Vân Đồn và vùng Đông Bắc dưới các triều Lý, Trần (thế kỷ XI-XIV)

y ^<br /> <br /> <br /> VA]\ 90N VA VIWG DOIVG BAC D U O I CAC<br /> /^ x»^ yv'<br /> <br /> TRIEU LY, TRAN (THE KY XI-XIV)<br /> <br /> NGUYfiN THI PHUONG CHI*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> V i n Ddn thudc tinh Quang Ninh<br /> ngay nay. Xfla, Quang Ninh dfldc<br /> ggi la Hai Dong. Hai Dong thdi Ly, T r i n<br /> Hai Ddng la ciia ngo quan trgng cua Dai<br /> Viet. Tfl Hai Dong cd cic dfldng giao thdng<br /> thuy, bg nd'i lien mien bien vdi ddng bing<br /> nim ve phia Dong Bic di't nfldc. Cic trieu Bic Bg ngay nay, co dfldng sang Trung<br /> Dinh, Tien Le, Ly deu ggi l i dao Hai Ddng, Quo'c, cd dfldng bien ma nhieu thuyen be<br /> ddi Trin ggi la 16 Hai Ddng, ddi Le ddi la lg cac nfldc tu tap trao doi, budn b i n hang<br /> An Bang. Thdi Quang Thuan dat lam Thfla hda.<br /> tuyen An Bang. Thdi Le Trung hflng do<br /> Vdi dieu kien tfl nhien nhfl viy khi§'n<br /> kieng huy cua vua Anh Tdng ddi lam<br /> Hai Ddng ndi rieng va vflng Ddng Bic ndi<br /> Quang Yen (1). Hai Dong - An Bang -<br /> chung sdm trd thanh con dfldng chien Ifldc<br /> Quang Yen la nhflng ten ggi khic nhau qua<br /> trong cic cuoc tien cong xim Ifldc Vi$t Nam<br /> nhflng thdi ky lich sii khic nhau ciia tinh<br /> cua cic trieu dai phong kien Trung Quoc.<br /> Quang Ninh ngay nay. Hai Ddng - Quang<br /> Ket qua khai q u i t khao cd hgc d Khu mg<br /> Ninh, phia Dong giip bien ldn (bien Dong),<br /> H i n Da Bac cho thi'y, khoang dau the ky II<br /> phia Tay giip cic tinh Lang Sdn, Bic<br /> den dau the ky III, t i n g Idp tho'ng tri nha<br /> Giang, Hai Dfldng, phia Nam giip Tp. Hai<br /> Ddng H i n da p h i t hien ra t i m quan trgng<br /> Phdng, phia Bic giap Trung Quo'c. Diy l i<br /> ve mat kinh te cua vflng hai dao xa xdi nay,<br /> vung dieu kien tii nhien phu cho nhieu<br /> da den diy sinh sd'ng, dinh cfl. Hg da xiy<br /> tiem nang quan sfl, kinh te: "sdng ldn menh<br /> dflng tri sd tren dia diem nao dd cua cic<br /> mdng quanh vdng bao bgc cic nui cao chdt<br /> hdn dao Cai Ban, Van Hai.<br /> vdt, chau ng huyen kia each biet nhau nhfl<br /> d coi khic. Phong thd va n h i n v i t dong Tfl the ky X, khi dan tgc dfldc dgc lip,<br /> due, giau thinh, viec budn b i n lflu thong cic vfldng trieu Ngo, Dinh, Tien Le deu chu<br /> ti'p nap; cung l i chd'n phdn hoa d tri'n trgng xiy dflng cac cin cfl, chdt thuy quin<br /> ngoai, ma t h i t la ndi hinh thing cua nfldc d vung Dong Bic, trgng tam la ciia sdng<br /> Nam" (2). Vflng bien Hai Deng cd hdn 3.000 Bach Ding. Tai day da dien ra nhieu chiS'n<br /> dao ldn nhd, trong dd cd dao dien tich rong t h i n g liy Iflng cua dan tgc. Ngd Quyen b i t<br /> 251km^, nhfl ti'm la chin thien hiem phdng dfldc HoIng Thao, d i n h bai quin Nam<br /> thu tren hfldng bien Ddng Bic (3). Hin. T r i n Hflng Dao b i t dfldc O Ma Nhi,<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Vien Sfl hoc<br /> Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bfic... 25<br /> <br /> dinh bai quin Nguyen xim Ifldc, Bien la (10). Phfldng Dinh Nguyin Vin Sieu da md<br /> con dfldng giao thong quo'c te quan trgng ta vi tri nui V i n Ddn va huyen Vin Ddn<br /> nhi't cua quoc gia Dai Viet, la trung t i m nhfl sau: "Nui Van Ddn d phia Ddng Bic<br /> noi Dai Viet vdi cic nfldc xung quanh, Cic phii Giao Chau, huyen Van Ddn d trong<br /> ciia bien Hgi Thdng, Can Hai (thugc tinh bien ldn. Hai nui do'i nhau, mgt ddng nfldc<br /> Nghe An, Ha Tinh ngay nay) (4), Hgi Trieu chay qua gifla. Thuyen budn cua cic phien<br /> (Thanh Hoa) va dae biet la Van Ddn la quo'c phin nhieu hgp d di'y" (11).<br /> nhflng trung tam thfldng mai ldn thdi Ly,<br /> Cang Van Ddn dfldc n h i Ly khai md<br /> Tran. 6 cic hai khau nhfl Tinh Hoa (5),<br /> thdng thfldng vao nam 1149, hoat dgng<br /> Trin Phu ch^p trong An Nam tiic sii ring;<br /> ngay cang nhgn nhip suot thdi Ly va thdi<br /> "Thuyen be cic nfldc ngoai den tu hgi d<br /> Trin. Thfldng thuyen nfldc ngoai den diy<br /> diy, md chd ngay tren thuyen, canh buon<br /> buon ban ra't ddng. Hien tfldng thuyen be<br /> b i n t h i t l i thinh vfldng" (6). Nhflng qua<br /> nfldc ngoai tu tap budn b i n d Van Ddn<br /> trinh bien ddi dia ly khien cic ciia bien d<br /> dfldc Dgi Viet si ky todn thU (DVSKTT)<br /> Nghe An, Ha Tinh can dan, thuyen be di<br /> ch6p nhfl sau: "Ky Ty, n i m thfl 10 (1149).<br /> lai khd khin, hai cang V i n Ddn trd t h i n h<br /> Mua Xuin, t h i n g 2, thuyen budn ba nfldc<br /> trung t i m buon ban thinh vfldng.