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- .Hack domain trang này đã được đọc lần Domain Hijacking: A stepbystep guide Summary: The sole purpose of the information contained in this advisory is to point out the flaws in InterNIC's domain name handling system and is intended for educational use only. Since this is public knowledge, it should be also in everyone's reach. The technique described below involves an easy to follow procedure of stealing .com/.net/.org/.gov/.mil domain names. This vulnerability has been publicly known for quite a while, and there are ways to prevent it (See below). The procedure below enables an attacker to take over a domain name, enabling him or her to make the arbitrary web address (www.example.com) point to any desired web page on the Internet. This method of domain hijacking is constantly being used to hijack domain names, and to deface web sites. Required ingredients: * Anonymous remailer or mail bomber that can spoof email addresses. * Social Engineering skills for timing the emails. * A fake email address at hotmail.com or any other free service. Exploit: As an example for this advisory, we will take the domain name example.org. Go to http://www.networksolutions.com and click on the link that says 'Who Is.' Now enter the domain name (example.org in this case) in the search field and click on the 'Search' button. This would show you the WhoIs information, which will be similar to the one shown below: Registrant: Example (ex24DOM) Address details Domain Name: EXAMPLE.ORG Administrative Contact, Technical Contact, Zone Contact, Billing Contact: DOMAIN, ADMIN (ADM001) ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM Record last updated on 00Jan2000. Record created on 00Jan2000. Database last updated on 3Feb2000 14:29:53 EST. Domain servers in listed order:
- NS1.EXAMPLE.COM 1.2.3.4 NS2.EXAMPLE.NET 1.2.3.5 Now you have two choices: 1) Either you could take full control of the domain by changing the Administrator's handle information. Or 2) You could simply point the domain to another host and let it recover in time by itself. Initiating the First Attack: Let us first explain the InterNIC authentication system in case most of you would be the readers who do not have their own domain names. The problem with InterNIC authentication is that they do NOT send a confirmation email if the request is sent from the same email as the person owning the contact or the domain name itself! Therefore, utilizing this flaw one could spoof anyone's email address and change any domain name's information. Although, a confirmation is required from the person to whom the domain is about to be transferred; and that shouldn't be too hard as it would your own email address. Here's a stepbystep procedure: Go to http://www.networksolutions.com/ Click on the link that says 'Make Changes.' Enter the domain name example.org You should be presented with 2 blue buttons Click on the one that says *Expert* Next screen would have a heading 'Select the form that meets your needs' Click on the link that say 'Contact Form' Next you should see a form with 2 fields. In the first field enter the admin's handle (example.org admin is ADM001) In the next field enter his/her email address (in this case it's ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM) Change the option to 'Modify.' Now 'Proceed to Contact Information.' Select the MAILFROM option and click the 'Go on to Contact Data Information.' Now you should see all the information about the admin contact of domain name! In the Email address field change the email to your own fake email. (in this case it's evil@domain.com) Now 'Proceed to Set Authorization Scheme.' Again choose MAILFROM and enter the email address of the admin (ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM) Leave the bottom option to 'No' and 'Generate Contact Form.' Now you should see a template with all the information. Similar to this: ******** Please DO NOT REMOVE Version Number ******** Contact Version Number: 1.0
- ******** Please see attached detailed instructions ******** Authorization 0a. (N)ew (M)odify (D)elete.: Modify 0b. Auth Scheme.............: MAILFROM 0c. Auth Info...............: Contact Information 1a. NIC Handle..............: ADM001 1b. (I)ndividual (R)ole.....: Individual 1c. Name....................: DOMAIN, ADMIN 1d. Organization Name.......: EXAMPLE 1e. Street Address..........: 1f. City....................: 1g. State...................: 1h. Postal Code.............: 1i. Country.................: 1j. Phone Number............: 1k. Fax Number..............: 1l. EMailbox...............: evil@domain.com Notify Information 2a. Notify Updates..........: AFTERUPDATE 2b. Notify Use..............: AFTERUSE Authentication 3a. Auth Scheme.............: MAILFROM 3b. Auth Info...............: ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM 3c. Public (Y/N)............: NO NOTE: Do NOT press the button at the bottom that says 'Mail this contact form to me!' Copy and paste this message into your anonymous remailer or mailbomber and you are ready to go; but WAIT! It's not that easy, now comes the HARD part! When you mail this message to hostmaster@networksolutions.com a message similar to the following would be sent to the admin email address: Subject: [NIC000128.4r50] Your Mail ______________________________________________________________ This is an automatic reply to acknowledge that your message has been received by hostmaster@networksolutions.com. This acknowledgement is "NOT" a confirmation that your request has been processed. You will be notified when it has been completed. If you should have need to correspond with us regarding this request, please include the tracking number [NIC000128.4r50] in the subject. The easiest way to do this is simply to reply to this message.
