ra<br /> chfin xac ljeh sd, hoge nhiing nghi vfi'n, vf<br /> ddi; sau dd I i n Idpt cac cutfn cua Idp dd bj vfi<br /> nhu hp Hong Bfing ca thay cd 20 ddi vua trj<br /> sd d i n g nhdng Ludn ly Idp Sd d i n g Itf diy<br /> vi trong 2621 nfim (2879 - 258 tr.CN) mdi<br /> du hdn ca, ngofii 4 chddng ^hfiih cdn cd phy<br /> ddi vua lfi 138 nfim "thl thfit lfi vd IJ. Cho<br /> lye vtf phong tyc, ddn td, thd khtf (7).<br /> dd tuoi thp cua ngddi xda cd t h l dfii nhdng<br /> cung khdng t h l stfng lfiu ddpc nhd vfiy". Trong btfn chddng thl chddng 1 vfi 4 Ifi<br /> Hofic danh gia dung mde mpt stf quan Tfiu quan trpng nhtft, chitfm so bfii nhitfu hdn ca<br /> cd cdng trong vi^c khai hda vfin minh cho (chddng 1:16 bfii, chddng 4 : 1 8 bfii).<br /> dfin nddc ta buoi dtfu; Tfeh Quang th&i thd ChQ "Hitfu" ddpc coi trpng hfing d i u<br /> qufin Giao Chi, Nhfim Dien thfii thd qugn trong chddng "Btfn phgn ddi vdi gia tdc". Nd<br /> Cdu Chfin da b i t dfin ta theo 1§ nghia, con khdng chi lfi thddng ydu btf mp, vfing Idi btf<br /> trai con gai fin d vdi nhau phai theo phdp mp mfi edn phai phyng dddng cha mp khi<br /> cddi hdi; Si Nhitfp da cd cdng dda chd Han gifi ytfu, thd cdng khi btf mp da mtft. Nd Uen<br /> sang day ngddi nddc ta... "Dd lfi nhiing quan dtfn nghia gia tgc, tdc Ifi ehau d ^ vdi<br /> ngddi nhan chfnh mutfn md mang cho dng bfi, anh trddng dtfi vdi em...<br /> ngddi minh" (4). Hay nhd phong trfio chtfng Cdn "Btfn phgn ddS vdi hoc dddng" thi<br /> Phap cua nhan dan ta cu3i thtf ky XIX, tfic khdng nhdng phai di hoc, phai ludn Iudn<br /> gia cung cho ring: "Cdc quan vd ddng Vdn quan tfim dtfn hoc vtfn tdc lfi "Kitfn thdc<br /> Vol n6t v^ bg s6ch gido hhon.. 63<br /> <br /> <br /> thfiu thfii dupe d trddng" vfi gifio dye tdc lfi xa hgi, nhflng dilu sd d i n g ve t h l chtf,<br /> "cfich md mang tri tug, rdn luygn cho ed du phap lufit c i n tufin theo d l Ifim mpt cdng<br /> td each Ifim mdt ngddi dfin trong xa hgi", dfin ttft.<br /> mfi edn phai coi trpng bon phfin ddi vdi Tuy nhign ndi dtfn sach gifio khoa sd hpe<br /> thiy, dtfi vdi ban khi dang ngoi tren ghtf eiia T r i n Trpng Kim thi Qud'e van gido<br /> nhfi trUdng eiing nhd khi da thdi hpe. khoa thu ba ldp Ddng tfu, Dy bj vfi Sd ding<br /> Doi vdi ban thfin thi sao? Dd lfi phai bitft lfi dfing ehd J hdn ca.