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Web Programming with HTML, XHTML, and CSS Second Edition- P11

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Web Programming with HTML, XHTML, and CSS Second Edition- P11: Điều này bắt đầu hướng dẫn nhận xét HTML và cũng giới thiệu đến bạn bằng cách sử dụng XHTML cho cấu trúc của một trang web và cascading style sheets (CSS) để kiểm soát như thế nào một tài liệu sẽ xuất hiện trên một trang web. Bạn se tìm hiểu làm thế nào để tận dụng lợi thế của các tính năng mới của các trình duyệt trong khi đảm bảo rằng các trang của bạn vẫn làm việc ở cũ, nhưng phổ biến, các trình duyệt. Bằng...

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  1. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript To give focus to the first text input on a form, simply add an onload event handler to the element of the document. This handler selects the form control that you want to highlight and uses the focus() method of that control to give it focus, as follows (ch12_eg10.html): When the page loads, the cursor should be flashing in the form control that you have selected, ready for the user to enter some text See Figure 12-10. Note that the onload event fires when the complete page has loaded (not as soon as it is come across in the order of the page). Figure 12-10 Auto-Tabbing Between Fields The focus() method can also be used to pass the focus of one control to another control. For example, if one of the controls on a form is to provide a date of birth in MM/DD/YYYY format, then you can move focus between the three boxes as soon as the user enters a month, and then again once the user has entered a day (ch12_eg11.html): Enter your date of birth: =2) this.form.txtDay.focus();”/> =2) this.form.txtYear.focus();” /> =4) this.form.submit.focus();” /> This example uses the onkeyup event handler to check that the length of the text the user has entered is equal to or greater than the required number of characters for that field. If the user has entered the required number of characters, the focus is moved to the next box. Note how the length of the text input is discovered using this.value.length. The this keyword indi- cates the current form control, whereas the value property indicates the value entered for the control. 471
  2. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Then the length property returns the length of the value entered for the control. This is a quicker way of determining the length of the value in the current form control than the full path, which would be, as follows: document.fromDOB.txtMonth.value.length The other advantage of using the this keyword rather than the full path is that the code would work if you copied and pasted these controls into a different form, as you have not hard-coded the name of the form in. You can see this example in Figure 12-11; the user has entered an appropriate number of digits in one field so the focus is moved on to the next. Figure 12-11 You might have noticed that the value of the size attribute is also one digit larger than the maximum length of the field to ensure that there is enough space for all of the characters (usually the width of the control will be slightly too small to see all of the characters at once). I have seen this technique used to allow users to enter their credit card details using four blocks of four codes. While 16 digits is the most common length for a credit card number, and they are often printed in blocks of four digits, some Visa cards, for example, contain 13 digits and some American Express cards use 15 digits. Disabling a Text Input Sometimes you will want to disable a text input until a certain condition has been met — just as the Submit button was disabled until the user clicked the checkbox to agree to terms and conditions in Figure 12-9. This example features a form that asks users how they heard about the site; radio buttons are used for several options such as Friend, TV ad, magazine ad, and then an option of Other. If the user selects the Other option, the text input next to that option allows the user to indicate how they heard about the site. You can see the form in Figure 12-12. In this example, it’s not just a case of enabling the text box when the user selects the other radio button; you really need to check the value of each radio button as it is selected — after all, if the user selects Other as his or her first choice, but then changes her mind and selects TV or one of the other options, you will want to disable the text input and change its value again. Therefore, each time the user selects a radio but- ton, a function in the head of the document is called that is responsible for enabling and disabling the con- trol and setting values. 472
  3. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Figure 12-12 First, here is the form that gives users the options (ch12_eg12.html). Note how the text input is dis- abled using the onload event handler of the element and that the text input does not use the disabled attribute (this is the same as the earlier example with the Submit button). How did you hear about us? From a friend TV Ad Magazine Ad Newspaper Ad Internet Other... Please specify: As you can see from this form, every time the user selects one of the options on this form, the onclick event calls a function called handleOther(). This function is passed the value of the form control as a parameter. Looking at the function, you can see that it checks whether the value of the form control is equal to the text other (remember that checking whether one value is equal to another value uses two equal signs because the single equal sign is used to set a variable). function handleOther(strRadio) { if (strRadio == “other”) { document.frmReferrer.txtOther.disabled = false; document.frmReferrer.txtOther.value = “; } else { 473
  4. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript document.frmReferrer.txtOther.disabled = true; document.frmReferrer.txtOther.value = ‘not applicable’; } } Here you can see a simple if...else statement that looks at the value of the radio button, which has been passed in as an argument. If the value is other, the control is enabled, and the value set to nothing — other- wise it is disabled and the value is not applicable. Case Conversion There are times when it is helpful to change the case of text a user has entered to make it all uppercase or all lowercase — in particular because JavaScript is case-sensitive. To change the case of text, there are two built-in methods of JavaScript’s String object: ❑ toLowerCase() ❑ toUpperCase() To demonstrate, here is an example of a text input that changes case as focus moves away from the text input (ch12_eg13.html): If your form data is being sent to a server, it is generally considered better practice to make these changes on the server because they are less distracting for users — a form that changes letter case as you use it can appear a little odd to users. Trimming Spaces from Beginning and End of Fields You might want to remove spaces (white space) from the beginning or end of a form field for many rea- sons, even simply because the user did not intend to enter it there. The technique I will demonstrate here uses the substring() method of the String object, whose syntax is: substring(startPosition, endPosition) This method returns the string from the given points — if no end position is given, then the default is the end of the string. The start and end positions are zero-based, so the first character is 0. For example, if you have a string that says Welcome, then the method substring(0, 1) returns the letter W. Looking first at removing leading white space from the start of a string, the substring() method will be called upon twice. First you can use the substring() method to retrieve the value the user has entered into a text control and just return the first character. You check if this first character returned is a space: this.value.substring(0,1) == ‘ ‘ 474
  5. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript If this character is a space, you call the substring() method a second time to remove the space. This time it selects the value of the control from the second character to the end of the string (ignoring the first char- acter). This is set to be the new value for the form control; so you have removed the first character, which was a space. this.value = this.value.substring(1, this.value.length); This whole process of checking whether the first character is a blank, and then removing it if it is, will be called using the onblur event handler; so when focus moves away from the form control the process starts. You can see here that the process uses a while loop to indicate that for as long as the first character is a blank then it should be removed using the second call to the substring() method. This loop makes sure that the first character is removed if it is a blank until the substring no longer returns a blank as the first character (ch12_eg14.html). To trim any trailing spaces the process is similar but reversed. The first substring() method collects the last character of the string, and if it is blank removes it, as follows: As long as you are not targeting browsers as old as Netscape 4 and IE4, you can alternatively use a Regular Expression to trim the spaces, as follows: This removes both trailing and leading spaces. Regular Expressions are quite a large topic in themselves. If you want to learn more about them, then you can refer to Beginning JavaScript 2nd Edition by Paul Wilton (Wrox, 2000). Selecting All the Content of a Text Area If you want to allow users to select the entire contents of a text area (so they don’t have to manually select all the text with the mouse), you can use the focus() and select() methods. 475
  6. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript In this example, the selectAll() function takes one parameter, the form control that you want to select the content of (ch12_eg15.html): Select whole text area function selectAll(strControl) { strControl.focus(); strControl.select(); } This is some text The button that allows the user to select all has an onclick event handler to call the selectAll() function and tell it which control it is whose contents should be selected. The selectAll() function first gives that form control focus using the focus() method and then selects its content using the select() method. The form control must gain focus before it can have its content selected. The same method would also work on a single-line text input and a password field. Check and Uncheck All Checkboxes If there are several checkboxes in a group of checkboxes, it can be helpful to allow users to select or dese- lect a whole group of checkboxes at once. The following are two functions that allow precisely this: function check(field) { for (var i = 0; i < field.length; i++) { field[i].checked = true;} } function uncheck(field) { for (var i = 0; i < field.length; i++) { field[i].checked = false; } } In order for these functions to work, more than one checkbox must be in the group. You then add two buttons that call the check or uncheck functions, passing in the array of checkbox elements that share the same name such as the following (ch12_eg16.html): Your basket order 476
  7. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Chocolate cookies Potato chips Cola Cheese Candy bar You can see how this form appears in Figure 12-13. Figure 12-13 This could also be combined into a single function, which could be called from the same button such as the following: function checkUncheckAll(field) { var theForm = field.form, z = 0; for(z=0; z
  8. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Figure 12-14 1. First create a skeleton XHTML document with , , and elements. 2. In the body of the document, add the element and two elements. The first holds the To, CC, and Subject fields, while the second holds the quick address. Send to: CC: Subject: 3. Next you need to add the quick address book into the second element. The address book uses a multiple select box. Underneath it are two buttons: one to add addresses to the txtTo 478
