Improving dormitory thermal comfortability by putting up vertical hydroponics vegetable garden in Surabaya Indonesia

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The research examined dormitory thermal comfort after it was treated with vertically hydroponics vegetable garden on the West side (the side faces the sun) of the building.

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Nội dung Text: Improving dormitory thermal comfortability by putting up vertical hydroponics vegetable garden in Surabaya Indonesia

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 466–472, Article ID: IJMET_10_03_048 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed IMPROVING DORMITORY THERMAL COMFORTABILITY BY PUTTING UP VERTICAL HYDROPONICS VEGETABLE GARDEN IN SURABAYA INDONESIA Eddy Imam Santoso Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering Merdeka University Surabaya, Indonesia Tisa Angelia Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering Merdeka University Surabaya, Indonesia Yeni Ika Pratiwi Agrotecnology Department Faculty of Agriculture Merdeka University Surabaya, Indonesia ABSTRACT The research examined dormitory thermal comfort after it was treated with vertically hydroponics vegetable garden on the West side (the side faces the sun) of the building. The garden was structured vertically at 60 degrees slope by using loose system which enabled all vegetables to be directly illuminated by the sun. Measurement of thermal comfort of the building was carried out by opening all openings (doors and windows) in a dormitory in Rungkut Menanggal Harapan Surabaya. Objective research involved dry air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sun radiation before and after garden installation, while subjective research involved questions about thermal environment perception. The research result revealed that during dry season air temperature in the rooms decreased 0,8 ○C, while CO2 level went down 2.56 ppm and O2 level went up 0.6 %. Thermal comfort or neutral temperature after the hydroponics installation was above ASHRAE standard comfort zone which is 55. Subjectively it was revealed that the tenants experienced higher thermal comfort compared to PMV (Predicted Mean Votes) prediction.. Key words: hydroponics vegetables, Neutral temperature, comfort perception. Cite this Article: Eddy Imam Santoso, Tisa Angelia, Yeni Ika Pratiwi, Improving Dormitory Thermal Comfortability by Putting Up Vertical Hydroponics Vegetable Garden in Surabaya Indonesia, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(3), 2019, pp. 466–472. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 466 editor@iaeme.com
Eddy Imam Santoso, Tisa Angelia, Yeni Ika Pratiwi 1. INTRODUCTION People’s interest in thermal comfort of a building has driven many researchers to do thermal studies on various buildings. There are a lot of studies about the various ways to evaluate thermal comfort to find out whether thermal surrounding is suitable for comfortable life. This is very reasonable because people in general spend more than 90% of their time inside a room, and because of this they need fresh air in their respective room[1]. People do various efforts to make their work place comfortable, one of which is by creating artificial air manipulator system in the form of air conditioning (AC) or fan installation, while others choose natural airing system or cross ventilation system in their building designs. Using fans, the average temperatures derived from direct and indirect investigation respectively are 28.2 and 27.2ºC. (Cheng,M., ad all. 2008). The problem of room comfort is solved by investigating the overall air speed in the room[2]. There are some important variables in obtaining thermal comfort in a room. Some researchers like Szokolay [3], Fanger [4], Humphreys & Nicol [5], [6] and Hougton & Yaglou [7] stated that climate variables such as air temperature, air speed, relative humidity and radiation temperature helped define hopes of thermal comfort [8]. Based on a research by Santoso[9], putting up sun light shield from plants either vertically or horizontally in a building will reduce air temperature in its rooms to about 1.5 to 2oC[10][9]. Buildings in humid tropical area are difficult to comply with ASHRAE 55 standard of comfort zone. This is due to weak variables of thermal comfort such as air temperature, relative humidity, sun light radiation and air speed in a room. To achieve ideal thermal comfort one has to control or do adaptive measure such as put up good ventilation system, arrange wind circulation mechanically, put up curtains on buildings hit directly by sun lights, and even design and make sun lights shadings to minimize radiation heat[11][12][9]. 