<br /> trong hnh hdn, bitft quf thfin thl. An utfng Tuy ndi lfi "qutfc vfin" nhdng ndi dung<br /> dilu dp, rdn luygn t h l chtft, xa rdi cd b^c, chu ytfu cua ldp du bj lai lfi ljch sd hay<br /> rUpu chd vfi nhfi't lfi khdng nghidn thudc dung hdn lfi nhflng nhfin vfit hch sd nhu<br /> phign. Truyen hai chi em Bd Triing, Truyen Ngd<br /> Con ngddi ludn lfi con ngUdi xa hgi, cho Quyin, Trdn Qu^ Tudn, Nguyin Kim; dng<br /> nSn tac gia dfi dfinh 18 bfii cho chddng 4, t l sfing nghigp ra nhfi Nguyen: Nguyin<br /> chddng cudi cdng vfi eiing lfi mgt trong 2 Hofing. Cd khi thdng qua mdt nhan vfit mfi<br /> phin quan trpng nhfi't eua cutfn sach. Ntfu ndi ldn mdt sd kign trpng dai cua lich sd<br /> nhu chddng I "chd hitfu" la vfi'n dtf qufin dfi't nddc nhd Vua Ly Thdi To ddi dd ra Hd<br /> xuytfn thi d dfiy tinh t h i n "Cdng bing vfi Ngi, Co A. Bd Rd't vd viec dgt ra chQ Qudc<br /> nhan ai" lfi spi ehi xuyen sud't, gdm nhdng ngU, LUy Bong Hdi (gfin litfn vdi ten tuoi<br /> vfi'n dtf nhu trpng tinh mgnh tfii san vfi eua Dfio Duy Td vfi thdi kJ Trjnh - Nguyen<br /> danh gifi ngddi khac; khdng ndi vu, khdng phfin tranh). ChU Nho. Cdn ndi dung cutfn<br /> ndi xtfu. Ldng nhan ai bao gom ca tinh hdu Qudc vfin cua ldp dong fi'u vfi sd dang thi<br /> fii, long thf xa, viec thign, btf thf, thddng ngUdi ta lai ndi nhieu dtfn luan ly, tinh vfin<br /> ydu lofii vfit... Cuon sach eiing khdng quen hpe chl lfi dilm xuytft cua mdt stf bfii ta<br /> gdi lai hang mdt bfii "kfnh mtfn vfi biet dn canh, "mua efi'y", "mda gfit", "canh mua<br /> Nhfi nddc". xufin", "eanh ddng nhfi que" cua ldp dong<br /> Mdi bfii hpe dtfu cd ndi dung rfi't n g i n tfu, ea dao "eon ed ma di fin dem" ciia ldp dy<br /> gpn, titfp theo lfi mdt t i i u d i n cd tfnh minh bi hofic mdt vfii bai thd co, "vfio he", "vjnh<br /> hpa, eu£fi ciing lfi mdt cfiu each ngdn hofic cai choi", cua ldp Sd ding...<br /> chd Hfin hofic titfng Vigt than tdm cfii Tai sao tac gia lai chd J dtfn luan ly nhu<br /> "thin" ciia hfii hpe (8). P h i n phu gdm vfiy? Ta bitft r i n g bge sd hpe ehu ytfu ifi day<br /> Phong tue ddn tU, thU khe cd the coi nhU cho hpe trd d ndng thdn: "Hoc trd p h i n<br /> phin thu nhd cua giao dye cdng dfin. Td nhieu chi cd t h l hpe mfi'y nam cho bitft dpc<br /> chddng I dtfn chddng VI Ifi tdm Idpe ttf chdc bitft vitft rdi vtf Ifim rudng, khdng ed chf hpe<br /> chfnh quyln xa, huyen tinh cua 5 xd Ddng dtfn lfi'y b i n g ttft nghigp tieu hpe thi ehi ngn<br /> Dddng vfi chfnh the Ddng Phap. Chddng dgt trddng sd ding mfi thdi" (9). Cd t h l ndi<br /> VII lfi edng ll, hgi hd. ChUdng VIII ndi v l mue tidu eiia trddng sd ding lfi dfio tao "tri<br /> \l hdn vfi 1§ tang. Chddng IX gom ddn xin thdc lfing xa", mfi t i n g ldp nfiy thi khdng<br /> khin ditfn, giam thutf, vftn td