TÀILIUBIDƯNGKINTHCHÓAHC
CHEMISTRYCLUBHOAHOC.ORG®NGÔXUÂNQUỲNH












!"#
$%&'( !"#
|1|
CHUYÊNð%:SƠðPH*NNGTRONGESTE
Vnñrènluynnănglctưduychocácemhcsinhñanglàvnñnóngtrongquátrìnhd"y
vàhc.Vnñnàycàngñư$cthy rõ hơn trongquá trìnhd"yvàhc hóahc. B(i mônhóahc
khôngph,ilàmônhcthu-clòngmàlàmônhcc/nkh,năngbi1ttưduy,suylu3n,chonênn1ubi1t
cáchhcthìmônhóahcl"ilàmônhcrtnh5nhàng,khôngcăngth6ngnhưsuynghĩc8acácem
hcsinh.
Vnñèquantrnglàcácemc/nph,in9mv:ngcáckháinim,ñ;nhnghĩa,hóatính,cáchñiu
ch1…Cácemkhôngnênch?bi1thcthu-clòngcácphươngtrìnhph,n@ngc8acácchtvAinhaumà
c/nph,itìmhiBuvquylu3tx,yraph,n@ngñó.
Víd:Xéthpchtcócôngth clàRCOOR’
+VAiRlàH=>Tacócôngth@c:HCOOR’,tañBým-tchútvmOtcôngth@ccut"oc8anó
thìtasPnh3nthyrQng(ñâycómOtc8anhóm–CHOtrongph/nHCOOR’.Khiytaph,icósliên
tư(ngtAichtnàocónhóm–CHOvàtínhchthóahcc8anólàgì?(tínhchtñOctrưngnht).
+VAiRkhácH=>nósPlàcácgXchidrocacbon.V3ycóbaonhiêud"nggXchidrocacbon?
(gXcno,khôngnovàgXcthơm)vàtínhchthóahctương@ngvAitYngd"nggXc(th1,c-ng,trùng
h$p,…)
+ MOt khác trongphân t\có ch@a nhóm–COO–, khi yn1u như R’là H thìta sPcó axit
cacboxylic(tínhchthóalícơb,nc8aaxitcacboxyliclàgì?),cònn1ur’
≠
Hthìtacóeste(tínhcht
líhóacơb,nc8aestelàgì?).Bênc"nhñócònph,iquantâmtAiR’cóñOcñiBmnhưth1nào:no,
khôngnohaythơm?…
Quañótanh3nthyrQngs,nhhư(ngqual"ic8acácthànhph/ntrong1cht.S,nhhư(ng
ñóñư$cthBhinrtrõtrongd"ngtoánvsơñ`ph,n@ng,tuyñâylàd"ngkhôngcónhiuvmOtla
năngtínhtoán,nhưngnól"iñòihbinhiuvmOtkĩnăngtưduy.Vìtrongsơñ`ph,n@ng,nókhông
ñơngi,nch?làcó1chtduynhtmàcóschuyBnhóatYchtnàysangchtkhác.
MuXnbi1tñư$cschuyBnhóañó,cácemhcsinhph,in9mñư$ctínhchthóahc,phương
phápñiuch1vàm-tsXlưuýñXivAicácchtthìcácemmAicóthBlàmñư$ctXtcácbàit3pd"ng
này.
TrongvàinămtrưAc,d"ngtoánvsơñ`ph,n@ngñư$ccoilà1d"ngtoánkhó.NhưngvAixu
hưAngrañhinnaythìd"ngtoánnàyñãñư$cñơngi,nhóañinhiu.Vì(d"ngnày,nh:ngaicókh,
năngsuylu3ntY4ñápánñưarathìcóthBdfdàngcóñư$ck1tlu3nchínhxác.
Víd/1:Vi1tcácphươngtrìnhph,n@nghoànthinsơñ`ph,n@ng
Víd/2: A+dungdÞchNaOH
0
t
→
dungdÞchB+C+C
6
H
5
ONa+H
2
O
B+NaOH
0
t
CaO
→
CH
4
+Na
2
CO
3
C+AgNO
3
+NH
3
+H
2
O
→
D+2Ag+…
D+NaOH
→
E+…
E+NaOH
0
t
CaO
→
CH
4
+…
BiÕttûlÖmolB:NaOH=1:2
X¸c®Þnhc¸cchÊtt−¬ngøngvíic¸ckÝhiÖuc¸cch÷c¸IA,B,C,D,E.
Poly
(
y
laxetat
)
Trïnghîp +NaOH
A
C
B
CH
D
E
C
2
H
5
O
4
A
G
CaosuBuna
X
TRUNGTÂMBIDƯNGKINTHC–LUYNTHIð3IHC
CHEMISTRYCLUBHOAHOC.ORG®NGÔXUÂNQUỲNH












