Ứng dụng Subject guies trong hoạt động Thư viện thông tin

LTNG DUNG SUBJECT GUIDES<br /> TRONG HOAT DONG THU* VIEN THONG TIN<br /> ThS. Nguyin Thj Lan<br /> Khoa Thu vien - Thdng tin hpc, Oai hpe KHXH&NV Tp. HCM<br /> <br /> Tdm t i c<br /> Cdng nghi thdng tin ph^ trien da tpo dieu lain tiiuSn lpi ctio deep quan thw viin - tiidng tin tixmg<br /> viic tao rade san ph&n tiidng tin d dit lut^ va dip dtig nhu cau ngay dng da d^ig dia ngudi dung<br /> tin. Subject gukies (danh mpc t i i IKU ttieo diu de) H mpt trong nhQng cdng cy dupc ntiOu thu viin d Viit<br /> Nam vi tiin thSgkSlsd dpng b^ nhutig tiai kh(3ia no. Bii wet tiinh t)iy lOiOhg Idtii niim, dSc O^, vai<br /> trd vi mdt sd cdng nghi f^tiiin<br /> hiin nay dupc sddung di tao l^ subject giMdeslrorig cic d quan thw<br /> viin - tiidng tin.<br /> Td kitoi: Subject gukies, thu vign, lihg dyng.<br /> Absbact:<br /> Devekipment of information technotogy has created favor^jle conditions fyr ^jrary and Information<br /> /rBttuHons ki creating quality Information products wtUd meet ttie increasingly Averse needs of thdr<br /> users. Subject gukies Is one of tiie tools used by many lltjranes in Viet Nam and around ttie world ttianks<br /> to its utilities. The artide presents ttie concepts, charadenstics, roles and some today's popular tednoto^es used to buikl subject gukies In ttie library and information institutions.<br /> Key<br /> <br /> Subjed guides, Itbianes, applk3tion.<br /> <br /> 1. Bl^t vffn d%<br /> Sy tiiing no eua edng nghg ttiong tin v i truydn<br /> ttifing trong giai doan h i ^ nay da tao dElu kien<br /> thuin ldi cho cic cd quan thy vien - thfing tin trong<br /> vige tigp egn dgn ngudi dung tin (NOT) v i quing<br /> b i eic sin pham, djch vy thU vien - ttiong tin.<br /> Ngu nhy trudc d i y cic ttiU vign thudng sy dyng<br /> eic td rdi, pa no, ap phieh de tmyen thong diep<br /> den NDT, thi ngiy nay eic ttiU vien cd the t i n<br /> dyng cie kenh thfing tin hien dai de thay the cic<br /> c i d i thdc da thyt hign trong qua khy.<br /> Bgn cgnh dd, hi§n nay cac ngufin thfing tin<br /> dang ngiy eing gia ting nhanh chdng, vi vgy cie<br /> thy vign cd the khai thic toi da cie nguon thfing<br /> bn niy de chpn k;>e v i l i m da dgng, phong phii<br /> nguon t i i nguygn thfing tin aia minh. Tuy nhien,<br /> vige phat tiien aia cie nguon thfing tin mang Igi<br /> nhieu thuin ldi dio NDT trong vige b'm kiem va sd<br /> <br /> dyng thfing tin hffu kh, nhuhg cung l i mpt thich<br /> thut doi vdi NDT t h i & ky ning trong vige tim<br /> kiSn v i danh gia thfing tin. Do dd, sU biing bfi<br /> eua cie cfing ey web 2.0 mien phi da tgo ra nhigu<br /> cd hfii cho cac thd vign trong viee tgo ra eic<br /> nguon ttifing bn higu q u i , bet kigm dddc chi phi<br /> thyt hien v i (Tmh hudng dio NOT den cie nguon<br /> t i i nguyen thfing tin hiiU ich.