Metabolic subtypes and immune landscapes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Prognostic implications and potential for personalized therapies

This study aimed to identify metabolic subtypes in ESCA, explore their relationship with immune land‑ scapes, and establish a metabolic index for accurate prognosis assessment. Methods Clinical, SNP, and RNA-seq data were collected from 80 ESCA patients from the TCGA database and RNAseq data from the GSE19417 dataset. Metabolic genes associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were selected, and k-means clustering was performed.