Establishing a whole blood CD4+ T cell immunity measurement to predict response to anti-PD-1

Biomarkers that can accurately predict the efcacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against programmed death 1 (PD-1) ligand in cancer immunotherapy are urgently needed. We have previously reported a novel formula that predicts the response to treatment with second-line nivolumab with high sensitivity and specificity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy.