Giám sát biến đổi khí hậu nhờ cáp ngầm dưới biển

Gidm sdt bi^n a€i khi h^i<br /> nhC; cap nfidin d u t i D i ^<br /> <br /> Cap ngam duai bien hien nay cd the tro thanh mgng gidm sat khi hau toan<br /> <br /> 1 cau thai gian thuc. Cac the he tuong lal cua cap vd cdc thanh phan tien quan<br /> CO thefrt/c tiep do ludng cdc bien doi khi hau nhu nhiet do nuac, do man nuac<br /> bien va dp suat a day bien. Bai viet gioi thieu kha nang sir dung cdp ngam<br /> dudi bien de giam sat bien doi khi hau va canh bao song than.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Nhiet dp va dp man nude<br /> bien Id nhiing thdnh phdn co<br /> ban ciia dai duong. Cac thanh<br /> phan nay qudn ly mat dp nude<br /> va ciing vdi siic gid va nang<br /> lupng mat trdi, toan bd viec luu<br /> thdng cua cac dai duong. Viec<br /> am len toan cdu lam bang d cac<br /> cue tan chay, giam kha nang<br /> luu giO khi nha kinh dudi cac<br /> tdng nude sau cua dai duong<br /> bdi vi khi it bi hda tan d cac<br /> nhiet dp cao hon. Dieu nay lam<br /> hien do kiem chi tidt nhiet dp nude va thanh phan<br /> khong khi dm len.<br /> cdu tao d rat sau, nhung chi til mpt pham vi nhd ciia<br /> Cac nha hai duong hpc cd mdt loaf cac cdng dai duong va khdng thudng xuyen. Khoang 300 cai<br /> cu trong tay de giam sat dai duong, vdi ca lpi thd phao Argo trdi giat dupc dung de do nhiet dd va dd<br /> Idn bdt Ipi. Ve tinh chi cd the giam sat sd lupng man ciia bien. Nhung cac phao nay khdng the do<br /> be mat, nhung dd cao bd mat bien, ap luc gid va dudi 2000 met sau dudi bien, va chung khdng the<br /> nhiet dp. Cac thuydn nghien cim Idn cd the thuc dupc sir dung d cac bien chi sau hon 2000 met bdi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI CNTT &TT KY 2 ( 3 . 2 0 1 1 ) 61<br />  SAN PHAM - DICH VU<br /> <br /> <br /> vi cac phao nay cd the cham day. cap dang boat dpng thdng thudng.<br /> Cap vidn thdng ngam dudi bien la mdt ca hdi duy Cap bien da dupc sir dimg de do ludng cac ddng<br /> nhat de giam sat cdc tang nude sau bdi vi chimg dai duong tten todn the gidi. Vi du, mdt cap da dupc<br /> ndm d day bien. Cdc tin hieu dien til cap cd the su diing de thuc hien cac danh gia luu lupng nude<br /> tmyen cac thdng tin ve dai duong, bdi vi cac tm hang ngdy dupc van chuyen qua kenh ddng chay<br /> hieu dien va kha nang ctia cap thay ddi khi cac Florida ttong sudt 25 nam qua, tao ra mdt trong<br /> ddng dai duong va nhiet dd thay ddi. Cap cfing cd nhfing seri dii Ueu hien cd dai nhat d van tai nude<br /> the dupc sir dung de cap ngudn den va tmyen dd dai duong. Nhimg thdng tin do cap cung cap nay<br /> Ueu di, cac ddi quan sat d day bien. Cac he thdng mang lai mdt bp dfl Ueu quan trpng de danh gia su<br /> NEPTUNE Canada va DONET Nhat Ban da sir dung luu thdng sup do kinh tuyen Dai Tay Duong - mdt<br /> each thiic nay. dpng luc chinh cua luu thdng dai duong sau tren<br /> toan cau va mpt hien tupng cd tam quan trpng ddi<br /> sir DUNG MANG CAP BIEN DO GIAM vdi cac nha nghien cim khi hau.<br /> SAT D A I DU^ONG<br /> Budc dau tten trong viec hinh thanh mpt mang<br /> Ke til khi cap lien lac ngam dudi bien dupc thiet toan cau la se danh gia tiem nang khoa hpc cua<br /> lap qua kenh dao Anh vao nam 1850, hon 1 trieu tat ca cac cap vien thdng cdn dang dupc va khdng<br /> km cap vien thdng da dupc dat dudi day bien, bao cdn dupc sir dung. ITU cd the dieu phdi boat ddng<br /> phii phdn Idn toan cdu. Nhung chi mdt phdn nhd nay mdt each khoa hpc, ket ndi cac nha quan tri,<br /> trong mang cap hien nay dupc dua vao su dung cac nha khoa hpc, ky su va cac chuyen gia phap ly<br /> khoa hpc. Day la mpt co til cac td chiic va cac ca<br /> hpi da bl bd Id. quan Lien hop qudc ngoi<br /> Cap ngdm dudi bien hien lai vdi nhau.