  9. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript field and one to add addresses to the txtCC field. Both of these buttons call the add() function when clicked: Quick address book: Sales Marketing Research Customer Support IT 4. Add the message element and a Send E-mail button: Message: 5. Now you need to add the validation function and the add() function. First, here is the add() function that adds e-mail addresses from the address book to the To or CC fields (if there is already an address in there, the semicolon is added to separate out multiple addresses): function add(objInput, objList){\{} var strGroup = objList.options[objList.selectedIndex].value; if (objInput.value == “”) { objInput.value = strGroup } else { objInput.value += (‘; ‘ + strGroup) } } 6. Here is the validate() function, which you can see is quite long: function validate(form) { var returnValue = true; var sendTo = form.txtTo.value; var cc = form.txtCC.value; var subject = form.txtSubject.value; var message = form.txtMessage.value; if (sendTo == "") { returnValue = false; alert("There are no email addresses in the To field"); form.txtTo.focus(); } 479
  10. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript if (subject == "") { returnValue = false; alert("There is no subject line for this e-mail"); form.txtSubject.focus(); } if (message=="") { returnValue = false; alert("There is no message to this e-mail"); form.txtMessage.focus(); } var arrTo = sendTo.split("; "); var rxEmail=/\^\w(\.?[\w-])*@\w(\.?[\w-])*\.[a-z]{2,6}(\.[a-z]{2})?$/i; for (var i=0; i
  11. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript objInput.value = strGroup } else { objInput.value += (‘; ‘ + strGroup) } } The validate() function is slightly more complex, starting off by setting a returnValue variable to true and collecting the form’s values into variables. function validate(form) { var returnValue = true; var sendTo = form.txtTo.value; var cc = form.txtCC.value; var subject = form.txtSubject.value; var message = form.txtMessage.value; It checks to see if the To, Subject line, and Message body fields are empty, and if so sets the returnValue attribute to false, and indicates to the user that something must be added for that field using an alert box — this is very similar to the examples you saw earlier in the chapter: if (sendTo == “”) { returnValue = false; alert(“There are no e-mail addresses in the To field”); form.txtTo.focus(); } The validate function gets more interesting when it comes to checking that valid e-mail addresses have been entered into the form. First, the Regular Expression that’s used to check the e-mail addresses needs to be stored in a variable — this time called rxEmail: var rxEmail=/\^\w(\.?[\w-])*@\w(\.?[\w-])*\.[a-z]{2,6}(\.[a-z]{2})?$/i; Next, the To field gets split into an array using the split() method of the String object. This function will take a string and split it into separate values whenever it comes across a specified character or set of characters. In this case, the method looks for any instances of a semicolon followed by a space, and wherever it finds these it creates a new item in the array. var arrTo = sendTo.split(“; “); Imagine having the following e-mail addresses (note that this is just to illustrate the split() method; it is not part of the code): sales@example.com; accounts@example.com; marketing@example.com These would be split into the following array (again, this is not part of the code from the example): arrTo[0] = “sales@example.com” arrTo[1] = “accounts@example.com” arrTo[2] = “marketing@example.com” 481
  12. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript So now there has to be a for loop in the code that will go through each e-mail address in the array and check that it follows the pattern described in the Regular Expression. The for loop has three parame- ters; the first sets a counter called i to be 0, checks that the counter is less than the number of items in the array, and finally increments the counter. Inside the loop is an if statement that checks whether the e-mail address matches the Regular Expression using the test() method; if it does not, it will set the returnValue to false and alert the user that the value does not seem to be a valid e-mail address: for (var i=0; i
  13. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript (If only one of these events were monitored, the image would simply change, not go back to its initial state, so it’s important to monitor both.) You can see that this image’s name attribute has a value of button, which is used to identify the image in the event handler: Remember that each image in the document has its own corresponding object in the DOM, and one of the properties of the image object is the src property. The src property is the location for the image, which corresponds to the value specified in the src attribute on the element in the document. When creating rollover images that contain text, you should generally use the same size and weight of text on both images. Text that suddenly appears larger or bold can be hard to read. Changing the back- ground color slightly tends to be a better option. Creating an image rollover function is the logical next step when you want to use the same rollover images on several pages — for example if you are creating a navigation bar that changes color as users move their mouse over each item. Figure 12-15 shows you a navigation bar that does just that. Figure 12-15 Each image in this navigation bar is contained in a link, and each image must have a different name. As with the last example, it is the element that carries the event handlers. When the user places the mouse over the link, an onmouseover event calls the changeImages() function, and when the mouse moves off the link an onmouseout event calls the same function but passes in values to indicate that the original image should be shown again. The changeImages() function has two arguments — the first is the name of the image, the second is the name of a variable that holds the URL of the image that will replace the current one. Note how the value of the image’s name attribute corresponds with the parameters being passed when the onmouseover and onmouseout events fire (ch12_eg17.html): 483