vay np, ehuc t h l vdi va "chi trong 2 the hg lfi cd t h l Ifim<br /> thu chia gia tfii... cho hp ndi vfi suy nghi bing titfng Phap"<br /> Tdm lai neu hpe d i y du Ludn ly gido dupc. Bdi vi d^i vdi ngddi Vigt Nam thi<br /> khoa thu ldp Sd ding, hpe sinh ciing da ed "NhQng nguyen t i c Ifim eho gia dinh vdng<br /> thl hilu dddc btfn phfin doi vdi gia (flnh vfi chic, cha mp ddpc tdn kfnh, chfnh quytfn<br />  nghifin edu IJch sJr. atf 7.2(»2<br /> <br /> ddpc tufin thu, dtfu rdt td sfich Hfin hpe. Dddng L§"... D$c bigt mgt stf vtfn dtf ldn cua<br /> B i t d i u tgp dpc nhflng chfl d i u tidn lfi hp lufin IJ Nho gifio ddpc dtf cfip nhd tu thdn:<br /> hpe nhdng nguydn t i c rddng c^t ciia lufin IJ "Cfich siia minh" (Trinh Tii) "Cd hpe phai cd<br /> d^o Nho, hpe k h i c sfiu vfio ldng nhQng • h^nh" (chuygn Sfii Thtf Viln trpng dao diic<br /> nguydn t i c sd hddng d i n hp sutft ca cu^c hdn vfin chUdng); "Khdng tham cua ngddi"<br /> ddi. Chinh cdc trUdng ldng se cung cdp cho (ehuydn dng NguySn Dinh Than dfio dUpc<br /> ho nin gido di^c dd (TG nhfi'n m^nh) (10). vfing da tra I^i chu cd) "Cin phai gifl g ^<br /> Chfnh theo djnh hddng trdn mfi Qu6c tfnh hynh cua mlnh" (chuytfn mpt ngUdi di<br /> vfin gifio khoa thU bgc sd hpe, bge cua hpe dudng lgi, lde d i u thi ehu J gifl ^ n ddi gifiy,<br /> sinh ndng thdn, rfi't quan tfim dtfn lufin IJ. nhdng aau khi bj btfn thl cd bddc trfin di).<br /> Ngofii sach ludn ly cd tfnh "ehuydn dl" saeh Ldp chi: Ngddi con trai lfi phai "quytft chf<br /> qudc vdn v i n n h i c I^i mgt stf ngi dung tu thfln" d l chd "Phong vfin gfip hgi, anh hfio<br /> chfnh. Nhd dfi trinh bfiy, sach lufln IJ ldp ra tay" trong bfii ca dao "Chf Ifim trai".<br /> Ddng fi'u ehd "hitfu" ddpc d l lfin hfing d i u Khdng sp nghdo khd (chuygn dng Chflu<br /> thi d dfiy sfich Quoc vfin ldp Ddng fi'u, chd Tri dtft lfi da ldn mfi hoc, sau di thi dd giai<br /> "hitfu" vfin lfi nhflng bfii hpe chitfm mpt ty lg nguydn).<br /> kha ldn. Chd "hitfu" ddpc bilu hign bing Tri qudc: Ndu gUdng nhiing nhan vfit ntfi<br /> nhflng vigc Ifim eu t h l : Gidp dd cha mp; Di titfng eiia Trung Quoc vfi Vigt Nam: Khong<br /> phai thda, vtf phai trinh; Sdm toi chfim Td, Manh Td, Chu Vfin An...<br /> nom cha mp; Gpi da bao vfing; Thd cdng ttf<br /> Trd Ien chdng tdi dfi trinh bfiy nhiing<br /> tien; Chau phai kfnh mtfn dng bfi...