A glossary of Common development terms

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Development in Viet Nam has grown tremendously in recent years as all major international bilateral and multilateral donors increased their activities. Donors, at times, experienced a common frustrating issue–the lack of a common or shared vocabulary for development term.

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Nội dung Text: A glossary of Common development terms

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME a glossary of COMMON development terms Version 2.1 Ha Noi, April 2003
FOREWORD Development in Viet Nam has grown tremendously in recent years as all major international bilateral and multilateral donors increased their activities. Donors, at times, experienced a common frustrating issue– the lack of a common or shared vocabulary for development terms. This difficulty arose in part because many of the concepts were new to Vietnamese counterparts. Development terms are also subject to evolving meanings in light of changing development practices throughout the world. In response to the need for common terminiology and in the interest of promoting donor harmonization, concerned national staff of the United Nations Development Programme in Viet Nam have compiled this Glossary of Common Development Terms. This Glossary is designed to serve as a tool for staff of the United Nations system, bilateral donors, Vietnamese counterparts, international consultants as well as other development partners that will improve understanding and communication in this complicated arena of development assistance. This Glossary has over 1,500 English main entries and nearly 1,000 derivative or associated words which can be classified into four broad groups: (i) concepts which are often used by development partners (e.g. capacity building, institutional development, sustainable development); (ii) concepts for which Vietnamese equivalents are not yet widely recognized (e.g. downstream, upstream, governance, human development); (iii) concepts which have special contexts (e.g. Capacity 21, Agenda 21, 20:20 Initiative) or common terms which have however evolved in meaning over time (e.g. result, outcome, participation); and (iv) names of major development agencies (e.g. ADB, SIDA, World Bank), and international conventions on current development issues (e.g. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on Biological Diversity). The English entries not only have Vietnamese equivalents but, in many cases, are also supported by definitions, explanations or examples in order to provide exact meanings and/or clarify contextual meanings. The Glossary is therefore more than a simple list of English concepts and their Vietnamese equivalents. It is in fact meant to serve as a modest repository of development knowledge to be shared among users. The first version of this Glossary was launched for internal use within UNDP in May 2001 and formally posted on the UNDP website in April 2002. This current version has been refined and upgraded and contains new terms and an easier presentational format. However, given the extremely rich and evolving nature of development knowledge, the Glossary is far from a comprehensive or perfect publication, nor is it intended to be one. Instead, it should be seen as a living reference material which requires regular updating if it is to continue to serve as a useful working tool for Vietnamese and other development practitioners. Therefore, the inputs and suggestions of all users are most welcome. Such contributions can be sent either to the United Nations Development Programme, through registry@undp.org.vn, or directly to Mr. Phan Duc Thang at ducthang@undp.org.vn. Ha Noi, 16 April 2003 Jordan Ryan Resident Representative UNDP - Viet Nam
TECHNICAL NOTES The entries in this glossary begin on Page 1 and continue in an alphabetical order from A to W. The entries are printed in heavy bold letters. The left-hand words, for example (Employment, Enrolment) are main entries and determine the alphabetical order. Those following these words are derivative words which are derived from the main entries and which denote associated concepts. A derivative entry may be followed by a tilde ( ~ ) mark, for example (Full ~ : Cã viÖc lµm ®Çy ®ñ) or proceeded by the same mark, for example (~ generation: T¹o viÖc lµm). In some cases, it may be placed between other words, for example (Net ~ ratio: Tû lÖ ®i häc ®óng tuæi). A main entry or a derivative entry can be a noun (n), a verb (v) or an adjective (adj). It may have one or more than one Vietnamese equivalent term. It may be supported by a definition, for example (i.e. prices that are set by the State) or an explanation, for example (i.e. UNICEF’s response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980’s...) in order to give the exact meaning or context of the word. The entry may as well be illustrated by an example in order to clarify the meaning or usage, for instance (e.g. ~ to clean water: §−îc sö dông n−íc s¹ch). In some cases the example is accompanied by a Vietnamese translation, while it is not in other cases. A Vietnamese equivalent term is always written in italic while a definition, explanation and example is always written in normal letters. In all cases, however, the tilde ( ~ ) mark used throughout the glossary represents the main entry or the derivative entry and is intended to avoid a repetition of the entry itself.
A Absorb (v) HÊp thô, tiÕp nhËn (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: TiÕp nhËn mét khèi l−îng lín viÖn trî n−íc ngoµi). Absorptive capacity (n) Kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp nhËn (e.g. The ~ of the Government has improved recently). Accede to (v) Tham gia, trë thµnh thµnh viªn (e.g. To ~ an international convention: tham gia mét c«ng −íc quèc tÕ). Accession (n) Sù tham gia, trë thµnh thµnh viªn (e.g. ~ to AFTA, WTO: Tham gia Tæ chøc th−¬ng m¹i thÕ giíi, Khu vùc mËu dÞch tù do ASEAN). Access (n) TiÕp cËn, ®−îc sö dông (e.g. ~ to advanced technology: §−îc tiÕp cËn víi c«ng nghÖ tiªn tiÕn; ~ to clean water: §−îc sö dông n−íc s¹ch). Hence, Accessible (adj) DÔ tiÕp cËn, cã thÓ tiÕp cËn (e.g. The rural village is accessible by car). Account for (v) Gi¶i tr×nh, t×m kiÕm, h¹ch to¸n (e.g. To ~ the failure of the visit: Gi¶i tr×nh vÒ thÊt b¹i cña chuyÕn viÕng th¨m; To ~ the Americans missing in action during the war in Viet Nam: T×m kiÕm ng−êi Mü mÊt tÝch trong cuéc chiÕn tranh ViÖt Nam; To ~ something in the State budget: H¹ch to¸n .... vµo ng©n s¸ch Nhµ n−íc). Accountability (n) Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh (i.e. the requirement that officials answer to stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made of them, and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit). A clear ~ mechanism: Mét c¬ chÕ râ rµng vÒ tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh. Mutual ~ : Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh víi nhau (i.e. recipient governments and donors are accountable to each other respectively for the proper use of aid and for the provision of effective aid); Public ~ : Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh tr−íc cö tri hoÆc tr−íc d©n (i.e. a government agency is accountable to the electorate or the wider public for the decisions taken). Accountable (adj) ChÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh (e.g. The director is responsible for managing the project and is ~ to the Government for the effective use of its financial resources). Action-oriented (adj) Mang tÝnh hµnh ®éng, kh¸c víi Theoretical (e.g. The workplan is very much ~ : KÕ ho¹ch c«ng t¸c mang tÝnh hµnh ®éng râ rµng). Ad hoc (adj) §Æc biÖt, t×nh thÕ (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: Uû ban ®Æc biÖt cña Liªn hîp quèc vÒ gi¶i trõ qu©n bÞ; An ~ solution: Mét gi¶i ph¸p t×nh thÕ). Addict (n) Ng−êi nghiÖn. Drug ~ : Ng−êi nghiÖn ma tuý; Hard-core ~ : Ng−êi nghiÖn nÆng. Hence, Addiction (n) Sù nghiÖn ngËp (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ). Addictive (adj) G©y nghiÖn. ~ substances: C¸c chÊt g©y nghiÖn. Address (v) Gi¶i quyÕt, ®Ò cËp tíi (e.g. Environmental issues should be addressed in detail in the national development strategy: C¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ m«i tr−êng cÇn ®−îc ®Ò cËp chi tiÕt trong chiÕn l−îc ph¸t triÓn quèc gia). Adjustment assistance (n) Trî gióp hay viÖn trî phôc vô ®iÒu chØnh (i.e. public financial assistance provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign goods in order to allow them to "adjust" to a new occupation). Adjustment programme (n) Ch−¬ng tr×nh ®iÒu chØnh (i.e. a programme aimed at restricting short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the longer terms). 1
Adjustment with a human face §iÒu chØnh mang tÝnh nh©n v¨n (i.e. UNICEF’s response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980’s. UNICEF held that such programmes were not only for economic growth but had to take into account implications on people, in particular the most vulnerable groups). Xem thªm Structural adjustment. Administered prices (n) Gi¸ chØ ®¹o, gi¸ do Nhµ n−íc qu¶n lý (i.e. prices that are set by the State). Adult (n) Ng−êi lín. ~ illiteracy rate: Tû lÖ mï ch÷ ë ng−êi lín; ~ literacy rate: Tû lÖ biÕt ch÷ ë ng−êi lín. Advancement of women (n) Sù tiÕn bé cña phô n÷ (e.g. The National Committee for the Advancement of Women: Uû ban quèc gia v× sù tiÕn bé cña phô n÷). Advantage (n) Lîi thÕ, ®iÓm m¹nh; Absolute ~ : Lîi thÕ tuyÖt ®èi; Comparative ~ : Lîi thÕ so s¸nh; Equal ~ : Lîi thÕ ngang b»ng. Advantage position (n) VÞ thÕ thuËn lîi. Advocate (v) Tuyªn truyÒn vËn ®éng (e.g. To ~ sustainable development concepts; (n) Ng−êi ñng hé (e.g. UNDP is a strong ~ of sustainable development principles). Advocacy (n) Sù tuyªn truyÒn vËn ®éng (e.g. ~ for sustainable development policies). Afford (v) Cã thÓ chi tr¶, cã thÓ thanh to¸n (e.g. Social services must be set at reasonable prices so that the poor can ~ ). Affordability (n) Kh¶ n¨ng chi tr¶, kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n (e.g. the ~ of the poor for low- cost housing). Affordable (adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng chi tr¶, cã kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n (e.g. Social services must be set at ~ prices to the poor: Gi¸ c¸c dÞch vô x· héi ph¶i ë møc ng−êi nghÌo cã thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®−îc). Agenda 21 (n) Ch−¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù ThÕ kû 21 (i.e. an action plan for sustainable development for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro). Aggregate (adj) TÝnh gép, tÝnh tæng sè. At the ~ level: ë møc tæng hîp; ~ demand: Tæng cÇu; ~ expenditure: Tæng chi; ~ revenue: Tæng thu; ~ supply: Tæng cung. Agricultural (n) Thuéc vÒ n«ng nghiÖp; ~ exports: N«ng s¶n xuÊt khÈu; ~ output: S¶n l−îng n«ng nghiÖp; ~ productivity: N¨ng suÊt n«ng nghiÖp; ~ reform: C¶i c¸ch n«ng nghiÖp; ~ sector: Ngµnh n«ng nghiÖp; ~ subsidies: Trî gi¸ n«ng nghiÖp. Agricultural earnings (n) Thu nhËp tõ n«ng nghiÖp. Agricultural extension (n) KhuyÕn n«ng. ~ services: DÞch vô khuyÕn n«ng; ~ worker: Ng−êi lµm c«ng t¸c khuyÕn n«ng, c¸n bé khuyÕn n«ng. Agricultural biodiversity (n) §a d¹ng sinh häc n«ng nghiÖp. Agricultural pollution (n) ¤ nhiÔm n«ng nghiÖp. Agriculture (n) N«ng nghiÖp. Integrated ~ : N«ng nghiÖp toµn diÖn; Organic ~ : N«ng nghiÖp s¹ch, n«ng nghiÖp h÷u c¬. Traditional ~ : N«ng nghiÖp truyÒn thèng. Agri-silviculture (n) Canh t¸c c©y gç xen c©y ng¾n ngµy (i.e. a form of agroforestry consisting of tree and crop components). Hence, Agro-silvicultural system: HÖ thèng canh t¸c n«ng l©m kÕt hîp. 2
Agro (adj) Thuéc vÒ n«ng nghiÖp (®−îc dïng nh− mét tiÕp ®Çu ng÷). ~ -biodiversity: §a d¹ng sinh häc n«ng nghiÖp; ~ - forestry: N«ng - l©m kÕt hîp; ~ - ecosystem: HÖ sinh th¸i n«ng nghiÖp; ~ - industry: N«ng - c«ng kÕt hîp. Aid (n) ViÖn trî. Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to refer to financial flows which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance (Xem thªm Official aid and Official Development Assistance). Long-term ~ : ViÖn trî dµi h¹n (i.e. official loans with an original or extended maturity of more than one year). Short-term ~ : ViÖn trî ng¾n h¹n (i.e. official loans with a maturity of one year or less). Aid coordination (n) §iÒu phèi viÖn trî (i.e. the process by which a recipient government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and strategies). Aid management (n) Qu¶n lý viÖn trî (i.e. the process by which a recipient government integrates external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development programmes and activities). Aid mobilization (n) VËn ®éng viÖn trî, huy ®éng viÖn trî. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Héi chøng suy gi¶m miÔn dÞch m¾c ph¶i ë ng−êi. ~ prevention and control: Phßng chèng vµ kiÓm so¸t AIDS. Air pollution (n) ¤ nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ. ~ index: ChØ sè « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ; ~ control legislation: LuËt ph¸p kiÓm so¸t « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ; ~ control strategy: ChiÕn l−îc kiÓm so¸t « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ. Alienated (n) BÞ xa l¸nh. Socially ~ : BÞ x· héi xa l¸nh. Allocate (v) Ph©n bæ, ph©n phèi. Hence, Allocation (n) Sù ph©n bæ, ph©n phèi (e.g. The effective ~ of public resources: Sù ph©n bæ cã hiÖu qu¶ nguån lùc c«ng céng). Alternative (adj) Kh¸c, thay thÕ. ~ farming: Canh t¸c thay thÕ; ~ crop: C©y trång thay thÕ; ~ energy: N¨ng l−îng thay thÕ; ~ solution: Gi¶i ph¸p thay thÕ; ~ technology: C«ng nghÖ thay thÕ. Amortization (n) Tr¶ dÇn, thanh to¸n dÇn (e.g. The ~ of a loan). ~ schedule: LÞch tr¶ (thanh to¸n) nî. Anti-narcotic activities (n) C¸c ho¹t ®éng phßng chèng ma tuý. Appraise (v) ThÈm ®Þnh. Hence, Appraisal (n) Sù thÈm ®Þnh (i.e. the process of checking the quality of a programme or project design prior to approval). Hence Project or programme appraisal: ThÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n hoÆc ch−¬ng tr×nh. Approach (n) Ph−¬ng thøc, c¸ch tiÕp cËn. Economic ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ kinh tÕ; Environmental ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ m«i tr−êng; Programme or Programmatic ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ch−¬ng tr×nh; Project ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo dù ¸n; Social ~: C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ x· héi; Sectoral ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ngµnh (Also Sector-wide approach). Approve (v) Phª duyÖt. Hence, Approval (n) Sù phª duyÖt (i.e. the process of signing a project or programme document where donor funds are committed). Hence, Project or programme approval: Phª duyÖt dù ¸n hoÆc ch−¬ng tr×nh. Aquaculture (n) Nu«i trång thñy s¶n. Marine ~ : Nu«i trång thuû s¶n biÓn; Upland ~ : Nu«i trång thuû s¶n ë miÒn nói. Area-wide environmental quality management: Qu¶n lý chÊt l−îng m«i tr−êng theo vïng l·nh thæ (i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative capacity to handle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action plans). 3
Arrears (n) Nî qu¸ h¹n (i.e. overdue payments of debt). Articulate (v) Tr×nh bµy râ rµng. Hence, Well-articulated (adj) §−îc tr×nh bµy râ rµng (e.g. ~ ideas, views). Articulation (n) Sù tr×nh bµy râ rµng (e.g. The ~ of national priorities). ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Khu vùc mËu dÞch tù do ASEAN. Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC): DiÔn ®µn Hîp t¸c Kinh tÕ Ch©u ¸ - Th¸i B×nh D−¬ng. §−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1989, APEC lµ diÔn ®µn quèc tÕ nh»m khuyÕn khÝch hîp t¸c kinh tÕ vµ th−¬ng m¹i, còng nh− trao ®æi c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ ph¸t triÓn vµ an ninh ë khu vùc Ch©u ¸ - Th¸i B×nh D−¬ng. Asian Development Bank (ADB): Ng©n hµng Ph¸t triÓn ch©u ¸. §−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1966, ADB lµ mét tæ chøc tµi trî ph¸t triÓn víi t«n chØ thóc ®Èy sù nghiÖp ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ vµ x· héi ë ch©u ¸ vµ Th¸i B×nh D−¬ng. Assimilative capacity (n) Kh¶ n¨ng hÊp thô, kh¶ n¨ng ®ång hãa (i.e. the ability of a water body to purify itself of pollutants). Assistance (n) Sù trî gióp, viÖn trî. External ~ : Sù trî gióp, viÖn trî tõ bªn ngoµi. Technical ~ : Trî gióp kü thuËt. Xem thªm Technical assistance vµ Technical cooperation. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): HiÖp héi c¸c n−íc §«ng Nam ¸. §−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1967, thµnh phÇn cña ASEAN hiÖn cã ®ñ 10 n−íc §«ng Nam ¸, víi t«n chØ xóc tiÕn an ninh vµ gi¶i quyÕt tranh chÊp trong khu vùc, t¨ng c−êng bu«n b¸n, ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ, ®Çu t− gi÷a c¸c n−íc thµnh viªn. Assumption (n) Gi¶ ®Þnh (i.e. a condition that is important to the success of a project but which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being satisfied cannot be assured). Audit (n) KiÓm to¸n (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts to see if they are in order. The scope of audits includes financial ~ kiÓm to¸n tµi chÝnh, compliance ~ kiÓm to¸n vÒ tu©n thñ quy chÕ and performance audit or value for money audit kiÓm to¸n vÒ hiÖu qu¶). External ~ : KiÓm to¸n do ng−êi bªn ngoµi tiÕn hµnh (cßn gäi lµ Independent ~ : KiÓm to¸n ®éc lËp); Internal audit: KiÓm to¸n néi bé. Audit sampling (n) LÊy mÉu kiÓm to¸n, chän mÉu kiÓm to¸n. Auditor (n) Nh©n viªn kiÓm to¸n. ~ General: Tæng kiÓm to¸n. Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ èt-xtr©y-lia. Awareness (n) NhËn thøc. Environmental ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ m«i tr−êng; Gender ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ giíi; HIV/AIDS ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ HIV/AIDS; ~ raising: N©ng cao nhËn thøc. 4
B Backstopping (n) Theo dâi vµ hç trî (i.e. activities to review, support and advise on the smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency: Theo dâi vµ hç trî kü thuËt cña C¬ quan ®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n). Backward-looking (adj) H−íng vÒ qu¸ khø, ®èi lËp víi Forward-looking (e.g. The analysis should not be ~, but forward-looking). Balance of payments (n) C¸n c©n thanh to¸n (i.e. a tabulation of the credit and debit transactions of a country with other countries and international institutions). Balance of payments support: Hç trî c¸n c©n thanh to¸n (e.g. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of balance of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability. It usually carried conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms agreed by the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank). Balance of trade (n) C¸n c©n th−¬ng m¹i. Bankable (adj) Cã thÓ ®−îc ng©n hµng tµi trî (e.g. A ~ project proposal). Barrier (n) Hµng rµo. Non-tariff ~ s: Hµng rµo phi thuÕ quan; Tariff ~ s: Hµng rµo thuÕ quan; Trade ~ s: Hµng rµo th−¬ng m¹i. Baseline data (n) D÷ liÖu gèc, d÷ liÖu c¬ së (i.e. data that describe the situation to be addressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes in its performance). ~ survey: §iÒu tra d÷ liÖu gèc, ®iÒu tra d÷ liÖu c¬ së. Basic social services (BSS): C¸c dÞch vô x· héi c¬ b¶n (i.e. social services that were defined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean water and low-cost sanitation). Behaviour (n) Hµnh vi, c¸ch hµnh xö; High-risk ~ : Hµnh vi cã nguy c¬ cao. Behavioural (adj) Thuéc vÒ hµnh vi. ~ change: Thay ®æi hµnh vi. Benchmark (n) Mèc chuÈn, ®iÓm chuÈn (i.e. an intermediate target to measure progress in a given period using a certain indicator). Beneficiary (n) Ng−êi thô h−ëng. Direct ~ : Ng−êi thô h−ëng trùc tiÕp; Indirect ~: Ng−êi thô h−ëng gi¸n tiÕp; Ultimate ~ : Ng−êi thô h−ëng cuèi cïng. Benefit (n) Lîi Ých, trî cÊp. Age ~s : Trî cÊp nh©n thä; Direct ~ s : Lîi Ých trùc tiÕp; Medical ~s : Trî cÊp y tÕ; Fringe ~s : Phô cÊp ngoµi l−¬ng; Unemployment ~ s: Trî cÊp thÊt nghiÖp. Best practice (n) TËp qu¸n tèt nhÊt (e.g. Our plan of action has benefited from the ~ s of other partners). Better-off (adj ) Kh¸ gi¶ h¬n, giµu cã h¬n. ~ regions: Nh÷ng vïng kh¸ gi¶ h¬n; ~ people: Nh÷ng ng−êi kh¸ gi¶ h¬n. Bid (n) §Êu thÇu, gãi thÇu. ~ evaluation, selection: §¸nh gi¸ thÇu, chän thÇu; ~ price: Gi¸ bá thÇu; Invitation to ~ : Th− mêi thÇu. To bid for (v) Tham gia ®Êu thÇu. Bidder (n) Ng−êi tham gia ®Êu thÇu (e.g. Lowest, highest ~ : Ng−êi bá thÇu thÊp nhÊt, cao nhÊt; Successful ~ : Ng−êi th¾ng thÇu). 5
