Tìm hiểu mối quan hệ chính trị - ngoại giao giữa Việt Nam và Mianma từ năm 1975 đến nay

TIM HIEU MOI OUAN HE CHINH TRI-NCOAI GIAO<br /> GIUA VIET NAM VA MIANMA TlT NAM 1975 DEN NAY<br /> <br /> <br /> D A O T U A N THANH'<br /> NGUYfiN THI NGOC B I C H "<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> V iflt Nam vfi Mianma (1) lfi hai qud'c<br /> gia Dflng Nam A luc dia cd nhieu<br /> diim tQdng dong trong lich sQ phfit triin<br /> ngoai giao giQa Viflt Nam vfi Mianma tQ<br /> nfim 1975 den nay, vdi ba vfin de cd ban<br /> sau:<br /> eua moi dfin tfic (2). TQ sau Chifih tranh Thit nhdt, nhQng cd ed cua mfli quan hfi<br /> thfi gidi thQ Hai, Vifit Nam vfi Mianma da chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa Vifit Nam vfi<br /> tich cQc ung hp nhau trong cufic dfi'u tranh Mianma;<br /> chd'ng chu nghia thQe dan vi n i n dfic Ifip, tU Thii hai, nhQng thfinh tQu chu yfl'u cua<br /> do cua moi nUde. Mfi'i quan he truyen tho'ng mfii quan hfi chinh tri - ngoai giao giQa hai<br /> va hQu nghi giQa Viet Nam vfi Mianma da nUdc trong g i n 4 thfip nien;<br /> dupc cfic lanh tu cua phong trfio giai phong<br /> Thit ba, tri^n vpng cua mfii quan hfi<br /> dan tpc dfit n^n mdng vfi vun dap. Sau khi<br /> chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa Viflt Nam vfi<br /> Vifit Nam hofin thfinh sU nghifip tho'ng<br /> Mianma trong thdi gian tdi.<br /> nhfi't dfi't nUdc, viflc hai nUde chinh thQc<br /> nang cfi'p quan hfl ngoai giao tQ Tong Lanh I. Nhitng c0 sd cua mdi quan hi<br /> sQ Ifln cfi'p Dai sQ vfio ngfiy 28 thang 5 nfim chinh tri-ngoai giao giiia Viet Nam vd<br /> 1975 da thuc sU tao ra dpng lUc radi thuc Mianma tit 1975 den nay<br /> diy quan hd ehinh tri-ngoai giao giQa Vifit Moi quan bfi chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa<br /> Nam vfi Mianma. Trong thfip nien cuoi Viet Nam vfi Mianma dupe xfiy dUng vfi<br /> cQng eua thfi^ ky XX vfi nhQng nfim d i u the' phfit trien dua tren nhieu cd sd nhU lich sQ,<br /> ky XXI, mdi quan he chinh tri-ngoai giao vfin hda, dia-ehinh tri..., song theo ehung<br /> giQa Viflt Nam vfi Mianma da cd nhQng toi, trong nhiing cd sd dd, ca sd lich s^ giQ<br /> budc tifih trien quan trpng, trong boi canh vi tri trung tdm, quan trgng hdng ddu.<br /> hai nude cQng phfi'n dfi'u hdi nhfip tofin didn<br /> Mfii quan he truyfin thfl'ng vfi hQu nghi<br /> vfio ngdi nhfi ehung ASEAN. Bai vifit nay<br /> giQa Viet Nam vfi Mifi'rt Difln/Mianraa da<br /> nhfim tim hieu v^ moi quan hfl chinh tri-<br /> dupe eac lanh tu cua phong trfio giai phdng<br /> <br /> <br /> *PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sd - TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Hfi Nfii<br /> " Khoa Lich sQ - Trudng Dai hpc Su ph?m Hfi Nfii<br /> 44 Rghito CQTI Ljch sQ. sfl 1.8013<br /> <br /> dfin tfic hai nude dfit n^n mdng vfi vun d i p khflng? Nfi'u c6 thi theo dudng 161 nfior (6).<br /> cQng vdi thdi gian. Sau nfim 1945, Vifit Chu tjch Hfi Chf Minh dfi tra ldi r i n g "Bfi't<br /> Nam vfi Mianma dfi a i t c i n h bfin nhau cQ sQ lifin hpp hay dong minh nfio nhim<br /> trong cufic dfi'u tranh chtfng chu nghla thQc mi,ic dich lfim cho cfic nUdc giQp dd lin<br /> dfin, ung hfi l i n nhau trong nhQng nfim nhau vfi cfing t i c thfin thifin vdi nhau di<br /> thfing gian khd vi nfin dfic Ifip, tQ do cua b i o vfi dfic Ifip, hda binh vfi dfin chu dfiu Ifi<br /> mdi dfin tfic. Trong bQc difin gQi dng Aung td't ca" (7). Cd t h i coi dfiy lfi nguyfin tic/kim<br /> San, Phd Chu tich Chinh phu nudc Difih chl nam dfin dUdng cho Vidt Nam tfing<br /> Difin (3) ngfiy 27 thfing 1 nfim 1947, Chu cudng sQ dofin kfi't vdi Mifi'n Difin trong cufic<br /> tjch Hd Chf Minh dfi vi^t: "ChQng tfli bfi't d i u tranh chfi'ng chu nghia thQc dfin cQ,<br /> sQc cim dfing vi nhQng tinh c i m cua ngfii tuy mdi nUdc cd mfit hofin canh ci^ thi, ke<br /> doi vdi dfin tfic Vifit Nam. Thay m^t dfin tfic thQ vfi phQdng thQc dfi'u tranh khfic nhau.<br /> vfi Chfnh phu Vi^t Nam, vfi rifing tfii, tfli Vfi cd lfi, theo chung tdi, quan dilm cua<br /> xin nhifit Ufit cam dn ngfii vfi nhQng vific Chu tjch Hfi Chf Minh vfi sQ dofin ke't giQa<br /> ngfii da lfim vfi se lfim d l giup cho si^ dfi'u cac dfin tpc chau A vl sU thjnh vUpng ehung<br /> tranh gifinh tu do eua nUde Vifit Nam. Tfii cdn rfi't cd f nghia soi dudng cho Vifit Nam<br /> xin gOi ngfii ldi chfio thfin i i " (4). hfii nhfip sfiu rdng vfi d i y du vfio ngfli nhfi<br /> chung ASEAN tQ sau nfim 1995.<br /> Ngfiy 4 thfing 1 nfim 1948, trong bQc<br /> dien gdi T^ng thong Lifln bang Mifin Difin, S Q ung hfi vfi dofin kfit vdi nhfin din<br /> Chu tieh Ho Chi Minh da vi^t: "Nhan Ngfiy Mifih Difin lfi quan dilm nhfi't qufin ciia<br /> Dfic Ifip eua Lien bang Mien Difin, thay mfit Chinh phu nUdc Vifit Nam Dfin chu Cflng<br /> Chinh phu vfi nhan dan Viet Nam vfi nhfin hda. Trong bQc difin gOi Ngfii Thu tUdng<br /> danh ca nhfin, tdi ban hsinb gQi Tong thong Thakm Nu vfio t h i n g 12 nfim 1949 nhfin<br /> ldi chfio nhiet liet vfi chuc mQng chan djp ky nidm Ngfiy Dflc Ifip cua Mi^n Difin,<br /> thfinh Mien Dien hoa binh va phon vinh Chu tich Ho Chf Minh khfing dinh: "...<br /> cua chung tdi. Nhfin dip nfiy, chQng tfii xin chiing tfli xin bfiy td long biet dn anh em<br /> bfiy td tinh cam bid't dn ve sQ ung hfi tinh Mifi'n Difin vfi sU dofin k^t hQu nghi vdi<br /> t h i n kien djnh ddi vdi cufic dfi'u tranh eua cufic dfi'u t r a n h cua chung tdi gifinh dfic l§p<br /> chung tdi" (5). dfin tfic. Chung tfli ki nifim Ngfiy Ddc Ifip<br /> Theo chQng tdi, vdi t i m nhin xa trong cua Mi^n Difin nhQ cua chinh chQng tfii vfi<br /> rdng cua minh, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da k h i n g dinh quan hfi anh em giQa nhan dfin<br /> sdm cd chu trQdng tranh thu rfing rai sQ hai nudc chQng ta ngfiy cfing dUpc tfing<br /> ung hfi cua nhan dan tifl'n bfi tren thfl" gidi cudng vfi chfit che" (8).