 !"#
$%&'( !"#
|2|
M4TS5D3NGTOÁNTR7CNGHIM
Câu1:Chosơñ`sau:
2
0
O ,xt
NaOH NaOH NaOH
4 8 2 2 6
CaO,t
X(C H O ) Y Z T C H
+ +
→ → → →
Côngth@ccut"othugnc8aXlà
A.CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
. B.C
2
H
5
COOCH(CH
3
)
2
.
C.CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH. D.HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
.
Hư&ngd'n:




Câu2:Chosơñ`sau:
0 0
H O ,t H SO ®Æc,t
HCN 3 2 4
CH OH/H SO ®
3 2 4
3 3 4 6 2
CH COCH X Y Z(C H O ) T
+
+
→ → → →
Côngth@ccut"oc8aTlà
A.CH
3
CH
2
COOCH
3
 B.CH
3
CH(OH)COOCH
3
.
C.CH
2
=C(CH
3
)COOCH
3
. D.CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3
Hư&ngd'n:





 


Câu3:Chosơñ`sau:
0 0
H O ,t H SO ®Æc,t C H OH / H SO ®
+HCN 3 2 4 2 5 2 4
3 3 4 2
CH CHO X Y Z(C H O ) T
+
→ → → →
Côngth@ccut"oc8aTlà
A.CH
3
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
. B.C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
.
C.CH
2
=CHCOOC
2
H
5
. D.C
2
H
5
COOCH=CH
2
.
Hư&ngd'n:

 





 


TÀILIUBIDƯNGKINTHCHÓAHC
CHEMISTRYCLUBHOAHOC.ORG®NGÔXUÂNQUỲNH












!"#
$%&'( !"#
|3|
CH
2
=CHqCOOH+C
2
H
5
OH=>CH
2
=CHqCOOC
2
H
5
+H
2
O
Câu4:ChodãychuyBnhoá:
02 2 2
H O H O
1500 X
4
CH X Y Z T M
+ + + +
→ → → → →
Côngth@ccut"oc8aMlà
A.CH
3
COOCH
3
.B.CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3
.C.CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
.D.CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
Hư&ngd'n:
2
0
0
4 2
3
,
3 2 3 2
3 2 2 3 2
,
3 3 2
2 3
lBml¹nhnhanh
xt
xt
Hg
t
xt
t
CH CH CH H
CH CH H OH CH CHO
CH CHO H CH CH OH
CH CH OH O CH COOH H O
CH COOH CH CH CH COOCH CH
+
→ ≡ +
≡ + − → −
− + → − −
− − + → − +
− + ≡ → − =
Câu5:ChochtXcócôngth@cphânt\C
4
H
6
O
2
bi1t:
2 4 2 4
X+NaOH Y+Z
Y+H SO Na SO +T
→
→
ZvàTñucókh,năngthamgiaph,n@ngtrángb"c.
Côngth@cphânt\c8aXlà
A.CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
. B.HCOOCH
2
–CH=CH
2
.
C.HCOOC(CH
3
)=CH
2
. D.HCOOCH=CH–CH
3
.
Hư&ngd'n:
Cănc@vàocácñápánc8abàitoánvàXtácdtngvAiNaOHt"orahaichtYvàZ=>Xph,ilàeste
CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
+NaOH=>CH
3
COONa+CH
3
qCHO
(ch?cóCH
3
qCHOthamph,n@ngtránggương)
HCOOCH
2
–CH=CH
2
+NaOH=>HCOONa+CH
2
=CHqCH
2
qOH
(Ch?cóHCOONathamph,n@ngtránggương)
HCOOC(CH
3
)=CH
2
+NaOH=>HCOONa+CH
3
COCH
3