<br /> Trao Oa, Lg Hac, Xiem La vio Hai Ddng,<br /> Ve vi tri Vin Ddn da cd k h i nhieu cdng xin d lai budn bin, ben cho lap trang d ndi<br /> trinh nghien cflu (7), vai tro quan trgng die hai did ggi la V i n Don de mua b i n hang<br /> biet cua Van Ddn va Hai Ddng ve quan sfl, hda quy, dang tien san v i t dia phfldng"<br /> an ninh, thfldng mai da dfldc khing dinh. (12). Tai day da p h i t hien dfldc nhflng<br /> Nhi Ly v i nha't l i nha Trin da het sflc chu manh gd'm vd cic Idai, phan ldn l i dd go'm<br /> trgng canh phdng, bao v? ndi phen d i u thfl men nggc thdi Ly, dd gdm men n i u thdi<br /> hai nay. T r i n v i dd gdm men lam thdi Le dfldc xui't<br /> Qua ghi ch6p trong s^ sich, cac nha khau ra nfldc ngoai (13). Van Ddn ra ddi tfl<br /> nghien cflu deu tho'ng nhi't cho ring: niia cudi the ky XII, luc dau l i ddn vi<br /> "Thuang cdng Van Don duac lap tren mgt trang, den thdi Tran ning len thanh tri'n<br /> hdn ddo trong viing vinh Bdi Tii Long kin (ngang vdi ci'p lg), den the ky XIX, trd<br /> ddo" (8). Vinh Bii T0( Long cd hing nghin t h i n h mgt chau thugc phu Hai Ddng (14).<br /> hdn dao muon hinh mudn ve. Nguyen Trai Va, ly giai vi sao lai cd ten ggi Van Ddn,<br /> trong Uc Trai thi tap da lam bai thd "Vdn Phan Huy Chu chep: "Trong n i m Thieu<br /> Ddn", md ta con dfldng den Van Ddn qua Minh ddi Ly Anh Tong cd thuyen buon cua<br /> ri't nhieu nui nhflng canh thi dep vo cung. cic nfldc ngoai la Qua Oa, nfldc Lg Hac,<br /> Day lai la ndi ngfldi Phien (ngfldi nfldc nfldc Tiem La, deu den dd xin mgt cho d<br /> ngdai) den dd tau (9). Phan Chu. thich ciia di'y de budn bin. Vua cho d, lap cic trang<br /> bai thd da chi rd: "Vin Ddn la hai cang trai d canh bd bien nen mdi ggi Id Vdn Ddn<br /> ngoai thfldng ciia nfldc ta d thdi Ly, Tran, (TG. nhi'n manh). Tfl di'y trd di la ndi<br /> t i u ngoai quo'c den nfldc ta chi dfldc d i u d khich budn d dong due. Thdi Tran, quin<br /> di'y, khdng dfldc vao ngi dia. Nfldc ta xfla Nguyen di lai, tfldng nha Tran thfldng nhii<br /> ggi ngfldi ngoai quo'c la ngfldi Phien, theo quan Nguyen vao di'y rdi d i n h de lip cdng<br /> tieng ngfldi Trung Quo'c dung de ggi ngfldi (15)" (16). Tie gia Dd V i n Ninh dfla tren tfl<br /> cic nfldc thugc phfldng Tay va phfldng Bic" lieu khao cd hoc da nha'n manh den sfl<br /> 26 Rghien cuu Lich siir. sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> phdn vinh cua thfldng cang Van Ddn dfldi nay khdng chi la huyet mach giao thdng<br /> thdi Ly, Tran. Tic gia cho biet: "Trong so' trong quin sfl, thfldng mai ma cdn dem lai<br /> nhflng di vat do sfl thi di vat thdi Ly chiem nhflng ldi ich kinh te. Van Ddn vi the ma<br /> so' ldn. Tien thdi Td'ng da tim tha'y hau nhfl trd nen het sflc quan trgng dd'i vdi an ninh,<br /> gin dii mat cac loai tien cua cic trieu vua quo'c phdng, kinh te cua da't nfldc.<br /> Bic Td'ng va Nam Tdng". Va, "Trung t i m Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) (21) trong<br /> m i u dich Van Ddn, qua nhflng hien v i t tic pham: La M6diteranee et le monde<br /> khao cd da tim thi'y, da cd nhiing ngdy medite'rane a I'epoque de Philippe II d i<br /> phdn vinh bdc nhdt dUdi thdi Ly" (17). Thdi chgn ngi dung "Da'u tranh gianh quyen<br /> Trin la thdi phdn vinh cua thfldng cang tho'ng tri the gidi Dia Trung Hai" de nghien<br /> Vin Ddn. Qua ket qua khao s i t cua cic cflu, n h i m giai thich mgt vi'n de ldn hdn li<br /> nha khao cd hgc nhflng n i m 1967-1969 da tien trinh lich sii cua loai ngfldi. Va ngfldi<br /> p h i t hien dfldc mgt he tho'ng ben thuyen cd hung trong t i c pham "Vflng Dia Trung<br /> trong vinh Bii Tii Long nhfl ben Cii Ling, Hai..." khdng phai la vua Philip II ma<br /> ben Cd'ng Cii, ben Con Quy (dao Hai Van); chinh la bien Dia Trung Hdi. Qua tic<br /> dao Nggc Vflng; dao Cd'ng Ddng. Di vao di't phim niy, Braudel cho r i n g Dia ly ddng<br /> lien cdn gap cic ben Gao Rang trong vinh vai tro quyet dinh, neu khdng mudn ndi la<br /> Ciia Luc, len phia Bic la ben Van Ninh tdt dinh trong lich sii nhdn logi" (22).<br /> (Mdng Cii). Hai ben nay la diu va cudi cua<br /> he tho'ng ben cd thugc cang Vin Ddn. O day Vdi vai trd "quyet dinh" ve vi tri dia ly<br /> phit hien so'Ifldng di v i t ri't phong phu. Nd'i cua Van Ddn va vung Ddng Bic dd'i vdi di't<br /> he tho'ng cic ben thuyen co nay la "con nfldc, nha Ly va nha't la nha Trin het sflc<br /> dfldng xuyen vinh Bii Tii Long de len ngfldc chu trgng bao ve. Thuyen budn nfldc ngoii<br /> xuong xudi v i vio di't lien vflng Bic Bg. Con chi dfldc phdp dflng lai d vung Doan Sdn<br /> dfldng nay gan nhfl triing hdp hdin toan vdi (huyen V i n Ddn) va khong dfldc gh6 vao<br /> con dfldng thuy ngiy nay ma t i u chd khich da't lien vi sd ng^di ngoai do tha'y hfl thflc<br /> chd hing di tfl Hai Phdng len Mdng Cai v i n cua minh. Va, cung do vi tri chien Ifldc<br /> men theo, Rd rang sfl liia chgn cua ddi xfla trgng yeu cua Van Ddn ddi vdi vung bien<br /> va ddi nay hdan tdan tho'ng nha't ve nhflng Dong, mgt