2. METHOD Data was collected during hot season from 2 – 7 September 2017 in a dormitory in Rungkut Menanggal Harapan, Kelurahan Rungkut Menanggal, Kecamatan Gunung Anyar Kota Surabaya. Dormitory dimension: length 400 m, wide 300 m, ceiling height in average 3.20 m (Picture 1). Room volume: 38.40 m3 and floor dimension: 12.00 m2 (Picture 2). The dormitory was part of a house located on the third floor, while the room used as this research object was a room with openings facing West complete with a balcony (Picture 3) The East border of the room stuck to the neighboring wall, the West side was an open space or yard, the North boundary with the neighboring house and the South boundary with the village road. The dormitory room was divided by two blocks or big walls (the East and South side) and two blocks or walls with eindow openings / ventilation (West and South side). The West opening was a two-leaves of glass louver boards window which could be opened or closed, 80 cm high from the floor. Its opening dimension was 1.44 m2, 1.20 m wide and 1.20 m long. The West balcony was connected with an aluminium plated plywood door of 0.80 x 2,00 m. The South opening was 1 plain glass ventilation which can be open/close of 0.16 m2, and 1 plywood door of 1.60 m2 which wasn’t hit by direct sun light because it connected the other room. The floor was made of multi-plywood covered with carpet and the ceiling was covered with GRC plate. The roof was made of concrete tiles. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 467 editor@iaeme.com
Improving Dormitory Thermal Comfortability by Putting Up Vertical Hydroponics Vegetable Garden in Surabaya Indonesia The room housed 2 college students. 3.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.00 3.00 1,50 Kitchen Dorm WH 2.50 Dining room Drying Spot 1.50 Sitting room 1.50 Dorm Garage Dorm 15.00 2.25 Guest room 1 Sitting room Dorm 2.00 Terrac e 2nd Floor Atap lt Roof Carport 275 1st Floor Roof 2nd FLOOR MAP 3RD FLOOR MAP Jl. Rungkut Menanggal Harapan : researched room 1ST FLOOR MAP : Vertical garden NORTH Figure1 Research Object Map (Dormitory room) Source : Research result Figure 3 West side Figure 2 dorm room (interior) Source: Research result Source: Research result http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 468 editor@iaeme.com
Eddy Imam Santoso, Tisa Angelia, Yeni Ika Pratiwi 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The result of thermal comfort in a room using air as parameter can be seen in Picture 5 and Table 1. 39 37 AIR TEMPERATURE 35 33 31 29 27 25 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 TIME RESEARCH SUHU PENELITIAN INITIAL SUHU TEMPERATURE AWAL TEMPERATURE Figure 5 In door average air temperature Graph in the Room Asrama Table 1. Result of humidity, air speed and light intensity measurement as well as average ambient of CO2 & O2 on Dorm in door research ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Research Time Humidity Radiation Air Speed CO2 ambient O2 ambient % W/m2 m/det ppm % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Initial Morning 64 133 0,00 22,2 20,4 Noon 50 475 0,00 13,2 18,2 Late noon 41 186 0,00 12,3 20,5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Average 52 264 0,00 15,90 19,7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Result Morning 67 38 0,00 17,00 20,8 Noon 56 66 0,00 10,70 19,9 Late noon 49 81 0,00 12,33 20,1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Average 57 62 0,00 13,34 20,3 In picture 5, indoor air temperature in dry season declined insignificantly after a hydroponics vegetable garden was put up vertically on the West side of the building. Before the vertical garden was put up, research result revealed that the average air temperature was 33.3ºC. After the garden was put up, average temperature changed into 32.5ºC, decreased about 0.8ºC. The air temperature decline was influenced by low sun radiation due to the vegetable garden at the front of the building (sun radiation before the putting up of the garden was 264 W/m2, after that it became 62 W/m2) http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 469 editor@iaeme.com