<br /> ndi chung vfi chfiu A ndi rieng trong cufic Mpt trong nhiJng b i l u hien sinh dpng<br /> dfi'u tranh vi nfin dfic Ifip, tit do cua dfin tflc cua tinh dofin k^t, hQu nghi cua nhfin dfin<br /> Vifit Nam. Quan dilm nfiy da dUpe Chu Vifit Nam vfi Mifi'n Difin lfi cfic chuyfi'n thfim<br /> tjch Hfi Chi Minh khfing dinh trong bfii tra vieng Ifin n h a u cua lanh dao cfi'p cao hai<br /> ldi phdng vfi'n cua nhfi bao A. Steele, phdng nudc. Trong bfii phfit b i l u ngfiy 29 thfing 11<br /> vien Bao New York Herald Tribune nfim nfim 1954, chfio mQng Thu tQdng Miin<br /> 1949. Khi dupc hdi "Ve" nguyfln tic, Ci;i cfl Difln U Nu thfim chinh thQc nUdc ta, Chu<br /> tan thfinh f kien thfinh Ifip kbfli hen hipp tjch Ho Chf Mmh da bfiy td sU p h i n khdi<br /> hay dong minh giQa cfic nUdc chfiu A cua nhan dfin Vifit Nam, Ngudi ndi: 'Tfii<br /> Tim hieu mfli quan h& ehinh hi...<br /> <br /> rfi't vui mQng thay mfit nhan dfin Vifit Nam trong bfii phfit bilu ngfiy 4 t h i n g 2 nfim<br /> vfi Chfnh phu nQde Vifit Nam Dfin chu 1958^.t^i san bay Gia Lfim: "Mi?c dich cua<br /> Cfing hda hoan nghfinh Thu tudng vfi bfi chung tfli lfi t h i t chfit hOn tinh hQu nghj<br /> Thu tudng, hoan nghdnh cfic vi giup vific giQa nude Vifit Nam, An Dfi vfi Mid'n Difin,<br /> cua Thu tudng. Mfit t h i n g trUdc day, chung dfing thdi d l tfing cUdng tinh dofin kfit giQa<br /> tfli dupc ddn tiep Thu tUdng Neru, lanh ty cfic dfin tfic A-Phi, do dd them iQc lUpng giQ<br /> An Dfi. Hfim nay chQng toi dUpe ddn tifi'p gin hda binh th^gidi" (11).<br /> Thu tudng, lanh tu Mifl'n Difin. ChQng tdi<br /> TQ ngfiy 14 thfing 2 dfi'n ngfiy 17 t h i n g 2<br /> liy lfim vinh hanh hai vi lanh tu cua hai<br /> nfim 1958, Chu tich Hfi Chf Minh da d i n<br /> nUde anh em l i n lUpt dfi'n t h i m Vifit Nam<br /> d i u dofin dai bilu cfi'p eao nUdc Vi^t Nam<br /> chung tdi. Dieu dd cd mfit y nghia lich sQ<br /> Dfin chu Cdng hfla thfim chfnh thQe Lien<br /> r i t quan trpng: nd chQng to tinh hQu nghi<br /> bang Mifi'n Difin. S Q ddn tifi'p trpng thi mfi<br /> giQa cfic dfin tflc chQng ta ngfiy cfing thfin<br /> Chinh phu vfi nhfin dan Mifi'n Difin dfinh<br /> mftt vfi iQc lupng hda binh Dfing Nam A<br /> cho dofin da vun d i p them tinh hQu nghi<br /> ngfiy cfing phat triin vfi cung cfi". Trong<br /> giQa hai dfin tde. Trong cudc hpp bao tai<br /> nhQng ngay khfing ehie'n gian kho d l gifinh<br /> thu dd Rfingun, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da<br /> dfic Ifip, ti^ do, nhfin dfin Vifit Nam dQpc<br /> khang dinh: "Hai nQde Viet Nam vfi Mifi'n<br /> nhan dfin Difin Difin thfit thfi dfing tinh vfi<br /> Difln dfiu lfi nhQng nQde d chfiu A cd nhiiu<br /> ung hp. ChQng tfii muon nhan dip nfiy td ldi<br /> diem gio'ng nhau, gfin nhau vfi* vfin hda,<br /> cam ta Chinh phu vfi nhfin dfin nude ban...<br /> phong tuc tfip qufin, cung nhQ ve dia ly khi<br /> Ve v i n de qufi'c te", nhan dfin va Chinh phu<br /> hfiu, tfii nguyfin. Hai nQde chQng ta da trai<br /> Vifit Nam Dan chu Cong hda hofin toan tfin<br /> qua efie cupc d i u tranh gian khfi chflng<br /> thfinh 5 nguyfin tfic ldn do ba Chinh phu<br /> thUe dan, gianh Ifi'y dflc Ifip dfin tflc. Chinh<br /> Trung Hoa, An Dp vfi Dieh Difin da tuyen<br /> phu vfi nhfin dfin Mifiii Difin da ung hfi tieh<br /> hi. ChQng tfii nhfin r i n g do lfi phUdng phap<br /> cQc nhan dan nQde chQng tfii trong IQc<br /> chic chin n h i t de giQ gin hda binh chau A<br /> khfing chifl'n vfi da cung vdi An Dfl vfi nhi^u<br /> vfi hda binh thfl' gidi"(9).<br /> nQde A - Phi khfic ddng gdp mflt p h i n quan<br /> trpng vfio viflc Ifip lai hda binh d Viet Nam.<br /> Trong bQc difln mQng Tong tho'ng Mifi'n<br /> Ngfiy nay hai nudc chung ta da ddc Ifip, gan<br /> Dien U Vin Mdn ngfiy 17 t h i n g 3 nfim<br /> bd bing tinh t h i n Bfingdung, bing mdi<br /> 1957, nhan dip dng nhfim chQc Tong tho'ng<br /> tinh dofin ket giQa cac dfin tfic A - Phi, hai<br /> Lien bang Mi6i Difin, Chu tich Hd Chi<br /> dfin tdc Vifit Nam vfi Mifi'n Difln dfiu mong<br /> Minh da k h i n g dinh "... Tfii tin chfic r i n g<br /> mufi'n cd mfit nfin hda binh lau dfii de xfiy<br /> tinh hQu nghi san cd giQa hai nUde Viflt dQng mfit cuflc ddi tu do, ft'm no, de kid'n<br /> Nam vd Mii'n Biin se ngdy cdng phdt trien" thie't xQ sd gifiu m^nh" (12). Cung nhfin dip<br /> (10). nfiy, vfio ngfi^ 17 t h i n g 2 nfim 1958,<br /> De bay td sQ cam dn eua nhfin dfin Viflt TrQdng Dai hpc Td'ng hpp Rfingun<br /> Nam ddi vdi sU ung hd cua nhfin dfin An Dfi (Mianma) da trao tfing bing Tifin si Lufit<br /> vfi Mifin Difln trong cufic d i u tranh giai hpe danh dQ cho Chu tich Ho Chi Minh.<br /> phflng dan tdc, Chu tieh Hfi Chi Minh da<br /> d i n d i u dofin dai bieu cfi'p cao Viflt Nam Trong Tuyen bd" ehung cua Chu tich<br /> thfim hai nUdc anh em. Muc dich cua nUdc Viflt Nam Dan chu Cdng hda Hd Chi<br /> chuyfi^n di da dupc Bfic ndi rd eho dong bao Minh va Thu tUdng Lifin bang Mifi'n Difln U<br />  Rghiin cQu lich siJr. a01.2013<br /> <br /> <br /> Nu t?Li Rfingun ngfiy 17 thfing 2 nfim 1958 hfi Tdng lanh sQ ldn quan hfi ngoai giao cfip<br /> da nfiu ro: "Chu tich vfi Thu tUdng tin D^i sQ (16). Dfiy thQc sQ lfi mfit bUdc ngofic<br /> tudng sfiu sic r i n g trong tinh hinh qufi'c t^ trong mfii quan hfi giQa hai quoc gia Dflng<br /> nghiflm trpng nhu thff, hda binh chi ed t h i Nam A cd nhilu ndt tUdng dfing vfi vfin hoa<br /> giQ gin dQpc trfln cd sd nfim nguyfln t i c v i t r u y i n thfl'ng ljch sQ. Chfnh quyin<br /> chung so'ng hda binh. Vific fip dyng nhQng Mianma da cd budc di chu ddng tfing cUdng<br /> nguyfln t i c nfiy trong quan hfi giQa cfic quan hfi vdi Vifit Nam thdng qua vific<br /> nQde sd gdp p h i n trQ bd ldng nghi ky vfi sp nhanh chdng ddng cita Tong Lanh sU quan<br /> sfit lfi nguon gfi'c cua tinh hinh qudc tfi^ cfing cua Chfnh quyin Sfii Gdn tai Yangon (17)<br /> t h i n g hien nay, vfi sfl tao nfln mpt b i u vfi sdm cQ Dai sQ thudng tru tai Ha Nfii.<br /> khflng khf thufin Ipi, ed sQ tin cfiy l i n nhau Thu tQdng Mianma Ne Win keu gpi cfing<br /> vfi ed thifin chf d l cfic nUde cd t h i giai quy^t dfing qufi'c tS' giQp dd Vifit Nam hfin gin vfit<br /> hda binh mpi vfi'n dfi qufl'c tfi^ ldn dang uy thUdng chifl'n tranh. Trong giai doan diy<br /> hifl'p hda binh thfl' gidi vfi can trd sU hpp tfic khd k h i n nfiy cua Vifit Nam, Chfnh phu vfi<br /> qud'c te, k l ca vfi'n dfi giam trQ qufin bj" nhfin dfin Minama tifi'p tyc dfinh cho Vifit<br /> (13). Trong ban Tuydn bd*chung, Mi^n Difin Nam sU giQp dd chfin tinh (18).<br /> cung da ung hfi vide thi hfinh Hifip djnh Nhfin xdt vfi cd sd lich sQ cua moi quan<br /> Gidnevo ve Ddng DUdng, ung hd viflc thong h§ chfnh tri-ngoai giao giQa Viflt Nam vfi<br /> nhfi't Viet Nam theo Hiep dinh Gidnevd Mianma, dfit trong tong t h i khu vUc Dfing<br /> (14). Nam A, cd nhfi nghifln cQu da cho ring "...<br /> Trong cufic khfing chi^n chd'ng MJ cua ve mfit lich sQ, cac nQde Dflng Nam A c6<br /> nhfin dfin Vifit Nam, tuy Chfnh phu mfli quan hfl "dfiy md de mfi" tQ thdi/nin<br /> Mianma giQ l i p trUdng trung l i p song v i n vfin hda Hda Binh nen vdn hoa cudi<br /> ra tuyen bfl^ hai l i n phan dfii de* qud'c Ml (Hoabinhian pebble Culture), tdi giao lUu<br /> ndm bom d mien Bac vfi rai ehfi't dfic hda vfin hda thdi cudng quflc PhQ Nam vfi tdi<br /> hpc d mien Nam Vi$t Nam. Nhfin dfin canh ngfi gio'ng nhau thdi chu nghla thiic<br /> Mianma nhifit tinh ung hfi cufic dfi'u tranh dan. V I mfit lich sQ, sU tUdng ddng, gin<br /> chinh nghia cua nhan dfin Vipt Nam. Bfio gui, quan he gfin kfi't, nhfi't lfi tQ thdi Hidn<br /> chi Mianma da dUa tin vfi binh lufin cd Ipi dai (tQ nfim 1945 dfi^n nay) trong khu vi^c,<br /> cho cufic dfi'u tranh vi nfln ddc lip, tQ do da trd thfinh thQe t ^ h i e n nhien" (19).<br /> cua dan tdc Viet Nam, ddi MJ nit qufin vfi Sy tiiOng dong vi vdn hoa cung lfi mfit cd<br /> thfinh Ifip chinh phu hda hpp dfin tflc (15). sd giQp cho mfli quan hfi hQu nghi vfi<br /> Truyfin thfl'ng hdp t i e , hQu nghj vfi truyin tho'ng giQa Vifit Nam vfi Mien Difin<br /> tUdng trp l i n nhau trong cufic dfi'u tranh vi ed dilu kifin phfit t r i i n cQng vdi thdi gian.<br /> nfin dpc Ifip, tu do cua m6i dfin tpc mfi Chu Trong suot chilu dfii phfit t r i i n cua minh,<br /> tich Hfi Chf Minh vfi cic lanh tu Mifi'n mdi quflc gia d i u mang nhiing ndt dfic<br /> Difin/ Mianma dfit nen mdng, tiep tyc dUpc trUng cua n i n vfin minh ndng nghifip trfing<br /> vun d i p vfi tfing cUdng trong nhQng nfim lua nudc. CQng sinh sd'ng trfln mfit khu vUc<br /> tifi'p theo. Ngay sau khi Vifit Nam hofin dia 1^, cu dan hai nUdc da sdm sfing tao nen<br /> thfinh cudc dfi'u tranh tho'ng nhfi't dfi't nUdc, mpt n i n vfin hda ban dia cd cpi nguon<br /> ngfiy 28 thfing 5 nfim 1975, Viet Nam vfi chung tQ thdi t i i n sQ vfi sd sQ trUdc khi tilp<br /> Mianma da nfing cfi'p moi quan hfi tQ quan xuc vdi vfin hda Trung Hoa vfi An Dp. Theo<br /> Tim hieu mfli quan he chlnh trt... 47<br /> <br /> mflt sd' nhfi nghien cQu, cU dfin Vifit Nam, (ASEAN) tQ sau nfim 1991 den nay da tao<br /> Mianma ndi riflng vfi Dflng Nam A ndi ra cd hfii phat triin mdi cho ca Vifit Nam vfi<br /> chung d i u cd chung mdt n i n tang vfin hda Mianma trong ngfii nhfi chung ASEAN,<br /> Nam A, Ifi'y san xufi't ndng nghifip IQa nUdc dfing thdi cung t^o ra nhilu thfich thQc dfii<br /> lfim phUdng thQc boat dfing kinh te* lfi vdi hai nQde trong qufi trinh hdi nhfip vfi<br /> chinh (20). NhQng ndt tQdng dfing trong phfit triin.<br /> canh tfic vdi hfi thfl'ng thuy Ipi, nhQng<br /> 2. Nhiing thdnh tUu ChU yiu cda mdi<br /> truydn t h i n thoai, ll hfii, phong tyc tfip<br /> quan hi chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa Viit<br /> quan, fim nh^c, nghfi thufit,... cua cU dfin<br /> Nam vd Mianma tit ndm 1975 den nay<br /> ndng nghifip trong IQa nUdc dfi giup ngUdi<br /> dan hai nUdc dfi hiiu, c6 sy dfing cam vfi Trong hdn 35 nfim qua, mfic dQ hofin<br /> quy trpng l i n nhau. canh ljch sQ cua m5i nQde cd nhieu bie^n<br /> Bfin c^nh nhQng ed sd trfln, nhgn tidia- dpng ldn, song mfli quan hfl giQa Vifit Nam<br /> chink tri cung lfi mfit cd sd quan trpng gin vfi Mien Dien v i n khfing ngQng cung cfi* vfi<br /> k^t mfii quan hfi Vifit Nam vfi Mianma phfit triin trfin nhilu linh vQc. Sy ung hp<br /> trong nhQng nfim cufli t h i ky XX-diu t h i l i n nhau mfit each nhdt qudn vd kiin dinh<br /> ky XXI. Do ca Viet Nam vfi Mianma dfiu v l mfit ehinh tri - ngoai giao da trd thfinh<br /> n i m d Dfing Nam A - khu vQc ciu noi giQa chd dQa, n i n tang cho viee tfing cUdng sQ<br /> hai khu vQc quan trpng khfic cua chau A lfi hpp t i e tren nhilu linh vQc khac nhQ kinh<br /> Dfing Bfic A vfi Nam A nen ngay tQ r i t t l , vfin hoa, gifio due, an ninh vfi quflc<br /> sdm, ca hai nudc da sdm chju anh hudng phdng.<br /> cua nhQng n i n van minh ldn nhU Trung TQ nfim 1975 d i n nay, viflc lanh dao cfi'p<br /> Hoa vfi An DQ trong qufi trinh phat triin cao hai nQde duy trt thudng xuyflh cfic<br /> cua mdi dfin tfic. Thdi Cfin d^i, Dflng Nam chuyin viing thfim l i n nhau da cho thfiy<br /> A cung lfi khu vUc tranh gifinh anh hudng sy g i n bd eua mfli quan hfl ehinh tri-ngoai<br /> manh me cua cfic cUdng quflc thUe dan giao giQa Vifit Nam vfi Mianma, dfic biet<br /> hfing d i u nhu Bo Dao Nha, Tfiy Ban Nha, trong bfli canh ca hai nUdc tQng phai gfinh<br /> Ha Lan, Anh, Phfip vfi My. TQ sau Chifl'n chiu sQ bao vfiy, cfi'm vfin cua Mi trong mdt<br /> tranh thfl* gidi thQ Hai, Ddng Nam A eung thdi gian kha dfii. Cu t h i , ve phia Vifit<br /> la ndi chju sU tac ddng khfi manh me cua Nam, cd cac chuyen thfim Mianma cua Thu<br /> cudc Chien tranh lanh. Trong nhQng nfim tQdng Vo Vfin Kifit (thfing 5 nfim 1994,<br /> cudi t h i ky XX - d i u t h ^ ky XX, trong bfii Ting bi thQ D 5 MQdi (thing 5 nfim 1997),<br /> canh chfiu A - Thfii Binh DUdng trd thfinh Thu tQdng Phan Vfin Khai (thfing 5 nfim<br /> diu tfiu cua n i n kinh te" thfi" gidi, vdi