vi tri xung yeu tren con dfldng<br /> dia diem thuan ldi tren vung dao" (18). bien Trung Quo'c - Viet Nam - Dong Nam A<br /> ma trieu dinh nha Tran da cit cii mgt bg<br /> Nhi Ly chu trgng cung cd' vflng bien gidi phan quan thiiy den de tang cfldng cho vi<br /> phia Bdc (19) thi n h i Trin tien len vflng tri chien Ifldc nay. Dd la quan dgi cua Trin<br /> Ddng Bdc, hai cang Van Ddn l i mgt trung Khinh Dfl. Mic dfl luc dd T r i n Khinh Dfl<br /> tam thfldng mai quo'c te quan trgng. Vin dang hi tri tgi nhflng la ngfldi tai nen dfldc<br /> Ddn cdn cd gio'ng trai sinh ra t r i n chau, Cao vua phuc hdi quan chflc, trao cho chflc Phd<br /> Hflng Trflng trong An nam chi nguyen chep: Do tfldng cam quin tri'n tri d Vin Ddn, lam<br /> "Chdn chdu do gio'ng trai sinh ra d be Vdn nhiem vu bao ve vflng Ddng Bic. Tai day,<br /> Ddn, thugc Tinh Yen. Viin gidm sdt vi viec cic quan trang (chfl trang quan) hinh<br /> md chdu phdi cdu thdn, thdn mdi cho chdu thanh tfl thdi Ly cflng vdi quin dgi cua<br /> to. Nhiing ngUdi buon bdn miin bien ndi: T r i n Khinh Dfl t i n g cfldng cho Vin Ddn.<br /> ndm ndo dem Trung thu cd trdng thi ndm dy Neu so vdi thdi Ly trfldc dd v i thdi Le sau<br /> nhieu trdn chdu" (20). Cho nen, vflng bien nay thi nha T r i n bao ve Van Ddn k h i chat<br /> Van Bdn va vflng Bdng B^e. 27<br /> <br /> <br /> che. Rao gd dfldc dflng len quanh nhflng ndi quin Binh Hai ngay cang dfldc bo sung len<br /> budn ban v i bai bien xung yeu cua dao. tdi 30 do, mdi dd 80 ngfldi, 30 chien thuyen,<br /> Tran Khanh Dfl cdn ngan chin quan Trung mdi thuyen cd khoang 30 tay cheo.<br /> Quoc tra trgn vao bing cich cho quin Khic vdi thflc d i n Phap sau niy, thfldng<br /> trang Van Ddn dgi ndn Ma Ldi, mgt loai sii dung cdc nhd truyin gido de thflc hien<br /> ndn dfldc san xui't tfl hfldng Ma Ldi, Hdng i m mflu xim Ifldc Viet Nam, thdi Ly, Tran,<br /> lg (nay la tinh Hai Dfldng) de dl dang nhan cic trieu dai phong kien phfldng Bic<br /> ra quan Dai Viet, vi ngfldi Vin Ddn p h i n thfldng sU dung cdc thUdng gia do tham<br /> ldn lim nghe buon, cich i n mac deu gio'ng tinh hinh Dai Viet. Tfl xa xfla, hoat dgng<br /> nhfl ngfldi phfldng Bic. Do t i m nhin chien cua thfldng n h i n khdng chi vdi vai trd l i<br /> Ifldc sic sao va tai bo' tri quan manh tfldng buon bin, trao ddi h i n g hda ma trong so'<br /> tai nen quin dgi ciia Trin Khinh Dfl da hg, tuy la so' it nhflng cd ngfldi lam nhiem<br /> chan dinh dfldc doin thuyen Ifldng cua vu truyen dao (dao Phat), cung cd ngfldi<br /> Trfldng Van Hd vao ngay 13-2-1288, gop lam nhiem vu "diep vien". Trong lich sii<br /> phin quan trgng vao chien thing huy Phat giio Viet Nam, nhflng thfldng thuyen<br /> hoang trong cuoc khang chien cho'ng quan da tflng thflc hien vai trd truyen b i P h i t<br /> xim Ifldc Mdng - Nguyen lin thfl ba. giao. Khoang the ky II - I tr. Cn, dao P h i t<br /> Van Ddn tfl ddn vi trang thdi Ly dfldc vio Viet Nam bing hai con dfldng, mgt con<br /> nang len t h i n h tri'n thdi Tran (nim 1349). dfldng tfl An Do vao theo thuyin budn qua<br /> Sfl p h i t trien giao thfldng d Vin Ddn (23) dudng bien v i mgt con dfldng tfl Trung<br /> trong suot thdi gian dai tfl niia cudi the ky Qud'c truyen sang. Trung Quo'c thfldng sii<br /> XII - thdi Ly cho den n^a dau the ky XIV- dung thUcfng nhdn nfldc minh do thim tinh<br /> thdi Tran da het sflc nhgn nhip v i trdng dd hinh Dai Viet va lien lac vdi ngi giin cua<br /> tiem I n yeu to' de doa den an ninh cua quo'c Dai Viet trong cic cuoc chien tranh. Tran<br /> gia nen trieu dinh nha T r i n da t i n g cfldng Ich Tic d i tflng nhd khdch thUOng Trung<br /> kiem soat Vin Ddn chit che. Trieu dinh cho Quo'c d Van Ddn dem thfl cau vien n h i<br /> dat quan cai quan "van Ddn nhfl mgt trgng Nguyen. Dieu dd ly giai vi sao kiem soat<br /> tri'n gdm cd quan Tri'n (vo tfldng nim gifl), hogt dgng ngogi thUcfng lai dfldc cic nha<br /> quan Lg (van quan nim gifl) va quan Sit nfldc Ly, Trin (va sau niy l i nha Le) dat ra<br /> hai sfl (quan kiem soit m i t bien) va dat d nhfl mgt qud'c sdch quan trgng. Hgc gia Dao<br /> diy mgt dgi quin rieng ggi la quin Binh Duy Anh da viet: "Sfl phdng thu Van Ddn va<br /> Hai, cd nhiem vu t u i n tra, bao ve vflng bien sfl kiem s i t ngoai thfldng d Vin Don l i<br /> Ddng Bic, ddng thdi kiem seit an ninh nhflng viec dae biet quan trgng. Cii nhu yeu<br /> trong hoat dgng ngoai thfldng. DVSKTT tfl ve cua nha nfldc phong kien tfl chu Viet<br /> ch6p: "Thing 11 (nim 1349), d i t quan tri'n, Nam da quyet dinh cii xu hfldng kiem sit<br /> quan lg va Sit hai sfl d tri'n Vin Ddn, lai ngoai thfldng cua nha nfldc. Sfl kiem sat<br /> dat quin Binh Hai de ddng gifl" (24). Nhiem ngdai thfldng ngiy cing chit che, sau nay,<br /> vu cua quan Binh Hai d Vin Ddn dfldc xic