<br /> nay gdm cd cap dang va Hien nay, viec su dung<br /> khdng cdn sir dung. Nhflng cap mdt each khoa hpc<br /> cap da cfi hon khdng cdn chii yeu gidi ban trong<br /> dupc sir dung chii yeu la viec ket ndi cac cdng cu<br /> cap ddng true, nhung mpt do ludng d cac tram cap<br /> phdn Idn cap quang the bd. Nhung trong tuong<br /> he ddu tien da khdng cdn lai - cac bp lap - dupe ldp<br /> dupc su dung mac dii cdn dat each xa 50 den 150<br /> chua het vdng ddi hiru km de khuech dai tin hieu<br /> ich, nhd cd nhfmg tien bd vien thdng d mpt cap dupc<br /> nhanh chdng trong cdng nghe cap.<br /> cap ngudn - cd the dupc chuyen ddi de giam sat<br /> Cd cap dang dupc va khdng cdn dupc sit dirng khi hau.<br /> thudng cd the dupc chuyen thanh cac bd tao cac cac Nganh vidn thdng cd mpt ca hpi de thiet ke mpt<br /> dii lieu ddng dai duong bdng each ket ndi mdt vdn the he cac bd lap cap mdi de cung cap dit Udu<br /> ke don gian va mdt may tinh den tram cap cap bd. khi hau cho nhflng ngudi tham gia mdi, ben canh<br /> Mdt ddng dien til cam img trong cdp nhd su chuyen viec cung cap cac dich vu vidn thdng ca ban. Cac<br /> ddng qua tmdng dien tii ciia trai dat cua cac ddng bd lap mdi cd the cd cac bd cam bien ldp trong dd<br /> dai duong, thiiy trieu va sdng than. Nhimg do ludng do ludng cac bien ddi khi hau. Cac bd lap nay se tto<br /> vdn ke nay cd the dupc thuc hien tren mpt he thdng thanh nen tang ciia mpt mang hieu qua chi phi dd<br /> <br /> <br /> 6 2 I TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 (3.2011)<br />  SAN PHAM - DICH VU<br /> <br /> <br /> giam sat bien ddi khi hau dai han. chi de do nhiet dp, dp man nude bien va ap suat,<br /> Cac do ludng nhiet dp va dp man tao dieu kien de ma cdn cung cap mdt kenh de do dd Ueu khi hau bd<br /> giam sat su dm len va lam sach nude do viec dm len sung nhu cac ddng chay dai duong, cac cap dp d xy,<br /> ciia khi quyen va bang tan. Cac do ludng ap suat cac cap dp khi nha kinh, dpng ddt va cac dac tinh<br /> cho thay nhflng gi dang didn ra ddi vdi thuy trieu dia vat ly va hda sinh khac.<br /> dai duong va muc nude bien. Nhflng do ludng nay Cac ky su ddi mat thach thiic tim kiem ngudn<br /> se dua ra mdt biic tranh ve cac tac ddng oia bidn luc va cac thidt ke tin cay se cung cap mdt ha tdng<br /> ddi khi hau. Cdc do ludng nay cfing se dua ra cac linh boat va dn dinh de tmyen dfl Ueu. De cung cdp<br /> canh bdo sdng than. Mdt mang ludi cac bd cam bien dien va ket ndi quang trong mpt mang ldp, khdng<br /> toan cdu se cho phep cac dai duong dupc giam sat phu thudc vao tmydn ddn dii Ueu vidn thdng thdng<br /> hieu qua tren toan cau tdi timg phut va vdi chi phi thudng. Electronics Subsea Communications da phat<br /> thdp. Cdng nhieu bd cam bien thi su chinh xac ciia trien mdt loai cap ddn dien kep (DCC) va mdt bd re<br /> biic tranh cang Idn. nhanh 4 cap. Va bp re nhanh nay cd cac ddu ndi<br /> Cac bd lap hien nay dang sii dung dd do ludng cheo dac biet ket ndi hai day dan trong khi duy tri<br /> nhiet dp mdi tmdng, dp man nude bidn va ap sudt tach ngudn giiia cac day ddn va day bien. Ky thuat<br /> cimg vdi cac bd cam bien. Cac bd cam bien dupc dat mdi nay cho phep cac bp cam bien 0am sat khi hau<br /> ben trong hop hoac chd danh cho bd lap. Cac tin dupc tich hop vao trong chd de bd lap va dupc van<br /> hieu dupc do ludng se dupc chuyen den cac tram hanh dpc lap vdi cac cau tnic vidn thdng.