<br /> n6t ed ban vtf ngi dung ciia nhflng sfich<br /> Mgt stf "bon phfin" cung dupe nhfic lai: Qudc vfin giao khoa thU bfic sd hpe. Cdn<br /> Dtfi vdi ban than: Dtdig de mdng tay dfii; hinh thdc thi sao? H i u htft nhdng cutfn<br /> chd nho bfiy; ehd t i m rda b i n g nude bin; giao khoa thu nfiy dtfu bidn soan khi mfi<br /> tham thdc ede than... Doi vdi hoc dddng: ntfn quoc vfin cua ta khdng phai lfi sd khai<br /> Hpe trd phai bitft dn thiy; anh em ban hpe nhd d i u thtf ky mfi dfi cd nhQng bddc titfn<br /> phai giup dd l i n nhau (chuydn Ldu Binh - ro rgt vtf cfich diln dat. Do dd nhflng bfii ca<br /> Dddng Le)... Ntfu nhd qutfc vfin ldp dong fi'u dao ctf, thd ctf, tac gia thddng d l nguydn<br /> chfl "hitfu" vfi nhflng "bon phfin" dupe nhfic (Lfnh thd ddi xda; T h i n g md (eua Lg<br /> lai vdi nhflng bfii dS thupc d l nhd thl ngi Thfinh Tdng). Cdng ed mtft vfii bfii ca dao<br /> dung luan IJ trong quoc vfin ldp sd ding tac gia da sang tae d l phye vy cho mpt chii<br /> dupc nfing cao vfi sfiu sic hdn. 0 dfiy chd dtf nfio dd, vl dy "Di hoc phai ddng gid",<br /> "hitfu" v i n ddpc dtf eao nhdng khdng phai "khuygn hoc". Tfi't ca nhflng bfii nfiy diu<br /> Ifi nhflng Idi khuydn bao vtf mgt cdng vi^e theo t h l Iyc bat, dS nhd, d l thudc (11). Cdn<br /> ey t h l mfi lfi nhiing d i l n hinh nhd: "sd hda nhflng bfii vfin xudi, t r d mpt so rtft ft bfii<br /> thufin vfi thUdng ygu nhau trong gia dinh" md phdng theo ngy ngdn fi Dtfp (Cfii lUdi),<br /> (Chuygn anh em hp Ditfn) "Idng thao hitfm Laphdngten (con chdn vfi eon gfi trtfng), Cl<br /> cd" (chuygn M i n Tt( Khidn dSi vdi em khac hoc tinh hoa (each sda mlnh) cdn dtfu lfi<br /> mp) "Ldng kfnh yen ehj" (LJ Tfch nfi'u chfio nhflng sang tac theo ehu dilm: trddng hpe,<br /> cho chj bj chay ca rfiu). Tinh b^in thi "D^o lufln IJ, ljch sd, phong canh dfi't nddc, mdt<br /> b i n g hflu phai cho cd thuy chung" (Chuydn stf h i l u bitft vtf t d nhien hofic xa hpi...<br /> Dudng Tidu Sdn vfi T d T d Dfl); "Ldu Binh - NhUng bfi't k J md phdng hay sflng tac,<br /> Vat p a v& h^ stch giao hhoa...<br /> <br /> nhflng bfii qutfc vfin dtfu n g i n gpn, ldi vfin cugc cai cfich giao due l i n thd hai (1917) da<br /> sang sua, ddi khi giai thfch mdt vfi'n dtf khd, titfn hfinh ddpc gin 10 nfim vfi dang di d i n<br /> triiu tupng hogc mang mgt J nghia tritft IJ vfio tfn djnh. Chfl quoc ngfl dUpc phtf bitfn<br /> nhfin sinh nhdng vfin d l hieu doi vdi Ida td cuoi thtf ky XIX dtfn dfly da qua khdi<br /> tuli mdi cip sach dtfn trddng (12). budc chfip chflng buoi diu, trd nen nhuin<br /> nhuyin hdn. Rieng doi vdi cac tac gia thi<br /> Minh hpa cdng lfi mdt bd phfin cfi'u<br /> dtfu lfi nhflng ngUdi sfiu sfic eUu hoc vdng<br /> thfinh cua efie cuon sach. Nd