Bidding (n) ViÖc ®Êu thÇu (also Tendering). Competitive ~ : §Êu thÇu c¹nh tranh; International ~ : §Êu thÇu quèc tÕ; Limited ~ : §Êu thÇu h¹n chÕ; Local ~ : §Êu thÇu trong n−íc; Open ~ : §Êu thÇu c«ng khai; ~ conditions: §iÒu kiÖn dù thÇu; ~ documents: Hå s¬ dù thÇu; ~ procedures, rules: Thñ tôc ®Êu thÇu, quy chÕ ®èi thÇu. Bilateral (adj) Song ph−¬ng. ~ agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh song ph−¬ng; ~ donor: Nhµ tµi trî song ph−¬ng. Bilateral aid (n) ViÖn trî song ph−¬ng (i.e. official development assistance provided on a country-to-country basis). Bilateral trade agreement (n) HiÖp ®Þnh th−¬ng m¹i song ph−¬ng. Bio (adj) Sù sèng, sinh häc (dïng nh− mét tiÕp ®Çu ng÷). Bio-chemistry: M«n ho¸ sinh; Bio-gas: Sinh khÝ; Bio-energy: N¨ng l−îng sinh häc; Bio-engineering: Kü thuËt sinh häc; Bio-fuel: Nhiªn liÖu sinh häc; Bio-ethics: §¹o ®øc trong c«ng nghÖ sinh häc; Bio- mass: Sinh khèi; Bio-safety: An toµn trong c«ng nghÖ sinh häc. Biodiversity (n) Sù ®a d¹ng sinh häc (gåm genetic diversity, species diversity vµ ecosystem diversity). ~ conservation: B¶o tån sù ®a d¹ng sinh häc; ~ resources: Nguån tµi nguyªn ®a d¹ng sinh häc. Convention on ~ Conservation: C«ng −íc vÒ b¶o tån ®a d¹ng sinh häc, ký kÕt t¹i Héi nghÞ cña LHQ vÒ M«i tr−êng vµ Ph¸t triÓn n¨m 1992 t¹i Rio de Janeiro. Biodiversity awareness strategy (n) ChiÕn l−îc n©ng cao nhËn thøc vÒ ®a d¹ng sinh häc. Biotechnology (n) C«ng nghÖ sinh häc. Birth control (n) KiÓm so¸t sinh ®Î. ~ measures: C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t sinh ®Î. Birth rate (n) Tû suÊt sinh, tû lÖ sinh. Crude ~ : Tû suÊt sinh th«; Net ~ : Tû suÊt sinh dßng. Birth spacing (n) Kho¶ng c¸ch sinh (i.e. time gap between birth deliveries). Blue sector (n) ................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to water resources, coastal zones and the sea). Bottle-neck (n) Sù ¸ch t¾c, kh©u ¸ch t¾c (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA implementation: Nh÷ng ¸ch t¾c trong viÖc thùc hiÖn viÖn trî ph¸t triÓn chÝnh thøc). Bottom-up (adj) Tõ d−íi lªn, tõ c¬ së lªn. ~ approach: Ph−¬ng ph¸p hay c¸ch tiÕp cËn tõ c¬ së lªn (as opposed to Top-down approach). Brain drain (n) (T×nh tr¹ng) ch¶y m¸u chÊt x¸m. Brain gain (n) T¨ng c−êng chÊt x¸m, lµm giµu chÊt x¸m (e.g. The immigration of skilled labour is a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country). Brainstorming (n) Xíi vÊn ®Ò, khªu gîi ý t−ëng (i.e. a creative form of discussion with the sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas). ~ techniques: Kü thuËt xíi vÊn ®Ò, kü thuËt khªu gîi ý t−ëng cña ng−êi tham gia. Break-even point (n) §iÓm hoµ vèn. Breakthrough (n) B−íc ®ét ph¸. Digital ~ : B−íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ c«ng nghÖ sè; Genetic ~ : B−íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ c«ng nghÖ gien; Technological ~ : B−íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ c«ng nghÖ. Breast-feed (v) Nu«i con b»ng s÷a mÑ. Hence, Breast-fed (adj) §−îc nu«i b»ng s÷a mÑ; Breast-feeding (n) ViÖc nu«i con b»ng s÷a mÑ. 6
Bretton Woods Agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh Bretton Woods. ~ lµ HiÖp ®Þnh tiÒn tÖ ®¹t ®−îc t¹i mét héi nghÞ quèc tÕ tæ chøc n¨m 1944 t¹i Bretton Woods, Hoa Kú. Bretton Woods Institutions: C¸c tæ chøc Bretton Woods, tøc lµ Quü tiÒn tÖ Quèc tÕ vµ Nhãm Ng©n hµng ThÕ giíi, ®−îc thµnh lËp theo HiÖp ®Þnh BrettonWoods Brief (v) Th«ng b¸o, tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu mét ho¹t ®éng (e.g. The delegation was briefed before it began its project visit). Hence, Briefing (n) Buæi th«ng b¸o. Broad-based Cã c¬ së réng r·i, trªn diÖn réng. ~ support: Sù hç trî réng r·i; ~ growth: Sù t¨ng tr−ëng ®¹t ®−îc trªn diÖn réng. Brown sector (n) ............... (i.e. environmental issues that relate to urban and industrial pollution). Budget (n) Ng©n s¸ch. ~ deficit: Th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch; ~ line: Dßng ng©n s¸ch; ~ revision: §iÒu chØnh ng©n s¸ch; ~ surplus: ThÆng d− ng©n s¸ch. Budgetary (adj) Thuéc vÒ ng©n s¸ch. ~ control: KiÓm so¸t ng©n s¸ch; ~ process: Quy tr×nh (x©y dùng vµ qu¶n lý) ng©n s¸ch; ~ support: Hç trî ng©n s¸ch. Buffer zone (n) Vïng ®Öm, khu ®Öm (i.e. an area of land separating land uses which are incompatible with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any conflict between them). ~ management: Qu¶n lý vïng ®Öm. Build on or upon (v) Dùa trªn c¬ së, ph¸t huy (e.g. The project has built upon the results of recent research initiatives: Dù ¸n ®−îc x©y dùng dùa trªn kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu gÇn ®©y). Built-in stabilizer (n) C¬ chÕ t¹o æn ®Þnh néi t¹i. Business (n) Kinh doanh. ~ activity: Ho¹t ®éng kinh doanh; ~ cycle: Chu kú kinh doanh; ~ environment: M«i tr−êng kinh doanh; ~ ethics: §¹o ®øc kinh doanh; ~ model: M« h×nh kinh doanh; ~ strategy: ChiÕn l−îc kinh doanh. 7