sy troi 2000), ba l i n thfim Mianma cua Thu tUdng<br /> dfiy cua Trung Qud'c vfi An Dfi thi sU Nguyin Tfi'n Dung (thfing 8 nfim 2007,<br /> chuyen hUdng chifl'n lUdc vfi nhilu sU quan thfing 4 nfim 2010 vfi thang 12 nfim 2011),<br /> tam hdn dfii vdi khu vyc nfiy cua cfic cudng Chu tich nude TrUdng T i n Sang (thfing 11<br /> qudc hfing d i u thfi^ gidi nhU My, Nga cung nfim 2012). Ve phfa Mianma, k l tQ khi hai<br /> nhu sy bien dflng cua trfit ty khu vyc da nQde thie't Ifip quan hfi ngoai giao cfi'p Dai<br /> dfit ra khfing ft thfich thQe doi vdi eac qufl'c sQ, nhieu nhfi lanh dao cfi'p cao cua<br /> gia Ddng Nam A, trong dd cd ca Vifit Nam Mianma da sang thfim Viflt Nam nhQ: Thu<br /> vfi Mianma. Sy phfit triin manh me -cua tudng Than Shwe thfim chfnh thQc Viflt<br /> Hifip hpi cac qufl'c gia Dfing Nam A Nam (thing 3 nfim 1995), ThShg tQdng<br /> 4S Rghjgn cQu Lich sQ. s61.2013<br /> <br /> Than Shwe, Chu tjch Hfii d i n g Khfli phyc cam dn Ifip trudng cua Vifit Nam ung hfi<br /> Lufit phfip vfi Trfit ty Nhfi nudc (SLORC) Mianma gia nhfip Hifip hdi cac qufi'c gia<br /> da tham dy Hfli nghj cfi'p cao ASEAN l i n Dflng Nam A (ASEAN)" (22). Cdn Ting bf<br /> VI (thing 12 nfim 1998), thfim chinh thQc thu Dd Mudi, sau khi hoan nghenh nhQng<br /> Vifit Nam (thfing 3 nfim 2003); Thu tUdng thfinh tyu quan trpng cua nhfin dan<br /> Khin Nyunt (thfing 8 nfim 2004), Thu Mianma, dudi sU lanh dao cua SLORC,<br /> tudng Soe Win (thfing 4 nfim 2005); Thu trong vific thQc hifin chinh saeh dofin kit,<br /> tudng Thein Sein (thfing 11 nftm 2007), hofi giai dfin tfic. I n djnh, khfli phyc vfi<br /> chuyin thfim Vifit Nam l i n d i u tifln vdi tU phfit t r i i n dfi't nUdc, thUe hifin chinh sfich<br /> cfich lfi Td'ng thfl'ng Cfing hofi Lifln bang dfii ngo^i dfic Ifip, tich eye, md rpng, tranh<br /> Mianma cua Td'ng tho'ng Thein Sein (thing thu hpp t i c qufic t l , trong dd cd coi trpng<br /> 3 nfim 2012). Cfic chuyin viing thfim cSTp phfit t r i i n quan hfi hQu nghi vfi hpp tfic<br /> cao l i n nhau mdt each thUdng xuyen cua nhilu mfit vdi Vifit Nam, sfin sfing chia s&<br /> lanh dao hai nUdc khdng chi gfip p h i n tfing kinh nghidm vdi Vi§t Nam, da chi ro:<br /> cUdng quan hfi hQu nghj truyin tho'ng mfi 'Trong nQa thfi' ky qua, n h i t lfi vfio thdi<br /> cdn tao cd sd d l thuc diy quan hfi kinh t l . dilm quan trpng cua lich sQ mdi nUdc;<br /> nhan dan hai nUdc da khflng ngQng ung hfi,<br /> Minh chQng eho sQ nfing fi'm cua moi<br /> giQp dd l i n nhau trong cfing cupc dfi'u tranh<br /> quan hp chfnh tri-ngoai giao giQa Viflt Nam<br /> gifinh dfic Ifip vfi xfiy dyng dfi't nUdc. Nhfin<br /> vfi Mianma trong thfip nien cuoi cQng cua<br /> dan Vifit Nam ludn ghi nhd sQ ung hfi nhifit<br /> t h i ki XX dupc t h i hifin khfi rd, thfing qua<br /> tinh vfi giup dd qui bau dd cua nhfin dfin<br /> cac chuyin thfim viing l i n nhau cua lanh<br /> Mianma" (23).<br /> dao cfi'p eao hai nUde. Mfit trong nhQng<br /> chuyen di dd la chuyin thfim hQu nghi TQ ngfiy 12 dl'n ngfiy 15 t h i n g 5 nfim<br /> chinh thQc Lien bang Mianma eua Tong bi 2000, Thu tQdng Chinh phu Vifit Nam<br /> thQ Do MQdi b i t d i u tQ ngfiy 22 t h i n g 5 Phan Vfin Khai da thyc hien chuyen thfim<br /> nfim 1997, Trong cudc hpi dfim chinh thQc hQu nghi chinh thQc l i n d i u tien tdi Lien<br /> dien ra chifl'u ngfiy 22 thfing 5 vdi Tfl'ng bf bang Mianma theo ldi mdi cua Thu tQdng,<br /> thu Dd Mudi, Tho'ng tudng Than Shwe, Thd'ng tQdng Than Shwe. Tai l l ddn chinh<br /> Chu tich Hfli dong Khfli phyc Lufit phfip vfi thQc Thu tudng P h a n Vfin Khai, Thu tUdng<br /> Trfit tu Nhfi nudc (SLORC), Thu tUdng Than Shwe cho r i n g , day la mdt sU kifln<br /> Chinh phu Mianma da k h i n g dinh: "dUdi quan trpng khong chi danh dfiu budc phat<br /> sy lanh dao cua SLORC trong vide thUc triin mdi trong quan he hQu nghi truyin<br /> hifin myc tidu on dinh dfi't nUdc, dofin k i t thd'ng vfi hpp t i e nhilu mfit giQa Vi|t Nam<br /> dan tde, xfiy dyng xa hfii fi'm no, hanh phue. va Mianma mfi cdn rfi't cd y nghaa trong bfi<br /> Ve mfit nfiy, nhQng bfii hpc kinh nghipm canh hai nUdc c h u i n hi ky nidm 25 nfim<br /> cua Vifit Nam lfi rfi't b l fch dfli vdi Mianma" thifl't Ifip quan hfi ngoai giao (28/5/1975-<br /> (21). Chu tjch Than Shwe edn cho ring: "... 28/5/2000). Ve phia minh, Thu tQdng Phan<br /> cung nhu Viflt Nam, Mianma ehu trUdng Vfin Khai k h i n g dinh chinh sach dfli ngo^i<br /> xfiy dyng quan he hQu nghi vdi tfi't ca cac trudc sau nhu mot cua Vifit Nam lfi Uu tifin<br /> nQde, nhfi't lfi nhQng nudc lang giing, cac phfit trien quan hfi hQu nghj vfi hpp tic<br /> nUde trong khu vQc, khdng can thiflp vfio nhifl'u mfit vdi Mianma, ngUdi ban Ifing<br /> cflng vific nfii bfi cua cac nUdc khfic, hpp tfic gifl'ng g i n gui eua Vifit Nam da tQng gin b6<br /> cQng nhau phat trien da't nUdc. Chu tich vdi Viflt Nam trong qua trinh dfi'u tranh<br /> Hm hieu mfii quan he chinh tn.. 49<br /> <br /> gianh dpc Ifip dan tpc vfi hpp tfic chfit che hdn nQa d l vUpt qua nhQng thich thQc<br /> vdi Viet Nam vi sQ phat triin cua mdi nUdc dang dfit ra hifin nay" (26).<br /> cung nhu trong cufic dfi'u tranh chong sQ fip Nfim 2005 lfi nfim hai nQde ky nidm 30<br /> dfit vfi can thifip cua bfin ngoai (24). Dfing nfim t h i i t Ifip quan hfl ngosti giao nen<br /> thdi, hai Thu tUdng da nhfi't tri ring, hai chuyin thfim chinh thQc Vi§t Nam cua<br /> nUdc cin tfing eUdng phdi hdp chfit che vdi Trung tudng Soe Win, Thu tUdng Lifln<br /> nhau trong cae hoat dpng ddi ngoai n h i m<br /> bang Mianma theo ldi mdi cua Thu tUdng<br /> cung CO doan k i t va thuc dfiy hpp tac eua<br /> Phan Vfin Khai cd f nghia quan trpng. Bfit<br /> cfic nude ASEAN, thyc hifin tot ChUdng<br /> d i u tQ thfing 8 nfim 2005, Bfi Ngogi giao<br /> trinh hanh ddng Ha Ndi vfi cfic vfin kifin ky<br /> hai nQde da tiin hfinh tham khao chfnh tri<br /> k i t tai Hdi nghi cfi'p cao chinh thQc ASEAN<br /> h i n g nfim d cfi'p ThQ trQdng (27).