- If you have not already done so, please come and visit our site via www browser or ftp and pickup the latest domain template or review the Domain Name Registration Service Agreement at the URL's: Domain Name Registration Service Agreement http://www.networksolutions.com/legal/serviceagreement.html Domain Name Registration Template ftp://www.networksolutions.com/templates/domaintemplate.txt Regards, Network Solutions Registration Services *********************************************** *********************************************** IMPORTANT INFORMATION *********************************************** On January 15, 2000, Network Solutions introduced Service Agreement, Version 6.0. All versions of the Service Agreement template will continue to be accepted and processed until January 31, 2000. On and after February 1, 2000, please use the Network Solutions Service Agreement, Version 6.0 template located at ftp://www.networksolutions.com/templates/domaintemplate.txt for all template requests. The terms and conditions of the Service Agreement are available on our Web site at: http://www.networksolutions.com/legal/serviceagreement.html. ************************************************ The zone files, which make the Internet work, are normally updated twice daily, 7 days a week at 5:00 AM and 5:00 PM U.S. Eastern Standard Time. Requests that are completed before these times will be included in that 12hour zone file update and will normally begin to take effect within 56 hours. Should you wish to modify or delete an existing domain name registration, you can do so online, using our Service Agreement. You can change the registrant's address, replace a contact/agent with a different contact/agent, or change primary and/or secondary name server information. To update information about an existing contact, such as postal address, email address or telephone number, complete and submit the Contact Form to hostmaster@internic.net. This form is available on our Web site at www.networksolutions.com To register or update information about a name server, complete and submit the Host Form to hostmaster@internic.net. This form is also available on our Web site. Network Solutions Registration Services email: help@networksolutions.com You should now be thinking that this message could get you in trouble but there is a way of getting rid of this trouble. Here you'll use your mailbomber to mailbomb the guy with 2030 similar messages if you want your
- attack to be successful. The person would see 35 messages from the same address and therefore would delete all of them and you'd probably be safe. If he 'would' email someone then he would probably reply to the wrong tracking number. In the above case, the tracking number is [NIC000128.4r50]. OK, here another hard part. You have to open your notepad and generate similar numbers actually come up with them. You should NEVER mailbomb the person with the same tracking number. What we mean is that you should never send more than one emails to him from [NIC000128.4r50] in the next email, change the [NIC000128.4r50] to [NIC000127.5089] or something different. Here is a list of some numbers that we generated just to give you a good idea of how the scheme works. [NIC000127.5089] [NIC000128.4rg7] [NIC000128.523f] [NIC000127.53d0] [NIC000129.r609] [NIC000128.3f6y] [NIC000128.5d8t] [NIC000127.r509] [NIC000128.4r30] [NIC000127.d307] Remember to change the number at both places. In the subject as well as the email body! In the case of example.org you will send the email messages to ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM from hostmaster@internic.net. The message subject and body are already described above. Stop after you have mailed him/her 1015 messages! Now it's time to email hostmaster@networksolutions.com with our fake email as ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM So again, in this case the message will be sent to hostmaster@networksolutions.com from ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM with the following template that we created above: ******** Please DO NOT REMOVE Version Number ******** Contact Version Number: 1.0 ******** Please see attached detailed instructions ******** Authorization 0a. (N)ew (M)odify (D)elete.: Modify 0b. Auth Scheme.............: MAILFROM 0c. Auth Info...............: Contact Information 1a. NIC Handle..............: ADM001 1b. (I)ndividual (R)ole.....: Individual 1c. Name....................: DOMAIN, ADMIN 1d. Organization Name.......: EXAMPLE 1e. Street Address..........: 1f. City....................:
- 1g. State...................: 1h. Postal Code.............: 1i. Country.................: 1j. Phone Number............: 1k. Fax Number..............: 1l. EMailbox...............: evil@domain.com Notify Information 2a. Notify Updates..........: AFTERUPDATE 2b. Notify Use..............: AFTERUSE Authentication 3a. Auth Scheme.............: MAILFROM 3b. Auth Info...............: ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM 3c. Public (Y/N)............: NO NOTE: Do NOT put anything in the Subject! Just send one email! Do NOT bomb hostmaster@networksolutions.com with more than one email. That's pretty much it. Now continue to bomb ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM, changing the tracking number every time until your 3035 tracking numbers are used up! Now all you have to do is wait. After 24 hours you could go and change the domain information and no one would be there to stop you because now you are the admin of the domain name! NOTE: This attack will only work on domains that have an admin contact different from their technical contact! Initiating the Second Attack: This attack will be successful even if the technical and admin contact are the same. The procedure is basically the same apart from the fact that this time: Go to http://www.networksolutions.com/ Click on the link that says 'Make Changes.' Enter the domain name example.org You should be presented with 2 blue buttons Click on the one that says *Expert* Next screen would have a heading 'Select the form that meets your needs' Click on the link that say 'Service Agreement.' Now when it asks for email address, enter your own. Now you should see many fields, don't panic! Go to the technical contact and change the handle to freeservers, hypermart e.t.c. Now come to 'Nameserver Information.' Change the nameservers to hypermart or freeserver nameservers. If there's anything in the 'Optional Information' after that then simply delete them. Click on the button 'Submit this form for processing.'
- You are done, the form will be emailed to your email address. When the form arrives in your email, then simply take this part: **** PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE Version Number or any of the information below when submitting this template to hostmaster@networksolutions.com. ***** Domain Version Number: 5.0 ******** Email completed agreement to hostmaster@networksolutions.com ******** AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND. By applying for a Network Solutions' service(s) through our online application process or by applying for and registering a domain name as part of our email template application process or by using the service(s) provided by Network Solutions under the Service Agreement, Version 5.0, you acknowledge that you have read and agree to be bound by all terms and conditions of this Agreement and any pertinent rules or policies that are or may be published by Network Solutions. Please find the Network Solutions Service Agreement, Version 5.0 located at the URL href="http://www.networksolutions.com/legal/serviceagreement.html"> http://www.networksolutions.com/legal/serviceagreement.html. [ URL ftp://www.networksolutions.com ] [11/99] Authorization 0a. (N)ew (M)odify (D)elete.........: M Name Registration 0b. Auth Scheme.....................: MAILFROM 0c. Auth Info.......................: 1. Comments........................: 2. Complete Domain Name............: example.org Organization Using Domain Name 3a. Organization Name................: EXAMPLE 3b. Street Address..................: 3c. City............................: 3d. State...........................: 3e. Postal Code.....................: 3f. Country.........................: Administrative Contact 4a. NIC Handle (if known)...........: ADM001 4b. (I)ndividual (R)ole?............: Individual 4c. Name (Last, First)..............: 4d. Organization Name...............: 4e. Street Address..................: 4f. City............................:
- 4g. State...........................: 4h. Postal Code.....................: 4i. Country.........................: 4j. Phone Number....................: 4k. Fax Number......................: 4l. EMailbox.......................: Technical Contact 5a. NIC Handle (if known)...........: BDM002 5b. (I)ndividual (R)ole?............: Individual 5c. Name(Last, First)...............: 5d. Organization Name...............: 5e. Street Address..................: 5f. City............................: 5g. State...........................: 5h. Postal Code.....................: 5i. Country.........................: 5j. Phone Number....................: 5k. Fax Number......................: 5l. EMailbox.......................: Billing Contact 6a. NIC Handle (if known)...........: ADM001 6b. (I)ndividual (R)ole?............: Individual 6c. Name (Last, First)..............: 6d. Organization Name...............: 6e. Street Address..................: 6f. City............................: 6g. State...........................: 6h. Postal Code.....................: 6i. Country.........................: 6j. Phone Number....................: 6k. Fax Number......................: 6l. EMailbox.......................: Prime Name Server 7a. Primary Server Hostname.........: NS1.EXAMPLE.COM 7b. Primary Server Netaddress.......: 1.2.3.4 Secondary Name Server(s) 8a. Secondary Server Hostname.......: NS2.EXAMPLE.NET 8b. Secondary Server Netaddress.....: 1.2.3.5 END OF AGREEMENT For instructions, please refer to:
- "http://www.networksolutions.com/help/instmod.html" Now launch your anonymous remailer or mailbomber. From: the domain admin (ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM in this case). To: hostmaster@networksolutions.com Subject: (do not enter any subject, leave the field blank!) Body: the template you created above. You are ready to go but before you send this email to InterNIC, remember to bomb ADMINEMAIL@EXAMPLE.COM with similar emails but different tracking numbers as we did in the first procedure. After sending 1020 emails, send the above template to InterNIC. Continue bombing your 40 messages. Remember to generate 4050 tracking numbers. This is basically it. The domain would be transferred to freeservers or hypermart and then you could simply activate it from there on your own email address. Remember to use a fake email. Nameservers and Handles: Freeservers Technical Handle: FS4394 Primary Nameserver: NS3.FREESERVERS.COM Primary Nameserver IP Address: 209.210.67.153 Secondary Nameserver: NS4.FREESERVERS.COM Secondary Nameserver IP Address: 209.210.67.154 Hypermart Technical Handle: DA3706ORG Primary Nameserver: NS1.HYPERMART.NET Primary Nameserver IP Address: 206.253.222.65 Secondary Nameserver: NS2.HYPERMART.NET Secondary Nameserver IP Address: 206.253.222.66 Possible Fixes: Enable the CRYPTFW password mechanism. This should prevent anyone without this password from changing your domain information (see the Internic contact form for more information) To minimize the risk of a spoofing attack, every organization or individual responsible for a domain should consult the developer of the domain's name server as to whether the server is secure against DNS spoofing. Email can be forged, as mentioned earlier. If you accept domain changes via email, require an SSL encrypted web page or PGP signed and encrypted email for all changes to domain information.
- One of the best solutions so far to guard against DNS hijacking has appeared in the form of DNS Security (DNSSEC). DNSSEC supplies cryptographic verification information along with DNS messages. That means that public key cryptography is combined with digital signatures to provide a means for a requester of domain information to authenticate itself. DNSSEC ensures that a request can be traced back to a trusted source, either directly or via a chain of trust linking the source of the information to the top of the DNS hierarchy. DNSSEC adds two new record types for authentication in DNS: the KEY record and the SIG record. Like many encryption schemes, the KEY record stores the public key for a host or administrative zone. The SIG record stores a digital signature associated with each set of records. In a signed zone, each record set includes a SIG record. The SIG record contains the signature of the set as generated by the above zone KEY. Briefly, a DNSSECaware resolver can determine whether a zone is signed, and if the resolver sees an unsigned recordset when it expects a signed one it can identify that there's an error. Use strong passwords and SSL systems for registering and authorizing changes to your domain names, and use registrars that assist you with setting up these security methods. In addition, don't rely on faxed documents or phone calls, as malicious attackers can easily forge them. Error! Unknown switch argument.