C Calorie (n) §¬n vÞ nhiÖt l−îng ca-lo. Daily ~ intake per capita: KhÈu phÇn ca-lo tiªu thô hµng ngµy theo ®Çu ng−êi; Daily ~ supply per capita: KhÈu phÇn ca-lo cung cÊp hµng ngµy theo ®Çu ng−êi. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ Ca-na-®a. Capacity (n) N¨ng lùc (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources needed to perform a function). Individual ~ : N¨ng lùc c¸ nh©n; institutional ~ : N¨ng lùc thÓ chÕ. Capacity 21 (n) N¨ng lùc thÕ kû 21 (i.e. a programme of technical assistance set up by the United Nations Development Programme in June 1993 in order to assist developing countries to realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thªm Agenda 21. Capacity assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ n¨ng lùc. Capacity building (n) X©y dùng n¨ng lùc. ~ differs from Capacity development in that the latter builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an institution). Capacity development (n) T¨ng c−êng n¨ng lùc (i.e. the process by which individuals, institutions, communities develop their capacities to perform functions, solve problems and set and reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g. ~ of an organization). Capital (n) Vèn, nguån vèn. Directly productive ~ : Nguån vèn trùc tiÕp tham gia s¶n xuÊt (m¸y mãc, thiÕt bÞ, c«ng cô s¶n xuÊt); Financial ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ tµi chÝnh (®Ó ®Çu t−); Human ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ con ng−êi; Infrastructural ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ kÕt cÊu h¹ tÇng; Institutional ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ thÓ chÕ (nÒn d©n chñ, quyÒn con ng−êi, hÖ thèng ph¸p chÕ…); Natural ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ tù nhiªn; Social ~ : Nguån vèn x· héi (c¸c chuÈn mùc, hÖ thèng, tæ chøc, truyÒn thèng, gi¸ trÞ…, trong ®ã cã nguån vèn vÒ thÓ chÕ); A society’s total ~ : Tæng nguån vèn cña mét x· héi. Capital assistance (n) ViÖn trî vÒ vèn. Capital-intensive (adj) CÇn nhiÒu vèn (e.g. A ~ industry). Capitalize on (v) Ph¸t huy, tËn dông, tranh thñ (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities). Carbon tax (n) ThuÕ c¸c-bon (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossil carbon-containing fuels in order to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide funds to promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect). Carrying capacity (n) Søc t¶i, kh¶ n¨ng t¶i (i.e. the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support without damaging the ecosystem itself). ~ of a tourism site: Søc t¶i cña mét ®iÓm du lÞch; The Earth’s ~ : Søc t¶i cña tr¸i ®Êt. Case study (n) Nghiªn cøu tr−êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh (i.e. an example of a research problem, usually described by a representative case, unit of population… , e.g. to conduct a ~ on a subject matter: TiÕn hµnh nghiªn cøu tr−êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh vÒ mét ®Ò tµi nµo ®ã). Catalyst (adj) Cã tÝnh chÊt xóc t¸c. ~ role: Vai trß xóc t¸c; ~ money: Nguån vèn mang tÝnh xóc t¸c. Causal relationship (n) Mèi quan hÖ nh©n qu¶. Cause and effect relationship (n) Quan hÖ nh©n qu¶. Central planning (n) KÕ ho¹ch ho¸ tËp trung. 8
Centrally planned economy (n) Kinh tÕ kÕ ho¹ch ho¸ tËp trung. Change (n) Sù thay ®æi, ®æi míi. ~ process: TiÕn tr×nh ®æi míi; ~ management: Qu¶n lý tiÕn tr×nh ®æi míi (i.e. ways to implement and monitor change within an organization). Change agent hay change catalyst: Nh©n tè kÝch thÝch ®æi míi (i.e. an individual who attempts to influence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change). Checklist (n) Danh môc (c¸c c©u hái, vÊn ®Ò) ®Ó ®èi chiÕu (e.g. The ~ for project appraisal: Danh môc c¸c c©u hái ®Ó ®èi chiÕu khi thÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n; The ~ for briefing a visiting mission: Danh môc c¸c vÊn ®Ò cÇn th«ng b¸o cho ®oµn kh¸ch ®Õn th¨m). Child (n) TrÎ em. ~ abuse: L¹m dông trÎ em; ~ care: Ch¨m sãc trÎ em; ~ rearing: Nu«i d−ìng trÎ em. Child-bearing age (n) Tuæi sinh con, also Reproductive age. Women in ~ : Phô n÷ ®ang ë ®é tuæi sinh con. Child-blind (adj) Kh«ng quan t©m ®Õn trÎ em (e.g. A ~ social policy, project). Child care (n) Ch¨m sãc trÎ em. ~ center: Trung t©m nu«i d¹y trÎ em. Child labour (n) Lao ®éng ë trÎ em. Hence, Child labourers (n) TrÎ em ph¶i lao ®éng.. Child malnutrition (n) Suy dinh d−ìng ë trÎ em. Child prostitution (n) M·i d©m ë trÎ em. Hence, Child prostitutes (n) TrÎ em hµnh nghÒ m·i d©m. Child welfare (n) Phóc lîi cho trÎ em (e.g. a ~ policy, programme). Children in specially difficult circumstances: TrÎ em cã hoµn c¶nh ®Æc biÖt. Civil servants (n) C«ng chøc. Civil service (n) Ngµnh c«ng vô. Civil society (n) X· héi d©n sù (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - organized or unorganized - who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are regulated by formal and informal rules and laws). Civil society organizations (n) C¸c tæ chøc x· héi d©n sù. Clean energy sources (n) C¸c nguån n¨ng l−îng s¹ch (i.e. natural gas, solar, wind, sustainable biomass and mini-hydro power). Clean production technology (n) C«ng nghÖ s¶n xuÊt s¹ch (i.e. use of environmentally friendly processes in production activities). Hence, cleaner production technology: C«ng nghÖ s¶n xuÊt s¹ch h¬n. Client-oriented (adj) §Þnh h−íng phôc vô kh¸ch hµng (e.g. a ~ mentality: Th¸i ®é s½n sµng phôc vô kh¸ch hµng). Climate change (n) Sù biÕn ®æi khÝ hËu (e.g. Convention on ~ : C«ng −íc vÒ biÕn ®æi khÝ hËu, ®−îc ký kÕt t¹i Héi nghÞ LHQ vÒ M«i tr−êng vµ Ph¸t triÓn n¨m 1992 t¹i Rio de Janeiro). Global ~ : Sù biÕn ®æi khÝ hËu toµn cÇu. Cloning (n) Nh©n dßng v« tÝnh, nh©n gien v« tÝnh. Cluster evaluation (n) §¸nh gi¸ côm dù ¸n (cã liªn quan víi nhau vÒ néi dung). Coastal mangrove forest (n) Rõng ngËp mÆn ven biÓn. Coastal zone management (n) Qu¶n lý d¶i ven bê. Integrated ~ : Qu¶n lý tæng hîp d¶i ven bê. Coastal wetland (n) (Vïng) ®Êt ngËp mÆn ven biÓn. 9
Co-financing (n) Cïng gãp vèn, lµ thuËt ng÷ dïng chung cho c¸c ph−¬ng thøc tµi trî cost-sharing ®ång tµi trî, trust fund quü uû th¸c vµ parallel financing tµi trî song song. Commercial (adj) Thuéc vÒ th−¬ng m¹i. ~ interest rate: L·i suÊt th−¬ng m¹i; ~ lending: Cho vay theo ®iÒu kiÖn th−¬ng m¹i; ~ loan: Kho¶n vay th−¬ng m¹i. Commercialize (v) Th−¬ng m¹i ho¸. Hence, Commercialization (n) Sù th−¬ng m¹i ho¸ (e.g. ~ of public services: Th−¬ng m¹i ho¸ c¸c dÞch vô c«ng céng). Commit (v) Cam kÕt, quyÕt t©m (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Cam kÕt lµm mét viÖc g× ®ã). Commitment (n) Sù cam kÕt (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance or technical cooperation incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions). For example: ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001 reached US$ 1.6 billion: Cam kÕt ODA cho ViÖt Nam trong n¨m 2001 lªn ®Õn 1,6 tû USD. Commodity (n) Hµng hãa. ~ assistance: ViÖn trî b»ng hµng ho¸ (i.e. financial assistance provided by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or goods). ~ loan: Kho¶n tiÒn vay b»ng hµng ho¸. Common but differentiated responsibilities (n) Tr¸ch nhiÖm chung nh−ng cã ph©n biÖt møc ®é (i.e. Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says “States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States shall have common but different responsibilities”. Communicable diseases (n) C¸c c¨n bÖnh l©y lan. Community (n) Céng ®ång. ~ health care: Y tÕ céng ®ång; Community development (n) Ph¸t triÓn céng ®ång (i.e. the organization of all aspects of community living, in particular new settlement projects and the improvement of existing facilities). Community education (n) Gi¸o dôc ý thøc céng ®ång (i.e. an enabling process by which children and adults acquire a sense of identification with their community). Community forestry (n) L©m nghiÖp céng ®ång (i.e. a form of social forestry where tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands). Community participation (n) Sù tham gia cña céng ®ång (i.e. the participation of a community in its own development). Community participation role (n) Vai trß ho¹t ®éng céng ®ång (cña phô n÷ ). Xem thªm Gender roles. Community-based (adj) Dùa vµo céng ®ång, ë cÊp céng ®ång. Community-based development approaches (n) C¸c ph−¬ng thøc ph¸t triÓn dùa vµo céng ®ång Community-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghiÖn t¹i (dùa vµo) céng ®ång. Community-based forest management (n) Qu¶n lý rõng dùa vµo céng ®ång (i.e. a strategy for achieving people-centered development where the focus of decision-making with regard to the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the communities of that area). Community-based organizations (n) C¸c tæ chøc céng ®ång. 10
Comparative advantage: Lîi thÕ so s¸nh. Theory of ~ : ThuyÕt vÒ lîi thÕ so s¸nh (i.e. the specialization in the production and export of those goods/services in which a country can make or provide most profitably). Compete (v) C¹nh tranh (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasingly scarce development resources). Competing (adj) C¹nh tranh nhau, ganh ®ua nhau (e.g. ~ claims on the limited national resources: Nh÷ng ®ßi hái tranh giµnh nguån lùc h¹n hÑp cña quèc gia). Competition (n) Sù c¹nh tranh, ganh ®ua. Fair ~ : C¹nh tranh lµnh m¹nh; Healthy ~ : C¹nh tranh lµnh m¹nh; Imperfect ~ : C¹nh tranh kh«ng hoµn h¶o; Perfect ~ : C¹nh tranh hoµn h¶o; Unfair ~ : C¹nh tranh kh«ng lµnh m¹nh. Competitive (adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng c¹nh tranh, mang tÝnh c¹nh tranh. ~ bidding: §Êu thÇu c¹nh tranh; ~ market: ThÞ tr−êng c¹nh tranh; ~ price: Gi¸ c¶ c¹nh tranh. Competitiveness (n) Cã kh¶ n¨ng c¹nh tranh, søc c¹nh tranh (e.g. The ~ of the national economy: Søc c¹nh tranh cña nÒn kinh tÕ quèc d©n). Completion (n) Sù hoµn thµnh, kÕt thóc. Financial ~ : KÕt thóc vÒ tµi chÝnh (e.g. the financial ~ of a project); Operational ~ : KÕt thóc vÒ ho¹t ®éng (cña mét dù ¸n). Comprehensive (adj) Toµn diÖn. A ~ approach: C¸ch tiÕp cËn toµn diÖn. Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy or CPRGS: ChiÕn l−îc toµn diÖn vÒ xo¸ nghÌo ®ãi vµ t¨ng tr−ëng (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was requested by the World Bank and prepared by the Government of Viet Nam to replace the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP). Comprehensive Development Strategy or CDF (n) ChiÕn l−îc ph¸t triÓn toµn diÖn (i.e. a mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance and government spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects of development in a recipient country). Concept (n) Kh¸i niÖm, ý t−ëng. A project ~: ý t−ëng dù ¸n (i.e. A paper that provides a preliminary idea of the overall possibility and desirability of a project). Concept paper (n) B¶n ph¸c th¶o (vÒ mét ý t−ëng hoÆc ®Ò tµi). Conceptual (adj) Thuéc vÒ kh¸i niÖm. A ~ framework: Khung kh¸i qu¸t, ph−¬ng ph¸p luËn. Conceptual approach (n) Ph−¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn mang tÝnh kh¸i qu¸t. Conceptualization (n) X©y dùng kh¸i niÖm, x©y dùng ý t−ëng. Project ~: X©y dùng ý t−ëng dù ¸n. Hence, To conceptualize a project: X©y dùng ý t−ëng dù ¸n. Concessionary (Also Concessional, Soft) (adj) Mang tÝnh −u ®·i. A ~ loan: Kho¶n vay −u ®·i (i.e. credit extended in terms that are more favourable to the borrower than market rates). Concessionality level (n) Møc ®é −u ®·i (i.e. a measure of the “softness” of a credit reflecting the benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate). Condition (n) §iÒu kiÖn (e.g. a neccesary and sufficient ~ : §iÒu kiÖn cÇn vµ ®ñ). Conditionality (n) Cã ®iÒu kiÖn, ®iÒu kiÖn rµng buéc (i.e. policy measure(s) that a government agrees to implement as a requirement to receive aid). Conflict (n) Xung ®ét, m©u thuÉn. ~ of interest: Xung ®ét lîi Ých. Conflict resolution (n) Gi¶i quyÕt xung ®ét. 11
Conflicting (adj) Xung ®ét víi nhau, m©u thuÉn víi nhau (e.g. ~ interests, ideas: Nh÷ng lîi Ých, nh÷ng ý t−ëng tr¸i ng−îc nhau). Consensus (n) Sù nhÊt trÝ, sù ®ång thuËn. On the consensus ~ : Theo nguyªn t¾c ®ång thuËn. Political ~ : Sù ®ång thuËn vÒ chÝnh trÞ. Consensus building (n) X©y dùng sù nhÊt trÝ, ®ång thuËn (e.g. A ~ activity, initiative: Mét ho¹t ®éng, mét s¸ng kiÕn nh»m x©y dùng sù ®ång thuËn). Conservation (n) B¶o tån; ~ area, site, zone: Khu b¶o tån; Cultural ~ : B¶o tån v¨n ho¸; Heritage ~ : B¶o tån di s¶n. Constituency (n) Nh÷ng ng−êi hËu thuÉn (i.e. a group of people with the same interests that one can turn to for support); Cö tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its own elected representative). Constrain (v) H¹n chÕ, rµng buéc (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have constrained the sustainability of the technical approaches used). Hence, Constraint (n) H¹n chÕ, khã kh¨n. Consultancy (n) Ho¹t ®éng t− vÊn (e.g. a consultancy assignment: ChuyÕn c«ng t¸c t− vÊn). Hence, Consultant: Chuyªn gia t− vÊn. Consultative Group Meeting (n) Héi nghÞ Nhãm T− vÊn (i.e. a periodic meeting between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national issuses/priorities and mobilizing additional external assistance. This is an aid mobilization mechanism which is chaired by the World Bank). Consulting (adj) Thuéc vÒ t− vÊn. ~ business: NghÒ t− vÊn; ~ firm: C«ng ty t− vÊn; ~ industry: Ngµnh (c«ng nghiÖp) t− vÊn. Consumer (n) Ng−êi tiªu dïng. ~ demand: Nhu cÇu tiªu dïng; ~ price: Gi¸ tiªu dïng; ~ subsidy: Trî gi¸ tiªu dïng. Consumer price index (n) ChØ sè gi¸ tiªu dïng. Contaminate (v) Lµm nhiÔm bÈn. Hence, Contamination (n) Lµm nhiÔm bÈn. Contaminated site (n) N¬i bÞ nhiÔm bÈn. Contingency (n) T×nh huèng bÊt tr¾c. ~ fund: Quü dù phßng; ~ plan: KÕ ho¹ch dù phßng. Continuous programming (n) Ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y dùng dù ¸n mang tÝnh liªn tôc (i.e. a concept that involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for which projects have not yet been identified). Contraceptive (n) Dông cô tr¸nh thai. ~ measures: C¸c biÖn ph¸p tr¸nh thai. Contraceptive prevalence rate (n) Tû lÖ sö dông c¸c biÖn ph¸p tr¸nh thai (i.e. the percentage of married women of childbearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or whose husbands are using, any form of contraception). Contract (n) B¶n hîp ®ång hoÆc (v) Lµm hîp ®ång (e.g. to ~ somebody to do something: Hîp ®ång víi ng−êi nµo ®Ó lµm viÖc g×). Contracting out (n) Kho¸n cho ng−êi ngoµi (i.e. an arrangement whereby a department or agency enters into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides services). Hence, to contract out something: Kho¸n cho ng−êi ngoµi. Contractual (adj) Thuéc vÒ hîp ®ång. ~ obligations: C¸c nghÜa vô theo hîp ®ång; ~ provisions: C¸c ®iÒu kho¶n hîp ®ång; ~ terms: C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hîp ®ång. 12
