Annotated logic

This book touches on several large areas in mathematics, including computability and mathematical logic. I have picked and chosen only those topics and concepts most relevant to understanding Turing's paper. Many details are omitted, and this book is no substitute for the rigor and depth you'll find in dedicated books on the subjects of computability and logic. Those readers interested in delving further into these fascinating areas of study can consult the bibliography for guidance.

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Annotated Logics are a category of non-classical logics that have recently appeared from a historical point of view. They are a type of paraconsistent, paracomplete and non-alethic logic. With the rapid development of AI and Automation and Robotics, more and more theory and techniques were coined to support the various issues that the themes were presenting

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Ebook Research and writing skills: Success in 20 minutes a day - Part 2 includes contents: Lesson 11 writing a first draft; lesson 12 establishing tone with word choice; lesson 13 using point of view; lesson 14 emotional versus logical appeals; lesson 15 distinguishing fact from opinion; lesson 16 revising your draft; lesson 17 proofreading and editing your draft; lesson 18 adding footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical citations; lesson 19 writing a bibliography; lesson 20 writing an annotated bibliography, a historiography, and an abstract.

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High quality functional annotation is essential for understanding the phenotypic consequences encoded in a genome. Despite improvements in bioinformatics methods, millions of sequences in databanks are not assigned reliable functions.

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A large number of computational methods have been proposed for predicting protein functions. The underlying techniques adopted by most of these methods revolve around predicting the functions of an unannotated protein p from already annotated proteins that have similar characteristics as p. Recent Information Extraction methods take advantage of the huge growth of biomedical literature to predict protein functions.

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In this paper we propose the paraconsistent process order control method based on a paraconsistent annotated logic program called before–after extended vector annotated logic program with strong negation (bf-EVALPSN) with a small example of pipeline process order verification.

9p vititan2711 13-08-2019 7 1   Download

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important noncoding regulatory RNAs. They are expressed endogenously and are 18–26 nucleotides in length. These small molecules are conserved evolutionarily within the same kingdom and their conserved nature becomes an important logical tool for the quest of conserved miRNAs in other species by homology search using bioinformatics tools.

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We consider the problem of learning context-dependent mappings from sentences to logical form. The training examples are sequences of sentences annotated with lambda-calculus meaning representations. We develop an algorithm that maintains explicit, lambda-calculus representations of salient discourse entities and uses a context-dependent analysis pipeline to recover logical forms. The method uses a hidden-variable variant of the perception algorithm to learn a linear model used to select the best analysis.

9p hongphan_1 14-04-2013 53 5   Download

Previous work on quantifier scope annotation focuses on scoping sentences with only two quantified noun phrases (NPs), where the quantifiers are restricted to a predefined list. It also ignores negation, modal/logical operators, and other sentential adverbials. We present a comprehensive scope annotation scheme. We annotate the scope interaction between all scopal terms in the sentence from quantifiers to scopal adverbials, without putting any restriction on the number of scopal terms in a sentence. ...

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Compositional question answering begins by mapping questions to logical forms, but training a semantic parser to perform this mapping typically requires the costly annotation of the target logical forms. In this paper, we learn to map questions to answers via latent logical forms, which are induced automatically from question-answer pairs. In tackling this challenging learning problem, we introduce a new semantic representation which highlights a parallel between dependency syntax and efficient evaluation of logical forms. ...

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One goal of natural language generation is to produce coherent text that presents information in a logical order. In this paper, we show that topological fields, which model high-level clausal structure, are an important component of local coherence in German. First, we show in a sentence ordering experiment that topological field information improves the entity grid model of Barzilay and Lapata (2008) more than grammatical role and simple clausal order information do, particularly when manual annotations of this information are not available. ...

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We propose a novel approach to constraint-based type inference based on coinductive logic. Constraint generation corresponds to translation into a conjunction of Horn clauses P, and constraint satisfaction is defined in terms of the coinductive Herbrand model of P. We illustrate the approach by formally defining this translation for a small object-oriented language similar to Featherweight Java, where type annotations in field and method declarations can be omitted.

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Intelligent systems, known as expert systems, serve to this purpose in the extent that they have signed as facilitators in this process. These are systems that are based on expert knowledge, on any subject, in order to emulate human expertise in the specific field. To obtain this knowledge, the knowledge engineers, also called software engineers, need to develop methodologies for intelligent systems. In this area there is still no unified methodology that provides effective methods, notations and tools to aid in development....

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