Improving Dormitory Thermal Comfortability by Putting Up Vertical Hydroponics Vegetable Garden in Surabaya Indonesia Air quality was also improving although insignificant. Photosynthesis process of the vertical vegetable garden on the West side of the building had caused CO2 attachment in the ambient air decreased about 2.56 ppm, while O2 release of the vertical vegetable garden increased about 0.6 %. (Table 1) Initial Wet Bulb Temperature Result Wet Bulb Temperature Figure 6 Field measurement result analysis using Psychometry Chart Based on analysis result using Psychometry Chart of average dry air temperature (Picture 6) and average air humidity (Table 1), wet air temperature during dry season was 24.5ºC. Later, this wet air temperature data obtained from analysis result will be used to determine efective temperature or neutral temperature or thermal comfort of the dorm room. Dorm Effective Temperature http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 470 editor@iaeme.com
Eddy Imam Santoso, Tisa Angelia, Yeni Ika Pratiwi Figure 7 Thermal Comfort Analysis (ET) based on field dry temperature measurement and wet temperature analysis result using Effective Temperature Diagram Analysis result using Effective Temperature Diagram of average dry air temperature data and analysys result of wet air temperature using Psychometry Diagram (Picture 6) was ignored due to low air speed in the meeting room (Amirudin, Saleh, 1972). Thus neutral air temperature or Effective Temperature (ET) or thermal comfort during dry season was 27.7 ºC (ET), (Picture 7). ASHRAE 55-1992 Standard recommends that to obtain the comfort zone in dry season, the thermal comfort temperature should be between 23oC – 25.5oC with relative humidity between 20 % - 60 % (ASHRAE.1992). Research result revealed that the dorm room was not in the comfort zone during daily activities. Initial studies carried out in some humid hot areas (around South East Asia) on houses revealed that the produced neutral temperature was higher than those recommended by ASHRAE standard, which is 55. All studies on naturally ventilated buildings revealed that comfort temperature was higher, between 2.2 – 3.7oC above recommended. Dorm studies on dwellings in Surabaya revealed that Effective Temperature was 27.4oC, in Jakarta 26.7oC, in Banjarmasin 27.8oC, in Malaysia 28.3oC, in Singapore 28.9oC. (Santoso, 2015). To be accepted 90%, suggested thermal comfort was Nt (Neutral temperature) ± 2.5 ET (Efective Temperature), while to be accepted 80%, suggested thermal comfort was Nt ± 3.5 ET. (Auliciems, A.1981). To be accepted 80 % and 90 % on every condition, check Table 2. Table 2 Measurement results of air parameter and thermal comfort on Dorm building Neutral temperature /Effective Location Thermal Comfort Parameter Temperature (ET) Indoor Initial Data Research result ET 90 % accepted 80 % accepted ET- Temp RH Wind SK SB RH Angin ºC 2.5 ET+2.5 ET-3.5 ET+3.5 ºC % m/det ºC ºC % m/det ºC ºC ºC ºC 33.3 52 0 32.5 24.5 57 0 27.7 25.2 30.2 23.2 31.2 Thermal comfort evaluation in the dorm room was based on the dorm users through questionnaires about initial conditions and after the garden was put on. Each room was occupied by 2 (two) males aged 20 - 25. Analysis of average sound prediction data (PMV) based on ASHRAE 55 scale was carried out based on subjective measurement when doing everyday activities from 09.00 to 15.00. PMV index (Predicted Mean Vote) by Finger (1972) was used in calculation and analysis. Numerical PMV index explanation was as follows: colder (-3), cold (-2), quite cold (-1), neutral (0), quite warm (+1), warm (+2), hot (+3). By using analysis from InfoGap and Microsoft Excel, field micro weather index calculation revealed average sound prediction (PMV) between (-1) and (+1), while based on ISO 773-94 comfort span to be considered comfortable was when PMV was between -1 and +1. Nevertheless, all respondents tended to say that the air temperature was about +1 (quite warm). Study result from physical parameter on vertical hydroponics vegetable garden revealed that all respondents stated that the air temperature was still acceptable. This is due to air temperature lowering and air movement in the room albeit a little (all windows were open). In this condition, respondents could still feel comfort in the room, so that subjective assessment revealed that thermal comfort was still within the respondents tolerance limit, http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 471 editor@iaeme.com