(Ch?cóHCOONathamph,n@ngtránggương)
HCOOCH=CH–CH
3
+NaOH=>HCOONa+CH
3
qCH
2
qCHO
(C,haichtHCOONavàCH
3
qCH
2
qCHOñuthamph,n@ngtránggương)
Câu6:Chosơñ`sau(cácch:cáich?s,nphvmh:ucơ):
0
H O , t P O C H OH
KCN NaOHd −
3 2 5 6 5
3
CH Cl X Y Z T M N
+
→ → → → → +
Côngth@ccut"oc8aMvàNl/nlư$tlà
A.CH
3
COONavàC
6
H
5
ONa. B.CH
3
COONavàC
6
H
5
CH
2
OH.
C.CH
3
OHvàC
6
H
5
COONa. D.CH
3
COONavàC
6
H
5
COONa.
Hư&ngd'n:
( )
( )
2 5
3 3
3 2 3 4
3 3 2 2
3 2 6 5 3 6 5 3
3 6 5 3 6 5 2
3
2
OO
OO OO
H
P O
CH Cl KCN CH CN KCl
CH CN H O CH COOH NH OH
CH COOH CH CO O H O
CH CO O C H OH CH C C H CH COOH
CH C C H NaOH CH C Na C H ONa H O
+
+ → − +
− + → +
→ +
+ → +
+ → + +
V3yñápánAlàthbamãn
TRUNGTÂMBIDƯNGKINTHC–LUYNTHIð3IHC
CHEMISTRYCLUBHOAHOC.ORG®NGÔXUÂNQUỲNH












 !"#
$%&'( !"#
|4|
Câu7:Chosơñ`sau:
0
1500 NaOH
2
H O / Hg
2
4 4
CH X Y Z T M CH
+
+
+
→ → → → → →

Côngth@ccut"oc8aZlà
A.C
2
H
5
OH.B.CH
3
COOH.C.CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.D.C,A,Bñuñúng.
Hư&ngd'n:
[ ]
2
0
0
0
4 2
3
,
3 2 3 2
,
3 3 2 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 3 2
3
2 3
lBml¹nhnhanh
xt
xt

Hg
t
t
t
CaO
CH CH CH H
CH CH H OH CH CHO
CH CHO H CH CH OH
CH COOH CH CH OH CH COOCH CH
CH COOCH CH NaOH CH COONa CH CH OH
CH COONa NaOH
+
→ ≡ +
≡ + − → −
− + → − −
− + − − → − −
− − + → − + − −
− +
4 2 3
CH Na CO
→ +
[ ]
2
0
0
4 2
3
3 2 3
,
3 3 2
3 2 3 3
3 4 2 3
2 3
1
2
lBml¹nhnhanh
xt
Hg
xt
t
t
CaO
CH CH CH H
CH CH H OH CH CHO
CH CHO O CH COOH
CH COOH CH CH CH COOCH CH
CH COOCH CH NaOH CH COONa CH CHO
CH COONa NaOH CH Na CO
+
→ ≡ +
≡ + − → −
− + → −
− + ≡ → − =
− = + → − + −
− + → +
Câu8:
Chosơñ`sau:
2
2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3
C H C H Cl X C H O CH CHOCOCH
→ → → → =

Côngth@ccut"oc8aXlà
A.C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
.B.C
2
H
5
OH. C.CH
3
CHO.D.HOCH
2
CHO.
Hư&ngd'n:
0
0
0
3 2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3
3 3 2
2
2 2
1
2
t
,t
,t
OO
OO OO
xt
xt
CH CH HCl CH CHCl
CH CHCl NaOH CH CHO NaCl H O
CH CHO O CH C H
CH C H CH CH CH C CH CH
≡ + → −
− + → − + +
− + → −
− + ≡ → − =
Câu9:Chosơñ`sau:
C
2
H
5
OH
T
Y
Z
CH4
NaOH
axitmetacrylic F
Poli(metylmetacrylat)
X

