Báo cáo khoa học: "Preliminary results of common oak (Quercus robur L) provenance experiments"

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Original article Preliminary results of common oak (Quercus robur L) provenance experiments in Croatia Gracan J Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Cvijethno Naslje 41, 41420 Jastrebarsko, Croatia Summary — The first experiment with 16 provenances of Quercus robur L from Croatia was estab- lished in the nursery of the Forest Research Institute in Jastrebarsko in the spring of 1986. Field ex- periments with 4 randomized blocks in 2 localities were laid out in 1988. After 5 years (1990), the Spacva provenance performed best in terms of height growth. Survival varied from 34.0% (Moto- vunska Suma at Slavir) to 98.5% (Gunja at Gajno). provenance / Quercus robur / height growth / survival / Croatia Résumé — Résultats préliminaires de plantations comparatives de provenances de chêne pé- donculé (Quercus robur L) en Croatie. La première comparaison de provenances de Quercus robur L de Croatie a été mise en place dans la pépinière de l’Institut de recherches forestières de Jastrebarsko au printemps 1986. Elle comprend 16 provenances. Les tests en forêt ont été installés dans 2 stations; chacune comprend 4 blocs randomisés. À l’issue de la cinquième année de végéta- tion, la provenance Spacva s’est avérée la plus vigoureuse (croissance en hauteur). Les taux de sur- vie varient de 34% (provenance Motovunska &Scaron;uma dans la station Slavir) à 98,5% (provenance Gunja dans la station Gajno). provenance / Quercus robur / croissance hauteur / surviel / Croatie en INTRODUCTION seedlings from forest nurseries (Doku&scaron; and Komlenovi&jadnr;, 1979; Androi&jadnr;, 1987; Prpi&jadnr;, 1987). Considering these facts, Common oak (Quercus robur L) is one of very im- sources are proper provenance the most valuable and the most important portant (Komlenovi&jadnr; al, 1988). The et forest trees in Croatia. The value and main natural range of Quercus robur in quality of the wood of the famous "Slavoni- Croatia is along the Sava river (45° lati- an oak" is well known in Croatia and in tude), about 400 km long. The total wood- world markets. However, difficulties with land area of Quercus robur in Croatia is natural regeneration and forest decline re- 170 000 ha containing 40 million m of sol- 3 quire more extensive production of oak id wood (Kova&jadnr;i&jadnr;, 1990).
Seed from 12 provenances was sown in the Oak provenance research was started nursery of the Forest Research Institute at Jas- in 1985-1986. The purpose was to study trebarsko in the spring of 1986. The experiment variability and wood productivity of differ- laid out in with 4 randomized block design was a ent provenances in Croatia. It is very im- from each blocks, using 20-25 kg of acorns portant for forestry practice to determine provenance/block. The seedlings were grown in which oak provenances are productive the nursery for 2 years until the autumn of 1987. and most suitable for different forest re- Heights were measured in the autumns of 1986 and 1987. Survival was assessed in the autumn gions (Gra&jadnr;an, 1986). of 1987. Field experiments of 16 oak provenances laid out at 2 different localities in the au- were MATERIALS AND METHODS tumn of 1987 and in the spring of 1988. The ex- periments were established in complete random- ized block designs each with 4 replications, with The collection of seed was started in the au- 100 oak seedlings/provenance/replication. Spac- tumn of 1985. Samples of 150-200 kg/ ings were 1.5 x 1.5 m. In total, 12 800 oak seed- provenance were collected. Eleven provenances lings were planted, ie 6 400 per locality (16 x from Croatia and 1 from Serbia were included in 100 x 4). The experiments are located at Slavir the nursery phase of the experiment. The field and Gajno (fig 1). experiment also includes seedlings from 4 com- mercial provenances. These were grown in Heights and survival were recorded at both commercial nurseries and were used as con- sites in the autumns of 1988, 1989 and 1990. All trols. The general information about the prove- data were submitted to analyses of variance nances (latitude, longitude, elevation, and soil) (Steel and Torrie, 1960) at the computing center is given in table I. of Zagreb.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION for the choice of suitable provenances for reforestation. From the results of these nursery experiments and the fertilizing ex- Summaries of heights and survival of seed- periment, it is evident that provenances 10 lings in the nursery during 1986 and 1987 (Spa&jadnr;va) and 12 (Morovi&jadnr;) are among the are given in table II. It is evident, that prove- nances 10 Spa&jadnr;va (35.6 cm), 12 Morovi&jadnr; best at 1 and 2 years of age. The quality of (35.7 cm), 9 Gu&scaron;evac (35.6 cm) and 8 Dur- nutrition is of great importance for oak denovac (35.5 cm) achieved the best aver- seedling production in forest nurseries, but age heights at 2 years of age. Average sur- the proper provenance choice is even vival of all seedlings in the nursery phase in more. Little research has been done on the autumn of 1987 was 86.5%, and it var- fertilization of oak provenances (Ani&jadnr;, 1963; Dekani&jadnr;, 1971; D&jadnr;ekova, 1976; ied from 69.3% for provenance 8 Durdeno- vac to 96.4% for provenance 5 Novska. Komienovi&jadnr;, 1981; Komlenovi&jadnr; and Ras- tovski, 1982; Komlenovi&jadnr; and Cestar, In fertilizing experiment (Komlenovic a 1984; Komlenovi&jadnr; et al, 1988). al, 1988) with 4 oak species and 6 prov- et Summaries of average heights and sur- of Quercus robur (Motovun, Orlo- enances vival in the field experiments Gajno and Spa&jadnr;va and Novska, Durdenovac, vac, Slavir are given in table III and figure 2. Ta- Morovic), Spa&jadnr;va (22.6 cm) provenances ble III gives the average heights and survi- Morovi&jadnr; (22.3 cm) had the greatest and val in the autumns of 1988, 1989 and heights. These seedlings had been raised 1990. The F-test values from analyses of in paper pots on 3 different substrata. In 5 variance are also presented. out of the 6 provenances there was no frost the Motovun prove- damage. Only From table III it is evident that prove- lost 23% of the total number of 10 (Spa&jadnr;va) had the greatest aver- nance nance seedlings. These data are very important age height at Slavir (37.1 cm) but at this
(Oku&jadnr;ani) (74.4 cm) and at Slavir provenance Gajno was in second place in 7 nance 14 (Klju&jadnr;evi) (42.4 cm). 1988 with a height of 39.5 cm. At Gajno by provenance the tallest provenance in 1988 was 16 The average height of all 16 provenances (Vrbanja (42.3 cm), but at Slavir with a at Gajno in 1989 was 51.8 cm, while at height of 31.7 cm it was 10th. The lowest Slavir it was 36.7 cm. In the autumn of average height at Gajno was for prove- 1990, these averages were 65.7 and nance 9 (Gu&scaron;evac) (31.2 cm) and at Slavir 38.7 cm, respectively. The smallest aver- provenance 14 (Zdena&jadnr;ki Gaj) (26.7 cm). age height in the autumn of 1990 at Gajno The average height of all 16 provenances (52.2 cm) and Slavir (35.1 cm) was in prov- was 36.1 cm at Gajno and 32.6 cm at Slá- enance 13 (Dubica). vir. Average