Ifim cho ndi<br /> vfing tfin hpe, da stf lfi gifio chdc ngach bfic<br /> dung phong phd hdn, sfiu sic hdn vfi cdng<br /> cao T r i n Trpng Kim, Nguyen Vfin Ngpc<br /> de hilu hdn. "Sd md mang cua ngddi Phfip<br /> (thanh tra tieu hpe), Dfing Dinh Phdc (giao<br /> d xd ta" trong sfich lufin IJ ldp sd ding ehi<br /> vign hang nhfi't ngach ban xd) hofic cd dia<br /> cd mdt bfii nhdng nhflng minh hpa dpp ve<br /> vj xa hdi kha cao ( Do Thfin, Uy vien Hdi<br /> trUdng Cao ddng, nhd BUu chinh, nhd<br /> dong Thfinh phd) vfi tfi't ca deu da tiing viet<br /> thUdng chUa mdt, cdu Hdm Rong... dfi gfiy saeh gifio khoa, nhfi't lfi Trin Trpng Kim vfi<br /> tfn tddng kha dgm trong d i u de ngfiy thd Do Thfin. Do dd td vigc lua chpn ngi dung,<br /> ciia tre em vtf nhflng edng trinh hien dai cfich dien dat diu cd mdt van phong thd'ng<br /> cua ngudi Phap ben canh nhQng bflc tranh nhfi't, trong sang vfi de hilu. Dfic biet trong<br /> quen thuge ve canh gia dinh, lfing xdm... tfi't ca cac cutfn saeh bdng dang cua nhdng<br /> Ridng Sii kJ lfi cutfn saeh ed uu thtf nhfi't ve quEui cai trj ngUdi Au deu rfi't thUa vfing.<br /> minh hpa, vdi tranh nhiing vi vd tUdng xUa Ngoai trd Paul Bert vien Tong sd kidm nhfi<br /> gifip try oai phong, trddng dao, doan kitfm khoa bpc, nhfi gifio due vfi Ba Da Lpc ngudi<br /> diy ve lim hgt (Trigu Quang Phye, Lfl da gidp Gia Long danh bai nhfi Tay Sdn ra,<br /> Gia...), Phd Do'ng Thien Vddng cddi ngda cdn lai lfi nhflng nhfi khoa hpe ldn fin nhan<br /> sfit phun ra Ida, vung roi sfit digt gific An, ciia nhan loai hofic cua dfln tge Viet Nam<br /> hofic "qufin di diep digp trdng trdng" gida nhd Pasteur nhfi sinh hpe ndi titfng da tim<br /> dofin voi chitfn cua "Hai Bfi TrUng danh ra vie xin chong bgnh chd dai, ctf A. Dd Rot<br /> gific Hfin"... da Ifim tfing them thich thd mpt trong nhflng ngddi sang che ra chfl<br /> hoc sd eua Ida tuoi thitfu nhi. Quoc ngfl, hay bfi phudc Phdlixien dfi tfin<br /> Tuy nhien bp sach eung hoc Ip mgt vfii tfim sfin sde ngUdi bj benh phong vfi da td<br /> thitfu sdt nhu chfl "hitfu" da ndi ky trong t r i n d Sde Trfing vfio cutfi thtf ky XIX. Neu<br /> sach Lufln ly nhUng cdn Ifip lai qua nhilu ta bitft r i n g d giai doan trddc (1906 - 1917)<br /> ngUdi ta da dUa cutfn "Dai Phfip cdng than"<br /> trong sach Quoc vftn se gfly nham chfin cho<br /> cua Le Vfin Thdm Ifim saeh gifio khoa<br /> ngUdi dpc. Ve cflc bfii hpe, ndi chung ngfin<br /> n h i m ea ngpi "miu qud'e" Phap, thi d dfiy<br /> gon nhdng trong sach Lufin IJ cd nhflng bfii<br /> nhflng