<br /> cap bd su dung cap va dudng day danh rieng.<br /> CAP VA CAC BO LAP CUNG CAP CAC<br /> Trong tuong lai, cac bd lap cd the ket hpp cac<br /> HE THONG CANH BAO SONG THAN HIEU<br /> node muc dich chung de cung cdp dien, lien lac<br /> QUA<br /> va cac tin hieu thdi gian. Vi du, cac cdng cu khoa<br /> hpc cd the dupc ldp vao - tnrc tidp hoac gian tidp - Thidt bi co ban cua he thdng phao danh gia va<br /> bdng cdch sir dung cac modem am thanh. Dieu nay bao cao sdng thdn dudi sau dai duong (DART) thupc<br /> se chuyen bp lap thanh mdt thief bi quan sat, khdng Co quan bien va khi quyen qudc gia My (NOAA) la<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI CNTT &TT KY 2 ( 3 . 2 0 1 1 ) 63<br />  •1 - DICH VU<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> mdt bd cam bien ap suat d day dai duong, cd the nhieu trieu USD, nhung chi mat hang ngan vdi loai<br /> ghi lai bien dp sdng dudi 1cm d ngoai dai duong. bd lap mdi can dupc san xuat. Cfing tuong tii, cac<br /> Chi phi mua mpt phao DART khoang 250.000 USD loai bp lap mdi cd the dupc ban vdi gia cao hon so<br /> va cac chi phi bao dudng cho mdt phao la khoang vdi cac loai hien nay. Sd cap vidn thdng dupc trien<br /> 125.000 USD/nam, khdng bao gdm chi phi van khai d cac dai duong se chi tang, va the he cac bp<br /> chuyen de ldp dat phao, cd the tdn gap nhieu Idn lap cap mdi se cd the cung cap dH Ueu quan trpng<br /> cdi phao. Nam 2008, rieng My da trien khai 39 phao de giam sat bidn ddi khi hau.<br /> canh bao sdng than d Thai Binh Duong.<br /> Neu cd khoang 200 phao canh bao sdng than dupc k^FT IIAN<br /> <br /> ldp dat tren toan the gidi, tdng chi phi mua se chi Cac cdng ty vidn thdng da cho phdp cdng ddng<br /> khoang nira ty USD va chi phi bao dudng se chi khoa hpc tiep can cap cua minh va cac tram cap bd.<br /> khoang V4 ty USD/nam. Gdm ca chi phi ldp dat phao, Nhung vai trd ma nganh vidn thdng ddng gdp vao<br /> tdng chi phi cd the hon 1 ty USD/nam. Cac phao nghien cim khi hau van cdn qua khiem tdn. Cdc<br /> tmydn thdng chi cd vdng ddi gidi han (khoang 4 CO hpi kinh doanh hien vdn cdn cho cac cdng ty<br /> nam) bdi vi chung cd ngudn. mudn ddng gdp manh me trong viec giam sat bien<br /> Sir dung cac bd lap cap dupc ldp dat cac bd cam ddi khi hau.<br /> bien ap suat se kha thi dd trien khai mdt mang canh Cdc dai duong la mpt trong nhiing yeu td quan<br /> bao sdng than toan cau thdi gian thuc cd chi phi trpng trong bien ddi khi hau, do dd cac dai duong<br /> thap hon nhieu so vdi he thdng hien nay. Cac chi phai dupc theo ddi chat che. Dac biet cac dai duong<br /> phi bao dudng va chi phi van chuyen (de ldp dat sau thdm van chua dupc kham pha nhieu. Do viec<br /> phao) se dupc giam xudng. Cdng bdi vi cap va cac thieu vdng cac phuong tien hiru ich khac de do<br /> bd lap dupc cap ngudn tii bd, nen cac bd cam bien ludng dai ban, viec sir dung cap vien thdng de theo<br /> cd the dupc cap ngudn trong nhidu chuc nam. Rd ddi cac dai duong se rat quan trong de giam sat<br /> rang cd mpt ca hpi kinh doanh Idn d day danh cho bien ddi khi hau.<br /> cdc cdng ty vidn thdng. Thiiy Minh<br /> Chi phi thiet ke mpt loai bp lap mdi cd the mat (Ngudn: ITU)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 6 4 I TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 (3.2011)<br />