<br /> l i n thQ 6, ciing nhU cfic vfi'n d l lien quan<br /> din vific thyc hifln cfic dy fin phfit triin Diu nftm 2006, Dai sQ Lifln bang<br /> Hfinh lang Dfing - Tiy vfi Tieu vQng sdng Mianma tai Hfi Ndi da cd bud'i tra ldi phdng<br /> Mficfing. Khfing chi ed vfiy, hai Thu tQdng v i n bao Qufic t l . Khi tra ldi cfiu hdi cua<br /> edn eho rang sQ phoi hdp thudng xuyen phdng vien v l vific dfinh gia sU hpp tfic Viet<br /> giQa Viflt Nam va Mianma khflng nhQng Nam - Mianma k l tQ khi dng dam nhiflm<br /> phue vu cho ldi fch cua hai nudc mfi cdn lfi chQc vu Dai sQ Lien bang Mianma tai Viet<br /> mpt nhfin to' tich cue dfii vdi sU dofin ket vfi Nam tQ thfing 11 nfim 2003, dng U Tin<br /> hpp t i e ASEAN, nhfim nfing cao vi the cua Latt eho ring: "Quan hfl hQu nghi truyin<br /> ASEAN (25). tho'ng vfi hpp t i e tdt dep giQa hai nUde da<br /> dupc tfing cudng manh me trong nhQng<br /> Ke tQ khi hai nUdc trd thfinh thfinh vien nam gan dfiy, dfic biet trong linh vUc chinh<br /> cua ASEAN (Viet Nam nam 1995 va tri va kinh tl. Hai nUdc thUdng xuyfin trao<br /> Mianma nfim 1997), ben canh moi quan hfi dfi'i eac chuyin tham d cfic cfi'p dfi khac<br /> hpp t i e song phUdng lfi mii hdp tac da nhau, trong dd chuyen thfim Vifit Nam cua<br /> phUdng trong khudn kho ASEAN. Tuyfin bo'<br /> Thu tudng, Trung tudng Soe Win vfio thfing<br /> chung Viet Nam - Mianma ngfiy 8 thang 5<br /> 4 nftm 2005 la minh chQng sinh dfing cho<br /> nfim 2002 nhfin chuyin thfim chinh thQc<br /> quyet tam thue day toan difin moi quan he<br /> Lifin bang Mianma eua Chii tich nUdc Trin<br /> ndng fi'm vfi'n cd giQa hai nUde" (28).<br /> DQc LUdng theo ldi mdi cua Thfl'ng tUdng<br /> Than Shwe, Chu tich Hoi ddng hoa binh vfi TQ nam 2005 den nftm 2009, hai nUdc dfi<br /> Phfit trien Quoc gia Lifln bang Mianma tQ tiin hfinh 5 cupe tham khao chinh tri<br /> ngfiy 5 din ngay 8 t h i n g 5 nfim 2002 da thudng nifin giQa hai Bfl Ngoai giao (thfing<br /> khang dinh: "Hai ben nhfit tri sQ cin thiit 8 nam 2005 tai Yangon; t h i n g 8 nfim 2006<br /> tang cudng hpp t i e giQa Viet Nam vfi tai Hfi Nfii; thfing 12 nfim 1997 tai Nay Pyi<br /> Mianma trong khudn khd' ASEAN cung Taw; t h i n g 8 nftm 2008 tai Ha Npi, t h i n g 9<br /> nhu vdi cac khu vUc khfic nham cung co' nfim 2009 tgi Nay Pyi Taw). Tai cfic eupe<br /> hoa binh, an ninh va thinh vUpng trong tham khao, Viet Nam va Mianma thudng<br /> khu vQc va trfln t h i gidi. Hai bfin danh gia thdng bao cho nhau tinh hinh moi nudc,<br /> cao vai trd quan trpng cua ASEAN doi vdi trao doi y kiln v l nhQng hifin phap nhfim<br /> hoa binh, an ninh va phat trien d khu vQc thuc diy hpp t i c song phQdng, dfic biet la<br /> cung nhu tren the gidi va cho rfing cac nQde viec thuc hifln cae thda thufin cfi'p cao (29).<br /> ASEAN can tang cUdng doan ke't vfi hdp tac Ngoai cfic chuye'n thfim cua lanh dao cfi'p<br /> cao, Vifit Nam vfi Mianma edn trao dii ngn nhfin cua bao vfiy c i m vftn, Vifit Nam<br /> nhilu dofin cfi'p bfi trudng, chu nhifim cfic khdng ung hfi vific fip dyng bifin phfip nfiy<br /> vfin phdng cua Qufic hfii, Chfnh phu... vdi Mianma (31).<br /> nhfim gia tfing hpp tfic vfi trao doi kinh Chi hdn hai nfim sau chuyin thfim<br /> nghifim v l cfic vfi'n d& lifin quan mfi hai bfin Mianma l i n d i u tifin vdi vai trd lfi Thu<br /> cQng quan tfim (30). tudng Chfnh phu Vifit Nam, ngfiy 2 thing 4<br /> nfim 2010, Thu tUdng Chfnh phu Vifit Nam<br /> Vifit Nam cd mfit vj tri quan trpng trong<br /> Nguyin T i n Dung da dSn d i u dofin dgi<br /> chfnh sfich dfii ngoai eua Mianma trong<br /> bilu cfi'p cao Vifit Nam thfim chfnh thflc<br /> nhQng nfim g i n day. Dilu nfiy t h i hifin d<br /> Mianma l i n thQ hai theo ldi mdi cua Thii<br /> vific cfic nhfi lanh dgo Mianma d cfi'p cao<br /> tQdng Then Sein. Chuyl'n thftm Mianma<br /> nhfi't da tiin hfinh viing thfim Vifit Nam<br /> l i n nfiy cua ngUdi dQng d i u Chfnh phu<br /> ngay sau khi nhfim chQc. Chuyin thftm<br /> Vifit Nam da cho t h i y ro sQ g i n bd trong<br /> Vifit Nam cua Thu tQdng Then Sein b i t<br /> quan hfi chfnh trj-ngogi giao giQa hai qudc<br /> d i u tQ ngfiy 9 thfing 11 nftm 2007 ngay sau<br /> gia Ddng Nam A lyc dja nfiy. Tai cudc hfii<br /> khi nhfim chQc Thu tUdng Lifln bang<br /> dfim, Thu tudng Nguyin T i n DQng khflng<br /> Mianma da cho thfi'y sQ g i n bd chfit cbfi<br /> chi nflu ro quan dilm cua Vifit Nam ung ho<br /> trong quan hfi chinh trj-ngogi giao giQa hai<br /> Mianma thUc hifin "Lfi trinh 7 bUdc vl dan<br /> nQde. Trong cudc hdi dfim vdi Thu tUdng<br /> chu hda", k h u y i n khich Mianma tilp tgc<br /> Then Sein, Thu tudng Nguyin Tfi'n Dung<br /> no lyc hdn d l to chQc tong tuyin cQ cflng<br /> da k h i n g djnh, Viflt Nam ung hd tiin trinh<br /> b i n g vfi tu do trong nfim 2010, vi Ipi fch<br /> hda giai vfi hda hpp dfin tfic cua Mianma<br /> cua nhfin dan Mianma, gdp p h i n vfio hoa<br /> vdi sQ tham gia tich cQc cua tfi't ca cac bdn<br /> binh, on dinh, hpp tfic, phfit triin cua khu<br /> lien quan, mong cac ben tilp tuc ddi thoai<br /> vUc mfi cdn khfing dinh Vifit Nam ludn coi<br /> de giai quyet sQ khac bifit. Dong thdi Thu<br /> trpng vfi mong mud'n khdng ngQng ph&t<br /> tudng Nguyin Tfi'n Dung eung mong mud'n<br /> triin mdi quan hfi hQu nghj truyin thing<br /> Chfnh phu Mianma hpp tfic chfit che vdi<br /> vfi hpp tfic nhie'u mfit vdi Mianma. Thu<br /> Lifln Hpp Quic vfi ASEAN trfln tinh t h i n<br /> tudng Nguyen Tfi'n Dung cung da dfinh gia<br /> xfiy dyng vfi ton trpng l i n nhau d l gdp<br /> eao quan hfl ehinh tri td't dpp giQa hai nU6c;<br /> phin thue diy tien trinh hda giai, hda hpp<br /> di nghj hai hfln tilp tyc tfing cUdng trao doi<br /> dan tdc phQ hpp vdi Ipi fch lau dfii cua<br /> cfic chuyin thfim cfi'p cao vfi cfic cfi'p vfi<br /> Mianma vfi khu vuc, vi hda binh, fl'n dinh<br /> t r i i n khai tfi't efic cd chl' hpp t i e nhU Uy<br /> vfi phat triin d Ddng Nam A vfi tren t h i<br /> ban