Contribution (n) Kho¶n ®ãng gãp. In cash ~ : §ãng gãp b»ng tiÒn mÆt; In kind ~ : §ãng gãp b»ng hiÖn vËt (d−íi c¸c h×nh thøc nh− nh©n sù, v¨n phßng, vËt t− , thiÕt bÞ t¹i chç, ®Êt ®ai, nhµ x−ëng, v.v...); Counterpart ~: §ãng gãp cña c¬ quan ®èi t¸c (b»ng tiÒn mÆt hoÆc b»ng hiÖn vËt). Control (n) Sù kiÓm so¸t, biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t. Export ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t xuÊt khÈu; Exchange rate ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i; Import ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t nhËp khÈu; Price ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t gi¸ c¶. Convention (n) C«ng −íc (e.g. ~ on the Rights of the Child: C«ng −íc vÒ QuyÒn TrÎ em; ~ for the Pretection of Ozone Layer: C«ng −íc vÒ b¶o vÖ tÇng «-d«n; ~ for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: C«ng −íc vÒ b¶o vÖ di s¶n v¨n ho¸ vµ thiªn nhiªn thÕ giíi; ~ on Biological Diversity: C«ng −íc vÒ b¶o vÖ sù ®a d¹ng sinh häc; ~ on International Trade in Endangered Species: C«ng −íc vÒ th−¬ng m¹i quèc tÕ ®èi víi c¸c loµi ®éng vËt cã nguy c¬ tiÖt chñng; ~ on the Law of the Sea: C«ng −íc vÒ LuËt biÓn). Coping strategy (n) ChiÕn l−îc, biÖn ph¸p kh¾c phôc khã kh¨n (i.e. plans, means and actions used by the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such as unemployment, sickness, food shortage). Core resources: Nguån vèn th−êng xuyªn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donor governments to UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources). Corporate (adj) Tæng qu¸t (e.g. A ~ plan: Mét kÕ ho¹ch tæng qu¸t); Thuéc vÒ c«ng ty (e.g. A ~ law: LuËt c«ng ty). Corrupt (adj) Tham nhòng (e.g. A ~ official: Mét quan chøc tham nhòng). Corruption (n) Sù tham nhòng (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for private gains). ~ - free (adj) Kh«ng cã tham nhòng (e.g. A ~ society: Mét x· héi kh«ng cã tham nhòng). Cost (n) Chi phÝ. Fixed ~ : Chi phÝ cè ®Þnh; Hidden ~ : ChÝ phÝ Èn; Visible ~ : Chi phÝ hiÖn. Cost-push inflation (n) L¹m ph¸t do søc ®Èy cña chi phÝ (i.e. inflation which is created and sustained by increases in production costs, independently of the state of demand). Cost recovery (n) LÊy thu bï chi, thu håi chi phÝ. On a ~ basis: Trªn c¬ së lÊy thu bï chi. Cost sharing (n) §ång tµi trî (i.e. financial contributions which are made by another donor to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage in accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thªm Co-financing. Cost-benefit analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch chi phÝ-lîi Ých (i.e a method to determine total benefits and costs of a project through which to detect the alternation with the highest benefit-cost ratio). Cost-effective (adj) HiÖu qu¶ tÝnh theo chi phÝ, hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ. Cost-effectiveness analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch chi phÝ – hiÖu qu¶ (i.e. an approach adopted when the benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it has political or corporate benefits). Counterpart (n) Bªn ®èi t¸c, bªn ®ång nhiÖm. ~ agency: C¬ quan ®èi t¸c; ~ capacity: N¨ng lùc cña c¬ quan ®èi t¸c; The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and his US ~ : Ngo¹i tr−ëng ViÖt Nam vµ ng−êi ®ång nhiÖm Hoa Kú. 13
Counterpart funding (n) Vèn ®èi øng (i.e. the contribution in local currency to project costs by a country receiving development aid). Counterpart personnel (n) Nh©n viªn ®èi t¸c (i.e. local staff of a country receiving aid who have the same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistance experts). Country programme (n) Ch−¬ng tr×nh quèc gia (e.g. UNDP’s ~ for Viet Nam for the period 1992-1996). Credit (n) TÝn dông. Micro ~ or small ~ : TÝn dông quy m« nhá; Rural ~ : TÝn dông n«ng th«n; Informal ~ association: Héi ch¬i hôi. Creditworthy (adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n nî (e.g. a ~ country, company). Hence, Creditworthiness (n) Kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n nî. Critical mass (n) Khèi l−îng cÇn thiÕt, ®Ó t¹o nªn t¸c ®éng mong muèn. (e.g. There needs to be a ~ of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction efforts in the province). Crop rotation (n) Lu©n canh (i.e. an agricultural method in which two or more crops are rotated from year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on pesticides) Cropping (n) Trång trät, canh t¸c. ~ intensity: C−êng ®é canh t¸c; ~ pattern: C¬ cÊu c©y trång; ~ season: Mïa vô trång trät; ~ sequence: Tr×nh tù gieo trång; ~ system: HÖ thèng trång trät. Cross check (n) KiÓm tra chÐo. Cross-cutting (adj) Mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh, xuyªn suèt. ~ approach: Ph−¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh; ~ issue: Mét vÊn ®Ò xuyªn suèt. Cross fertilization (n) Thô tinh chÐo, (nghÜa bãng) sù trao ®æi kinh nghiÖm. Cross-sectoral (adj) Mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh. ~ approach: Ph−¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh. Crowd out (v) LÊn ¸t, chÌn lÊn (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local initiative). Hence, Crowding out (n) Sù lÊn ¸t, sù chÌn lÊn. Cultural (adj) Thuéc vÒ v¨n ho¸. ~ diversity: Sù ®a d¹ng vÒ v¨n ho¸; ~ environment: M«i tr−êng v¨n ho¸; ~ exchange: Trao ®æi v¨n ho¸; ~ property: Tµi s¶n v¨n ho¸; ~ values: C¸c gi¸ trÞ v¨n ho¸. Cultural heritage (n) Di s¶n v¨n ho¸. Cultural identity (n) B¶n s¾c v¨n ho¸ (e.g. national ~ : B¶n s¾c v¨n ho¸ d©n téc) Cultural integration (n) Héi nhËp vÒ v¨n ho¸. Culture (n) V¨n ho¸. ~ in development: V¨n ho¸ trong (ho¹t ®éng) ph¸t triÓn; Development ~: V¨n ho¸ ph¸t triÓn; Football ~ : V¨n ho¸ bãng ®¸; Office ~ : V¨n ho¸ v¨n phßng; Traditional ~ : V¨n ho¸ truyÒn thèng. Culture of Peace (n) NÒn V¨n ho¸ Hoµ b×nh (do UNESCO ph¸t ®éng trªn toµn thÕ giíi n¨m 2000). Cultural shock (n) Có sèc vÒ v¨n ho¸ (do tiÕp xóc víi mét nÒn v¨n minh rÊt kh¸c biÖt). Cumulative (adj) TÝch luü. ~ impact, effect: T¸c ®éng, hiÖu qu¶ tÝch luü. Cut across (v) Liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu ngµnh, nhiÒu tæ chøc (e.g. Issues that ~ Government agencies: Nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu c¬ quan ChÝnh phñ). 14