  14. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript This script that does the real work lives in the scripts folder and is in a file called rollover.js. This script can be included in any page that is going to include a rollover. Remember that there are two images for each rollover — when the mouse is over the image it is “on,” and when the mouse is off the image it is “off.” Each image is assigned two variables, one for when the mouse is over it and one for when it is off it. The variables hold an image object whose src property is the URL for the image. First you see the images used when there are rollovers and then the images used in the normal state: if (document.images) { image1on = new Image(); image1on.src = “images/nav_home_on.gif”; image2on = new Image(); image2on.src = “images/nav_products_on.gif”; image3on = new Image(); image3on.src = “images/nav_services_on.gif”; Next come the variables holding the image objects that have the src property set for when the image is “off.” image1off = new Image(); image1off.src = “images/nav_home.gif”; image2off = new Image(); image2off.src = “images/nav_products.gif”; image3off = new Image(); image3off.src = “images/nav_services.gif”; } Now, here’s the function; it loops through the images and takes the arguments passed into the function: function changeImages() { if (document.images) { for (var i=0; i
  15. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript The last thing on this line is the equal (=) sign. This property still has to be set, and the code on the next line is the code that actually provides the value. This next line is saying the property should be given the value of the second argument in the function: eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + “.src”); You may remember from the last chapter that the for loop takes the following three arguments: ❑ The first argument runs only once and in this case sets the value of the counter to be 0 (i-0). ❑ The second argument indicates whether the loop should run again. In this case, if the counter is less than the number of arguments passed to the changeImages() function, it should run again. ❑ The third argument increments the counter by two. This means that the changeImages() function can be used to change more than one image, because you can call the function with different sets of parameters. Random Script Generator There are times when it is helpful to use a script to select a random value. The following script can be used to select a random piece of content from a predefined array. You might like to use it to add ran- dom quotes or tips, or you could use it to rotate advertisements or images. The script contains a func- tion called randomContent() that includes the content that will be selected at random. The content is added to an array called arrContent and the array contains the data you want to appear randomly: function randomContent(){ var arrContent=new Array() arrContent[0]=’This is the first message.’ arrContent[1]=’This is the second message.’ arrContent[2]=’This is the third message.’ arrContent[3]=’This is the fourth message.’ arrContent[4]=’This is the fifth message.’ A variable called i is then set to a random value between 0 and the number of items in the array. In order to generate this random number, you need to call two methods of the Math object. The random() method generates a random number between 0 and 1 and this is multiplied by the number of elements in the array. The number is then rounded to the nearest integer (whole number) equal to or less than the number gener- ated using the floor() method. The floor() method is used rather than the round() method because you could end up with a number higher than the number of items in the array if you used the round() method. var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*arrContent.length) document.write(arrContent[i]) } 485
  16. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Wherever you want to include the random content, you just call that function: randomContent(); You can see the result here in Figure 12-16. Figure 12-16 If you wanted the random content to appear on several pages, then you could simply place the function in an external file. Pop-Up Windows Pop-up windows have a bad name. People associate them with pop-up ads that appear when pages of a site load, and they often feature advertisements or unwanted information. There are, however, some very legitimate uses for pop-up windows. For example, you might just want to keep users on the current page while allowing them to provide some other information in a pop-up, or you might want to open something from your site (such as an image) in a new window without the user losing his or her place. Of course, you can create a normal link and make the page open in a new window by adding the target= ”_new” attribute, but when you create a pop-up in JavaScript you can control the dimensions of the win- dow, indicate whether it can be resized or not, and whether it has scrollbars (ch12_eg19.html). Click here for the link to open in a popup window. You can see that the open() method of the window object can take several parameters; the syntax is as follows: open(url, ‘windowname’, ‘features’) 486
  17. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript You can list several features after the window name, and the following table shows you those available. As you can see, they allow you to control several properties of the window including size and position and whether the screen has scrollbars or not — but remember that users with different resolution might require scrollbars even if you do not. Feature Value Sets width Number The width of the new window in pixels height Number The height of the new window in pixels left Number The location where the left side of the window should appear top Number The location where the top of the window should appear location yes/no Controls whether the browser should display the browser location toolbar menubar yes/no Controls whether the browser should display the menu bar resizable yes/no Allows the user to resize the browser window scrollbars yes/no Controls whether horizontal or vertical scrollbars are shown status yes/no Controls the display of the status bar (the area at the bottom of the browser) toolbar yes/no Controls whether the browser should display the buttons toolbar You should be aware that some pop-up blocking