<br /> Hdn niia, dfii vdi mpt nude dang phat trien<br /> nhy nude ta, dneu kien hoat dfing hign tg) oia cic<br /> ttiu v i ^ vin cdn rat khd khin, die bigt l i ve kinh<br /> phi dau t u eho cie hoat dfing aia thU vign. Do<br /> dfi, dg khic phyc nhOhg hgn die aia NDT thieu<br /> ky ning v i ning eao hieu qua hoat dfing cua minh,<br /> thy vign gid vai trd quan trpng trong viec tim<br /> kigm, thu thip va tn ddc dc ngufin thfing tin<br /> [^u hdp d i p dng nhu a u ngiy eang da dgng ciia<br /> NDT. Vi the, viec uhg dung subjert guides trong<br /> hoat dfing thy vien - ttifing bn trong giai doan<br /> <br /> T?p chi THir VlfNyillNAJ 1(63)<br /> <br /> 33<br /> <br /> hien nay la rat can thiet<br /> Subjed gukJes t i cfing cu dudc sd dyng pho<br /> bien hign nay d nhieu od quan thy vien - ttiong tin<br /> ygn ttie gidi v i mot so thy vign Vigt Nam. Viec<br /> tgn dung eac cfing nghe phat tiien de tao lap cae<br /> thdng tin ttieo tiihg diu de khic nhau nhim dap<br /> ling tfit hdn cho NDT la mfit xu ttig tat yeu v i mang<br /> Igi nhKeu ldi ich eho ttid vign.<br /> 2. Khii q u i t ve subject guides<br /> Tnwg nhuhg nim gan d i y ttiuat ngff subjed<br /> gukJes dudc sd d^ffig nhieu titxig hoat dong ttiU<br /> vign - ttiong tin d Vigt Nam. Tuy nhien, tten the gidi<br /> ttiugt ngff subjed gukJes dude de cgp vao nim<br /> 1973 nhy l i "mpt togt b i n do chi dan dgn nguon<br /> t i i nguyen aia thU vien; nd l i mpt dinh vj thfing<br /> tin de NOT tim kiem cae t i i ligu dudc lUti bi? ttieo<br /> mpt ehu de m i hp quan t i m " [8].<br /> Npi dung subject guktes vio nim 1973 khic<br /> vdi subjed guktes ngay nay. Thugt ngff ban (fiu chi<br /> bao him y n0iB 6 cac chi dan (pathfinders) va hdn 30<br /> nim sau, cic ttid vign den khip Hoa Ky sd dung<br /> m ^ kiat cic ttiugt ngff de mfi ta eic toai subjed<br /> gukies nhy: subject guides, research gukies (danh<br /> mye t i i ligu nghign cdu), research toots (ofing ey<br /> nghien aiU), pattifindere (ehi dan), etectionie library<br /> gukies or e-gutdes (danh mye ttiU vign d i ^ tiJ"<br /> hoic danh mye tai ligu dien tif), web- lographies<br /> (danh mye tiang web), Internet resouce coliedkxis<br /> (bp sud tip nguon t i i nguygn Internet), resounze lists<br /> (danh sich ngufin ta nguyen), hoic subjed portals<br /> (cong ttifing tin ttieo chu de) [8]. Muc dinh chinh<br /> oia danh mye nay la nhim cung cap mpt diem ktidi<br /> dau cho vige nghien aiU cua NDT. Cie sinh vign<br /> va giing vign trong mdi trudng dai hoc thddng<br /> thyt hign vige tim kiem cic nguon thfing tin, tai<br /> ligu phye vu cho viec nghign a i d eua hp. Vi vgy,<br /> mot so thy vign etio ring eac danh mue nhu la<br /> mdt diem khdi dau etio vige bit dau nghign oiU<br /> cua hp [8]. Sd di ndi subjed guktes t i mpt diem<br /> khdl dau dio vigc tim kiem cac tai lieu nghien cud<br /> vi cic subjed guides se phin chia cac ttifing bn<br /> ttieo timg ehii de khac nhau v i trong tiihg chu de<br /> s@ t^p hdp tat ca cac nguon t i i nguyen thong tin<br /> « chii de dd, ty t i i ligu in an, den ngufin tai ligu<br /> sfi, a( sd