Hon hpp vfi Tham khao Chinh tri gifla<br /> gidi. Trong boi canh Mianma ganh chiu sU<br /> hai Bfl Ngoai giao (32). Tgi cufic hfii dim,<br /> bao vfiy, cfi'm vfin chfit che eua Mi vfi<br /> hai Thu tudng da thao lufin eic bifin ph&p<br /> phUdng Tfiy, sy doan ke't va ung hfi mfit<br /> cy the n h i m md rfing vfi t i n g cUdng hdn<br /> cfich nhfi't quan mfi Vifit Nam dfinh eho<br /> nQa quan hfi hQu nghi vfi hpp tfic nhilu<br /> Mianma lfi rfi't cd y nghia. Cung nhfin dip<br /> mfit giQa hai nUde, n h i t lfi nhQng linh vdc<br /> nfiy, Thu tUdng Nguyin Tfi'n Dung da nhfi'n<br /> then c h i t nhu, ndng nghifip, trfing cfiy cflng<br /> manh Vifit Nam sfin sfing chia se kinh<br /> nghifip, thuy san, ngan hfing-tfii chfnh,<br /> nghipm trong phfit huy tinh t h i n dai dofin<br /> hfing khdng, vien thdng, d i u khf, khai<br /> k i t dan tdc, tfch cQc hfii n h i p de phyc vu<br /> khoing, san xufi't vfi cung cfi'p t h i i t bj difin,<br /> cfing cudc bao vfi, xfiy dQng vfi phfit triin<br /> san xufi't vfi Ifip rfip fl tfl, xfiy dUng vfi h(Jp<br /> dfi't nQde, dong thdi k h i n g dinh, tQng lfi<br /> Tim men asoi jjuaa ae efliaii irj...<br /> <br /> tfic thUdng mai-dau tU. Cd t h i thfi'y, mdi ba, ngfiy 21 t h i n g 12 nfim 2011 cua Thu<br /> quan hfl chfnh tri-ngoai giao tfi't d?p giQa tQdng Nguyen T i n Dung, theo ldi mdi cua<br /> Viflt Nam vfi Mianma trong thfip nien d i u Ting t h i n g Cfing hda Lien bang Mianma<br /> cua the ky XXI da dfit n i n mdng vQng chic Thein Sein, sau khi tham dy Hfii nghi<br /> cho quan h$ kinh t l , dfic bifit trong bfli Thupng dinh cie nUdc Tiiu vQng Mficfing<br /> canh hai nQde ngfiy cfing hfii nhfip sfiu vfio md rfing l i n thQ tU (GMS-4), Vifit Nam vfi<br /> Khu vyc mfiu dich ty do ASEAN (AFTA). Mianma da dat dUpc sQ ding thufin cao<br /> Nhan chuyin thfim Mianma l i n thQ hai, trong cfic vfi'n d l quan trpng eua khu vQc<br /> Thu tudng Nguyin TSin DQng da thflng bfio nhU: phfii hpp vfi hpp tfic vdi cfic lifln quan<br /> viec Chfnh phu Viet Nam quyit dinh thfinh trong vific sQ dung b i n vflng ngudn nUdc<br /> Ifip Hiep hdi cae nhfi d i u tQ Vifit Nam tgi sfing Mficfing; ung hfl viflc thUc hifin nghidm<br /> Mianma gfim cfic doanh nghifip ldn vfi cd uy tuc vfi diy du Tuyfln bd' vl cfich Qng xQ cua<br /> tfn cua Viflt Nam quan tam hpp tfic kinh cfic ben d biln Dfing (DOC); p h i n d i u cQng<br /> doanh vfi d i u tQ tgi Mianma. Hai Thu cfic nQde ASEAN vfi Trung Quoc sdm xfiy<br /> tudng da danh gia eao cie vftn kifin, thda dQng bd Quy t i c Qng xQ tai Biln Dfing<br /> thufin, hpp dong hpp tfic giQa cae Bp, ngfinh (COC) vi hda binh. I n djnh, an ninh, an<br /> va doanh nghiep hai nQde dQpc kf n h i n dip tofin hang hai d khu vQc. Ciing nhan dip<br /> nay. Thu tQdng Nguyen Tfi'n Dung vfi Thu nfiy, phia Mianma dfi cho r i n g Viet Nam lfi<br /> tudng Then Sein da n h i t trf thuc diy quan md hinh phat triin t i t mfi Mianma ed t h i<br /> hfi hpp tac tren cae linh v\ic khie nhQ y te, tham khao d l phfit triin, dfinh gia cao uy<br /> du lich, vftn hda, giao due, the thao, giao tin vfi vai trd cua Vi^t Nam trong khu vQc,<br /> thflng dQdng bd; dong thdi nhfi't tri xQc tien cam dn Vifit Nam da lufin ung hd Mianma<br /> dfim phfin, ky k i t them cie thda thufin hpp tai cac dien dan khu vUc vfi quoc te, nhfi't lfi<br /> tfic mdi, trong dd cd Hiep dinh miin thi vide Mianma dang cai Chu tich ASEAN<br /> thuc cho cflng dan mang hfi chilu p h i nfim 2014 (35).<br /> thdng cua bai nUde phQ hpp vdi Hi$p dinh Mdt dfi'u mdc quan trpng trong quan hfi<br /> ASEAN ve miin thi thQe cho cflng dfin chinh tri-ngogi giao Vi$t Nam - Mianma<br /> mang hp chilu pho thdng. Tuyfin hi chung trong nam 2012 chinh lfi chuyin thfim Vifit<br /> giQa Thu tUdng hai nUde ngay 02 thfing 4 Nam l i n d i u tien tren cUdng vi Ting thing<br /> nam 2010 ghi nhfin: "hai nUdc khdng chi Cfing hda Lien bang Mianma cua ngfii<br /> gia tftng hdp tfic trong 12 Unh vyc kinh t l , Thein Sein ngay 20 t h i n g 3 nfim 2012 theo<br /> ma cdn hpp t i e trong cfic linh vUc chinh tri, ldi mdi cua Chu tich nUde TrUdng Tfi'n<br /> doi ngogi, an ninh quo'c phdng, tgo cd sd Sang. Chuyin thfim Viet Nam l i n thQ hai<br /> phfip ly thufin ldi eho doanh nghifip hai eua Tong thd'ng Thein Sein dfi cho thfi'y sy<br /> nUde tang cudng cfic boat dfing thUdng mai coi trpng Vi^t Nam trong chfnh sfich dfli<br /> va d i u tu vfio mdi nQde" (33). Theo danh ngogi cua Mianma. Tai cufic hfii dfim chfnh<br /> gifi cua cfic nha Ngogi giao, chuyen thfim thQc, nguyen thu hai nQde da dgt sQ nhfi't<br /> chinh thQe Mianma t h i n g 4 nfim 2010 cua trf cao trong nhilu vfi'n d l quan trpng,<br /> Thu tQdng Viflt Nam Nguyen Tfi'n DQng quyit dinh chieu hUdng phfit triin cua<br /> dvtOc coi lfi "Biidc dot phd trong quan he hai quan he ehinh tri-ngogi giao giQa hai nUdc<br /> niidc Viet Nam-Mianma"(34). Cdn trong trong thdi gian tdi nhQ: duy tri cfic chuyin<br /> chuyin tham chinh thQc Mianma l i n thQ thfim va tilp xuc cfi'p cao; trao dd'i dofin cae<br /> 52 _D13<br /> <br /> <br /> cfi'p; duy tri thudng xuydn efic cd c h l hpp Trong qufi trinh xac djnh chd dQng cua<br /> tfic hifin ed nhU tjy ban Hdn hpp v l hpp t i e minh trfln ban do chfnh trj t h i gidi, hoi<br /> song phUdng, t!ly ban Hon hpp v l thUdng nhfip vfi phfit t r i i n , ea Vifit Nam va<br /> mgi vfi Tham khao chfnh trj giQa hai Bfi Mianma cd n h i l u ndt tUdng ddng mfi chi'nh<br /> Ngoai giao; thQc diy hpp tfic trong cic linh chQng se tgo cd sd d l dy dofin rfing trong<br /> vQc kinh t l , an ninh, qufl'c phdng; phfi'n dfi'u nhQng nfim tdi, quan hfi chfnh tri-ngoai<br /> dua kim nggch thUdng mgi hai nUdc len giao giQa hai nUde se tiip tuc phdt triin len<br /> 500 trifiu dfi la Mi vfio nfim 2015 (36). m0t tdm cao mdi, bin chat hon, gan ket han<br /> Trong nhQng nfim cuoi t h i ki XX - d i u trong ngdi nhd chung ASEAN. Khi dUa ra<br /> t h i ki XXI, Vifit Nam vfi Mianma khflng chi dy dofin trfln, chung tfli dQa trdn nhQng ct)<br /> tfing cudng vfi diy mgnh cic hoat dfing hpp sd sau:<br /> t i e song phUdng mfi cdn hpp t i e chfit che Thit nhdt, ca Viet Nam vfi Mianma deu<br /> vdi nhau trong ASEAN vfi mfit so diln dfin gia nhap ASEAN mufin (Vifit Nam nam<br /> hpp tfic khu vyc khfic nhU hpp tfic Tiiu 1995, Mianma nfim 1997), cd xufi't phat<br /> vQng sdng Mecdng (GMS); Hpp tfic Viet dilm phfit t r i i n thlip vfi d i u td ro mong<br /> Nam - Campuchia - Lfto-Mianma (CLMV); muon bfli nhfip sau rfing vfio khu vQc va<br /> Hpp tfic Hfinh lang Dfing - Tay (EWEC). t h i gidi, nfln d l chia se cho nhau nhflng<br /> Tren cfic dien dan qufl'c t l vfi khu vQc, hai kinh nghifim hfii nhfip vfi thQc diy hdp tac<br /> nUdc lufln dfinh cho nhau sU ung hfl vfi phoi d nhQng Unh vUc mfi moi nUdc cd t h i manh.