den thdi nha Le, se thanh chinh sich be<br /> dinh ro: "\a de ngin gifl giac Hd (quin quan tda cang nghiem mat" (26). Tuy nhien,<br /> Nguyen)" (25), ddng thdi quan ly thuyen be nhflng chinh sich dd cd lam han che hay<br /> nfldc ngoai tdi ndi nay budn b i n ngay cang ngin can hoat dgng thfldng mai hay khong<br /> ddng, nhi't la thuyen budn Trung Quo'c. Dgi cung can tiep tuc nghien cflu (27). Mac dfl<br /> 2S Rghien cuu Lich sii. sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> nha Tran thflc thi chinh sach kiem soit hoat Khdng phai nglu nhien ma T r i n Hflng Dao<br /> dgng ngoai thfldng, nhflng khong cd nghia l i tfl vung A Sao (Quynh Phu - Thii Binh)<br /> hoat dgng giao thfldng bi dflng lai m i ngfldc dfldc trieu dinh dieu ve tri'n gifl vflng Van<br /> lai, nd v i n khong ngflng dien ra. Nim 1360, Kiep tfl sau cuoc khing chien chdng quan<br /> nam Dai Tri thfl ba ddi Trin Du Tdng "Mua xam Ifldc Mdng - Nguyen l i n thfl nhi't<br /> Ddng, thing 10, thuyen budn cua cic nfldc (1258). Van Kiep vdi trung t i m diem la<br /> Lg Hac (Lg Lac), Tra Oa (Trao Oa- Java), thung lung Kiep Bac (thugc hfldng Van<br /> Xiem La den Vin Ddn budn bin, tien cic vit Kiep, lg Lang Giang thdi Trin). Kiep Bac<br /> la" (28). Dd sfl thdi Tran la mit hang quan CO song, niii hung vi bao quanh, ti$n ldi ca<br /> trgng dfldc xuat k h i u ra nfldc ngoai. Ket qua<br /> dfldng thuy l i n dfldng bg. Quin xim Ifldc<br /> khai quat khao cd hgc cho thi'y "Dd sfl Viet tfl phfldng BIC xud'ng, tfl bien Ddng vio deu<br /> Nam thdi Tran ro ring da sinh kip - neu chiem li'y vung nui Kiep Bac lam cin cfl<br /> khong ndi l i hdn - dd sfl Trung Quo'c v i l i quin sfl de tien q u i n vio kinh do Thing<br /> mgt ngudn hing xui't k h i u quy" (29). Long, hoac kiem soit dau mdi giao thong<br /> Ngoai Vin Ddn, cic ciia bien xung yeu quan trgng phia Ddng Bic da't nfldc Dai<br /> thugc Hai Ddng cung dfldc nha Tran cho Viet. Tfl Kiep Bac cd sdu dUdng sdng ( Luc<br /> quin ddng gifl nhfl Mui Nggc, An Bang, Ddu giang) de tien ve Thing Long, ra bien,<br /> Luc Thuy. len phia Bic, vao ddng bing. Dd Id sdng<br /> Duong, sdng Cdu, sdng ThUc/ng, sdng Kinh<br /> Mdt he thdng cdc thdi dp dUtJc nhd Trdn<br /> Thdy, sdng Thdi Binh vd mdt nhanh cua<br /> bd tri d viing Ddng Bdc. Neu nhfl theo<br /> sdng Thdi Binh dd vdo huyen Lang Tdi<br /> dfldng thuy, tfl Khim chiu vao Viet Nam<br /> (Bic Ninh) (31). Song Thfldng chay vdng<br /> theo hfldng Tay - Nam, mgt ngay den chiu<br /> phia Tay cua Kiep Bac, cdn ggi l i sdng<br /> Vinh An, theo trai Dai Bin (dao Ke Bao<br /> Sich. Sdng Luc Dau thdi T r i n ggi l i sdng<br /> ngay nay) thugc Nggc Sdn, tdi Vinh Thii,<br /> Binh Than. Ndi da diln ra Hgi nghi vfldng<br /> Van Xuin (vung Van Kiep, song Luc Dau)<br /> hiu, bach quan ban ke sich gifl nfldc (12-<br /> lien tdi Thing Long, thuyen di mi't 5 ngay<br /> 1282). Siu dau sdng ddn ve Van Kiep. Dd<br /> (30). Nhfl vay tfl Van Ddn den Kinh Do<br /> l i cin cfl tfl nhien cua thuy quin Dai Viet.<br /> Thing Long theo dfldng thuy cd the so' ngay<br /> Ra ciia Bach Ding, vio song Thfldng, vio<br /> ngin hdn nhflng he tho'ng cic thai i'p, thang<br /> song Ciu, vao song Dudng, quin Dai Viet<br /> mgc i'p d diy la nhflng cho't quin sfl quan<br /> ddng thuyen d ben Luc D i u thi cd the de<br /> trgng cd the tflng bfldc chin dfldng tien quan<br /> ding va nhanh chdng di bi't cfl dfldng nao.<br /> cua quin xim Ifldc. Vung hai cang Vin Ddn<br /> Phia Ddng Nam Kiep Bac l i vflng nui Pha<br /> cd quin Binh Hai v i quin ciia Trin Khinh<br /> Lai. Phia Bic l i thung lung Van Yen. Chay<br /> Dfl. Vflng ciia ngo Dong Bic cd thii i'p Tinh<br /> gifla thung lung la song Vang, dong sdng<br /> Bang (nay thugc Vinh Bao, Hai Phdng) cua<br /> n i y l i phfldng tien de thuyen be vio s i t<br /> Hflng Nhfldng vfldng Trin Quoc Tang. Xudi<br /> chin nui Rdng.<br /> ve Chi Linh (Hai Dfldng) la thai a'p Van<br /> Kiep, chdt quan sfl quan trgng. O Chi Linh cdn co hai t h i i i'p nfla, mgt<br /> Van Kie'p (nay thugc huyen Chi Linh, ciia Chieu Vu Dai vfldng Trin Qud'c Chin<br /> tinh Hai Dfldng), khdng chi la t h i i i'p cua v i mgt cua Thfldng tfldng Trin Phd Duy$t.