dff lieu (CSOL), cac trang web.. Cic<br /> <br /> 34<br /> <br /> nguon tai nguyen se dudc tfch hdp theo timg chu<br /> de va NDT ed ttie tim kiem ttiong tin qua dc lien<br /> k a d i dude tap hdP de md rpng khi ning tim ki&n<br /> tai Itgu phii hdp. Do do, ttieo tac gia Nedelina<br /> Tehangatova va Amanda Feigley [8], sut)ject guides<br /> trd giiip eho vige nghiai cdd dong mpt nginh cy<br /> ttie ho^c ve mpt ehii de cy ttie. Chung ding cung<br /> cip nhuhg thfing tin hiid fch giiip cho vigc tim<br /> kiem va su" dyng ttifing tin trong eac hinh thirt ey<br /> ttie, ching hgn nhd cac bing sing d i g ho$c lu$n<br /> v i n , lugn an...<br /> Cd tiie tiiay ring, subjed guktes la danh sich<br /> eic nguon tai nguygn thong tin dudc tao ra Wfi<br /> ngUdi lam ttiU vien de ho tid NDT vdi nhu c^u<br /> nghign oiU aia hp. Oanh sach cac nguSn tai nguy&i<br /> ttifing tin cd the bao gom nhieu ehu dS nhuhg<br /> khong gidi han d sadi, bio, tgp ehi, CSOL, cic dang<br /> web, cung nhU b i t ky chu de khic ma ngudi lim<br /> thU vign cim thay se ho d d dUpe cho wgc nghign<br /> a i d cua NDT [6].<br /> Trong khi dd, Oieo Buffy J. Hamifton, subjert<br /> guides la mpt t i p hdP cac nguon lyc dUdc thiet kg<br /> giijp NOT nghign a i d va khim pha day dii ve mgt<br /> chil de [3].<br /> Tic g i i Tim Wales [10] eho ring, subjed<br /> guides la hg thong hoi eae kien thdc lien quan den<br /> VI tri va vtec tmy xuat thfing tin theo mpt t^ii dS<br /> nhat dinh hoic bp sud tap cic tiiwig tin lign nginh<br /> de cung cap cho NDT. Theo fing, day la ky thuit<br /> duy nhat dg hudng dan eho NDT tnfc tuyen buy<br /> eSp t d eic sieu lign ket den eac tai lieu hUdng din<br /> khic nim d nhffng ncfl khic nhau dgn cic trang<br /> w/eb cua tfi chdc hoic trgn tidig bang web rigng<br /> cLia thy vign, do dd cd the riit ngin khoing cich<br /> gtOa NDT v i thy vien.<br /> Nhy vay, cd ttie hiaj subjed guides la mpt<br /> danh sich cac ngufin tat nguyen thfing tin dudc<br /> tC) chye va sip xgp theo cac chu de khic nhau.<br /> Nguon t i i nguyen ttiong tin nay rat da dang v i<br /> khfing gidi hgn d bat ky ngufin nao bao gfim:<br /> sach, bao, tap ehf dign td, t i i l i ^ sfi, CSOL, dang<br /> web, bp sUu t i p ttiong tin trgn Internet, tgn cic<br /> khoa hpc, R5S feeds, tai ligu giing dgy, cic cfing<br /> cu dinh g i i , tat lieu hudng d i n , tigu ehuSn tipc<br /> tap, cie eupc phdng van hay thfing tin phin lifil<br /> <br /> t d giao vi&i, sinh vign...<br /> Hit so d^ diem o i a sutgect guides<br /> - De dang tao Ipp, dp nhat vi duy tri: Subjed<br /> guktes la odng cu dUde sd dung de cung cap ttiong<br /> tin theo tuTig ehu de d&i NDT ma ngycfi tgo Igp<br /> ktiong can phii tfin nhieu thdi gian v i cong sdt<br /> trong viec t h i 3 lap, bdi vi ngudi tgo subjed guktes<br /> sd dung cac mau cd sin, giong nhU tgo mpt trang<br /> bkig mdi. vdi moi subjed gukies, ngUdi tgo Igp ed<br /> ttig d l ding thiet Igp eae bang thwig tin khic<br /> nhau. Moi bang thfing tin ed the tfch bc^ cic npi<br /> dung ktiie nhau t d t i i ligu in, CSDL, b i i bao, tap<br /> chi den cic trang w ^ , tai lieu sfi hay cac nguon<br /> thdng tin tham khio tryc tuyai. Cac subjed gukies<br /> thudng cd mpt bo cyc thong nhat ngn vige thiS:<br /> Igp rat d l ding v i khfing gidi hgn ve so lUdng cic<br /> npi dung thong tin hay cic lign ket dUdc dSng tai.