<br /> hpp thudng xuyen. Vifit Nam da ung bfi<br /> Thit hai, ca hai nUdc d i u tQng phai<br /> manh me Mianma gia nhfip ASEAN vfi<br /> gfinh chiu sQ bao vfiy, cfi'm vfin eua Mi nfin<br /> tham gia Di§n dan ASEM. Dang chu y la<br /> de cd sQ dong cam, chia se kinh nghidm<br /> nfim 2010, vdi cUdng vi Chu tich ASEAN,<br /> trong qua trinh xQ ly moi quan hfi vdi My -<br /> tren cac diln dan quoc te vfi khu vQc, Viet<br /> eudng qud'c hang dau t h i gidi vfi Lien minh<br /> Nam da ung hfi nhfi't quan vfi mgnh me<br /> chau Au. Vifit Nam da trd thfinh eiu n ^ de<br /> Mianma trong viec giai quye't eac vfi'n d l<br /> Mianma cai thifin quan hfi vdi Lien minh<br /> nfii bp cua minh, khdng cd sQ can thiep eua<br /> chau Au nha't lfi khi Viflt Nam dam nhiem<br /> ben ngofii, nhfi't la cupe tong tuyen cQ ngfiy<br /> chQc Chu tich ASEAN nfim 2010, nUdc chu<br /> 7 thfing 11 nfim 2010 cua Mianma. Nhd sQ<br /> nhfi cua eupe gfip thUdng dinh A-Au<br /> ung hp va vfin dpng tich cyc cua Viet Nam,<br /> (ASEM). Vipt Nam "lfi mot trong s l i t nUdc<br /> ngfiy 18 t h i n g 11 nam 2010, efic thfinh vifln<br /> trUdc sau nhU mpt kifln tri chinh sach ung<br /> ASEAN da nhanh ehdng thdng qua "Tuyen<br /> hp Mianma bao vfi dflc Ifip, chu quyin, toan<br /> bd'cua ASEAN ve cugc bdu eve ngdy 7 thdng<br /> vpn Ifinh t h i , hda hpp dfin tfic; khflng tan<br /> 11 ndm 201ff' cua Mianma do Vipt Nam dU<br /> thfinh chinh sfich bao vay, cfi'm vfin, trQng<br /> thao "vdi ngi dung kOp tinh hop ly" (37).<br /> phat kinh t l vdi Mianma" (38).<br /> Tuyen bo nfiy cua ASEAN da giup eho<br /> Mianma tranh thu dupe sQ ung hfl rdng rai Thit ba, n l u so sanh vdi moi quan h§<br /> cua cdng dong qud'c te dfli vdi cuflc b i u cQ ehinh tri - ngoai giao giQa Viet Nam va<br /> lich sQ ngay 7 t h i n g 11 nfim 2010. Thai Lan- mpt nUdc Dfing Nam a luc dia<br /> khac, cd nhQng diem tUdng dfing vdi<br /> 3. Trien vgng cua mdi quan he chinh Mianma (39), chung ta thfi^y mfli quan hfi<br /> tri ngoai giao giiia Viet Nam vd<br /> chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa Viet Nam va<br /> Mianma<br /> Mianma cd nhieu diem khac biet, mfi chinh<br /> Tim hieu mfli qunn he chinh hi... 53<br /> <br /> ehung se dinh hudng cho sQ phat triin cua do'i mdi cua Viet Nam, ung hfi Viet Nam gia<br /> quan hd giQa Viet Nam va Mianma trong nhfip To chQe ThUdng mgi T h i gidi (WTO),<br /> tUdng lai. Neu nhU quan hfi ehinh tri-ngogi cQng cfic nQde chfiu A khac ung hfl Vidt<br /> giao giQa Vifit Nam vdi Thfii Lan cd nhQng Nam lfi Qng cQ vifln duy nhfi't dgi difin chfiu<br /> "nit t r i m " trong thfip nien 60-70 cua the ki lyc Qng cQ chQe uy vien khdng thudng trye<br /> XX, khi Thai Lan lfi dong minh thfin cfin tgi Hfli dong Bao an Lifin Hdp Quoc nhiem<br /> cua Mi trong cufic chiin tranh Vi^t Nam, ki 2008-2009. DiS'u dfing ndi lfi 'Trong cfic<br /> thi quan hfi ehinh trj-ngogi giao Vi$t Nam- budi ddn tiep, hfii dfim vdi Iftnh dao cfi'p cao<br /> Mianma lfi mdi quan hfi truyen thing, phfit Viet Nam, lanh dao cfi'p cao Mianma ludn<br /> trien theo hQdng di Ifin, dUpc cung cIcQng khfing dinh "Vi^t Nam lfi bgn bd than thiit,<br /> vdi thdi gian. Theo Dgi SQ Quan Viflt Nam tin cfiy eua Mianma", "giQa hai nUdc ehi cd<br /> tgi Cpng hda Lien bang Mianma, "trong cfic tinh hQu nghi vfi hdp tac, khdng ton tai bfi't<br /> cupc hpp cua uy ban hon hpp hai nUdc; cQ vudng mfic gi" "Mianma kham phyc tinh<br /> tham khao chinh tri giQa hai bfi Ngogi giao; t h i n ba't khufi't cua Vifit Nam trong diu<br /> cac cuflc hfii thao giQa quan chQc va doanh tranh cho'ng ngoai xfim vfi tinh t h i n cin cQ<br /> nghidp hai nudc, phia Mianma thudng sang tgo trong lao ddng xay dyng dfi't<br /> nhfi'n mgnh giQa hai nudc cd bon dilm nUdc", "Mianma hpc tfip dUpe nhiflV kinh<br /> tUdng dong hiem cd trong cac nUdc Ddng nghiflm phat triin kinh t l cua Vi$t Nam<br /> Nam A: a, Hai nUde deu hi de qufl'c, thUc nhfi't la trong linh vQc ndng nghidp,..." (41).<br /> dan phUdng Tfiy dfl hfi hdn rapt the ki, deu Chi'nh sach eua Mianma doi vdi Viflt Nam<br /> dfi'u tranh gian kho vi dpc Ifip dfin tfic bfing nfim trong chinh sach dfii ngogi cua<br /> chfnh sQc manh cua dan tpc minh; b, Hai Mianma. Cd the thfi'y chu trUdng coi trpng<br /> nUde deu trai qua nhilu nfim hi bao vfiy va phat trien mfi'i quan he hQu nghi va lau<br /> cfi'ra vfin tQ bfin ngofii nhUng vfin giQ dUpe ddi giQa nhan dan hai nUde, tang cUdng<br /> dfic Ifip ty ehu. Viet Nara da vQpt qua khd quan he hdp tac tren nhieu linh vUc vdi<br /> khfin nfiy, Mianma dang tQng budc vUdt Vifit Nam dUa tren cd sd nam nguyen tfic<br /> qua; e, Hai nude deu cd ne'n vfin hda lua cung ton tai hda binh, tfin trpng dflc Ifip,<br /> nude phong phu, dgo Phfit lfi ton giao ehu quyen, khong can thiep vfio cdng viec<br /> chinh. Nhfin dfin hai nQde de'u rfi't quy npi bd cua nhau, binh dfing, ddi bfin cQng cd<br /> trpng dflc Ifip tu do, cin eu lao dpng vfi dflV ldi cua phia Mianma lfi kha tUdng dong vdi<br /> cd phong tyc fin "trfiu cau" mang dfim ban dudng loi doi ngoai cua Viet Nam, khi<br /> sic dan tfic; d, Hai nudc khflng ton tai bfi't chung ta day mgnh cdng cupc do'i mdi dfi't<br /> ky xung dflt nfio ve bifln gidi, lanh tho, hie'n nUdc va hpi nhfip qufl'c te Theo danh gia<br /> dao, an ninh qud'c phdng vfi an ninh kinh cua gidi ehuyen mdn 'Thflng qua sQ ung hd<br /> tl" (40). cua Viet Nam, Mianma gia tfing dQdc vi the<br /> trong ASEAN, tranh thu sQ hieu bie't,<br /> VI phia Mianma, ke tQ khi hai nQde thong cam vfi ung hfi cua ban be qufi'c te de<br /> thie't Ifip quan hfl ngoai giao, Chfnh phu tQng budc hdi nhfip vdi t h i gidi" (42).