<br /> n h i n v i t lich sii ndi tieng tai gidi, m i cdn Ngoai t h i i i'p, hai ong cdn c6 dien trang<br /> la mgt dia diem hiem yeu ve m i t quan sfl. rieng. Ve Thii i'p cua Thfldng tfldng T r i n<br /> Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bfic. 29<br /> <br /> Phd Duyet, DVSKTT da ch6p: "Chiu Chi Trin, do c6 nhieu cdng lao trong cic viec ngi<br /> Linh vdn la cua rieng cua Thfldng tfldng tri v i ngoai giao cua trieu dinh, nen dfldc<br /> Tran Phd Duyet..." (32), nhflng do khong ban hg Tran (Trin Khic Chung). Ong dfldc<br /> cdn di'u vet va khong cd tfl ligu nen khdng nha vua ga cho cong chfla Bao Hoin. Vao<br /> the md ta cu the. Cdn ve thii i'p, dien trang nam Trung Hflng (1285-1293), ngfldi<br /> cua Chieu Vu Dai vfldng Trin Qud'c Chan, Nguyen vao cfldp, cha me Bao Hoan hing<br /> DVSKTT da tflng nhic den; "Qud'c Chdn d giic, rugng di't, t i i san deu hi tich thu sung<br /> Chi Linh". Tfl lieu dia phfldng cho biet, den cdng. Den khi vua Tran Anh Tdng len ngdi,<br /> thd T r i n Qud'c Chan d xa Van An (huyen xudng chieu tra lai. Trang Ma Lieu cd the l i<br /> Chi Linh, tinh Hai Dfldng), nay khong cdn. di't phong ciia cha me Bao Hoin (35). Tim<br /> Sau nay, n h i n d i n xiy lai nhflng chi mang bia nay la tai lieu duy nha't noi ve tinh hinh<br /> tinh tfldng trflng. Trfldc diy quanh den thd dien san cua Trin Khic Chung d vflng Dong<br /> cdn mgt khu rugng ggi l i rugng Tfl nha" Trieu. Nhflng ddng thdi cung cho thi'y chi<br /> (Dong - Tiy - Thfldng - Ha) khdang 40 miu, tiet quan trgng l i cha me cong chfla Bao<br /> do Tran Qud'c Chan de lai lam rugng thd Hoin dfldc phong cap di't dai d diy, khien<br /> minh (33). cho so' Ifldng thii i'p, thang mgc i'p d vflng<br /> Tfl Chi Linh (Hai Dfldng) theo sdng Dong BIC nay them nhieu, cing chflng minh<br /> Hdng ve Hflng Yen (thdi Trin l i Khoii lg) them t i m quan trgng cua vflng di't niy.<br /> li i'p thang mgc cua tfldng quin Nguyen Dieu cin nhi'n manh nfla li, vflng Dong<br /> Khoii. Tfl Hflng Yen ve ciia ngo phia Bic Bic khong chi quan trgng bdi hai cang vin<br /> cua Kinh t h i n h Thing Long la thii i'p cua Ddn ma d diy cdn cd trung t i m P h i t giio<br /> Trin Quang Trieu. Sfl bd' tri tfldng ddi day ldn nhi't nfldc - Thien p h i i True Lim. Sfl<br /> die cic t h i i i'p d Chi Linh v i dgc dfldng hien dien cua Thien phai nay d Yen Tii vdi<br /> nfldc tfl Chi Linh den Thing Long the hien n h i Thien hgc - N h i vua - Thai thfldng<br /> tim chien Ifldc quin sfl cua trieu dinh nha hoang t i i gidi, uyen bac (vua T r i n N h i n<br /> Trin trong viec bao v^ Thing Long va sfl Tdng, td thfl nhi't ciia p h i i True Lim)<br /> phdng thii dae biet dd'i vdi vflng Ddng Bic khong chi ddn thuan la ndi tinh tam,<br /> trgng yeu ciia da't nfldc. nghien cflu v i truyen giang Thien hgc m i<br /> Tfl lieu van bia cdn cung cap them dia cdn nhieu kha n i n g di'ng minh quin ngfl<br /> diem dat phong (co the la thai i'p hoic thang tren nui Yen T^ hung vi de quan s i t dgng<br /> mgc i'p) d huyen Ddng Trieu, tinh Quang tinh ndi bien cfldng Ddng Bic. Yen Tii dfldc<br /> Ninh, Trong Bia ddt Tam Bdo ndi Thien coi l i phuc dia thfl tfl trong thien ha. Le<br /> Lieu (Bia ve dat Tam Bao nui Thien Lieu- Tic trong An Nam chi lUcfc cho biet, vio<br /> Thien Lieu sdn tam Bao dia) dfldc tim thay nam Dai Trung Tfldng Phfl (1008-1016),<br /> tren nui Thung (34) (xfla ggi la nui Thien Dgng Uyen dai sfl Ly Tfl Thong ding "Hai<br /> Lieu), d xa Yen Dflc, huyen Ddng Trieu, tinh nhac danh sdn dd" (Dia do nui sdng danh<br /> Quang Ninh nim trong diy nui Yen Tii, mgt tieng) len vua Td'ng, cd chu ro: Phflc dia thfl<br /> danh thing bac nhi't cua Vi^t Nam. Vin bia tfl (trong thien ha) cd nfli Yen Tii, Giao<br /> cho biet, trang Ma Lieu (nay la xa Yen Dflc, Chiu [q.l, Cdtich].<br /> huy$n Ddng Trieu) la dat dai ciia Dd Khic Tran Nguyen D i n da tflng dflng am tren<br /> Chung va vd dng l i cong chua Bao Hoan. Bd nfli Cdn Sdn khdng chi de di dfldng tinh<br /> Khic Chung la quan chflc cao ci'p cua trieu than m i cdn de mflu sau ke xa, gifl yen di't<br /> 30 Rghien cuu Lich sit, sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> nfldc, bao ve nhan dan nhfl vua Trin Nghe Trfldng cd cac t h i i i'p Dfldng Hda (Duy<br /> Tdng ca ngdi ong trong bii Minh khic Tien, Ha Nam) cua T r i n K h i n h Dfl, Quic<br /> trong Bia dgng Thanh Hu (d nfli Cdn Sdn, Hfldng (Binh Luc, H i Nam) cua T r i n Thii<br /> nay thugc xa Cong Hda, huyen Chi Linh, Dd, Cao Dii (Binh Luc, Ha Nam) cua T r i n<br /> tinh Hai Dfldng), Dgng Thanh Hfl do Tfl dd Quang Khai. Dieu dd chflng td nha T r i n<br /> Trin Nguyen Dan sing lap lam cho nghi rat chfl trgng bao ve nhflng vflng da't trgng<br /> ngdi sau khi nghi viec quan. Dgng cu khdng yeu cua da't nfldc va quan trgng hdn la<br /> cdn, Tren niii Con Sdn hien con ti'm bia giad trach nhiem cho cic vfldng hau, quy<br /> "Thanh Hfl dgng" (36), Bai Minh d m i t sau tgc t i i gidi cua trieu dinh thflc hien nhiem<br /> ti'm bia da bi mdn md (37). Trong bii Minh, vu die biet dd.<br /> vua Tran Nghe Tdng ca ngdi tai nang, uy<br /> Trong sfl nghiep bao ve vung Ddng Bic<br /> vgng va pham chat cao thfldng cua quan Tfl<br /> cflng cd sfl ddng gop quan trgng ciia cic<br /> dd Trin Nguyen Dan, Trin Nguyen D i n<br /> thii i'p Tran.