<br /> Do dd, ngudi lam thd vign dudc yeu (3u phii theo<br /> mgt khufin mau de tgo sy ntiat quan giiia cic<br /> subjed guictes. Moi subjed guides cho phep dua<br /> npi dung d nhigu dtnh dang khac nhau nhd vin<br /> ban, Hnh anh, am thanh, eic lien k ^ tfch hpp nhieu<br /> img dyng nhU RSS, video, audio, chat, binh luin,<br /> mgng xa hoi... [8].<br /> <br /> khac nhau nhd chat d y t tiep vdfi ngudi l i m ttiy<br /> vien; gui email hoic phin hoi tnic tigp ttieo tirtig<br /> npi dung oia subject gukies. Cac thfing tin phin<br /> hoi nay se giup xay dyhg moi quan he chit che,<br /> gan gOi giiia NOT va ngudi lam ttiU vign; tiep<br /> nhan y kien phin hoi tif phia NDT de eii ttgn v i<br /> phit trien eae subjed gukies ngiy cang da dgng,<br /> phong phli va dap dng nhu cau cua NDT [8]. Bgn<br /> canh dd, cae subjed gukies dudc thiS ke ttieo cac<br /> mau dcfti giin, ngudi lam thU vien ed the dieu diinh<br /> v i dien cac hinh i n h phii hdp dio tiJhg chti dg<br /> cy ttie.<br /> <br /> Hinh 1. Subjed guides aia ThU wen B Dorado<br /> http://w¥m.fk:.k3Srios.edu/~}knener/<br /> 3. Vai tro cua subject guides<br /> <br /> Ngoai ra, eic subjed guides ed bo eye gifing<br /> nhau ngn vigc cap nhgt hoic sao chgp cac subjed<br /> guides mdi 6U0c thUe hign mfit cich de ding va<br /> khfing ton nhigu thdi gian, cfing sdc aia ngydi<br /> tgol§p.<br /> - De quan ly: &jbjed guides dudc hiu t\&. cac<br /> thU vifn b'ch hdp len bang web aia cd quan minh,<br /> bdi vi day l i cfing cy ctl sd dung va d l quin ly.<br /> Subjed gukies cho phep phin quyen eho nh©u<br /> ngudi l i m thd vien trong viee tao ra cic danh<br /> mye t i i ligu va dua ten trang web bat ed luc nao,<br /> eung nhy quin ly ti'nh nhat quan cua cic subjed<br /> gukies. Bgn a n h dd, subjed guides eung l i cfing<br /> cy hl^u q u i trong viec xem xet eae so lieu thong<br /> kg ludt truy c$p vao timg ndi dung khac nhau [1],<br /> - Unh ddng, de tim kiem, sinh ddng, ddn giin<br /> do NDT: Subject guides l i cfing cy ddn giin, de<br /> sd dyng v i thin thi$n v&\ NDT thong qua cac<br /> ngufin thfing tin vg tai ligu dudc thiet lap theo<br /> tirhg chu de ktiae nhau, nguon ttiong tin da dang;<br /> giao dien quen thupc vcfi NDT va ed eae ho trd<br /> <br /> Hign nay nhieu ed quan thd vtgn - thfing tin<br /> trgn thg gidi va mpt so thd vien Viet Nam da sd<br /> dyng subjed gukies nhy l i mpt cfing cy higu qua<br /> de dip lihg nhu cau ngay cing da dgng ciia NDT.