Alternative phrases

English Pronunciation in use elementary progresses from individual sounds, through sequences of sounds, and stress in words, to intonation patterns in phrases and sentences. Of course, as soon as learners begin to speak English, they need to begin to develop control of all these features in parallel, but the step-by-step, incremental approach adopted here is designed to facilitate a clear progression and a clear focus on one thing at a time.

94p haojiubujain05 09-08-2023 10 7   Download

Ebook The new cutting edge pre-intermediate teacher's resource book consists of three sections: an Introduction and some Teacher's tips on helping students with pronunciation, working with lexical phrases, making the most of the mini-dictionary - making tasks work, responding to learners' individual language needs; step-by-step teacher's notes for each module, including alternative suggestions for different teaching situations (particularly for tasks), detailed language notes and integrated answer keys; a photocopiable Resource bank, including learner-training worksheets, communicative gram...

65p runthenight09 06-05-2023 11 5   Download

In terms of managing the one-on-one sessions, some pre-service teachers felt that it was necessary to spend the entire meeting discussing a single problematic word or phrase. These cases were usually handled by a discussion of the use of the word or phrase and the teacher’s suggestions for alternative expressions.

72p commentcmnr 03-06-2013 61 13   Download

Metagrammaticai formalisms that combine context-free phrase structure rules and metarules (MPS grammars) allow concise statement of generalizations about the syntax of natural languages. Unconstrained MPS grammars, tmfortunately, are not cornputationally "safe." We evaluate several proposals for constraining them, basing our amae~ment on computational tractability and explanatory adequacy. We show that none of them satisfies both criteria, and suggest new directions for research on alternative metagrammatical formalisms. ...

6p bungio_1 03-05-2013 40 4   Download

There is renewed interest in examining the descriptive as well as generative power of phrase s~-~uctur~ grammars. The primary motivation has come from the recent investigations in alternatives to t-~ansfor~ational gremmmrs [e.g., i, 2, 3, 4]. We will present several results and ideas related to phrase structure trees which have significant relevance to computational linguistics. We %~_nT to accomplish several objectives in this paper. I.

2p bungio_1 03-05-2013 34 1   Download

Previous algorithms for the generation of referring expressions have been developed specifically for this purpose. Here we introduce an alternative approach based on a fully generic aggregation method also motivated for other generation tasks. We argue that the alternative contributes to a more integrated and uniform approach to content determination in the context of complete noun phrase generation.

8p bunrieu_1 18-04-2013 54 2   Download

This paper describes a spelling correction system that functions as part of an intelligent tutor that carries on a natural language dialogue with its users. The process that searches the lexicon is adaptive as is the system filter, to speed up the process. The basis of our approach is the interaction between the parser and the spelling corrector. Alternative correction targets are fed back to the parser, which does a series of syntactic and semantic checks, based on the dialogue context, the sentence context, and the phrase context. phrases that are used in the correction process. ...

5p bunrieu_1 18-04-2013 54 4   Download

This paper presents a formal analysis for a large class of words called alternative markers, which includes other(than), such(as), and besides. These words appear frequently enough in dialog to warrant serious attention, yet present natural language search engines perform poorly on queries containing them. I show that the performance of a search engine can be improved dramatically by incorporating an approximation of the formal analysis that is compatible with the search engine’s operational semantics. ...

8p bunrieu_1 18-04-2013 35 2   Download

Obtaining high-quality machine translations is still a long way off. A postediting phase is required to improve the output of a machine translation system. An alternative is the so called computerassisted translation. In this framework, a human translator interacts with the system in order to obtain high-quality translations. A statistical phrase-based approach to computer-assisted translation is described in this article. A new decoder algorithm for interactive search is also presented, that combines monotone and nonmonotone search. ...

7p hongvang_1 16-04-2013 42 1   Download

We present a method for Noun Phrase chunking in Hebrew. We show that the traditional definition of base-NPs as nonrecursive noun phrases does not apply in Hebrew, and propose an alternative definition of Simple NPs. We review syntactic properties of Hebrew related to noun phrases, which indicate that the task of Hebrew SimpleNP chunking is harder than base-NP chunking in English.

8p hongvang_1 16-04-2013 42 1   Download

We developed caitra, a novel tool that aids human translators by (a) making suggestions for sentence completion in an interactive machine translation setting, (b) providing alternative word and phrase translations, and (c) allowing them to postedit machine translation output. The tool uses the Moses decoder, is implemented in Ruby on Rails and C++ and delivered over the web. We are at the beginning of a research program to explore the benefits of these different types of aid to human translators, analyze user interaction behavior, and develop novel types of assistance. ...

4p hongphan_1 15-04-2013 58 1   Download

This paper proposes a framework for representing the meaning of phrases and sentences in vector space. Central to our approach is vector composition which we operationalize in terms of additive and multiplicative functions. Under this framework, we introduce a wide range of composition models which we evaluate empirically on a sentence similarity task. Experimental results demonstrate that the multiplicative models are superior to the additive alternatives when compared against human judgments. ...

9p hongphan_1 15-04-2013 48 1   Download

Tree-to-string translation is syntax-aware and efficient but sensitive to parsing errors. Forestto-string translation approaches mitigate the risk of propagating parser errors into translation errors by considering a forest of alternative trees, as generated by a source language parser. We propose an alternative approach to generating forests that is based on combining sub-trees within the first best parse through binarization.

11p hongdo_1 12-04-2013 42 2   Download

The recent work of the Unit has been primarily concerned with the employment of thesauri in machine translation. Limited success has been achieved, in punchedcard tests, in improving the idiomatic quality and so the intelligibility of an initially unsatisfactory translation, by word-for-word procedures, from Italian into English, by using a program which permitted selection of final equivalents from "heads" in Roget's Thesaurus, i.e. lists of synonyms, near-synonyms and associated words and phrases, instead of from previously determined lists of alternative translations....

9p nghetay_1 06-04-2013 60 2   Download

Directions: In the following five passages, certain words and phrases have been underlined and numbered. You will find alternatives for each underlined portion in the right-hand column. Select the one that best expresses the idea, that makes the statement acceptable in standard written English, or that is phrased most consistently with the style and tone of the entire passage. If you feel that the original version is best, select “NO CHANGE.” You will also find questions asking about a section of the passage or about the entire passage....

16p ngothinhamtiensu 08-10-2010 314 70   Download

Directions: In the following three passages, certain words and phrases have been underlined and numbered. You will find alternatives for each underlined portion in the right-hand column. Select the one that best expresses the idea, that makes the statement acceptable in standard written English, or that is phrased most consistently with the style and tone of the entire passage.

8p ngothinhamtiensu 08-10-2010 173 45   Download

The definitions which follow (except such as are expressly excluded by deletion or otherwise) shall apply to words and phrases used in the charterparty, save only to the extent that any definition or part thereof is inconsistent with any other express provision of the charterparty. Words used in these definitions shall themselves be construed in accordance with any definition given to them therein. Words or phrases which are merely variations or alternative forms of words or phrases herein defined are to be construed in accordance with the definition (e.g.

5p laifalcon 15-09-2010 129 9   Download