Improving Dormitory Thermal Comfortability by Putting Up Vertical Hydroponics Vegetable Garden in Surabaya Indonesia although the condition was still below ASHRAE 55-1992 thermal comfort zone/requirement limit. The research result also revealed that the international thermal standard, that is ASHRAE 55, was still hard to be implemented in Indonesia especially in Surabaya by relying solely on natural ventilation system. Thermal comfort temperature range based on research result under maximum condition showed that ET (Effective Temperature) = 27.3ºC, while ASHRAE 55 standard stipulates 26ºC maximum, similar to the previous research result ( Santosa, 1988 and Karyono, TH, 1994). In some places in Indonesia with its hot-humid climate, Effective Temperature is 27.4ºC and 28.2ºC. 4. CONCLUSIONS PMV condition during daily activities with vertical hidroponics vegetable garden put on the building was +1 (quite warm); neutral temperature was 27.7ºC. Dorm room thermal comfort did not match the ASHRAE 55-92 standard. Under neutral temperature of 27.7ºC, the tenants could still accept the heat of the room albeit below ASHRAE comfort zone limit. This means that the ASHRAE 55 standard is not in full effect in the dorm room equipped with vertical hydroponics vegetable garden under humid tropical climate in the research site. This research is a sample of various comfort level under Indonesian climate, which shows that Indonesians can adapt to higher temperature around them. REFERENCES [1] S. C. Lee and M. Chang, “Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at schools in Hong Kong,” Chemosphere, vol. 41, no. 1–2, pp. 109–113, 2000. [2] J. R. Gosselin and Q. Chen, “A dual airflow window for indoor air quality improvement and energy conservation in buildings,” HVAC&R Res., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 359–372, 2008. [3] S. V Szokolay and O. Koenigsberger, “Manual of Tropical Housing and Building,” Orien Langman, Bombay, 1973. [4] A. K. Melikov, L. Halkjaer, R. S. Arakelian, and P. O. Fanger, “Spot cooling. Part 1: Human responses to cooling with air jets,” American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers …, 1994. [5] J. F. Nicol and M. A. Humphreys, “Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings,” Energy Build., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 563–572, 2002. [6] M. A. Humphreys and J. F. Nicol, “The validity of ISO-PMV for predicting comfort votes in every-day thermal environments,” Energy Build., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 667–684, 2002. [7] F. C. Houghten, “Determining lines of equal comfort,” ASHVE Trans., vol. 29, pp. 163– 176, 1923. [8] B. Talarosha, “Menciptakan kenyamanan thermal dalam bangunan,” J. Sist. Tek. Ind., vol. 6, no. 3, 2005. [9] E. I. Santoso, “Kenyamanan Termal Indoor pada Bangunan di Daerah Beriklim Tropis Lembab,” Indones. Green Technol. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–19, 2012. [10] sajiyo Sajiyo and M. A. Prasnowo, “Redesign of work environment with ergonomics intervention to reduce fatigue,” Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. , vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 237–1243, 2017. [11] B. W. Hariyadi, M. Ali, and Y. I. Pratiwi, “Effect of Organic Liquid Fertilizertambsil On The Growth and Resultskale Crop Land (Ipomoea Reptans Poir),” Agric. Sci., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 116–127, 2018. [12] R. Rahim et al., “Pest Plant Disease Prevention and Identification System Using Certainty Factor Method,” Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3.2, pp. 763–765, Jun. 2018. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 472 editor@iaeme.com