<br /> Subjed gukies dUdc sy dyng pho bien hien nay<br /> la ddi nhiihg g i i bi ciia no nhy:<br /> - Tpp tidp dc ngudn thdng tin theo du de:<br /> Subjed guides giiip ngUdi lim thu vign cd the tao<br /> lip v i sip xep cie nguon thdng tin da dang theo<br /> tiihg chu de ktiie nhau. Moi ehu de se bao gom eic<br /> thfing tin dude lign k S v i tfch hdp trong subjed<br /> guides. Cac nguon tai lieu da dang nhU cac ngufin<br /> bn trgn Internet, video dip, hinh anh, CSDL, danh<br /> mye eic bang w ^ . . . Oo do, dieu niy se gtup cho<br /> NDT cd the tim hieu cie nguon ttiong tin theo<br /> tiihg diu de m ^ each nhanh chdng, tiet kigm thdi<br /> gian v i edng syc trong viec tim kiem tit lieu.<br /> - Hudng dan d&i dc ngudn thdng tin hifu ich:<br /> Nhan vien tao lip subjed guides la ngUdi am hieu<br /> cae nguon thfing tin va chpn Ipc eac nguon thfing<br /> <br /> 1(63)<br /> <br /> 35<br /> <br /> cfing sut v i vi§c duy c§p aia NOT dU0c d l ding<br /> tin cd gta di, od chat ludng de dip img nhu c3u<br /> cua NDT. Vi vgy, NDT ehi can tim den cac ehu dS va ttiu§n tign hdn. Sau day l i mot sd eong nghe<br /> cd the sd dyng dg tgo lap subjed guides:<br /> minh cd nhu cau de truy cap den cac nguon<br /> ttifing tin mfit eieh hiiU ich.<br /> Wikis<br /> - Truy dp khdng gidi han: Cac subjed guides<br /> da ddpe eic cd quan thd vien - ttifing tin tfch hdp<br /> tren bang web aia minh v i ed sin trong mot<br /> tnidng tn/c tuyen, do do NDT ed the tiny cgp mpt<br /> luc, mpi ndi ma khfing can phai den trut tiep tai<br /> thy vign. Day la b'nh hffu fch eua cfing ey niy<br /> trong glal dogn hien nay vi phii tidp vdi xu hudng<br /> phat bign cua cfing nghe thfing tin va thoi man<br /> nhu cau aia NDT.<br /> - Quing ba: Subjed guktes l i cdng cy quang<br /> ba hffu hieu i ^ ngufin t i i nguygn thfing tin oia<br /> cic cd quan thu vign - ttifing tin, bdi vi day l i odng<br /> ey tap hop day dti cac nguon ttiong bn mpt eieh<br /> da dgng ve nhieu chu de ktiac nhau. Thfing qua<br /> vigc truy cap vio cae subjed guides, NDT cd ttig<br /> nim dude eic nguon thfing tin ve timg ehii de m i<br /> ht$n nay mfit cd quan dang cd, cung nhd chit<br /> ludng eiia dc ngufin thfing tin niy. Ooi vdi nhuhg<br /> ngudi it kht hoic khdng bao gtd ghg tiiim eic tiang<br /> web thU v i ^ , v i ^ ding cae lien ket dg hudng<br /> dan, djnh hudng eho NDT trgn cic bang web la<br /> mpt hinh thiit quan trpng de tiep can c^ng dong.<br /> Bdi vi, hau hgt NOT ttiudng khong lign h§ hoic<br /> truy c§p vio trang web eua tat c i cic trudng dai<br /> hoc, hp ehi ddn giin la tim thay eac t i l nguy§n<br /> ttiong qua mpt cfing cy tim kiem tien Internet [6].<br /> Vi viy, cie cd quan ttiy vien - thdng tin ed ttie tign<br /> hinh quang b i cac subjed guides thfing qua cac<br /> buoi gidi t h i ^ , hddng d i n sd dung thy vien, sd<br /> dyng email hoic mang x i hot... de cung cap thfing<br /> tin dgn NDT.