Cutting edge (n) Mòi nhän, t©n tiÕn nhÊt (e.g. A ~ technology: C«ng nghÖ mòi nhän; To be on the ~ of the development business: §øng ë hµng ®Çu ho¹t ®éng ph¸t triÓn). 15
D DAC List of Aid Recipients (n) Danh s¸ch c¸c n−íc nhËn viÖn trî cña Uû ban ViÖn trî Ph¸t triÓn. Danh s¸ch nµy bao gåm PhÇn I (Part I) vµ PhÇn II (Part II). PhÇn I gåm c¸c n−íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn cã møc GNP theo ®Çu ng−êi tõ 9,385 USD trë xuèng (gi¸ cè ®Þnh n¨m 1995) vµ ®−îc nhËn ViÖn trî Ph¸t triÓn ChÝnh thøc. PhÇn II gåm c¸c n−íc ®ang trong thêi kú chuyÓn ®æi ®−îc nhËn ViÖn trî ChÝnh thøc, ë Trung ¢u, §«ng ¢u, c¸c N−íc Céng hoµ thuéc Liªn X« cò vµ mét sè n−íc hoÆc l·nh thæ cã tr×nh ®é ph¸t triÓn cao h¬n. Xem thªm Development Assistance Committee. Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ §an M¹ch. Data (n) D÷ liÖu, sè liÖu. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch d÷ liÖu; ~ bank: Ng©n hµng d÷ liÖu; ~ collection: Thu thËp d÷ liÖu; ~ processing: Xö lý d÷ liÖu; ~ retrieval: Truy cËp d÷ liÖu; ~ storage: L−u tr÷ d÷ liÖu; ~ transmission: TruyÒn d÷ liÖu; ~ base: C¬ së d÷ liÖu. Death rate (n) Tû lÖ tö vong. Crude ~ : Tû lÖ tö vong th«; Total ~ : Tæng tû lÖ tö vong. Debrief (v) B¸o c¸o kÕt qu¶, khi kÕt thóc mét ho¹t ®éng (e.g. The delegation debriefed the minister at the end of its visit). Hence, Debriefing (n) Buæi b¸o c¸o kÕt qu¶. Debt (n) Nî. Bad ~ : Nî khª ®äng, nî khã ®ßi; Bilateral ~ : Nî song ph−¬ng; Domestic ~ : Nî trong n−íc; Foreign ~: Nî n−íc ngoµi (also external ~ ); Multilateral ~ : Nî ®a ph−¬ng; Public ~ : Nî c«ng; Unsustainable ~ : Nî qu¸ søc chÞu ®ùng (i.e. debt which exceeds 2 to 2.5 times a country's annual export earnings). Debt cancellation (n) Xo¸ nî (also Debt forgiveness). Debt crisis (n) Cuéc khñng ho¶ng nî (i.e. widespread inability in the 1980’s among developing countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending and declining exports …). Debt management (n) Qu¶n lý nî. Debt refinancing (n) Tµi trî b»ng vay nî (i.e. a form of debt relief in which a new loan is arranged to enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan). Debt relief (n) Gi¶m nî (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to write off part of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief maybe in the form of Debt cancellation, Debt refinancing, or Debt rescheduling). Debt renegotiation (n) Th−¬ng l−îng l¹i vÒ viÖc tr¶ nî (i.e. negotiation in order to change the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal interest rates). Debt repayment (n) Tr¶ nî (Hence, To repay a debt). Debt rescheduling (n) Ho·n tr¶ nî, ®¸o nî (Hence, To reschedule a debt). Debt restructuring (n) C¬ cÊu l¹i nî (i.e. any action officially agreed between the creditor and the debtor that alters the terms previously established for the repayment, including forgiveness or rescheduling). Hence, To restructure a debt). Debt service (n) Tæng nî ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the sum of principal payments and interest payments on total external debt). Hence, Debt servicing (n) ViÖc tr¶ nî, viÖc thanh to¸n nî. 16
Debt service obligations (n) NghÜa vô tr¶ nî. Debt service ratio (n) Tû xuÊt nî ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the ratio of debt service payments to earnings from exports of goods). Debt structure (n) C¬ cÊu nî. Debt swap (n) Tr¸o nî. Debtor (n) Con nî. A ~ country: N−íc vay nî. Debt-for-nature swaps (n) ChuyÓn ho¸n nî phôc vô b¶o tån thiªn nhiªn (i.e. an arrangement whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country, on the understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be invested in the country concerned on conservation projects). Decentralization (n) Sù phi tËp trung ho¸, ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý (i.e. a general term that refers to the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two key elements, namely devolution ph©n quyÒn and delegation ñy quyÒn). Decentralize (v) Phi tËp trung ho¸, ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý (e.g. To ~ the decision-making process: Ph©n cÊp qu¸ tr×nh ra quyÕt ®Þnh). Decentralized (adj) §−îc ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý. ~ decision-making: Ph©n cÊp ra quyÕt ®Þnh; ~ management: Ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý. Deficit (n) Th©m hôt. Budget ~ : Th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch; Food ~ : ThiÕu l−¬ng thùc; Trade ~ : Th©m hôt c¸n c©n th−¬ng m¹i. Deficit financing (n) LÊy tµi chÝnh bï th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch, tµi trî th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch (i.e. a situation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated deliberately in order to stiimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more purchasing power into the economy). Deflation (n) Gi¶m ph¸t. Hence, Deflator (n) ChØ sè gi¶m ph¸t. Deforestration (n) T×nh tr¹ng tµn ph¸ rõng (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the trees or more). Delegate (v) Uû quyÒn, giao phã (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone: Uû quyÒn cho ai). Hence, Delegation or ~ of authority (n) Sù uû quyÒn (i.e. the transfer of government decision-making and administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may still be legally accountable to the central government). Demand (n) Yªu cÇu, l−îng cÇu (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply). Aggregate ~ : Tæng cÇu; In ~ : §−îc nhiÒu ng−êi yªu cÇu, ®−îc −a chuéng (e.g. Top quality secretaries are always in great ~). Excess ~ : D− cÇu. Demand management (n) Qu¶n lý l−îng cÇu. Demand pull inflation: L¹m ph¸t do cÇu v−ît cung. Demand-driven (adj) Träng cÇu, do cÇu quyÕt ®Þnh (as opposed to Suppply-driven). ~ development aid: ViÖn trî ph¸t triÓn theo nhu cÇu (cña bªn tiÕp nhËn). Demand-side economics: Kinh tÕ häc träng cÇu (as opposed to Supply-side economics). Demographic (adj) Thuéc vÒ d©n sè häc. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch d©n sè häc; ~ change: Thay ®æi d©n sè häc; ~ indicators: C¸c chØ sè d©n sè häc; ~ momentum: §éng lùc d©n sè häc; ~ transition: ChuyÓn tiÕp d©n sè häc. Hence, Demography (n) D©n sè häc. 17