cuon sach giao khoa do T r i n Trpng<br /> giai thieh dai ddng (An utfng cd dilu dp,<br /> Kim chu bien da cd tfnh dfin tgc rfi't cao,<br /> khdng ngn nghign rdpu...). Hinh thdc trong<br /> trong ljch s i lfi nhflng anh hdng edu nude,<br /> Qudc vdn gido khoa thU cd t h l cdn phong<br /> nhdng vj vua sfing Ifip ra cflc trieu dai,<br /> phu hdn ntfu cac tflc gia chd J dtfn cac the<br /> trong lufin IJ qudc vftn lfi nhdng ngddi eon<br /> loai ve tddng thufit, ta canh, ta tinh, thd... hitfu thao, n h i m neu gUdng sfing vtf dao<br /> thi cdn gfly them hdng thu cho ngddi dpc. dde cin, kigm, li§m, chinh, tu than, te gia,<br /> 3. Nh&n xdt trj qudc... Tfi't ca da quan xuytfn tofin bg bd<br /> Bd sflch giflo khoa bflc sd hpe do T r i n sach giao khoa Sfl kJ Dia dd, Lufin IJ vfi<br /> Trpng Kim vfi cac cdng sd ra ddi vfio lde<br />  Rghl&n cdu Lich s&. atf 7.2012<br /> <br /> dgc bi$t lfi ba cutfn Qutfc vfin gifio khoa thu dddng ldp 3 hi$n nay) mdi dgy sii kJ mfi<br /> eua cfic Idp Ding fi'u, Dy bj, Sd ding. Dd khdng dgy Id loi tiing truy$n mgt nhd d ldp<br /> chfnh Ifi nhflng "gifi trj dfln t^c dfeh thi^c" dd bj mfi t d d i u dtfn cuSl, bfii np lidn lac vdi<br /> (chfl ciia Trjnh Vfin Thao trong "Nhfi bfii kia vfi cflc bitfn ctf ldn d i u quan h$ vdi<br /> trudng Phfip d Ddng Dddng") vfi nhdm bidn nhau". Bfii hoc phai n g i n gpn, sue tfeh<br /> so^n ddng d i u lfi T r i n Trpng Kim xdng khdng rudm rfi vfi khd khan, mang tfnh<br /> dfing ddpc danh gifi cao lfi nhdng nhfi sd chfi't "efiu chuygn ljch stf' hdn lfi "bfii hoc vl<br /> ph^m sang gifi, nhQng nhfi bidn so^n sfich mdn ljch 8\f'.<br /> giflo khoa m i u myc cua mgt giai dogn ljch Mdn titfng Vi$t ngay td ldp mgt, bfin<br /> sii gifio dye cua dfln tgc ta. cgnh cfic bfii tfip dpe vtf vfin hoc ein xen kg<br /> Chdng ta ai da hpe ft nhicu d trudng nhflng truygn ljch sii nhd "Sdn tinh thuy<br /> Phfip - Vigt trUde 1945 b i n cdng cdn nhd tinh", "Phd dtfng thidn vddng", truygn<br /> mdt vfii cflu rfi't fi'n tdpng: v l mgt nilm vui "gddm t h i n cua vua Ld Lpi"... Ngddi vitft<br /> nho nhd ciia mgt cgu bd "nhfi qui", mdt khdng nen di ngay vfio ngi dung mfi ddi khi<br /> nitfm vui Ifim ta bfi't ngd: Ai bdo chdn trdu ein dtfi mdi each k l chuygn b i n g nhQng<br /> Id kho? khdng, chdn trdu sUdng lam ehii! "dudng vitfn" trUde. Vf dy: Truy$n "Phd<br /> hay ndi buon, nSi budn cua mgt chd bd l i n dong thien vudng" thi vitft vtf dtfu tfch<br /> d i u tidn xa nhfi khdng da ditft Ifim nhdng nhflng day ao vfi nhQng khdm tre d i n g ngfi<br /> cdng khdng