<br /> dflng am tren nfli, khong phai de tim lac<br /> thfl rieng, ma cd y thfldng ngoan danh Kit luan<br /> thing cua di't nfldc. Am la ndi di dfldng Cd the ndi, ddi vdi Vin Ddn v i vung<br /> tinh thin, de cd mflu siu ke xa, gifl yen di't Ddng Bic, vai trd ciia n h i Ly l i khai md<br /> nfldc, bao ve nhan dan, doan ket rong rai Vin Ddn, dfla thfldng cang Vin Ddn vao<br /> cic bac hien tai, khdi phuc nen thinh tri hoat dgng va hgi n h i p vdi giao thfldng<br /> budi Trflng hflng (38). qud'c te. Trfldc V i n Ddn, n h i Ly chfl trgng<br /> Vdi he tho'ng cac t h i i i'p, thang mgc i'p, den hai dia b i n la phia Nam va phia Bic.<br /> ke ca quin dgi cua T r i n Khanh Dfl d V i n Phia Nam cd cac cang bien nhfl ciia Tha<br /> Ddn la 8 cai d phia Dong Bic cua da't nfldc. (Thdi) va ciia Vien (Quen) d chiu Dien<br /> 8 vi tri nay hdp thanh mgt he tho'ng phdng (Nghe An), d phia Bic, chu yeu giao<br /> thii chic chin d vflng Dong Bac. Tfl bien thfldng vdi Trung Quo'c d cic Bic dich<br /> gidi Ddng Bac vao Dai Viet, den Van Ddn trfldng thugc Ung chiu, Khim chiu<br /> da cd dgi thuy quan Binh Hai cua trieu nhflng de duy tri hoat dgng giao thfldng d<br /> dinh va cua Tran Khinh Dfl, rdi quin cua Van Ddn v i bao ve an ninh qud'c phdng<br /> T r i n Khic Chung d Ddng Trieu (Quang cua di't nfldc tai ciia ngo Ddng Bic nay thi<br /> Ninh), den Tinh Bang (Hai Phdng) cd n h i Tran dat den do h o i n hao. N h i Trin<br /> quan cua Tran Qud'c Tang, den Chi Linh vdi vai trd cua cic tfldng linh t i i gidi dfldc<br /> (Hai Dfldng) cd ba dgi quin cda T r i n Qud'c dieu ve vflng Ddng Bic khong he l i sfl<br /> Chin, Tran Pho Duyet v i Tran Qud'c ngiu nhien, tim hieu vi'n de nay mdi thi'y<br /> Tui'n, xudi ve Khoii Chiu (Hflng Yen) cd het t i m chien Ifldc tai gidi cua vua tdi nha<br /> quin ciia Nguyin Khoii, tdi Gia Lam (Ha Trin. Nhd the, hoat dgng giao thfldng<br /> quo'c te d V i n Ddn nhgn nl^p v i p h i t<br /> Ngi) cd quin cua T r i n Quang Trieu. He<br /> trien trong nhieu the ky.<br /> thong phdng thu nay q u i hoin hao, khien<br /> ta lien tfldng tdi he tho'ng thai i'p d phia Thdi Ly, Tran, nhflng vung di't dfldc<br /> Nam, tfl ciia ngo phia Nam Kinh t h i n h die biet chu trgng de xiy dflng the t r i n<br /> Thing Long tdi Thien Trfldng. Tren true phdng thu la: mien nfli phia Bic, Tiy Bic,<br /> dfldng nfldc Bic-Nam, noi hai trung t i m ven bien Ddng Bic, phia Nam v i vung<br /> chinh tri ldn nhi't nfldc Thing Long-Thien "di't cin ban"- que hfldng cua trieu dai. Dd<br /> Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bac... 31<br /> <br /> <br /> la c i c vflng da't t r g n g yeu, c i c t r i e u Ly, h o a t ddng k i n h te, a n n i n h , qud'c p h d n g<br /> T r i n k h o n g chi bao ve can t h i n ma cdn (39).<br /> n h i m p h i t h u y t h e m a n h cua nhflng v u n g Thdi Ly, T r i n , t i m n h i n hfldng bien v i<br /> di't dd t r o n g q u i t r i n h x i y dflng da't nfldc, k h a i t h a c c i c n g u d n ldi tfl bien khong chi<br /> bao ve n e n dgc l i p d a n tgc. Vi the, n h i Ly, dfldc n h a nfldc chu y ma cdn tich cflc duy<br /> T r i n thflc h i e n n h i e u c h i n h s i c h bao ve tri v i p h i t trien.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (Ij. Lg Hai Dong c6 mgt phii goi la phu Hai (7), Ve vi tri thUdng cang Van Don, xin xem<br /> Dong, theo thong ke cua P h a n Huy Chii trong Lich them: Do Vfin Ninh: Vdn Bon, trong Dd thi cd<br /> triiu hien chiictng logi chi gom "4 huyen, 3 chau: Viet Nam, Nxb, Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1989;<br /> huy^n Hoanh Bo, huy?n Yen Hung, huyen Hoa Trinh Cao TUcing: Bdo cdo so bg vi cudc dieu tra<br /> Phong, huy$n Tan Binh, chau Van Ninh, chau Van nghien ciiu thUOng cang Vdn Don. 2000, TU lieu<br /> Don, chau Vinh An. Theo P h a n Huy Chii: Lich Vien Khao co hgc; H a n Van Kh^n: Boi diiu vi<br /> triiu hien chiiOng logi chi, tap I, muc Dii dia chi, gdm thuong mgi miin Bdc Viet Nam the ky XV-<br /> Nxb, Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1992, tr, 137, XVII, Tap chf Khdo cd hgc, so' 1-2004; Nguyen<br /> NhUng du6i ehii thfch, eae dich gia da hieu chinh v a n Kim: He thdng thUOng cdng Vdn Bon qua tU<br /> nhu sau: theo Dii dia chi ciia Nguyen Trai thi ehi lieu lich sii vd khdo co hgc. Tap chf Khdo co hgc,<br /> c6 chau Tan Yen, khong c6 huygn Tan Binh, eo le so 4-2006,<br /> ten nay la do ddi Nguyen m6i dat, Huyen Hoa<br /> (8), Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Bon, UBND<br /> Phong, sau doi la Nghieu Phong, lai doi la Cat Hai<br /> huygn Van Don, 1997, tr. 136. Ngay nay, huyen<br /> (tiie la dao Cat Ba va mgt so dao xung quanh no.<br /> dao Van Don gom 600 hon dao, dien tfch 584 km^<br /> V^n Ninh- nay la M6ng Cai).<br /> dugc chia t h a n h 2 qudn dao: Quan dao Hai Van,<br /> (2), (16). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chuang dign tfch 315 km^, qudn dao Cai Bdu, dign tich 269<br /> logi chi, tap I, mncDudia chi, sdd, tr.l37, 137-138. km^. Dan cU dUdc phan bo tren 20 hen dao, ndi<br /> <br /> (3). Xem: Anh hiing ddn tgc thien tdi qudn sii dong diie nh&'t la Thi tra'n Cai Rong, xa Dong Xa,<br /> <br /> Trdn Qud'c Tudn vd que hUOng Nam Dinh, Nxb. Ha Long va Quan Lan. Dan so toan huygn tren<br /> <br /> Qufin dgi nhan dan, Ha Ngi, 2000, tr. 336. 33.000 dan gom 8 dan tgc anh em la Kinh, San<br /> Diu, Dao, Tay, Hoa, Cao Lan, Mudng, Nilng, Xem<br /> (4). Bgi Viet sit ky todn thU (DVSKTT) ch^p:<br /> Do v a n Ninh: Huygn dao Van Ddn, UBND huygn<br /> Ciia bien Tha, Vien (e6 le la ciia Thdi va ciia Quen)<br /> Van Don, 1997, tr. 5-6.<br /> 3 chau Dien tiJ thdi Ly thuyen buon da den dau.<br /> Dg'n thcfi Tr£n cac ciia bien nay nong can, nen (9), Nguyen Trai: Vdn Don, trong Nguyin Trdi<br /> khong phat huy vai tro trong thUdng nghiep, todn tap, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1976, tr. 322.<br /> Thuyen bd nU6c ngoai den Dai Vigt buon ban da (10). Chii thich ciia lie Trai thi tap, trong<br /> chuyen den Vfin Don, Nguyen Trdi todn tap, sdd, tr. 680.<br /> (5), C6 le TrSn Phu da dich n h a m T h a n h Hoa (11). PhUdng Dinh Nguyen Van Sieu: Dgi Viet<br /> la Tinh Hoa d chau Ai (tiic T h a n h Hoa ngay nay). dia du todn bien, Vign Sii hgc- Nxb. Van hoa xua't<br /> (6). T r i n Nghia: Mdt biic ky hoa vi xd hdi nUdc ban. Ha Ngi, 1997, tr. 112.<br /> ta thcfi Trdn - Bai thd "An Nam tiic sU" cua Tran (12). DVSKTT, tap I, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha<br /> Phu, Tap chf Vdn hgc, so 1-1972, tr. 108. Ngi, 1972, tr. 281.<br /> 32 Rghien cuu Lich siir. sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> (13), (18), Xem: D6 Van Ninh: Vdn Don. Trong: (20), Theo P h a m Trgng Diem, Nguyen Dong<br /> Do thi cd Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 161, 158. Chi (dich): Mgt it tdi lieu lich sH vi An nam chi<br /> (14). P h a n Huy Chii mo ta phu Hai Dong nhu nguyen. Tap s a n Vdn Sii Dia, so 20, t h a n g 8-<br /> sau: "Phil Hai Dong quay lUng vao niii, trU6c mat 1956, tr, 60.<br /> <br /> trong ra t6i bien, the da't rong rai. Cach con song (21). Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) la nha sU hgc<br /> 16n la chau Van Ninh, lai each song la chau Van CO ddng gdp quan trgng nha't eho phUdng phap giai<br /> Don,.," {Lich triiu hien chUOng logi chi, tap I, muc thich Uch sii trong so cac sii gia ciia trUdng phai<br /> Du dia chi, sdd, tr, 138), Bien nien. Cong t r i n h cua ong c6 nhieu anh hudng<br /> (15), Khoang nam Trung HUng (1285-1293) deli trong nhiing t h a p nien 1960 vk 1970, dae bigt vdi<br /> Tran, quan Nguyen hai lan sang xam la'n nu6c tac pham La Mediteranee et le monde medite'rane<br /> Nam, Thuyen quan deu do 161 Hai Dong, Van Don a I'epoque de Philippe 11 (Viing Dia Trung Hai va<br /> vao song Bach D i n g . Pho tu6ng Tran Khanh Du, the gidi Dia T n m g Hai vao the ky XVI trong thdi d^i<br /> don danh quan Nguyen d Van Don, thuyen gao ciia vua Philip II cua Tay Ban Nhaj, Paris: Arinand<br /> tudng Nguyen la TrUdng Van Ho' bi dam het. Quan Colin. David Moon. Day la quyIn sii viet tren mgt<br /> Nguyen vi the t h u a to, Theo P h a n Huy Chii: Lich binh dien rong, Braudel cung bat ddu vdi moi<br /> triiu hien chUOng logi chi, tap I, muc DU dia chi, trudng dia ly cua vung Dia Trung Hai qua sU mo<br /> sdd, t r . l 3 8 . ta ve niii, ddi, ddng b i n g , bd bien, bien,,. va each<br /> ma chiing da a n h hUdng den lich sii cua vung<br /> (17), (30). Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don,<br /> nay...<br /> sdd, tr. 218, 132,<br /> (22), Dan theo T r a n Thi Bich Nggc: Lich sii vd<br /> (19). Dudi trieu Ly, vi sd ngUcti Trung Quo'c<br /> phuong phdp lich sii, Tap chf Khoa hgc xd hgi,<br /> du6i chieu bai buon ban de do tham tinh hinh Dai<br /> Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi vUng Nam Bg, so 9-H0/2007,<br /> Viet nen vua Ly chi cho ph6p ngUcfi nUde ngoai<br /> tr, 68-69,<br /> dugc ph6p buon ban d mgt so' dia dilm nha't dinh<br /> va chiu sU kiem soat ciia nha nU6c, NgUdc lai, (23), Ve hoat dgng giao thUdng d Van Ddn xin<br /> <br /> Trung Quoc cQng vay, chi cho ph^p thUdng n h a n tham khao Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thuong<br /> <br /> Dai Viet den buon ban cl mgt so' dia diem thugc cdng Vdn Don qua tU lieu lich sU vd khdo co hgc,<br /> <br /> Ung chau, Kham chau. Cac dia diem buon ban d bdd; tr, 46-66; Nguyen Thi PhUdng Chi - Nguyen<br /> <br /> bien gidi hai nUdc dUde Chu Khii Phi ggi la "Bac Tien Diing: Vi cdc mdi giao thUOng cua Quoc gia<br /> Dgi Viet thdi Ly, Tran (the ky XI-XFV), Tap chf<br /> dich trudng" (hoSc bac dich trUdng). 