survival in 1989 and 1990 was Average survival in the autumn of 1988 and 95.8%) than at higher at Gajno (96.2 Slavir (74.6 and 36.7%). The seedlings of was relatively high: 97.9% at Gajno rang- ing from 96.0 to 99.7%, and 90.2% at Sla- all 16 provenances at Slavir had been vir ranging from 86.0 to 98.5%. There heavily attacked by mice. From table III it were no significant differences between is evident that there were few significant differences between provenance means provenances. for heights and none for survival. From table III it is evident that prove- 10 (Spa&jadnr;va) was tallest in 1989 at nance both Gajno (58.7 cm) and Slavir (39.9 cm) CONCLUSION but in 1990, as shown in table III and fig- ure 1 it fell to 3rd place at both locations with heights of 72.5 cm (Gajno) and 40.8 The first results from the experiment with cm (Slavir). The greatest average height in 16 Quercus robur L provenances at Gajno 1990 at Gajno was exhibited by prove- and at Slavir have shown that Spacva
jenom proredai fertilizacije razlicitim mineral- provenance is better than the other 15. Be- nim gnojivima. Sumarski List 7-8, 197-230 these oak provenance experiments cause D&jadnr;ekova M (1976) Promena sastava lisca kukve are very young (5 yr) it is necessary to be i hrasta kitnjaka tokom vegetacijske sezone i cautious in interpreting the results and to u zavisnosti od ekolo&scaron;kih uslova. Zmlji&scaron;te Bilj- continue with these investigations. ke 25, 225-232 Doku&scaron; A, Komlenovi&jadnr; N (1979) Stanje rasad- nicke proizvodnje u SR Hrvatskoj. &Scaron;umarski Inst Jastrebarsko 1-23 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gra&jadnr;an J (1986) Program Znanstvenoistra&jadnr;i- Va&jadnr;kog Rada za Razbodlje 1986 do 1990 study was supported by Croatian Forestry The Godine. Poslovna zajednica "Exportdrvo", Enterprise Hrvatske sume and the Croatian Sci- 1986 Zagreb, entific Fund. Komlenovi&jadnr; N (1981) Sezonska promjena sadr- &jadnr;aja hraniva u biljkama hrasta luznjaka (Quercus robur L)i kitnjaka (Quercus petraea Matt/Liebel). An &Scaron;umarstvo 10/2, 43-60 REFERENCES Komlenovi&jadnr; N, Cestar D (1984) Istra&jadnr;ivanje stanja ishrane hrasta lu&jadnr;njaka (Quercus ro- Androi&jadnr; M (1987) Su&scaron;enje hrasta. Su&scaron;enje bur L) u utvrdenim ekolo&scaron;ko-gospdarskim ti- &scaron;uma. Sumarska Endiklopedija (Zagreb) 3, povima &scaron;uma SR Hrvatske. Rad Sumarskog 314-315 Inst Jastrebarsko 59, 1-34 Ani&jadnr; M (1963) Utjecaj stajskog gnoja na razvitak Komienovi&jadnr; N, Rastovski P (1982) Mogu&jadnr;nost kultura hrasta lu&jadnr;njaka. &Scaron;umarski List 7-8, 1 - unapredenja proizvodnje sadnica hrasta lu&jadnr;n- 16 jaka (Quercus robur L) kitnjaka (Quercus pe- Dekani&jadnr; I (1971) Intenziviranje proizvodnje drva traea Matt/Liebel) i crnike (Quercus ilex L) u cenozi hrasta kitnjaka i obicnog graba primjenom mineralnih gnojiva. Agronomija 5- (Querceto-carpinetum Croaticum Horv) prim- 6, 209-217
Komlenovi&jadnr; N, Gra&jadnr;an J, Rastovski P (1988) Is- jaka u Hrvatskoj. Samoupravna interesna za- jednica &scaron;umarstva Hrvatske-Banka podataka tra&jadnr;ivanje biljaka hrasta luzn- rasta i ishrane jaka (Quercus robur L), kitnjaka (Quercus pe- Prpi&jadnr; B (1987) Ekolo&scaron;kai sumsko-uzgojna pro- medunca (Quercus Matt/Lieb) traea blematika &scaron;uma hrasta lu&jadnr;njaka u Jugoslaviji. pubescens Willd)i crnike (Quercus ilex L). &Scaron;umarski List 1-2, 41-52 RAD Broj 75, 33-49 Steel RGD, Torrie JH (1960) Principles and Pro- Kova&jadnr;i&jadnr; D (1990) Pregled povr&scaron;ina hrasta lu&jadnr;n- cedures of Statistics. Mc Graw-Hill, New York