Bacterial secretion system

Ebook "Alginates: Biology and applications" provides an overview of the state of art of alginate material properties, genetics and the molecular mechanisms underlying alginate biosynthesis as well as applications of tailor-made alginates in medicine, food and biotechnology. Topics treated are: material properties of alginates, alginate production: precursor biosynthesis, polymerization and secretion, bacterial system for alginate uptake and degradation, enzymatic alginate modification,...

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Ebook "Bacterial protein secretion systems: Methods and protocols" details protocols that cover the broad arsenal of techniques used to study a secretion system from A to Z. Chapters focus on identifying and localizing the different subunits, defining interactions within subunits, monitoring conformational changes, purifying and imaging of large complexes, defining the assembly pathway by fluorescence microscopy and the role of energy during assembly and/or secretion, identifying secreted effectors as well as reporters to follow effector transport.

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Like many bacteria, Vibrio cholerae deploys a harpoon-like type VI secretion system (T6SS) to compete against other microbes in environmental and host settings. The T6SS punctures adjacent cells and delivers toxic effector proteins that are harmless to bacteria carrying cognate immunity factors.

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Dickeya sp. strain PA1 is the causal agent of bacterial soft rot in Phalaenopsis, an important indoor orchid in China. PA1 and a few other strains were grouped into a novel species, Dickeya fangzhongdai, and only the orchid-associated strains have been shown to cause soft rot symptoms.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is an opportunistic pathogen that mainly causes respiratory and urinary tract infections. The frequent occurrence of simultaneously virulent and multiple drug-resistant isolates led WHO to include this species in the list of top priorities for research and development of therapeutic alternatives.

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The genetic diversity in Australian populations of Xanthomonas species associated with bacterial leaf spot in tomato, capsicum and chilli were compared to worldwide bacterial populations. The aim of this study was to confirm the identities of these Australian Xanthomonas species and classify them in comparison to overseas isolates.

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Bacterial pathogenicity represents a major public health concern worldwide. Secretion systems are a key component of bacterial pathogenicity, as they provide the means for bacterial proteins to penetrate host-cell membranes and insert themselves directly into the host cells’ cytosol.

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Small non-coding RNA (sRNA) short sequences regulate various biological processes in all organisms, including bacteria that are animal or plant pathogens. Virulent or pathogenicity-associated sRNAs have been increasingly elucidated in animal pathogens but little is known about similar category of sRNAs in plant-pathogenic bacteria.

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Salmonella typhi is the Gram negative bacteria that have the ability to infect humans via transferring an effector protein into host cells through type III secretion system. This effector protein starts interfering various host mechanisms which helps in bacterial survival. Antibiotics activate the immune system against infection but sometimes bacteria develop resistance by modulating its mechanism. The present study was carried out to explore an uncharacterized gene which may be involved in infection enhancement.

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K. pneumoniae is responsible for a wide variety of hospital and community-acquired infections, affecting patients with normal immune systems as well as those with pre-existing conditions. The Carbapenems are β-lactam antibiotics that are used in the treatment of infections caused by Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamases (ESBL) producing gram negative bacteria (GNB). Carbapenem antibiotics are considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae and other multidrug resistant bacteria.

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Metritis and endometritis are the very common postpartum uterine infections that results into infertility in dairy cattle, production loss and economical losses to the farmer. As postpartum uterus favors bacterial growth so it is frequently found in almost of unhygienic environment reared animals. Breaching of birth canal during dystocia, retention of placenta, wet environment during winter season and immunosuppression due to many reasons are the risk factors for the bacteria invasion to uterus.

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Type VI secretion systems and tailocins, two bacterial phage tail-like particles, have been reported to foster interbacterial competition. Both nanostructures enable their producer to kill other bacteria competing for the same ecological niche. Previously, type VI secretion systems and particularly R-type tailocins were considered highly specific, attacking a rather small range of competitors. Their specificity is conferred by cell surface receptors of the target bacterium and receptor-binding proteins on tailocin tail fibers and tail fiber-like appendages of T6SS.

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The cytotoxicity of 6 highly cytotoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was tested against Vero cells. Cytotoxicity was found to be cell-associated, high cytotoxicity was observed at a multiplicity of infection of 200:1, and this activity gradually decreased as the bacterial count decreased.

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The mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction is a post-translational modification that is catalysed by both bacterial toxins and eukaryotic enzymes, and that results in the transfer of ADP-ribose from bNAD + to various acceptor proteins. In mammals, both intracellular and extracellular reactions have been described; the latter are due to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored or secreted enzymes that are able to modify their targets, which include the purinergic receptor P2X7, the defensins and the integrins. ...

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Type III secretion systems of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria allow the injection of effector proteins into the cytosol of host eukaryotic cells. Cros-sing of the eukaryotic plasma membrane is facilitated by a translocon, an oligomeric structure made up of two bacterial proteins inserted into the host membrane during infection.

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EspB is a multifunctional protein associated with the type III secretion system of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and interacts with various biomolecules includinga-catenin in the host cell. The binding of EspB to a-catenin is thought be involved in actin reorganization during bacterial infection, although the precise mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear.

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The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a complex macromolecular machin-ery employed by a number of Gram-negative species to initiate infection. Toxins secreted through the system are synthesized in the bacterial cyto-plasm and utilize the T3SS to pass through both bacterial membranes and the periplasm, thus being introduced directly into the eukaryotic cytoplasm.

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Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SS) form supramolecular protein complexes that are capable of transporting DNA or protein substrates across the bacterial cell envelope and, in many cases, also across eukaryotic target cell membranes.

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Pertussis toxin, produced and secreted by the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis, is one of the most complex soluble bacterial proteins. It is actively secreted through the B. pertussiscell envelope by the Ptl secretion system, a member of the widespread type IV secretion systems.

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Disordered gut sensorimotor function also commonly causes nausea and vomiting. Gastroparesis is defined as a delay in emptying of food from the stomach and occurs after vagotomy, with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with mesenteric vascular insufficiency, or in systemic diseases such as diabetes, scleroderma, and amyloidosis. Idiopathic gastroparesis occurring in the absence of systemic illness may follow a viral prodrome, suggesting an infectious etiology.

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