6 Ung chau ed<br /> Nghien ciiu Lich sH, so 7-2007, tr. 23-38.<br /> hai bac dich trudng ldn: mgt la trai Hoanh Sdn, ndi<br /> mua ngUa va cac lam san, dUdc phdm cua dia (24), (25), (28), (32), DVSKTT, tap II, Nxb,<br /> phUdng va muo'i. Hai la Trai Vinh Binh, mgt trong Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1971, tr,152, 59, 163, 53,<br /> cac bac dich trUdng quan trgng, Neu nhU viec buon (26). Dao Duy Anh: Vdn de hinh thdnh cua ddn tgc<br /> ban d bien gidi hai nUde tai cac dia diem thugc ehau Viet Nam, Xay dung xua't ban. Ha Ngi, 1957, tr.84,<br /> Ung, chau Kham diln ra nhgn nhip dUdi thdi Ly thi<br /> (27), Tac gia Do Van Ninh cho r i n g chfnh sach<br /> den thdi Tran lai trd nen md nhat va khong tha'y ghi<br /> nha Tran dUa ra lam h a n che' ngoai thUdng, Tac gia<br /> ch6p trong sii cu, TrUdc do, dUdi thdi Tien Le, nSm<br /> viet: "Sang thdi Trdn che do tap quyg~n phat triln<br /> 1009, vua Le Ngga Trieu da "cau thong thUdng vdi cao hdn, mat khae ba ldn chien tranh xam lUde cua<br /> Ung chau" nhUng vua Td'ng "chi eho thong thUdng quan Nguyen da lam cho eac vua Trdn dUa ra<br /> vdi Liem ehau va tra'n NhU Hong (tiie chau Kham) nhiing chinh sach han che ngoai thUdng" (Do Van<br /> thoi", theo DVSKTT, tap I, sdd, tr.l83. Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don, edd, tr, 218-219),<br /> v a n Bdn v a v u n g Bdng B d c . S3<br /> <br /> <br /> (29). Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don, sdd, thdi Ly Trdn tren ddt Dong Trieu, Bao Vdn nghe,<br /> tr, 220. Dd sii thdi Trdn ngoai dae diem ke tue io so t h a n g 2-1995.<br /> sii thdi Ly, cdn cd nhiing dae diem rieng khoe (36). Tran bia k h i c 4 chQ trign ldn: Long<br /> manh ve kieu dang, mdu men trang tri son nau Khanh ngii thU. Long K h a n h la nien higu cua vua<br /> gian di nhUng t h a n h thoat de Ua, Nen, nd la mgt Dug Tong nha Trdn (1373-1377). Bia dgng T h a n h<br /> trong nhiing mat h a n g n i m trong danh muc dd Hu dUdc dung ngay sau khi dgng lam xong, Bia<br /> cd'ng cua Dai Vigt sang nha Nguyen, k h i c chii hai mat. M a t trUdc k h i c ba chii ldn<br /> (31), Cd ngudi cho r i n g sau con song dd la song "Thanh HU dgng", la biit tich ciia vua Due Tdng.<br /> Lue Nam, song ThUdng, song Cdu, sdng Duong, M a t sau k h i c bai Minh ciia Nghe Tdng. NhUng do<br /> song Thai Binh va song Kinh Thdy, ehie la nhdm bia de lau ngay, tren mat bia chi cdn lai cac chii<br /> vi sdng Luc Nam xa qua (xem Nguyen Trdi todn trign ldn, k h i c sau "Long K h a n h ngil thu" va<br /> tap, Nxb. Khoa hoe Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1976, tr. 567). "Thanh H u dgng".<br /> <br /> (33). TrUdng HQu Quynh; Che do rugng ddt d (37). Ra't may Ik bai Minh ciia Nghd Tong dUdc<br /> Viet Nam theky XI-XVHI, tap I, Nxb. Khoa hoe xa P h a n Phu Tien va Chu Xa sUu tap va dua vao sach<br /> hgi. Ha Ngi, 1982, tr. 159. Viet dm thi tap vko khoang nam 1433, vdi ddu de:<br /> <br /> (34). Bia dUdc p h a t hign vao nSm 1990. Khi Cdn Son Thanh HU dgng bi minh, vk chii ro 4 chii:<br /> <br /> phat hien, bia dUdc chdn ngSp trong da't, kich Nghg Tdng ngU che. 3 chii "Ngi^ thu" cua Dug Tong<br /> <br /> thudc la 1,2m va 0,8m, Tran bia va xung quanh va bai Minh eua Nghg Tdng sang tac vao nam<br /> <br /> bia khong trang tri hoa van. Bia khde ehii mgt 1373-1376, trUdc khi Dug Tdng di danh Chiem<br /> <br /> mat, gdm 7 ddng, viS't doe tif tren xuong, til phai Thanh va tii tr&n, va trUdc khi Nguyen Dan ve<br /> <br /> sang trai, hien eon dgc dUdc 133 chii (gdm ca 6 ehii hUu (1385).<br /> <br /> ddu de); dg 24 chii bi mdn md khdng nhan dUde, 6 (38). Trinh K h i c Manh: Bia ddng Thanh HU,<br /> chQ ddu de bia thi 3 chii 'Thien Lieu sdn" viet trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam, tap II, Thdi<br /> ngang tren t r a n bia, cdn 3 chii "Tam Bao dia" lai Trdn, tftp Ha, National Chung Cheng University<br /> viet dgc d giiia bia. Bia hign cdn cl ndi dUdc phat Chia Yi- Vign Nghien ciiu H a n Ndm, Ha Ngi,<br /> hidn. Vi^n Nghien ciiu Han Nom ed gill mgt ban 2002, tr. 615-616.<br /> rap (ehUa cd ky hieu). (39). Nha Ly thudng ga cong chiia eho cac tu<br /> (35). Hoang v a n Lau: Bia ddt Tam Bdo nui trUdng d mien niii phfa Bic. Nha Trdn ciing ga<br /> Thien Lieu, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam, cdng chiia cho vua Chiem T h a n h la Ch§' Man d<br /> tap II, Thdi Trdn, quyen Thugng, National Chung phfa Nam va ra Ignh cho dan trang Van Don<br /> Cheng University Chia Yi- Vign Nghien eiiu Han khdng duge dgi non giong ngUdi phUdng Bic, Nha<br /> Ndm Ha Ndi, 2002, tr. 333-334, Xem them: Lai Trdn ra Ignh cho n h a n dan khdng dUdc b i t chudc<br /> v a n Hilng-Pham Nggc Lan: Nhiing di tich vdn hgc tieng ndi ciia ngudi Ai Lao va Chan Lap...<br />