software might prevent functions like this from work- ing. You should also avoid using words such as “pop-up” (or “popup”) in your filenames even when creating pop-up windows because some pop-up window blockers look for words like these in your file- names and will not open files containing them. You can create pop-up windows in JavaScript in several ways, but I strongly recommend that you use this approach if you choose to create them with JavaScript because many other methods prevent a user from right-clicking the link and opening it in a new window themselves. More experienced web browsers often enable you to open a link in a new window with the right mouse button, and some methods of creat- ing pop-ups mean that users who take this approach (choosing to open the link in a new window them- selves) will just get a blank window. This approach solves the problem. JavaScript Libraries The examples you have seen so far in this chapter have been designed to give you a better understanding of how JavaScript works with your XHTML documents. Now you are going to take a look at some exam- ples that work with some of the popular free JavaScript libraries that you can download via the Web. 487
  18. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript JavaScript libraries are simply JavaScript files that contain code that helps programmers perform tasks commonly used in web pages with just a few lines of code. You will be looking at examples that allow you to do the following: ❑ Create animated effects, such as fading out text, or shrinking boxes ❑ Re-order items in a bulleted list ❑ Sort tables ❑ Create calendars ❑ Auto-complete text fields There are many JavaScript libraries that you can download from the Web; however, in this chapter you will be looking at Scriptaculous (which is actually built on top of another JavaScript library called Prototype), MochiKit, and Yahoo User Interface (also known as YUI). I have included versions of each of these libraries with the code download for this chapter. If you look in the code folder for Chapter 12, you will see inside the scripts folder that there are folders called scriptac- ulous, mochikit, and yui (each folder corresponding to the three libraries you will be using). Animated Effects using Scriptaculous Scriptaculous can help you with many kinds of tasks: animation, drag-and-drop functionality, editing tools, and autocompleting of text inputs, as well as utilities to help create DOM fragments. In this section, you look at some of the animation effects. As I’ve already mentioned, Scriptaculous was built on top of another JavaScript library called Prototype. I have included a copy of Scriptaculous 1.8.0 and Prototype 1.6.0 with the code download for this chap- ter; however, you can check for more recent versions and download your own copy of these files from http://script.aculo.us/. Scriptaculous contains functions that help you create several different types of animations. this example is going to demonstrate just four of the animated effects you can achieve with Scriptaculous, but this will be enough to demonstrate the flexibility of these effects, and how easily you can integrate them into your pages. You can see what this page will look like in Figure 12-17, although you really need to try the exam- ple out to see the animation effects in ch12_eg20.html. In order to use the Scriptaculous library, you need to create references to both prototype.js library, which is in the lib folder inside the scriptaculous folder, and the scriptaculous.js library, which is in the src folder inside the scriptaculous folder (if you look in the src folder there are several other scripts that this JavaScript file loads). 488
  19. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Figure 12-17 You then have four elements to demonstrate the four effects you will be looking at. The outer element is used to separate each of the four effects you will be looking at; inside the second element is the name of the function you are demonstrating: Effect.Fade It is the second line of each of these elements that you need to look at. Each element whose class attribute has a value of demo creates one of the boxes, and on this element you add an id attribute that will be used to identify this element within the script, while the onclick attribute calls the Scriptaculous library to create the effect: Effect.Shake Effect.Shrink 489
  20. Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript Effect.Fade Effect.Puff You do not need to know how the Script creates these effects; all you need to know is that to access the effects you create an Effect object (using new Effect), and then the syntax of the method that calls each effect. Let’s start by looking at the first box, which uses a shake effect to move it left and right: Effect.Shake All you need to do with this element is add the onclick attribute, and in here you create a new Effect object, and call its Shake() method. As you have seen when validating a form using the onsubmit prop- erty of the element, you can tell a method that you are passing the current element (and any con- tents) using the this keyword. So, the onclick attribute in this example is simply telling the Scriptaculous library to create a new Effect object to shake this element when the element is clicked. You might have noticed that the next three elements contain a second line after the effect has been called. This is because each of the other effects makes the box disappear. So the Appear() method is called after a fixed duration so you can try the example again (and it is the Appear() method that is using the value of the id attribute to indicate which element needs to re-appear); but the other effects are still called using Effect.methodname(this). Effect.Shrink As you can see, this is a very simple way of creating animated effects using JavaScript. Drag-and-Drop Sortable Lists Using Scriptaculous The second of the two tasks you will look at using Scriptaculous is creating drag-and-drop lists. You may have seen some sites where you can re-order lists (such as to do lists or top 10 lists) just by dragging and dropping the elements. 490
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