k6m p h i n sfiu sfic. "Oi! Cdnh tddng t r u y i n lfi cua vd ngya sfit vfi vu khf<br /> biit ly sao md buon vdy\ ciia "vj tudng nhfi trdi" trddc da rdi mdi ndi<br /> Tfl bp sflch giflo khoa bfic sd hpe cua dtfn vigc dflnh gific An. Cdng vfiy, gddm<br /> nhdm tflc gia do T r i n Trpng Kim ddng d i u t h i n cua vua Ld Lpi cd t h l lidn hg vdi Cu<br /> vda trinh bfiy, chdng ta cd t h l rdt ra nhQng Rda 700 tutfi hign nay chfing?<br /> kinh nghigm gi, ching ban ddi vdi mdn ljch Vfi nhitfu chuygn khfie mfi cac tflc gia<br /> sd vfi vfin hpe? Chung ta cd t h l tham khao sflch giflo khoa c i n cd mgt cai nhin "tre<br /> kinh nghidm nfiy chfing: "Ldp Ddng fi'u con" hdn lfi m^t dng t h i y , mpt cd giao tren<br /> (tUdng dddng ldp mgt bfiy gid) khdng dgiy bye giang.<br /> sd, cdn ldp Dy bj (tddng tddng vdi ldp hai Mgt vfii J kitfn rdt ra td bfii vitft nfiy mong<br /> hign nay) chi dgy nhdng chuy$n ctf tfeh, gdp mdt p h i n nhd cho saeh giflo khoa vfin sii<br /> chuygn kf sd vfi nhflng truygn cua cac danh eua ldp hoc sinh mdi c i p sach dtfn trddng, dd<br /> nhfin trong ljch sii... dtfn ldp Sd d i n g (tUdng lfi J mutfn chfin thfinh ciia ngddi vitft.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THiCH<br /> (1). Truang Vinh K^: - Huj^h Tjnh Cua: Sdch bdc hgc stf ^ t , Sii<br /> - Abrege de grammaire annamite, Sii Gdn, Gdn, 1887.<br /> 1867. - TrUdng Vinh KJ: Tdp dgy hgc tOng Pha long<br /> - Cours d'histoire annamite, Sii Gdn, 1875. Sa vd tiing Annam, Sii Gdn, 1892.<br /> Petit cours de geographie de ia Basse (2). Govadoa - Bdc vdt so ddc nh^ mdn • Vd aanh<br /> Cochinchine, Sii Gdn, 1875. ddng vdt Nguyin Vin Mai djch - Sii Gdn, 1911.<br /> - Thdng logi khda trinh, Sii Gdn, 1888.<br /> - Fh. Eberhardt, Bdi cdch trt v^ tdp dgc Tgp IL<br /> - Cours d'annamite, 1889.<br /> Thye v$t - Tritn Yin Thdng djch, Hi Ngi, 1912.<br /> vai na v& bO aAch gJAo khoa.. 67<br /> <br /> T$p 3, NgacA vd d^ng v^t Ph^m Vin HQu (giio thy (10). Bao cio cua t o i n quyln P. Doumer trUdc<br /> tniang Su pham H i Ngi) djch. H i Ngi, 1912. ThU(jng Hgi dong Ddng Dudog 1897 - 1902.<br /> - Ruissier - Bdng Botfng dia dQ - Do Thgn (11). Linh thu diti xUa:<br /> dich. Ngang lung thi t h i t bao viing,<br /> (3). Trfin Tr^ng Kim, D$ng IMnh Phiie. St? ky Bia Dfiu dgi ndn dfiu vai mang siing dii.<br /> dtigido khoa tha ldp Sa ddng, in l£n thd 8,1935, tr.l.<br /> Mgt tay thi cip hda mai,<br /> (4), (5). Trfin Trpng Kim, D$ng Dinh Phdc. Sii"<br /> Mgt tay cip giao quan sai xuong thuyln.