<br /> 4. Mpt sg cdng nghg d y ^ sur dyng de t^o<br /> l$p subject guides trong hoat dpng t h y vign<br /> -thdng t i n<br /> Khi sy dyng eac cfing nghg mdi v i khac nhau<br /> vao vigc tao lap cie subjed guides, dfii hdi h/ duy<br /> sing tao aia ngudi lam ttiu vien dg cd ttie lua<br /> chpn cac cfing nghg nay mfit each hieu qua va<br /> buy idl. Vigc lya dipn cic cong nghg phii hdp vdi<br /> die diem va dieu kien cua ttiy vien se giup cho<br /> viec ttiiet ke cac sutJjed guides tiet kigm ttidi gian,<br /> <br /> 36<br /> <br /> Wikis l i mgt uhg dung cho phgp ngudi lim<br /> thu vien cd the thgm hogc x o i ngi dung trong<br /> mpt mfii trudng ning dgng, l i ndi m i cic ehuygn<br /> gia ed ttig hdp t i c , ket hdP kien thut v i chia sg d<br /> bgt cd ncA nio [8]. Nen t i n g wikis phfi bign (nhu<br /> Mediawiki, Seedwikl, Twiki, Pbwiki...) da dudc sd<br /> dyng bdi nhlSu ttid vifn dg tao nguon thfing tin<br /> trong ngi bg va dang nhanh didng lan ri)ng, bd<br /> thinh djch vy cua thd vign. Wikis ed le l i lya chpn<br /> tfit nhat cho sy h ( ^ t i e giiia ngudi lam thU v i ^ ,<br /> giang vien v i sinh vten, du ttiy vign da cfi nhiihg<br /> dfii tudng cpng tie d cic mdt dg khic nhau [5].<br /> Mic dii, viee ddng gdp eua NDT trong vigc tgo<br /> lip cie subjed guides tren wikis se giup cho ngudi<br /> l i m thy vi§n tigt ki$m thdi gian va cfing sdc trong<br /> v i ^ tgo l|p. Tuy nhign, cac mye thfing tin trgn<br /> wikis ed thg thieu tfnh thfing nhgt khi chiing dudc<br /> hoin thinh bdi mpt logt cac c i nhin. Dg subjed<br /> guides l i mpt ngufin cung d p cie thdng tin ed uy<br /> tin, cic c i nhan tham gta vio vi§e tgo v i ehinh<br /> sua cic ngi dung dn dudc cie ehuygn gia trong<br /> eic ITnh vyc, ngUdi tim thu vl§n ehuygn d§, hoic<br /> c i nhin cd higu biet ve cic finh vyc khic nhau<br /> bign t i p v i xem xgt Igl. Do dd, eic subjert guides<br /> dupe tgo lip bing cfing cy wikis se dfil hdi mgt<br /> mye dp bio tri v i an ninh nhit djnh dg dim bio<br /> dfi chinh xic [4].<br /> Social Bookmaridng (Dinh diu xi h^i)<br /> Social Bookmarking l i djch vy dinh d i u trang<br /> cfing dfing giitp ngudi dung Internet lud tiii", quan<br /> ly v i tim kiem nhffng tiifing tin ti^n Internet higu<br /> qua hdn dya trgn cfing ey hinh duygt web v i tii<br /> khoi [2].<br /> LTng dyng dinh dau xa hoi l i mgt tfnh ning cd<br /> thg dUde dua vao de tgo lap subjert guides. Dinh<br /> d i u x i hgt cho phgp NDT giff mfit thy mye "ygu<br /> ttifch" v i nd ed sin d bSt cd diu. Neu NDT sd dyng<br /> eac dinh dau trang hay tinh ning ygu thfch thfing<br /> ttiudng ti^n miy b'nh, eic trang web m i hp dinh<br /> dau chi ghi lai hoic dinh d i u ttgn miy b'nh dd.<br /> <br /> Vdi dinh d i u xa hgi, cie trang vieb m i NDT dinh<br /> dSu s€ ed s i n d bat cd ncfi d i u CO Internet Ngoii<br /> ra, mpt k^ ieh nua eua dinh dSu xa hgi l i NDT cd<br /> the xem cac dinh dSu aia ngdcfi Wiac [8].<br /> <br /> - Dam b i o dff ligu dudc duy x u i t ttieo nhieu<br /> each khic nhau, t d nhieu ngdcfi khic nhau v i<br /> nhieu lihg dyng ktiie ntiau.<br /> - Ting ktii ning chia se thong tin.<br /> <br /> Mgt so trang web Social B