Côngth@ccut"oc8aXlà
A.CH
2
=C(CH
3
)–COOC
2
H
5
. B.CH
2
=CHOOCC
2
H
5
.
C.CH
2
=C(CH
3
)COOCH
3
. D.CH
2
=CHCOOC
2
H
5
Hư&ngd'n:
Tac/nnhAñư$c
+Axitmetacryliccócôngth@c:CH
2
=C(CH
3
)qCOOH
+Metylmetacrylatcócôngth@c:CH
2
=C(CH
3
)qCOOCH
3
Câu10:X,Y,Z,Tcócôngth@ctxngquátC
2
H
2
O
n
(n
≥
0).
Bi1t: qX,Y,ZtácdtngvAidungd;chAgNO
3
/NH
3
.
TÀILIUBIDƯNGKINTHCHÓAHC
CHEMISTRYCLUBHOAHOC.ORG®NGÔXUÂNQUỲNH












!"#
$%&'( !"#
|5|
qZ,TtácdtngvAiNaOH.
qXtácdtngvAiH
2
O.
X,Y,Z,Tl/nlư$tlà
A.(CHO)
2
,CHO–COOH,HOOC–COOH,CH
≡
CH.
B.CHO–COOH,HOOC–COOH,CH
≡
CH,(CHO)
2
.
C.CH
≡
CH,(CHO)
2
,CHO–COOH,HOOC–COOH.
D.HOOC–COOH,CH
≡
CH,(CHO)
2
,CHO–COOH.
Câu11:ChtXcócôngth@cphânt\C
4
H
6
O
3
,Xcócáctínhchthoáhcsau:
qTácdtngvAiH
2
(Ni,t
0
),Na,AgNO
3
/NH
3
.
qTácdtngvAiNaOHthuñư$cmuXivàanñehitñơnch@c.
Côngth@ccut"oc8aXlà
A.HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CHO. B.CHO–CH
2
–CH
2
–COOH.
C.HCOOCH(OH)–CH=CH
2
. D.CH
3
–CO–CH
2
–COOH
Câu12:L/nlư$t cho cáccht:Vinylaxetat; 2,2qñiclopropan;phenyl axetatvà 1,1,1qtricloetantác
dtnghoàntoànvAidungd;chNaOHdư.Trư|ngh$pnàosauñâyphươngtrìnhhóahckhôngvi1t
ñúng?
A.CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
+NaOH
→
CH
3
COONa+CH
3
CHO
B.CH
3
CCl
2
CH
3
+2NaOH
→
CH
3
COCH
3
+2NaCl+H
2
O
C.CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
+NaOH
→
CH
3
COONa+C
6
H
5
OH
D.CH
3
CCl
3
+4NaOH
→
CH
3
COONa+3NaCl+2H
2
O
Câu13:Chocácph,n@ng:
X+3NaOH
→
0
t
C
6
H
5
ONa+Y+CH
3
CHO+H
2
O
Y+2NaOH
→
0
,tCaO
T+2Na
2
CO
3
CH
3
CHO+2Cu(OH)
2
+NaOH
→
0
t
Z+…
Z+NaOH
→
tCaO,
T+Na
2
CO
3
Côngth@cphânt\c8aXlà
A.C
12
H
20
O
6
B.C
12
H
14
O
4
C.C
11
H
10
O
4
D.C
11
H
12
O
4
HưAngd}n:
Z:CH
3
COONa
T:CH
4
Y:NaOCOqCH
2
qCOONa
Câu14:Chosơñ`ph,n@ng:
CH
4

→
X
→
X
1
→
+OH
2
X
2
→
+memgiamO ,
2
X
3
→
+
1
X
X
4
X
4
cótêngilà
A.Natriaxetat B.Vinylaxetat C.Metylaxetat D.Etyaxetat
Câu15:Chosơñ`chuyBnhóasau(m~imũitênlàm-tphươngtrìnhph,n@ng):
Tinhb-t→X→Y→Z→metylaxetat.
CácchtY,Ztrongsơñ`trênl/nlư$tlà:
A.C
2
H
5
OH,CH
3
COOH. B.CH
3
COOH,CH
3
OH.
C.CH
3
COOH,C
2
H
5
OH. D.C
2
H
4
,CH
3
COOH.
Câu16:Chosơñ`ph,n@ng:
Xenlulozơ
,
o
t
+
+
→
2
H O,H
X
→
ruoumen Y
→
giammen Z
+
→
o
Y,xt,t
T
Côngth@cc8aTlà