<br /> ky dia da gido khoa tha ldp Sd ddng (In Un thd 3 -<br /> HiNgi,tr. 13-17, 91. ThCmg thilng danh tr£>^ng ngu li§n,<br /> Bitdc chan xuong thuyln nUdc m i t nhu mUa.<br /> (6). Bii mSu: Dja dU tinh H i Dong: 1. Hinh<br /> thl; 2. Chfnh trj (Dfin cU, cai trj); 3. Giao thfing; 4. Bi hgc phdi dung gid:<br /> Kinh ttf, san v$t c6ng nghg, thUdng m^i. Thdi gian Xuan di hoc coi ngudi hdn hd<br /> oiy di mtft hign mgt stf sich dja dU eie tinh Nghg G i p c i u Thu di d giOa dudng<br /> An ciia doc h9c Dio D i n g Hy, H i Tinh ciia Doc h9c<br /> Hoi ring: sao da vgi ving<br /> Trin Kinh, dja cU d n h Vinh Y§n eiia Nha H9C<br /> Trong chUa nghe danh tdi trudng l i m chi<br /> Chfnh Vtnh Yen...<br /> Thdi hay hudm ditng di anh a<br /> (7). Saeh n i y do bon t i c gia Trfin Trpng Kim,<br /> Nguyen V i a Ngoc, D$ng Dinh Phiic v i Do T h i n N i y con quay toi da san rdi<br /> bi§n 6 0 ^ . B£fn chuong chinh: 1. Bon p h i n doi vdi Cimg nhau ta hay danh ehdi<br /> gia tgc; 2. Bin ph&n doi vdi hoc dudng; 3. BSn p h i n Lat rdi ta se tdi ndi eung vita<br /> doi vdi ban t h i n ; 4. -Bin ph&n d6i vdi xa hgi.<br /> Thu dap: D i u gid con sdm<br /> (8). Vi dy b i i n6i vi "Ph6p du3ng sinh"; An<br /> Cung nen di keo ch^m l i m sao?<br /> khdng no qua, utfng khong nhieu qua, dong dvfng<br /> Neu chd khi d i n h trong vio<br /> im qua, hk ddng m a t qua, ngii sdm d$y sdm, e6 gid<br /> c6 giie, l i m lyng c6 chimg, nghi ngdi e6 dg, ehdi D i u ta rao bUdc t i i n i o kip cho<br /> bdi Vila phai, ditag c6 d i l u gl thai qua. Tre gid ta phai nen lo.<br /> Tiiu dfiu: Hoa Dfi tra ldi hpe trd v l each song (12). Chuygn "NgUdi di dudng vdi con chd". Mgt<br /> lau. ngUdi cUdi ogUa bj mpt eon ehd dudi theo. NgUdi di<br /> Cach ngon: An d l stfng khdng phai song d l i n . dudng khdng cfin danh eon chd m i ehi keu len:<br /> Chd dai! Chd d?i! L i p tflc mpi ngUdi xung quanh<br /> Ldng n h i n ai, t i i u d&n: Vua L J Thanh Tdn cdi<br /> do ra danh chet eon chd, B i i dgc ki't luin; "Gdm<br /> io dip cho ngudi sip bj chtft rgt. Cach ngon:<br /> thay! Ldi ndi cd khi cdn lpi hai hdn dd binh khi.<br /> Thttdng ngudi nhU t h l thUdng than.<br /> - Giai nghia "my thuit"... Cdm i n da v&y<br /> - Ldng thi xa - Tiiu d i n : Lg Lai cdu chda.<br /> nhung ntfu xdi vio b a t k i l u v i biing dua mun thi<br /> Cach ngdn: Cdc cung tgn tyy, td nhi hgu di. vfin ngou hdn; qufin ao m i c da v&y nhung dilm<br /> (H^t Idng htft sde, dtfn chtft mdi thdi). thgm eai uhSn, chili: vdng, ddi hoa thi ngudi mdi<br /> (9). T^p chf iVam Phong stf 12 (6-1918). tr. 331. d^p them ra...<br />