<br /> Mianma lufln t h i hifln quan diem nhfi't<br /> quan khi ung hfi Viet Nam khdng chi trong<br /> nhQng nftm t h i n g dfi'u tranh gian khd vi sU Ke tQ khi Viet Nam va Mianma nang<br /> nghiflp dfic Ifip, ty do cua dan tfic mfi ca cap quan he tQ Tfl'ng Lanh sy len quan hfl<br /> trong sU nghifip xay dUng dfi't nUdc. Chinh ngoai giao ca'p Dai sQ nfim 1975 den nay,<br /> phu Mianma da ung hfi mgnh me cong cupe mo'i quan he chinh tri-ngoai giao giQa hai<br />  Hghian cQu Lfch siSr. sfl 1.2013<br /> <br /> <br /> nude da dupe tfing cUdng vfi cung cfl" so vdi nhfin dfin hai nUdc trong sQ nghifip xay<br /> giai doan trudc dd, trong bfii canh ca hai dyng vfi phfit t r i i n dfi't nQde. Sy tfi't dep<br /> d i u nd lyc hfii nhfip vfio ngfii nhfi chung trong quan hfi chinh trj-ngogi giao da, dang<br /> ASEAN. Trong qufi trinh hfii nhfip khu vyc vfi se tgo d i l u kifin thufin Ipi khfing chi cho<br /> vfi quic t l , chfnh sfich cua Vi§t Nam dfii vdi sQ phfit t r i i n cua q u a n hfi kinh t l (43) mi<br /> Mianma vfi Mianma dfii vdi Vifit Nam d i u cdn ca trong nhQng linh vyc quan trpng<br /> n i m trong chfnh sfich chung cua mdi nUdc khfic n h u hpp tfic quan sy, a n ninh, hdp tic<br /> dfii vdi khu vyc Dfing Nam A. T r u y i n t h i n g gifio dye, vfin hda, t h i thao vfi du lich...<br /> hQu nghj Ifiu ddi giQa Vifit Nam vfi Mfit ky nguydn p h i t t r i i n mdi mang dim<br /> Mianma trong sQ nghifip dfi'u t r a n h giai dafu fi'n cua thdi dai vfi cua khu vyc dang<br /> phdng dfin tfic se lfi ehfi't xuc tfic, gfin k i t dupc md ra trong ljch sQ cua mSi dan tflc.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THfCH<br /> (1). Ng&y 18 thang 9 n6m 1988, Hi^i ding khdi Nam t ^ C^ng lifla Li§n bang Mianma, Dai gljl Chu<br /> phue Hiin phdp vd trdt tylNhd ntldc (SLORC) dil^c Cong Phiing (chu bifin), Mianma Lich ait vd Hien tai.<br /> th&nh l&p v4 doi ten nUdc \k Li§n bang Mien Di|n, Nxb. Chfnh trj Qufic gia - Su thfit, Hfi Noi, 2011, tr.<br /> Tfl ngay 18 t h i n g 6 nam 1989, chfnh thUc mang 12, 27, 414 vfi tong h ^ tU Bao Nhdn Ddn ngfiy 2<br /> ten Mianma (Din theo, Mai Ly Quang, 250 quic thfing 4 nam 2010.<br /> gia vd viing ldnh tho trin thi gidi, Nxb. T h i gridi. (3). Ve tfin gpi Diin Diin, Ban bien t^p Ho Chi<br /> Ha N8i, 2004, tr. 477). Theo Hien phap Mianma Minh todn tap, tfip 5 cfl chu thfch nhU sau "Mis'!!<br /> nfim 2008, t^n chi'nh thflc cua qu6c gia Dong Nam Di§n: Nudc Mianma. Trong nhiing nftm 1947-1948,<br /> A nfiy lfi Cgng hda Lien bang Mianma (Republic of Chil tjch H i Chf Minh con dilng t§D goi DUD Di^D<br /> the Union of Myanmar ( D i n theo, Robert n.. Cling lfi Mianma ngfiy nay; sfich b i o luc dd cfiog<br /> Taylor, The State in Myanmar, Singapore, NUS n h u v§y. Ban bien tfip gifl nguyen ban nhU sachvi<br /> Press, 2009, pp. 496). Trong bfii viet nfiy, chiing toi t u li^u luu trfi (BT)" (Hd Cht Minh todn tdp, tfip 5<br /> dung ca hai ten goi Mig'n Di?n vfi Mianma tfiy theo (1947-1948), Nxb. Chfnh tri Qu& gia, Hfi N6i,<br /> tiing thdi diem lich sii. 2011, tr. 451).<br /> (2). C6 the k l ra dfiy m^t ao n6t tUcJng dong; Vift<br /> (4), (5). Hd Chi Minh todn tdp, tfip 5, add, tr.<br /> Nam vfi Mianma deu lfi hai quoc gia c6 dien tich ldn b 43, 451.<br /> D6ng Nam A lyc dja (di§n tfch cua Vi^t Nam lfi<br /> (6), (7), (8). Ho Chi Minh todn tap, tfip 6 (1949-<br /> 331.700 km^ con di§n tfch cua Mianma khoang<br /> 1950). add, tr. 229, 229, 274.<br /> 678.500 km^ dfin so cua Vi§t Nam Unh den thfing 7<br /> nfim 2011 lfi 90 tri^u 549.390 ngu6i; con dfln sfi" (9). Ho Chi Minh todn tap, t^p 9 (1954-1955).<br /> Mianma nfim 2010 khoang 66 tri^u ngudi (trong dfl, sdd, tr. 140-141.<br /> 89,3% so dfin theo dao Phfit). Ca Vi^t Nam vfi (10). Hd Chi Minh todn tap, tfip 10 (1955-1957).<br /> Mianma d i u Ifi quoc gia da ddn t^, b6n c ^ dfin t ^ sdd, tr. 522.<br /> da so' (ngUdi Kinh 5 Vi^t Nam, ngudi Mien d Mianma) (ll). H6 Chi Minh todn tap, tfip 11(1957-1958).<br /> thi con cfl nhieu dan toe thieu Bo'ciUig chung sflng (d sdd, tr. 253.<br /> Vi^t Nam cfl 53 dfin toe, d Mianma cfl 135 sfic toe khac (12), (13). Hi Chi Minh todn tap, tfip 11 (1957-<br /> nhau smh song (Din theo, Mai Ly Quang, 250 qudc 1958). add, t r . 284-285, 625.<br /> gia vd vung ldnh tho tren the'gidi, Nxb. The gifli, Hfi<br /> (14), (15). D i n theo, Dai SQ Quan Vi?t Namt^i<br /> Noi, 2004, tr. 475-480, 841-958; D^i Sil Quan Vi^t<br /> Cong hda Lien bang Mianma, Dai sU Chu Cong<br /> Tim hi&i mdi quan he chinh hi..,<br /> <br /> Phiing (chii biSn), Mianma Lich sit vd Hien tai, (29). Thdng tin Tii U$u • TTXVN -38 (1359), 30<br /> Nxb. Chfnh tri Qucfc gia - Sy thfit, Hfi Nfii, 2011, •3- 2010.<br /> tr. 396, 396. (31). Bfio Lao dfing ngfiy 23 thfing 11 nfim 2007.<br /> <br /> (16), (17), (27), (30), (33), (34), (37), (38), (40), (32). Tin Thfi" gidi • TTXVN ngfiy 3 thfing 4 nfim<br /> (41), (42). D^i Sfl Qufin Vift Nam t^i C§ng hoa 2010.<br /> Li§n bang Mianma, Diii sfl Chu Cflng Phflng (chii (35). Nguon: vnexpreas.net ngfiy 21 thfing 12<br /> bien), Mianma Lich sit vd Hi^n (pi, sdd, tr. 396, nfim 2011.<br /> 396, 398, 398, 399-400, 399, 400, 402, 403, 402, (36). Ngufin: dantri.com.vn ngfiy 21 thfing 3<br /> 404. nfim 2012.<br /> (18). Tuy luc dd Mianma dang g$p khfl khfin do (39). Thfii Lan lfi nUdc cfi di§n tfch nho hdn<br /> tfic dflng cua khiing hoang kinh ti- xa hoi, nhUng Mianma mfit chflt (513.115 km'), song l^i dong<br /> Chfnh phu Mianma v&n ci gfing vi§n tr